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América - A História Não Contada dos Latinos - 1º Episódio - Ecos dos Impérios
A rica e frequentemente esquecida História dos latinos.
O ator e produtor de cinema John Leguizamo leva-nos numa viagem cativante, mergulhando em histórias conhecidas e menos conhecidas da História latina para descobrir os seus heróis e as contribuições, raramente contadas, para a história americana.
Abrangendo milhares de anos, desde os Impérios Antigos até ao presente, lança luz sobre a rica e frequentemente esquecida história dos latinos.
A rica e frequentemente esquecida História dos latinos.
O ator e produtor de cinema John Leguizamo leva-nos numa viagem cativante, mergulhando em histórias conhecidas e menos conhecidas da História latina para descobrir os seus heróis e as contribuições, raramente contadas, para a história americana.
Abrangendo milhares de anos, desde os Impérios Antigos até ao presente, lança luz sobre a rica e frequentemente esquecida história dos latinos.
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AprendizadoTranscrição
00:00Você sabe, quando eu era crescendo em Jackson Heights, Queens, eu aprendi a mesma história
00:06que eles ensinavam para os filhos de toda a América, que George Washington cortou
00:10a árvore da árvore, que Ben Franklin flew a kite, e que Abe era honesto.
00:15E guess o que estava faltando?
00:16Us, a contribuição de latino a esse país.
00:20Você não pode ter uma história sobre os Estados Unidos
00:25sem considerar a história de todas as comunidades latino.
00:29A maior parte da história que ainda nos ensinamos é do ponto de vista dos conquistadores
00:34que tentaram tirar qualquer traço de culturas indígenas avançadas.
00:39Como criança, essa falta de inclusão nos livros de textos históricos
00:43me fez sentir invisível.
00:46Eu acho que é essencial que nós setemos o registro sobre a história latino.
00:53Bem, com o ataque e com o bairro,
00:55nós estávamos tentando dar os trabalhadores de direitos humanos.
00:59Nós não apenas fazemos contribuições para a U.S. História,
01:03nós mudamos a U.S. História.
01:07Látinos são o maior decorado étnico
01:10em U.S. Militar História.
01:12Muitos tendem a esquecer que os latinos
01:15foram aqui long antes da Unidade Existência.
01:20Se considerar a riqueza de nosso passado,
01:22nós conseguimos reconstruir uma imagem muito rígida de como as nossas culturas voltam para ser.
01:26Isso é importante não desestimados
01:29as pessoas que vêm antes de nós e o que eles sabiam.
01:33Eles inventaram práticas médicas mudançadas
01:35e engenharam incrível infraestrutura.
01:38Eles também calculam os movimentos dos planetas,
01:41e eles escrevem tudo em seus livros sagrados.
01:43Isso é tão épico como qualquer um grande riqueza que aprendemos na aula de História.
01:49Essa é a história do ponto de vista das pessoas que já vivem na América.
01:55Isso é realmente importante para os latinos de conhecimento,
01:57e para outras pessoas de conhecimento sobre os ríos latinos.
01:59Imagina como os outros nos veriam se sabiam nossa história riqueza.
02:03Imagina como nós nos veríamos se sabiam nossas próprias histórias.
02:09Então, nós vamos completar as partes da nossa história que foram perdidas,
02:12todos os anos de Olmec para os latinos que ajudaram a construir essa grande nação.
02:19Eu sei que isso é muito espaço para cobrar,
02:21mas não se preocupe, porque eu tenho você.
02:29O que é a história da história da história da história,
02:40o próximo programa inclui imagens gerados por A.I.Tools.
02:51Esse é o meu momento de diga-se no real histórico de latinos.
02:55A história da história é uma complicada,
02:56porque latino identidade não é sempre bem entendido,
03:00mesmo por nós mesmos.
03:01Isso significa que você é descendente de origem dos primeiros dos Estados Unidos.
03:05Porque quando os europeus chegaram para o novo mundo,
03:08eles mixam com a população da população,
03:10e os primeiros africanos, e os primeiros latinos foram nascidos.
03:14Claro que nós somos todos os coloros e diversos flores,
03:17alguns somos afro-latinos ou indígenas latinos,
03:20alguns nos identifiquem as latinx,
03:22mas o hispano significa que os nativos latinos dos latinos.
03:25Hoje, milhões de milhões de pessoas no mundo compartilham essa identidade,
03:30mas as nossas raízes vão atrás de milhares de anos.
03:33Entre 2000 B.C. e 1492,
03:37os povos dos caríbeis, centro e sul-americanas construíram
03:40fantásticas cidades.
03:41A sofisticação das artes e arquitetura das grandes cidades,
03:47que eram maiores do que as cidades europeias.
03:49Quando os Espanos chegaram aqui, eles encontravam civilizações
03:52que eram, muitas maneiras, mais avançadas de onde eles vêm.
03:56Mas para justificar colonizar e convertir os nativos,
04:00os conquistadores criaram uma narrativa sobre culturas barbaricas
04:05que tinham que ser subjugadas.
04:07O que não encaixava essa narrativa foi destruído.
04:11A Cidade de Colômbia
04:20A Cidade de Colômbia
04:22A Cidade de Colômbia
04:24A Cidade de Colômbia
04:26You know, we tend to start Latin American history
04:30with Columbus.
04:33I always start in my classroom with the Taino people.
04:36It's important to know who were the original people
04:38of the land that Columbus first encountered.
04:43Today we use the word Taino
04:45to refer to all the indigenous people of the Caribbean.
04:48But the fact is, there were many different political
04:51and cultural groups living throughout the region.
04:53It's the only time that we know of so far
05:10where ancient seafarers were moving out of the continent,
05:14losing sight of the land behind them
05:16to cross hundreds, even thousands of nautical miles
05:19and settle into newly inhabited lands, in this case, islands.
05:22Researchers have suggested that there could have been
05:25anywhere between 70,000 to 100,000 indigenous peoples
05:29living in the Caribbean before contact.
05:37We often think of islands as paradise,
05:39a beautiful and warm place where there are no stressors,
05:43but eking out a subsistence for thousands of years
05:46on an island is really hard work.
05:49You have to be able to manage agriculture in a place
05:52where hurricanes are extremely common.
05:55You need to be able to navigate effectively
05:57in challenging ocean currents
06:00that are still challenging to navigate today.
06:02You need to have trading partners across different islands
06:05and speak different languages in order to do so.
06:08They had intensive agriculture,
06:10which allowed them to feed a growing population,
06:13both within as well as between islands.
06:15The indigenous people of the Caribbean have so many awesome cultural achievements
06:21that I feel like get lost when we talk about them
06:23because we often talk about them
06:24in the worst possible moment of their history,
06:27which is, of course, contact with Europeans.
06:29When Columbus first set foot in the New World,
06:35that was the beginning of the end for many indigenous cultures.
06:40Let's name it for what it really was.
06:42Three boats and 86 men landed in 1492,
06:46bringing with them billions of European germs
06:49in what turned out to be the apocalypse.
06:51Now, the first people to encounter Columbus in the New World were the Taino.
06:57Sadly, the Taino were also the first
06:59to suffer this civilization-ending devastation.
07:04Columbus arrives to this landmass.
07:08He doesn't know where he is,
07:09and actually, one of his three ships runs aground and is destroyed.
07:15The people living on that island,
07:17they come out to help him,
07:20and they help them load all the people on their canoes.
07:24As the Spanish tell it,
07:25they gave them their best houses for them to stay
07:28and to store their goods.
07:30That was the first encounter.
07:33We never even stopped to think about how these natives lived
07:37before these ships arrived.
07:39When history is written by the victors,
07:41we miss out on the perspective of the oppressed.
07:44They willingly traded everything they owned.
07:48They have no iron.
07:50Their spears are made of cane.
07:52They would make fine servants.
07:54With 50 men, we could subjugate them all
07:56and make them do whatever we want.
07:59Contrary to popular belief,
08:00he did know the earth was round.
08:03But he didn't know that there were two entire continents
08:05and millions of people between Europe and Asia.
08:08When he accidentally docked in Hispaniola in 1492,
08:12mistaking it for India,
08:13he quickly took the opportunity
08:15to begin enslaving the native people who lived there,
08:19stealing their land and resources,
08:21brutalizing their families,
08:23and spreading European diseases.
08:25I don't think he was neither particularly brave
08:28nor particularly visionary.
08:30You have to remember,
08:31before the Portuguese and the Spaniards
08:34came to the Americas,
08:36they had gone to the Canary Islands,
08:37they had gone to the Azores,
08:38so they were pushing the boundary.
08:40If it hadn't been Columbus,
08:42he would have been any other leader of an expedition.
08:45So it was going to happen.
08:46There was nothing special about Columbus, really.
08:49In my opinion,
08:50the only thing that was exceptional about Columbus
08:52was his cruelty,
08:54because he quickly became known for enslaving,
08:57brutalizing, and terrorizing the Tainos.
08:59Columbus's men even documented
09:01that he captured Taino women
09:02and gave them to his crew to be raped.
09:05Life under Spanish rule was a nightmare.
