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00:00Welcome, brothers.
00:29Welcome, brothers, to our fifth session of the Matthew Gospel course.
00:34The gospels show us that Jesus taught himself as one who had authority and amazed the crowds or groups that followed him.
00:46The brother authors make a distinction between Jesus and the scribes, or also with the Pharisees as the case may be.
00:56This distinction lies in the fact that Jesus does not resort to an authority prior to or superior to him to explain the sacred texts of the Old Testament,
01:08to interpret Mosaic laws or to propose some interpretation.
01:14The scribes and Pharisees, let us remember brothers, were a working group with a certain political and religious ascendancy among the Jews.
01:26They constantly used quotations, mainly from the Torah, to support their teachings.
01:33In other cases, their task consisted of explaining the meaning of some texts,
01:41This, brothers, sometimes put Pharisee scribes and Sadducee scribes in opposing positions,
01:50as is the case regarding belief or not in the resurrection of the dead.
01:55But, brothers, Jesus does not take a similar stance to these teachers.
02:02He refers us to what we now call biblical quotes.
02:06In other words, Jesus does not begin his teachings by saying, as the book of says,
02:13Nor is it based on what the Pharisees called the tradition of the fathers or elders,
02:20but rather proposes its teachings in a free, independent and absolute manner.
02:29That is what makes people awestruck and admire his teachings.
02:36We can say that Jesus is the creator of his legislative, moral, behavioral, and convictional material,
02:45while the other Jewish teachers only repeat what other teachers had already said
02:52or they offer the people their interpretation of the law and of the psalms or prophets primarily.
03:02Brothers, the topic of parables is one that sounds familiar to many of us,
03:08because many authors and priests teach that parables were an exceptional or privileged form of Jesus' teaching.
03:19His style is so rich that many believe that most of the parables originated with Jesus.
03:27But brothers, the parable already exists from the Old Testament
03:32And the authors who offer them call them machal, which means proverb.
03:39We can say that a "machal" is a comparison used as a teaching tool.
03:45and is capable of acquiring a diversity of literary forms.
03:50For example, the term can refer to a proverb, a maxim,
03:58a historical account, a revelatory discourse,
04:03a story that ends with an allegory or a riddle or also with an oracle.
04:10In the Synoptic Gospels, the parables of Jesus, Father Meyer tells us,
04:16They are extended metaphors or comparisons developed in the form of short stories.
04:23And according to Adolf Julliger, it generally has only one point of comparison,
04:30which does not mean, as Father Meyer tells us,
04:34which can be interpreted as clear and convenient means of teaching eternal truths,
04:42which, once grasped, render the parable useless or unnecessary.
04:48Jesus, through his parables, wants to provoke us to reflect on our own lives in light of the parable told.
04:59Given its controversial nature, which can constitute an attack on people's general conceptions,
05:07He invites them to change their ideas about God, religion, the world, and about themselves.
05:15Parables challenge people to change their minds and, therefore, to change their lives.
05:24transforming their heart, their mind, and their way of acting.
05:30And finally, brothers, regarding the parables of Jesus,
05:34Some think it was impossible for Jesus to introduce allegories into his teaching.
05:41The clearest example of a parable that was turned into an allegory is that of the weeds,
05:49in which, according to Matthew, Jesus himself interprets the parable, giving each element a symbolic meaning.
05:59The sower is the son of man, the field is the world,
06:04The good seed are the children of the kingdom, and so on.
06:10and we can find it in Matthew, in chapter 13, verses 36 to 43.
06:17However, the allegorical elements in Jesus' parables are not something foreign or strange,
06:25just as happens with the parable of the strong man who is tied up and plundered by another man.
06:32In this case, Satan is the strong man.
06:36Jesus is the one who binds him through exorcisms and plunders his possessions, which are the men that Satan had under his dominion.
06:46In this discourse, the evangelist Matthew has chosen to present a selection of seven parables of Jesus about the kingdom of heaven.