09:09The indigenous people of the Caribbean
09:11were the first to experience the brunt
09:13of European colonization
09:14and the atrocities that came with that.
09:16And of course,
09:17there was also forced displacement and enslavement.
09:20So it really amounts to something
09:22very close to a genocide.
09:26It was a general rule among Spaniards to be cruel,
09:29not just cruel, but extraordinarily cruel,
09:32so that harsh and bitter treatment
09:34would prevent Indians
09:35as daring to think of themselves
09:36as human beings
09:38or having a minute to think at all.
09:41So they would cut an Indian's hand
09:42and leave them dangling by a shred of skin,
09:45and they would send him on,
09:46saying,
09:47Go now, spread the news to your chiefs.
09:50They would test their swords
09:51and their manly strength on captured Indians
09:53and place bets on the slicing off of heads
09:56or the cutting of bodies in half with one blow.
09:59When we tell the real story of Columbus,
10:01that's how we challenge our colonial mindset
10:04in the present.
10:06Because the truth is,
10:07the Taino were not frightened or awed
10:10by these European sailors.
10:12There was a lot of rebellions against Columbus.
10:15It was utter chaos.
10:17The Taino were not a passive people.
10:20There were five different kingdoms on Haiti alone,
10:24and some of them were allies
10:25and some of them were enemies,
10:26and they were experienced warriors.
10:28And in fact,
10:30when Columbus and his followers
10:33were waging war on them,
10:34they fought back.
10:35Each chiefdom was ruled by a leader
10:37called a cacique, or chief.
10:40Notably, women could become caciques
10:42as well as men,
10:44and many fought in battle
10:45alongside their male relatives.
10:48Agüebanada II was one of the most powerful caciques
10:51in the whole Caribbean
10:52at the time of the European invasion.
10:54He had seen firsthand the Spanish arrival
10:57in Puerto Rico in 1493,
10:59and he devoted his entire life
11:01to the fight for his people and their land.
11:04We know that Agüebanada was capable
11:06of uniting a large alliance
11:08of indigenous peoples.
11:10He united to fight against the Spanish,
11:12and I think that tells us something
11:14about leadership at this time,
11:16and it also tells us something
11:17about pan-Caribbean unity
11:19in the face of oppression.
11:22The Taino fought back.
11:24Let's get rid of those stereotypes
11:26of the passive Indian.
11:28There are historical documents
11:29that tell us that in 1511,
11:31the Taino people of Puerto Rico,
11:33mounted a huge resistance against the Spanish
11:36that included burning down
11:37the Spanish city of Cabarra.
11:39It included raiding many towns,
11:41and also that they worked together
11:43with indigenous peoples from other islands,
11:46not just from Puerto Rico,
11:47but once African peoples arrived into the Caribbean,
11:50they often united with indigenous people to fight.
11:54We know that Spanish authorities
11:55were so afraid of this
11:56that they were writing to the crown
11:58asking for reinforcements to be sent,
12:01or the whole colonial enterprise
12:02would have been threatened.
12:04And I mention that
12:05because it really goes against this idea
12:07that these people never resisted,
12:09that they never fought back.
12:10And because we think of them
12:12that way today as docile,
12:14we tend to devalue their contributions
12:16to our heritage.
12:19But here's the thing.
12:20Because the Taino stories weren't preserved,
12:22historians have long relied
12:24on the writings and narrative
12:25from the Europeans,
12:27which painted the Taino
12:28as simple and backwards.
12:30It's absolutely not true
12:32that the native people lost
12:34because they had inferior weaponry.
12:37That's absolutely not true,
12:38and it just feeds into these hierarchies
12:40of European superiority.
12:42The advantage that the Spaniards had
12:46in terms of conquering the Native American
12:48was immunity to small packs.
12:50It turns out the conquistadors' best weapons
12:54were not their guns and steel.
12:56No, instead it was their bodies,
12:58which carried billions
12:59of deadly germs with them.
13:01It was dozens of pandemics,
13:02one right after the other,
13:04mainly smallpox, measles, and typhus
13:07that almost wiped out
13:08the native populations.
13:09There's no question about it
13:17because the Spanish friars
13:19who wrote back to the king of Spain
13:20said, you know,
13:21I'm trying to convert all these people
13:23and they're just dying all around me.
13:25As the Indians did not know
13:27the remedy of the disease,
13:28they died in heaps, like bedbugs.
13:31In many places it happened
13:32that everyone in a house died.
13:35And as it was impossible
13:36to bury the great number of dead,
13:38they pulled down the houses over them
13:40so that their homes became their tombs.
13:43The statistics speak for themselves
13:45that the estimates are
13:47that there were about a million inhabitants
13:50of Hispaniola in 1492
13:53when Columbus and his followers arrived.
13:5616 years later, in 1508,
14:0194% of them were gone.
14:0594%.
14:06When I think about
14:09what the indigenous people lost,
14:12it's almost too much for me
14:13to wrap my head around,
14:14let alone my heart.
14:16Imagine 94% of your community gone.
14:19Empty homes, empty towns,
14:21almost all of your friends
14:22and family gone.
14:24How do you keep going
14:25after such a loss?
14:26That's why we should never forget
14:28the genocide that was inflicted
14:30on our ancestors.
14:31We need to celebrate the people
14:34of Taino heritage
14:35who still exist today.
14:40Columbus committed so much violence,
14:42rape and murder,
14:44that he was eventually arrested
14:45for his violent atrocities.
14:47The governor of Hispaniola
14:48arrested him on mismanagement
14:50and brutality charges
14:51against the Taino
14:52and his own soldiers,
14:54and then had him
14:55forcibly return to Spain
14:56where he was stripped
14:57of his noble titles.
14:59And yet,
15:00we still celebrate Columbus Day.
15:02Don't get me wrong,
15:03we're starting to see change.
15:05Indigenous Peoples Day
15:07is now replacing Columbus Day
15:09in many cities and states
15:11across the U.S.
15:12Indigenous ancestry
15:13is a central part
15:14of Puerto Rican identity
15:16to this day.
15:17In fact,
15:17we call ourselves Boricuas,
15:19and Boricua is the Taino word.
15:21The idea that the Caribbean's
15:23indigenous peoples
15:24disappeared soon after
15:25European contact,
15:27and that they contributed
15:28very little to our culture
15:29and our biology today.
15:31But when we look at the DNA
15:33that people still carry in them,
15:35that forces us to reconsider
15:36this extinction narrative.
15:38In fact,
15:39we are connected culturally,
15:41biologically,
15:41and also genetically
15:42to these people.
15:43The history of the new world
15:44civilizations isn't just
15:46oppression and pain,
15:47because our story
15:48is so much bigger than that.
15:50And our story includes
15:51more than just the Tainos
15:53that had the bad luck
15:54to be the first ones
15:55to meet Columbus.
15:57At the time of Columbus's arrival,
15:59indigenous civilizations thrived
16:01throughout all of Southern
16:02and Central America,
16:04including what we know now
16:05as modern-day Mexico.
16:07It all starts here.
16:09The Olmec,
16:10the Taino,
16:11the Maya,
16:11the Inca,
16:12the Aztec,
16:13these were the OG civilizations
16:15of Latin America,
16:16and their great-great-grandkids
16:18to the nth degree
16:19would become the Latinos
16:20of today.
16:31First,
16:31we have to pay homage
16:32to the Madrina,
16:34or godmother
16:35of all ancient
16:36Mesoamerican cultures,
16:38the Olmecs,
16:39whose culture was old
16:41when Rome was young.
16:43There existed in Mexico
16:44what is called
16:45the mother culture
16:46of Mesoamerica,
16:48the Olmecs.
16:49The Olmecs had already formed
16:51a complex,
16:52wide-ranging civilization,
16:54all before Buddha
16:56was even born.
16:57They're considered
16:57the earliest major
16:58Latin American civilization.
17:01So many of these things,
17:02the numerical systems,
17:04the writing systems,
17:05the calendar,
17:07were created by the Olmecs.
17:08Over the last 100 years,
17:13a number of archaeologists
17:14sort of accidentally
17:15discovered these huge heads,
17:18some of which weighed 9 tons,
17:20taller than a man.
17:22Why the great heads?
17:23Well, nobody really knows,
17:25but it seems to me
17:26what the big heads represent
17:27is some sort of awareness
17:29of the importance
17:31of intelligence.
17:34The materials that they used
17:35for their monumental architecture
17:37were brought from great distances.
17:40Things that were very heavy,
17:42very difficult to transport.
17:44They developed some kind
17:45of transportation system,
17:47maybe through the waterways,
17:49to take these stones,
17:51float them down
17:51close to these ceremonial centers,
17:53then transport them
17:55across logs
17:55or some way of rolling them
17:57into the ceremonial center,
17:59and then the sculptors
18:00went to work.
18:02Do you play basketball?
18:04Well, without the Olmec
18:05and their rubber balls,
18:06you would never have heard
18:07of Kobe Bryant.
18:09People think rubber
18:11was invented
18:11by Charles Goodyear
18:13in the 1840s,
18:14but he was building off
18:15the tech originally invented
18:17by the Olmecs
18:183,000 years ago.
18:20In Mesoamerica today,
18:22people still play
18:23the ball game.
18:24So the ball game
18:25is a great element
18:26of the Latino ancestors.
18:29The Olmec established
18:30several great cities
18:32throughout their empire,
18:33but the greatest jewel
18:35of all pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
18:37was a mysterious city
18:39called Teotihuacan.
18:45Now, most of us
18:46are taught to think
18:47of Greece and Rome
18:48as the cradles
18:49of Western civilization.
18:51But the ancient peoples
18:53of Central and South America
18:54had sophisticated cultures
18:56hundreds of years
18:58before Europe.
18:59And I'm here
19:00at the real cradle
19:01of Western civilization,
19:03Teotihuacan,
19:04where there's evidence
19:05of diverse, powerful,
19:07intelligent cultures
19:08dating back to 400 B.C.
19:11So the great capital
19:12of Mesoamerica
19:14was Teotihuacan.
19:15And it comes into being
19:18as an urban center.
19:19You really are
19:20in the first century
19:21of the common era.
19:22And it rises to be
19:23the great imperial center.
19:26Teotihuacan is the symbol
19:27of this great achievement
19:29of building some
19:30of the first cities
19:31in the world.
19:32And Mesoamerica, Mexico,
19:34as well as Peru,
19:35are two of the areas
19:36where people invented
19:37these first cities
19:38without any influence
19:39from other cities.
19:40The others are Mesopotamia,
19:42northern China,
19:44Egypt,
19:44and the Indus Valley.
19:45And this is really important
19:46for Latinos to know
19:47and for other people
19:48to know about Latino roots.
19:50All these places
19:51that today we consider
19:52Third World
19:53turns out
19:54were actually the places
19:56where civilization began.
19:58For instance,
19:59the pyramids of Teotihuacan
20:01were built around
20:02the same time
20:03as the Roman Colosseum.
20:06Archaeologists estimate
20:08that Teotihuacan
20:09had up to 200,000 inhabitants
20:12at its peak.
20:13For comparison,
20:14London's population
20:15didn't even break
20:16100,000
20:17until the 16th century.
20:19So one of the wonderful things
20:21that archaeologists
20:22have been able to find
20:23is that Teotihuacan
20:24was a multi-ethnic city.
20:26The things that brought people
20:27of different ethnicities
20:28from all over Mesoamerica
20:30to Teo
20:31are the same things
20:32that draw people
20:33to cities today.
20:34Better infrastructure,
20:36bigger ideas,
20:37and of course,
20:38a shot at a better life.
20:40Mexico's famed
20:41Teotihuacan archaeological site
20:43still holds many mysteries
20:45for historians.
20:46But the answers they seek
20:47may lie below the surface.
20:50We didn't dig
20:50the subway tunnels
20:51of New York
20:52until about 100 years ago.
20:542,000 years earlier,
20:55the original scientists
20:56and rulers of Teotihuacan
20:58built a series of tunnels,
21:00dozens of feet beneath the ground,
21:02without the use of machinery
21:03or power tools.
21:05These tunnels connected chambers
21:07holding treasures
21:08long forgotten
21:09until they were unearthed
21:10in 2003.
21:12It was a groundbreaking discovery
21:14that changed our perception
21:16of the civilization
21:17that once thrived here.
21:19And I'm here to meet the man
21:21who uncovered these wonders,
21:23archaeologist Sergio Gomez.
21:25What a pleasure.
21:26Mucho gusto.
21:27¿Dónde estoy?
21:28Estamos en frente
21:29del Templo de la Serpiente Emplumada,
21:31donde hace varios años
21:33descubrimos un túnel
21:35que nos conduce
21:36hasta casi el centro
21:37de la pirámide.
21:39Es probablemente
21:39uno de los descubrimientos
21:41más importantes
21:42que se han hecho
21:43en los últimos años
21:44en Teotihuacan.
21:45¿Y por qué dices eso?
21:46¿Por qué?
21:46Tenemos una gran cantidad
21:48de objetos importados
21:49desde la zona maya,
21:50muchas cosas increíbles
21:52traídas desde Centroamérica.
21:54Y también tenemos
21:55pequeños fragmentos
21:56de turquesa
21:57importada desde Arizona.
21:58Esta descubrimiento
22:00monumental de turquoise
22:01todo el camino
22:02de Arizona
22:03proye que los pueblos
22:04de Teotihuacan
22:05tenían relaciones
22:06significativas
22:07de negocios
22:08con sociedades
22:09tan lejos
22:09como Arizona
22:10para el norte
22:11y Honduras
22:12para el sur.
22:13¿Qué tan profundo es?
22:14Vamos a bajar 15 metros.
22:15Bueno, pero es peligroso
22:16o qué?
22:16Es muy peligroso.
22:17¿Por qué?
22:18No puedes tocar las paredes,
22:19que es muy venenoso.
22:21Pero vamos a entrar
22:21con mucho cuidado,
22:22sin tocar.
22:23Sí, sin tocar.
22:23Tranquilo.
22:24Un casco
22:25para que...
22:25Con precaución.
22:27Vamos a pasar.
22:29Para ponerlo en contexto,
22:32su redacción
22:32extendió
22:33casi así
22:34como el Empire
22:35romano
22:35en el mismo tiempo.
22:37¿Esto qué es?
22:39Este es el hueco
22:40por donde yo bajé
22:41la primera vez.
22:42En el fondo
22:42encontramos cuatro
22:44ramos de flores
22:45perfectamente conservadas.
22:46¡No!
22:47Increíble.
22:48Increíble.
22:48As we get further
22:51into the tunnel,
22:52I can feel
22:53how deep I am
22:54below the surface
22:55of the earth.
22:56Estamos llegando a la parte
22:58final del túnel,
23:00donde encontramos
23:02tres grandes cámaras.
23:04La percepción que tienen
23:05del tiempo
23:06es distinta.
23:07No importa
23:08si no la viste
23:08terminada.
23:09La proyectaste
23:10y tal vez
23:11tres o cuatro generaciones
23:13después lo terminaron.
23:14Pero a nosotros
23:15tenemos mucha prisa
23:16en la actualidad.
23:17queremos hacer las cosas
23:18muy rápido.
23:20Para ellos
23:20era diferente.
23:22Todo el universo
23:23gira en torno
23:24a este eje.
23:26¿Cómo hicieron ellos
23:27sin la tecnología?
23:28Sí, sí.
23:29¿Quién puede venir aquí?
23:30¿Todo el mundo puede
23:30estar viendo al público?
23:32Este es un lugar
23:32muy sagrado,
23:34un lugar muy delicado
23:35y nunca va a ser
23:36abierto al público.
23:38Por eso me da gusto
23:39que hayas venido
23:39y que puedas ver esto.
23:41Sergio,
23:41gracias por venir aquí.
23:42Me siento muy honrado
23:43y es tan especial
23:44ver este espacio sagrado.
23:47Tengo que parar
23:50centrar la versión
23:51europea de la historia
23:53y reconsiderar
23:54nuestro propio pasado.
23:55Tengo las increíbles
23:56inventaciones
23:57y conocimientos médicos
23:58de la mayor mayor
24:00empire de la América.
24:00El Inca.
24:09La Inca
24:10la gente
24:10ganó control
24:11de la región
24:12y estableció
24:13su empire
24:14en 1438.
24:15La Inca
24:16se extiende
24:17desde el día
24:18Colombia,
24:19Ecuador,
24:20Perú,
24:21Bolivia,
24:21central Chile
24:22y en partes
24:23de Argentina.
24:24La Inca
24:24se reúnen
24:25por casi 100 años
24:27antes de los
24:27Estados Unidos
24:28alcanzaron
24:28su territorio.
24:29La Inca
24:30también
24:30se han
24:30extremadamente
24:31organizado.
24:32Tiene un sistema
24:33de grabación
24:34usando
24:34de las
25:04en comparación,
25:05los Sumerianos
25:06de Mesopotamia,
25:07modern-day
25:08Iraq y
25:08Iran
25:09trabajaron con
25:10más de 1,500
25:11cunea
25:12form de signos
25:13y los Egipcios
25:14tenían más de 800
25:15hieroglifos.
25:16Aún después
25:17los españoles
25:17se colonizan
25:18estos países
25:19y establecen
25:20sus propias
25:20reglas de la ley,
25:22los nativos
25:23todavía encontraron
25:23formas de
25:24desafiar
25:25la supremacía
25:25de la supremacía.
25:27Los españoles
25:27siempre demanden
25:29lo que se convierte
25:30muy importante
25:30para los inmigrantes
25:31hoy,
25:32papeles.
25:33Tienes que tener
25:34papeles.
25:35Los indígenas
25:36llegaban a
25:37Perú
25:38con los quipos,
25:39en México
25:40con sus codices,
25:41y ellos usaban
25:42estos en los
25:42los tribunales
25:43para decir,
25:44hey,
25:44tenemos una historia,
25:45tenemos un estilo
25:46de contar historias,
25:47tenemos nuestro propio
25:48sistema,
25:49y aquí es.