06:56where this figure has probably been intentionally created to balance this section with the number that symbolizes fullness.
07:09The Parable of the Sower and its Explanation
07:12Brothers, we must not lose sight of what we have just discussed.
07:19Matthew has structured this section by placing in it parables or teachings that Jesus may have preached on different occasions and not in a single presentation.
07:32It is important to keep in mind that in Jesus' time, the cities and towns around the Mediterranean lived off agriculture.
07:43even if the ruling classes did not dedicate themselves to this task.
07:49There were large landowners who decided what should be cultivated.
07:56Furthermore, people did not own their land, at least not in the time of Herod Antipas.
08:04but the lands almost always had owners who lived in the cities,
08:10who demanded their share of the harvest
08:14and they sold them to merchants, paying a very low percentage to those who worked their lands.
08:22In this environment, brothers, Jesus presents us with the parable of the sower.
08:29The parable does not emphasize the sower, who practically leaves the scene in verse 3.
08:37but in the seed, which is always the same,
08:40and in the field, whether or not it has the capacity to respond to the demands of planting.
08:48The ground is apparently prepared,
08:53However, in some areas the expected results are not achieved.
08:58And it is in good soil that the seed bears fruit.
09:03and may its fruit be abundant.
09:05The important thing here is that even though some seeds may be lost,
09:12The work of the sower, however he chooses, yields the fruits of his labor and effort.
09:19Matthew later introduces a reason for Jesus speaking in parables,
09:25and he explains it as the fact that God has granted to the followers of Jesus
09:31to have access to the mysteries of the kingdom of God,
09:35But those outside of Jesus' group do not have that ability or that power.
09:41It is possible, brothers, rather, that the allegorical zeal of some Christian groups
09:48transform the parables into authentic and complex allegories,
09:53which they thought only the most spiritual could understand and comprehend.
10:01It is within this framework that the allegorical explanation that the author attributes to Jesus himself is inscribed.
10:10According to this concept, the disciples do not understand the meaning of the parable.
10:16They ask Jesus to explain them to them,
10:18And Jesus gives them the tools to understand this parable.
10:24This is where what we were already discussing comes into play.
10:28Jesus could use and resort to allegory, just as he does with the passage of the strong man bound and stripped of his possessions,
10:38But the allegories in some parables are more the result of the writers or the evangelists and not of Jesus himself.
10:48Parable of the weeds and its allegory attributed to Jesus
10:54Brothers, continuing in the field of sowing and agriculture,
11:00Jesus tells a parable in which the kingdom of heaven is presented as being like a man
11:07who through his workers sowed a good seed in his lands.
11:13But at night, an enemy sowed discord in that field,
11:19And when the first shoots appeared, noticing the weeds, the workers wanted to pull them up.
11:27However, the owner is aware of the risk of confusing wheat with tares in the initial stages,
11:35or that in the eagerness to remove the tares, the sown wheat is also uprooted.
11:42Therefore, he asks for patience and to wait blindly.
11:47Then, without any problems, the wheat will be stored and the tares thrown into the fire.
11:55But brothers, what is the meaning of the parable?
11:58Some Jewish groups, especially those with apocalyptic leanings,
12:04They believed that at the end of time God would vigorously cleanse his fields
12:10and he would throw into the fire every weed or tree that did not bear fruit.
12:15In fact, this aligns with the view that Matthew himself attributes to the Baptist.
12:21Jesus speaks rather of patience with the one who sins
12:26and to treat the sinner as a sick person in need of a doctor's attention.
12:32Later, Matthew will present us with an allegory of this parable.
12:38Once again, we see the hand of the writer or the evangelist
12:42which will give a symbolism to each of the elements of the parable of the weeds.
12:49On this occasion, brothers, every element of the narrative
12:53is identified with characters or events
12:58of the future eschatological events of the end times.
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