25:50En realidad,
25:51los quipos
25:51fueron aceptados
25:52como documentos
25:53en colónial
25:54Spanish courts.
25:55There are
25:56even accounts
25:56de quipos
25:57being used
25:57como evidencia
25:58contra los españoles
26:00durante casos
26:00en los que
26:01los Inca
26:01acusaron
26:03colonizados
26:03de deslizando
26:04su tierra
26:05o propietario.
26:06We very much
26:07underestimate
26:07los que vivieron
26:08en el pasado.
26:09Es importante
26:10no underestimate
26:11los que vinieron
26:12y lo que conocían.
26:14En Western
26:15medicina,
26:16hay un poco
26:17de elitismo
26:18diciendo que
26:19los Greeks
26:19eran los grandes
26:20de todas
26:20de todo el tiempo,
26:21los romans
26:22eran los
26:22greatest engineers.
26:23Now,
26:23where Peru
26:24stands out
26:25in particular
26:25is in a form
26:27of surgery
26:28on the skull
26:28that we call
26:29trepanation.
26:31Comes from
26:31the Greek word
26:32trypanon,
26:33which means
26:33a drill.
26:34If you have
26:34a depressed
26:35skull fracture
26:36and the brain
26:37is swelling
26:37or there's
26:38a hematoma
26:39blood clot
26:40underneath the bone,
26:41if you can
26:41cut a window,
26:43you can let
26:43the brain expand,
26:44then the patient
26:45can survive
26:46and then it
26:46can retract.
26:48Just an amazing
26:492,000-year
26:50tradition
26:50of skull surgery.
26:52We know
26:53the Inca
26:53weren't the
26:54only ones
26:55performing
26:55these surgeries.
26:57In ancient
26:57Greece,
26:58they also
26:58drilled holes
26:59in patient
27:00skulls,
27:00but the Inca
27:01were a lot
27:02more successful.
27:03One of the
27:04most impressive
27:05statistics that
27:05we have
27:06from studying
27:06trepan skulls
27:07from Peru
27:08is that by
27:09Inca times,
27:10when they got
27:11the best results
27:12that we know
27:12of,
27:13they had
27:13survival rates
27:14of 80-90%.
27:16If we
27:17contrast that
27:18to Europe
27:19into the
27:19early 20th
27:20century,
27:21they had
27:21about a
27:2110%
27:22survival rate.
27:26American
27:26medical
27:27practitioners
27:28didn't even
27:28reach the
27:29same level
27:30of success
27:30performing
27:31trepanations
27:32until after
27:33the Civil War.
27:34But even
27:34then,
27:35they lagged
27:35behind the
27:36pre-Incan
27:36civilizations
27:37who also
27:38pioneered the
27:39use of
27:39anesthesia
27:40hundreds of
27:41years earlier.
27:42The
27:44Peruvian
27:44case is like
27:45an unwritten
27:46chapter in
27:46the history
27:47of medicine.
27:47It should
27:47be written
27:48as its
27:49own thing.
27:50Just 7%
27:51of American
27:52physicians
27:52today are
27:53Latino.
27:54Imagine how
27:55much higher
27:55that percentage
27:56would be
27:56if Latino
27:57kids knew
27:58that they'd
27:58been descended
27:59from surgeons
28:00and masters
28:00of medicine.
28:02But it was
28:02the Inca
28:02gold and
28:03silver,
28:04not their
28:04medical
28:05expertise,
28:06that drove
28:06the Spanish
28:07all the way
28:07to South
28:08America.
28:09There's no
28:09question that
28:10the Inca
28:10had great
28:11wealth
28:11in precious
28:12metals,
28:13primarily
28:13gold but
28:14also silver.
28:15Some of
28:15these rulers
28:16were buried
28:16with great
28:17amounts of
28:17things like
28:18crowns made
28:19of gold,
28:19scepters,
28:20nose ornaments
28:21and a variety
28:22of other
28:22items that we
28:23can really
28:24appreciate for
28:24their artistic
28:26fineness.
28:27The quality
28:28of the work,
28:28some of these
28:29things are
28:29masterpieces.
28:30The Spanish
28:31of course
28:31didn't care
28:32about that
28:32in the
28:321500s.
28:34Though the
28:35Inca didn't
28:35think of gold
28:36and silver
28:37as currency,
28:38Europeans
28:38certainly did.
28:40It was this
28:41drive for wealth
28:42that spurred
28:42the conquistadors
28:43to violently
28:44seize the land
28:45and belongings
28:46of indigenous
28:47Americans and
28:48led to the
28:49centuries of
28:50devastation that
28:51followed.
28:52In the
28:52Cusco, the walls
28:53of the central
28:54temple had huge
28:55gold plates on
28:56them.
28:56The Spanish
28:57pried those off,
28:58quickly melted down
28:59these metals and
29:00took them away.
29:02So we've lost a
29:03tremendous amount
29:04of Inca gold
29:04work.
29:05There's a great
29:06illustration done
29:07by a native
29:08Peruvian artist.
29:10In the drawing,
29:11an Inca ruler
29:11asks a Spanish
29:12soldier,
29:13why are you guys
29:14so totally
29:15fixated on gold?
29:16What do you do
29:17with it?
29:17Do you eat it?
29:19And the Spanish
29:19soldier jokingly
29:21replies,
29:22yes, we eat it.
29:26In 1545,
29:28a rich silver
29:29deposit was
29:30discovered in
29:30Potosi, Bolivia,
29:32ripe for
29:32Spanish exploitation.
29:34So what did
29:35do?
29:36They enslaved
29:36the native
29:37Bolivians in
29:38their own land.
29:39So by the
29:39year 1600,
29:41Potosi had
29:42over 600
29:42mines in
29:43operation,
29:44which yielded
29:459 million
29:46silver pesos
29:47annually.
29:49That's more
29:49than all the
29:50other silver
29:51mines in
29:51the world
29:52combined.
29:53Now,
29:53over the
29:54centuries,
29:55the Spanish
29:55would steal
29:56an entire
29:56mountain's
29:57worth of
29:58silver on
29:59the backs
29:59of enslaved
30:00indigenous
30:01Incans
30:01and African
30:02miners.
30:02during the
30:04colonial
30:04period,
30:0580%
30:06of the
30:07silver of
30:08the world
30:08came out
30:09of Peru
30:09and Mexico.
30:11During this
30:12period,
30:13silver was
30:14the central
30:15thing in
30:16the making
30:16of a
30:17world
30:17economy.
30:19Now,
30:20all that
30:20silver didn't
30:21just float
30:22Spain.
30:23No,
30:23the Spanish
30:24traded silver
30:24pestles with
30:25the Ottoman
30:25Empire,
30:26China,
30:27and India,
30:28profiting all
30:29along the
30:29way.
30:29Now,
30:30the more
30:30wealth
30:31they piled
30:31up,
30:32the more
30:32power they
30:33had to
30:33crush other
30:34cultures,
30:35not just
30:35in Latin
30:36America,
30:36but all
30:37over the
30:37world.
30:38In fact,
30:38it was this
30:39ill-gotten
30:40wealth that
30:40funded the
30:41Enlightenment
30:41era in
30:42Europe in
30:43the 1700s.
30:44Because
30:44suddenly,
30:45governments
30:45could afford
30:46to pay
30:46scientists
30:47and
30:47philosophers
30:48and
30:49artists
30:49to sit
30:49around
30:50and
30:50create
30:50all
30:50day.
30:51Ideas
30:52flourished,
30:52technology
30:53advanced,
30:54but only
30:54in
30:54Europe.
30:55Normalmente
30:56las
30:56condiciones
30:57de
30:57una
30:57colonia
30:58es
30:58que
30:58todo
30:59el
30:59producto
30:59que
31:00se
31:00hace
31:00emigra
31:01a
31:01Europa.
31:03The
31:03European
31:04commercial
31:05revolution
31:06of the
31:071500s,
31:081600s
31:09would have
31:09been
31:09impossible
31:10without
31:11the silver
31:12of the
31:12Americas.
31:13And this
31:13isn't even
31:14ancient
31:14history,
31:14okay?
31:15The
31:15Spanish
31:16stole
31:16so
31:16much
31:17silver
31:17from
31:17Potosí
31:18that
31:19in
31:192011
31:19the
31:20mountain
31:20collapsed,
31:21hollowed
31:22out
31:22from
31:22the
31:23inside.
31:23Now,
31:24this
31:24back-breaking
31:25labor
31:25proved
31:26deadly.
31:27Potosí
31:28became
31:28known
31:28in
31:29Quechua
31:29as
31:30the
31:30mountain
31:30that
31:30eats
31:31men.
31:31As
31:31many
31:32as
31:328
31:32million
31:33indigenous
31:33and
31:33African
31:34enslaved
31:34people
31:35may
31:35have
31:35perished
31:36in
31:36the
31:36mines
31:36500
31:37year
31:38history.
31:39And
31:40that
31:40500
31:40year
31:41old
31:41transfer
31:41of
31:41riches
31:42continues
31:42to
31:42affect
31:43us
31:43today
31:43because
31:44Europe
31:44used
31:45that
31:45stolen
31:45money
31:46to
31:46fund
31:46their
31:47empires
31:47which
31:48generated
31:48more
31:48wealth
31:49and
31:49it
31:49was
31:50an
31:50ongoing
31:50cycle
31:51but
31:53prisoners
31:53back
31:54in
31:54South
31:54America
31:54well
31:55they
31:55were
31:56left
31:56with
31:56generational
31:56poverty
31:57instead.
32:02Hundreds
32:02of years
32:03before the
32:03arrival of
32:04the Spanish
32:04however
32:05Maya
32:06society
32:07was
32:07thriving.
32:08Their
32:08culture
32:09may be
32:09best
32:09remembered
32:10today
32:10for
32:11their
32:11meticulous
32:11calendars
32:12and
32:13knowledge
32:13of
32:13astronomy.
32:15The
32:15Maya
32:15originally
32:16just
32:17meant
32:17the
32:17people
32:18in
32:18the
32:18Yucatan
32:18Peninsula
32:19and
32:19that
32:19was
32:20the
32:20word
32:20for
32:20their
32:20language
32:21but
32:22now
32:22it's
32:23understood
32:23that
32:24encompasses
32:25the
32:25Yucatan
32:26Peninsula
32:26the
32:27Pitesh
32:27Batun
32:28the
32:28Guatemala
32:29Highlands
32:29Belize
32:30part
32:31of
32:31Honduras
32:31Campeche
32:32Tabasco
32:33Chiapas
32:34The
32:35Maya
32:35were
32:35probably
32:35the
32:36most
32:36sophisticated
32:37culture
32:38in
32:38pre-Columbian
32:39Americas
32:39One
32:40mind-blowing
32:41example
32:41how the
32:42Maya
32:42tracked
32:43the
32:43movements
32:43of
32:44the
32:44cosmos
32:44and
32:45recorded
32:45it
32:45in
32:46their
32:46codices
32:46which
32:47were
32:47their
32:48form
32:48of
32:48books
32:49and
32:49sacred
32:49texts
32:50the
32:51Maya
32:51calculated
32:52accurately
32:53the
32:54365
32:55plus
32:56days
32:56of
32:57the
32:57solar
32:57year
32:57over
32:582,000
32:58years
32:59ago
32:59the
33:01codices
33:01have
33:02information
33:03about
33:03the
33:04Venus
33:04cycle
33:05the
33:05first
33:05rising
33:06of
33:06Venus
33:06with
33:07the
33:07sun
33:07over
33:08800
33:08years
33:09accurately
33:10calculated
33:11there
33:12is a
33:12Mars
33:13table
33:13that
33:13showed
33:14that
33:14they
33:14accurately
33:15calculated
33:16the
33:16cycle
33:16of
33:17Mars
33:17so
33:19these
33:19documents
33:20were
33:20probably
33:21painted
33:21within
33:21a
33:21couple
33:22hundred
33:22years
33:23of
33:23the
33:23Spanish
33:24arriving
33:25but
33:25it's
33:25clear
33:26that
33:26some
33:26parts
33:27of
33:27them
33:27were
33:27copies
33:28of
33:28much
33:29earlier
33:29documents
33:30just
33:31like
33:32the
33:32Bible
33:32is
33:32a
33:32collection
33:33of
33:33documents
33:34from
33:34a lot
33:35of
33:35different
33:35periods
33:35of
33:36time
33:36and
33:36different
33:36kinds
33:37of
33:37material
33:38before
33:39European
33:39contact
33:40the
33:40Maya
33:40had
33:40developed
33:41one
33:41of
33:41the
33:42most
33:42advanced
33:43water
33:43management
33:44systems
33:44in
33:45the
33:45world
33:45the
33:46Maya
33:46aqueducts
33:51were
33:51so
33:51brilliantly
33:52constructed
33:53they
33:53rerouted
33:54rivers
33:54to
33:55flow
33:55beneath
33:55their
33:56royal
33:56plazas
33:57we
33:57have
33:57amazing
33:58evidence
33:59of
33:59their
34:00ability
34:00to
34:01store
34:02water
34:02some
34:03in
34:03the
34:03chultunes
34:04some
34:05in
34:05reservoirs
34:06so
34:07even
34:08at
34:081000
34:09BC
34:10the
34:10people
34:11of
34:11San
34:11Lorenzo
34:12had
34:12constructed
34:13pipes
34:14of
34:14concrete
34:15blocks
34:15to
34:16direct
34:17water
34:17where
34:18they
34:18needed
34:18it
34:18to
34:19be
34:19at
34:20the
34:20site
34:21of
34:21Palenque
34:22they
34:22diverted
34:23a stream
34:24through
34:24region
34:25known as
34:25the
34:26palace
34:26where
34:27there
34:27were
34:28toilets
34:28stones
34:29with
34:29holes
34:29in
34:29the
34:29center
34:30that
34:30water
34:30was
34:31diverted
34:32underneath
34:32it
34:32to
34:33go
34:33through
34:33and
34:33take
34:34it
34:34out
34:34to
34:34the
34:34stream
34:34in
34:35contrast
34:36the
34:36White
34:36House
34:37didn't
34:37get
34:37indoor
34:38plumbing
34:38until
34:381804
34:40when
34:40Thomas
34:41Jefferson
34:41installed
34:42a
34:42cistern
34:42that
34:43distributed
34:43water
34:44through
34:44wooden
34:44pipes
34:45the
34:48Maya
34:49developed
34:49a
34:50writing
34:50system
34:50they
34:51developed
34:51the
34:52notion
34:52of
34:52the
34:52zero
34:53which
34:54is
34:54doesn't
34:55exist
34:55anyplace
34:55other than
34:56in
34:56India
34:56the
34:58Maya
34:58language
34:59contains
34:59figures
35:00and
35:00characters
35:00by
35:01which
35:01they
35:01could
35:01signify
35:02everything
35:02they
35:02desired
35:03and
35:03that
35:03these
35:04great
35:04books
35:04are
35:04of
35:05such
35:05astuteness
35:06and
35:06subtle
35:06technique
35:07that
35:07we
35:07could
35:07say
35:07our
35:08writing
35:08does
35:09not
35:09offer
35:09much
35:10of
35:10an
35:10advantage
35:11the
35:11conquistadors
35:12and
35:12the
35:12catholic
35:13friars
35:13considered
35:14all
35:15indigenous
35:15documents
35:16to be
35:16the
35:16work
35:17of
35:17the
35:17devil
35:17and
35:18they
35:18burned
35:18all
35:19that
35:19they
35:19could
35:20find
35:20they
35:22wanted
35:22to
35:23eradicate
35:23their
35:24religion
35:25and
35:25their
35:26society
35:26and
35:26their
35:27culture
35:27the
35:28Spanish
35:28soldiers
35:29and
35:30the
35:30sailors
35:30who
35:31arrived
35:32to
35:32do
35:32the
35:32conquering
35:33were
35:33not
35:33educated
35:34people
35:34and
35:35they
35:35didn't
35:35know
35:36even
35:36the
35:36science
35:37that
35:37was
35:38known
35:38in
35:38Europe
35:39just
35:41like
35:41in
35:41the
35:41Caribbean
35:41in
35:42Mesoamerica
35:43conquistadors
35:44like
35:45Hernán
35:45Cortez
35:46and
35:46Francisco
35:47Pizarro
35:48committed
35:48forced
35:49conversions
35:50alongside
35:50the
35:51pillaging
35:52and
35:52mass
35:52murder
35:53one
35:53of
35:53the
35:54things
35:54the
35:54Spanish
35:54did
35:55was
35:55round
35:55up
35:55Indians
35:56and
35:56make
35:56a
35:57move
35:57to
35:57a
35:57certain
35:57region
35:58where
35:58they
35:58would
35:58be
35:59converted
35:59to
36:00Christianity
36:00people
36:02had to
36:02leave
36:02the
36:03area
36:03that
36:04they
36:04knew
36:04well
36:04to
36:05live
36:05in
36:05a
36:05place
36:05that
36:06was
36:06unfamiliar
36:06to
36:06them
36:07so
36:08you
36:08find
36:08people
36:08gradually
36:09less
36:10and
36:10less
36:10able
36:10to
36:10take
36:11care
36:11of
36:11themselves
36:11once
36:13people
36:13have
36:13been
36:14properly
36:15colonized
36:16by
36:16foreign
36:20two
36:20they
36:20are
36:21no
36:21longer
36:21having
36:22a
36:22literate
36:23society
36:23and
36:23then
36:23you
36:24have
36:24Indians
36:24who
36:24don't
36:24read
36:25and
36:25write
36:25and
36:26that
36:26happened
36:27with
36:27the
36:27Aztec
36:28and
36:28it
36:28certainly
36:29happened
36:29with
36:29the
36:29Maya
36:29people
36:30so
36:31why
36:31doesn't
36:31history
36:32remember
36:32these
36:33empires
36:34as
36:34equal
36:34to
36:34the
36:34Spanish
36:35well
36:36like
36:36they
36:36say
36:37history
36:37is
36:38a
36:38fable
36:38agreed
36:39upon
36:39the
36:40agreed
36:40upon
36:41narrative
36:41of
36:42European
36:42superiority
36:43is
36:44passed
36:44down
36:45even
36:45when
36:46it's
36:46not
36:46the
36:46truth
36:47think
36:47the
36:47history
36:48textbooks
36:49not only
36:49don't
36:50get it
36:50right
36:50they
36:50mainly
36:51don't
36:51say
36:51anything
36:52they
36:53say
36:53very
36:53little
36:53about
36:54Mesoamerican
36:55civilizations
36:56I'm here
37:09at Penn
37:09Museum of
37:10Archaeology
37:11and Anthropology
37:12which houses
37:13an amazing
37:14collection
37:14of
37:15Aztec
37:16artifacts
37:16I'm here
37:19to meet
37:19expert
37:20Simon
37:20Martin
37:21who's
37:21been
37:22studying
37:22Mesoamerican
37:23cultures
37:23up close
37:24and personal
37:25for decades
37:26so this
37:27is our
37:27Aztec
37:28sculpture
37:29this is
37:30the kind
37:30of
37:30great
37:31period
37:31that
37:31everyone's
37:32heard
37:32about
37:32this is
37:33when
37:33the
37:33Spanish
37:34arrived
37:34and
37:35these
37:35are
37:35some
37:35of
37:35the
37:36objects
37:36they
37:36would
37:36have
37:36seen
37:37when
37:37they
37:37went
37:37to
37:37Tenochtitlan
37:38the
37:39predecessor
37:40of
37:40Mexico
37:41City
37:41right
37:41the
37:41capital
37:42of
37:42the
37:43Aztecs
37:43yeah
37:43we
37:44know
37:44so
37:44much
37:45more
37:45about
37:45them
37:46Spanish
37:47actually
37:47saw
37:48Aztec
37:48society
37:49in
37:49action
37:49how
37:50advanced
37:50were
37:51they
37:51well
37:51they
37:51were
37:51very
37:52sophisticated
37:52they
37:53turned
37:53essentially
37:54a
37:54swamp
37:54into
37:55a
37:55city
37:55so
37:56they
37:56expanded
37:57using
37:58drainage
37:58and
37:59using
37:59raised
38:00fields
38:00and
38:00building
38:01big
38:01dikes
38:02and
38:02aqueducts
38:03and
38:04there
38:04were
38:04at least
38:04100,000
38:05people
38:05living
38:06on
38:06essentially
38:07an
38:07island
38:07in
38:08the
38:08middle
38:08of
38:08a
38:08lake
38:08one
38:10of
38:10the
38:10buildings
38:10that
38:11most
38:11impressed
38:11the
38:11Spaniards
38:12when
38:12they
38:12came
38:13into
38:14Tenochtitlan
38:15was
38:15Templo
38:15Mayor
38:16the
38:16great
38:16Aztec
38:17temple
38:17in
38:191978
38:20a group
38:21of
38:21electricians
38:22installing
38:22pipes
38:22underground
38:23struck
38:24a huge
38:24carved
38:25stone
38:26which
38:26we
38:26came
38:27to
38:27discover
38:27was
38:28a
38:28centerpiece
38:29of
38:29the
38:29Templo
38:30Mayor
38:30unseen
38:31for
38:32hundreds
38:32of
38:32years
38:33the
38:34discovery
38:34a
38:3420
38:35ton
38:35stone
38:36medallion
38:36which
38:37archaeologists
38:37say
38:38could
38:38provide
38:38the
38:38missing
38:39link
38:39to
38:39Aztec
38:40religious
38:40customs
38:41which
38:41were
38:41wiped
38:42out
38:42by
38:42the
38:42conquering
38:42Spaniards
38:43the
38:44medallion
38:44is
38:45a
38:45story
38:45in
38:45stone
38:46except
38:47for
38:47one
38:47small
38:48crack
38:48it
38:48is
38:48perfectly
38:49preserved
38:49five
38:50centuries
38:51after
38:51it
38:51was
38:51buried
38:52they
38:53would
38:53like
38:53to
38:53widen
38:54their
38:54search
38:54to
38:54find
38:55more
38:55of
38:55the
38:55ancient
38:56city
38:56but
38:57it
38:57lies
38:57under
38:58the
38:58national
38:58cathedral
38:59and
38:59too
39:00much
39:00history
39:00would
39:00have
39:00to
39:01be
39:01torn
39:01up
39:01on
39:01top
39:02of
39:02the
39:02ground
39:02to
39:03get
39:03at
39:03the
39:03mysteries
39:03below
39:04this
39:07discovery
39:07is a
39:08sculptural
39:09and
39:09architectural
39:09masterpiece
39:10because
39:11what
39:12the
39:12Aztec
39:12artists
39:13and
39:13sculptors
39:13were
39:14able
39:14to
39:14do
39:14was
39:15to
39:15put
39:15a
39:16kind
39:16of
39:16symbolic
39:17picture
39:17of
39:18their
39:19whole
39:19view
39:20of
39:20the
39:20universe
39:20in
39:21this
39:21one
39:21building
39:22it
39:23rocked
39:23me
39:23to
39:24find
39:25five
39:26times
39:26larger
39:27than
39:27Madrid
39:28before
39:28Cortez
39:29invaded
39:29the
39:29Aztec
39:30capital
39:30I
39:31wish
39:31I
39:31could
39:31have
39:31seen
39:31what
39:32a
39:32major
39:32metropolis
39:33100%
39:34built
39:34by
39:35Aztec
39:35engineers
39:36and
39:36artists
39:36would
39:36have
39:37looked
39:37like
39:37the
39:42Aztecs
39:43they
39:43call
39:43themselves
39:44Mexicas
39:44because
39:45their
39:45biggest
39:46god
39:46was
39:47Mexitim
39:47what
39:48we
39:48know
39:49from
39:49the
39:49archaeological
39:50records
39:50and
39:51the
39:51historical
39:52sources
39:53the
39:54Aztecs
39:54or
39:55Mexicas
39:55started
39:56here
39:56in
39:571325
39:57there
40:01were
40:01native
40:01healers
40:02in
40:02Mexico
40:03and
40:03when
40:03the
40:03Spanish
40:04first
40:04had
40:04contact
40:05with
40:05them
40:05they
40:05were
40:05very
40:06impressed
40:06with
40:06their
40:06ability
40:07to
40:07treat
40:08fractures
40:08wounds
40:09their
40:09control
40:10of
40:10herbal
40:11medications
40:11and
40:12it's
40:12been
40:12said
40:13that
40:13when
40:13the
40:13conquistadors
40:14came
40:14to
40:15the
40:15city
40:15of
40:15Tenochtitlan
40:16if
40:17they
40:17had
40:17injuries
40:17themselves
40:18or
40:18illnesses
40:18they
40:19would
40:19prefer
40:19to
40:19go
40:20to
40:20an
40:20Aztec
40:20doctor
40:21rather
40:22than
40:22their
40:22own
40:22presurgence
40:23that
40:23came
40:23across
40:24with
40:24them
40:24from
40:24Europe
40:25Spanish
40:26conquistador
40:27Hernán
40:27Cortés
40:28reportedly
40:29told
40:29Emperor
40:29Charles
40:30V
40:30that
40:31the
40:31Aztec
40:32doctors
40:32were
40:32superior
40:33to
40:33those
40:34in
40:34Spain
40:34so
40:35superior
40:36in
40:36fact
40:37that
40:37the
40:37king
40:37need
40:38not
40:38bother
40:38sending
40:39Spanish
40:40physicians
40:40to
40:41the
40:41new
40:41world
40:41some
40:43of
40:43the
40:43Indians
40:44are
40:44so
40:44experienced
40:45that
40:45they
40:45have
40:45cured
40:46many
40:46old
40:47and
40:47serious
40:48infirmities
40:48which
40:49the
40:49Spaniards
40:50have
40:50suffered
40:50many
40:51days
40:51without
40:52finding
40:52a
40:53remedy
40:53modern
40:54science
40:55confirmed
40:56that
40:56over
40:5685%
40:58of
40:58the
40:58herbs
40:58Aztecs
40:59used
41:00are
41:00truly
41:01effective
41:01and
41:01could
41:02not
41:02be
41:02found
41:02outside
41:03of
41:03the
41:03Americas
41:03your
41:04local
41:04pharmacy
41:05today
41:05is
41:06filled
41:06with
41:06drugs
41:07that
41:07contain
41:07compounds
41:08used
41:09by
41:09the
41:09Aztec
41:10Hernán
41:14Cortés
41:15was
41:15the
41:15first
41:16European
41:16conquistador
41:17to reach
41:18the
41:18great
41:18Aztec
41:19capital
41:19and
41:20when
41:20he
41:20and
41:20his
41:21troops
41:21arrived
41:21the
41:22Aztec
41:22king
41:23Moctezuma
41:23greeted
41:24them
41:24on
41:24the
41:24outskirts
41:25of
41:25the
41:25city
41:25gazing
41:28on
41:28such
41:28wonderful
41:29sights
41:29we
41:29did
41:30not
41:30know
41:30what
41:30to
41:30say
41:31or
41:31whether
41:32what
41:32appeared
41:32before
41:33us
41:33was
41:34real
41:34Moctezuma
41:37no
41:37era
41:37un
41:37rey
41:38era
41:38el
41:39rey
41:39y
41:39el
41:40rey
41:40por
41:40potestad
41:41divina
41:41entonces
41:41era
41:42una
41:42persona
41:42ya
41:42con
41:43tanto
41:43poder
41:43que
41:44no
41:44se
41:45le
41:45podía
41:45ni
41:45siquiera
41:45ver
41:45a
41:45los
41:46ojos
41:46cuando
41:47llega
41:47Hernán
41:48Cortés
41:48tiene
41:49el
41:49primer
41:49contacto
41:49con
41:50Tenochtitlan
41:51nadie
41:52se
41:52imaginaba
41:53que
41:53dos
41:54años
41:54después
41:55la
41:55ciudad
41:55iba
41:56a
41:56terminar
41:56en
41:57llamas
41:57por
41:59y
42:10por
42:10el
42:10otro
42:10lado
42:10tenemos
42:11a
42:11un
42:11cortez
42:11lo
42:12primero
42:12que
42:12intenta
42:13hacer
42:13cortez
42:13es
42:14abrazar
42:14a
42:14Moctezuma
42:15y
42:15por
42:15supuesto
42:15se
42:16le
42:16ponen
42:16enfrente
42:17todo
42:17mundo
42:17para
42:18que
42:18no
42:18lo
42:18toque
42:18ese
42:19tipo
42:20de
42:20cosas
42:20nos
42:20habla
42:21ya
42:21desde
42:21un
42:21inicio
42:22de
42:22este
42:22choque
42:23de
42:23dos
42:24formas
42:24de
42:24pensar
42:24muy
42:25diferentes
42:25a
42:26final
42:26de
42:26cuentas
42:27va
42:27a
42:27terminar
42:27en
42:28la
42:28imposición
42:29violenta
42:30de
42:30una
42:30cultura
42:31sobre
42:31otra
42:31There
42:34was
42:34a
42:34third
42:34important
42:35person
42:36at
42:36this
42:36diplomatic
42:37meet
42:37and
42:37greet
42:37cortez
42:39native
42:39interpreter
42:40the
42:41Spanish
42:41called
42:42her
42:42Doña
42:42Marina
42:43in
42:43the
42:43Maya
42:44gave
42:44her
42:45the
42:45title
42:45of
42:45respect
42:46Malintzin
42:47Malintzin
42:49is
42:49an
42:49extremely
42:50divisive
42:51figure
42:51in
42:51Latin
42:51history
42:52she
42:53gave
42:53birth
42:53to
42:54Hernán
42:54Cortez
42:54son
42:55metaphorically
42:56this
42:56is
42:57the
42:57first
42:57Latino
42:58a
42:59child
42:59with
42:59both
42:59indigenous
43:00and
43:01European
43:01ancestors
43:01history
43:02she's
43:03the
43:03mother
43:03of
43:03all
43:04modern
43:04Mexico
43:05but
43:05as
43:05I
43:06learned
43:06many
43:07also
43:07see
43:08her
43:08as
43:08a
43:08traitor
43:09a
43:09temptress
43:10who
43:10aligned
43:11with
43:11the
43:11conquistadors
43:12over
43:13her
43:13own
43:13people
43:13She
43:14actually
43:15was
43:15born
43:16into
43:16a
43:16noble
43:17Aztec
43:17family
43:18and
43:19she
43:19was
43:20sold
43:20to
43:21a
43:21Chontal
43:21Mayan
43:22community
43:22She's
43:24basically
43:24on
43:25the
43:25lower
43:25rungs
43:26of
43:26the
43:26society
43:27in
43:27Chontal
43:28Maya
43:28She
43:29learns
43:30the
43:30language
43:31of
43:31course
43:31Hernan
43:32Cortes
43:33is
43:33traveling
43:34through
43:34the
43:35southern
43:35part
43:35of
43:36Mexico
43:36He
43:37looks
43:38scary
43:38and
43:38dangerous
43:39and
43:39so
43:39they
43:40just
43:40like
43:40here
43:40we're
43:41going to
43:41give you
43:41some
43:41gifts
43:42move on
43:42and
43:43and
43:43among
43:44those
43:44gifts
43:45that
43:45they
43:45gave
43:46Cortes
43:47was
43:4720
43:48women
43:48to
43:49serve
43:49as
43:50basically
43:50sex
43:51slaves
43:51for him
43:52and
43:52his
43:52troops
43:52Malinchi
43:53was
43:54among
43:54these
43:54women
43:55she
43:55was
43:55no
43:55more
43:56than
43:5619
43:56or
43:5720
43:57years
43:57old
43:57at
43:57the
43:57time
43:58Soon
43:59she
43:59learned
43:59Spanish
44:00she
44:00becomes
44:01absolutely
44:01crucial
44:01in the
44:02linguistic
44:02and
44:02communicative
44:03bridge
44:04between
44:04the
44:04Spaniards
44:05and
44:05the
44:05Moctezuma
44:06because
44:06she
44:07is
44:07trilingual
44:08Cortes
44:09makes
44:09note
44:09of
44:09that
44:10and
44:10he
44:11makes
44:11her
44:12his
44:12woman
44:13and
44:13says
44:14I
44:14will
44:14give
44:15you
44:15your
44:15freedom
44:15if
44:16you
44:16will
44:16be
44:16my
44:16interpreter
44:17and
44:17my
44:17secretary
44:18we
44:19do
44:19know
44:20because
44:21it
44:21is
44:21in
44:21the
44:21records
44:22that
44:23she
44:23did
44:24give
44:24away
44:25the
44:26information
44:26when
44:27they
44:27were
44:27in
44:27Cholula
44:28that
44:28the
44:29Cholulans
44:29were
44:29going
44:30to
44:30you
44:31know
44:31attack
44:31the
44:32Spanish
44:32and
44:32there
44:32was
44:32going
44:32to
44:32be
44:33a
44:33massacre
44:33and
44:34she
44:34went
44:34and
44:34told
44:34Cortes
44:35so
44:36Cortes
44:36organized
44:37a massacre
44:37against
44:38the
44:38Cholulans
44:38and
44:39she
44:40becomes
44:40very
44:41close
44:41to
44:42Cortes
44:42so
44:42much
44:43so
44:43that
44:43the
44:44indigenous
44:44people
44:44as a
44:45way
44:45of
44:45kind
44:46of
44:46making
44:46fun
44:46of
44:47him
44:47called
44:48him
44:48Malinche
44:48in
44:49some
44:49of
44:49the
44:49documents
44:50and
44:51they're
44:51calling
44:51him
44:51Malinche
44:52because
44:53they're
44:53saying
44:53he's
44:54not
44:54only
44:54very
44:55close
44:55to
44:56Malinche
44:56but
44:57she
44:57has
44:57some
44:57control
44:58over
44:58him
44:59it's
45:00painful
45:01to
45:01imagine
45:01a
45:04in
45:05Mexican
45:05arts
45:05and
45:05literature
45:06Malinche
45:07is
45:07usually
45:07depicted
45:07as
45:08a
45:08seller
45:08of
45:08her
45:09nation
45:09Malinchista
45:11today
45:11is
45:12still
45:12used
45:12as
45:12a
45:12Spanish
45:13insult
45:13to
45:14describe
45:14a
45:14traitor
45:15or
45:15a
45:15backstabber
45:16and
45:16it's
45:16really
45:17easy
45:17to
45:17paint
45:17Malinche
45:18as
45:18a
45:18villain
45:19in
45:19Mexican
45:19history
45:20she's
45:21not
45:21siding
45:21with
45:21the
45:22Europeans
45:22she
45:23doesn't
45:23know
45:23what
45:23Europe
45:23is
45:24who
45:24the
45:24Europeans
45:25are
45:25and
45:26she
45:26does
45:26the
45:27work
45:27that
45:27she
45:27had
45:27to
45:27do
45:28I
45:28just
45:28want
45:29to
45:29say
45:29that
45:29it's
45:30ridiculous
45:30to
45:30think
45:31that
45:31a
45:31woman
45:32who
45:32is
45:32a
45:32translator
45:33for
45:33a
45:33conqueror
45:34is
45:34the
45:34one
45:35responsible
45:35for
45:35the
45:35whole
45:36falling
45:36of
45:37the
45:37Mexica
45:37Aztec
45:38empire
45:39today
45:39many
45:40Mexican
45:40and
45:41Chicana
45:41women
45:41are
45:42taking
45:42Malinche's
45:43story
45:43back
45:44some
45:45see
45:45her
45:45now
45:45as
45:46a
45:46victim
45:46of
45:46machismo
45:47culture
45:47and
45:48an
45:48icon
45:48of
45:49motherhood
45:50and
45:50feminine
45:50power
45:51my
45:52own
45:52mestizo
45:52heritage
45:53includes
45:53both
45:54the
45:57so
45:58Malinche's
45:58story
45:59can't
45:59be
45:59fully
46:00one
46:00thing
46:00or
46:00another
46:01and
46:01neither
46:01can
46:02mine
46:27of
46:28Moctezuma
46:29also
46:30was
46:30captured
46:31the
46:31governor
46:32of
46:32Tezcoco
46:33the
46:33governor
46:34of
46:34Tlatelolco
46:35the
46:35governor
46:35of
46:36Tacuba
46:36and
46:37the
46:37governor
46:37of
46:37the
46:38important
46:38of
46:40Mexico
46:40of
46:42one
46:42of
46:42the
46:42Spanish
46:43said
46:44that
46:45the
46:45pedra
46:45was
46:45the
46:46who
46:46killed
46:46Moctezuma
46:47the
46:47people
46:48killed
46:48the
46:49indigenous
46:49say
46:50they
46:51found
46:52the
46:52body
46:52of
46:52Moctezuma
46:53with
46:53a
46:53her
46:54of
46:54the
46:54spade
46:54in
46:55the
46:55vientre
46:55the
46:57Aztec
47:10they
47:10were
47:10very
47:10militaristic
47:11and
47:12they
47:12dominated
47:13a
47:14huge
47:14amount
47:14of
47:15territory
47:15the
47:16problem
47:16was
47:17that
47:17the
47:17Spanish
47:18arrived
47:18and
47:19the
47:19enemies
47:20of
47:20the
47:21Mexica
47:21were
47:22like
47:22wow
47:23these
47:24new
47:24strange
47:25people
47:25look
47:26pretty
47:26powerful
47:27I
47:28think
47:28I'll
47:28ally
47:29with
47:29them
47:29and
47:30I
47:30can
47:30finally
47:30defeat
47:31my
47:31enemy
47:32the
47:32Mexica
47:32Cortez
47:34maybe
47:35had
47:35less
47:35than
47:35500
47:36troops
47:36and
47:37he
47:37ended
47:37up
47:37having
47:38thousands
47:38and
47:38tens
47:39of
47:39thousands
47:39by
47:39the
47:40time
47:40he
47:40created
47:40alliances
47:41with
47:41those
47:42dominated
47:42groups
47:43in
47:43the
47:43Aztec
47:44territory
47:4480%
47:46of
47:46the
47:46warriors
47:46are
47:47indigenous
47:47warriors
47:47from
47:48other
47:48communities
47:49so
47:50it's
47:50not
47:50really
47:50a
47:51conquest
47:51so
47:51much
47:52as
47:52it
47:52is
47:52also
47:52a
47:53revolution
47:53a
47:54rebellion
47:54of
47:55other
47:55indigenous
47:55people
47:56working
47:56with
47:56this
47:57new
47:57army
47:57so
47:58the
47:58real
47:58conquerors
47:59were
47:59other
48:00indigenous
48:00people
48:01rather than
48:01the
48:01Spaniards
48:02but
48:03what
48:03happens
48:04when
48:04they
48:05are
48:05able
48:05to
48:06defeat
48:06the
48:06Aztec
48:07warriors
48:07in the
48:07city
48:08is
48:08they
48:09destroy
48:09this
48:09city
48:10so
48:10badly
48:11that
48:12even
48:12in
48:12the
48:12Spanish
48:12accounts
48:13they're
48:13mourning
48:14what
48:14they
48:14have
48:14done
48:15and
48:16we
48:17have
48:17descriptions
48:17of
48:18they
48:18flattened
48:19parts
48:19of
48:19this
48:19city
48:19it
48:20took
48:21the
48:21Spanish
48:21conquistadors
48:22years
48:23to
48:23traverse
48:23all
48:24of
48:24Central
48:24and
48:24South
48:25America
48:25but
48:26their
48:26diseases
48:26traveled
48:27far
48:28faster
48:28once
48:29the
48:29first
48:29indigenous
48:30person
48:30was
48:30infected
48:31their
48:31germs
48:31quickly
48:32spread
48:33to
48:33the
48:33rest
48:33of
48:33their
48:33family
48:34and
48:34then
48:34their
48:35whole
48:35village
48:35villages
48:36traded
48:37with
48:37one
48:37another
48:38and
48:38soon
48:38whole
48:39regions
48:39could
48:40be
48:40struck
48:40down
48:40by
48:41plagues
48:41even
48:42though
48:42the
48:42Europeans
48:43hadn't
48:43yet
48:43arrived
48:44at
48:44every
48:44corn
48:44of
48:44the
48:44continent
48:45their
48:45deadly
48:46viruses
48:46raged
48:47ahead
48:47of
48:47them
48:47carried
48:48by
48:48the
48:48natives
48:49themselves
48:49a
48:50lot
48:51of
48:51people
48:51died
48:52because
48:52the
48:53diseases
48:53the
48:53Spanish
48:54were
48:54carrying
48:55traveled
48:55ahead
48:55of
48:56them
48:56right
48:56right
48:56so
48:57when
48:58they
48:58arrived
48:58very often
48:59these
48:59societies
49:00were already
49:00devastated
49:01and
49:02you know
49:02that's
49:02one of
49:03the reasons
49:03they managed
49:03to win
49:03so easily
49:04it
49:04wasn't
49:05that
49:05when
49:05civilization
49:05was
49:06stronger
49:06or
49:07better
49:07or
49:07had
49:07better
49:08military
49:08no
49:08it
49:08was
49:09these
49:09people
49:09were
49:10vanquished
49:10by
49:10disease
49:11yeah
49:11the
49:12fall
49:12of
49:12Tenochtitlan
49:13was
49:13a
49:14tragedy
49:14for
49:14the
49:14Aztec
49:15but
49:15it
49:15didn't
49:16mean
49:16the
49:16whole
49:16of
49:16Latin
49:17American
49:17civilization
49:18instantly
49:19came
49:19under
49:19Spanish
49:20rule
49:20no
49:21because
49:21indigenous
49:22communities
49:22fought
49:23back
49:23with
49:23force
49:24and
49:24through
49:24subtler
49:25ways
49:25as
49:25well
49:26at
49:34one
49:34point
49:35the
49:35catholic
49:35bishop
49:36brought
49:36a
49:36Maya
49:37man
49:37in
49:38and
49:38asked
49:39him
49:39to
49:39give
49:39him
49:39an
49:39alphabet
49:40the
49:41catholic
49:42bishop
49:42said
49:42I
49:43want
49:43you
49:43to
49:43write
49:44me
49:44a
49:44sentence
49:44in
49:45your
49:45language
49:45and
49:46he
49:46wrote
49:46down
49:47ma
49:47inkati
49:48and
49:48it
49:48means
49:49I
49:49don't
49:49want
49:50to
49:50and
49:51for
49:52a
49:52long
49:52time
49:52people
49:53translate
49:53as
49:53I
49:54do
49:54not
49:54wish
49:54no
49:55it
49:56means
49:56I
49:56don't
49:57want
49:57to
49:57I
49:58love
49:58that
49:58story
49:59the
50:00name
50:00of
50:00the
50:00man
50:01is
50:01Shue
50:02you
50:02should
50:02know
50:03his
50:03name
50:03I
50:03mean
50:04he
50:04should
50:04not
50:04be
50:04nameless
50:05that
50:06the
50:06first
50:11the
50:12invaders
50:13really
50:13well
50:16it
50:16seems
50:16like
50:16a
50:16small
50:17moment
50:17a
50:18scribe
50:18refusing
50:19to
50:19translate
50:19a
50:20phrase
50:20from
50:20Mayan
50:21to
50:21Spanish
50:21but
50:22history
50:23is
50:23made
50:23of
50:24small
50:24moments
50:25of
50:25resistance
50:25just
50:26like
50:26this
50:27one
50:27just
50:28think
50:28about
50:28Rosa
50:28Park
50:29sitting
50:29at
50:29the
50:29front
50:29of
50:30the
50:30bus
50:30and
50:31what
50:31that
50:31led
50:31to
50:31this
50:32scribe
50:32chose
50:33dignity
50:33for
50:34himself
50:34and
50:34his
50:34culture
50:35in
50:35the
50:35face
50:35of
50:35torture
50:36and
50:36death
50:36those
50:38are
50:38my
50:38people
50:38our
50:39ancestors
50:40endured
50:41an
50:41almost
50:42total
50:42genocide
50:43through
50:44war
50:44plague
50:45and
50:45religious
50:46conversion
50:46their
50:47land
50:48and
50:48wealth
50:48were
50:48seized
50:49and
50:49they
50:50were
50:50forced
50:50into
50:50a
50:51cycle
50:51of
50:51generational
50:52poverty
50:52that
50:53still
50:53exists
50:54to
50:54this
50:54day
50:54today
50:57Latinos
50:58are
50:58reclaiming
50:59their
50:59own
50:59histories
51:00and
51:00recovering
51:01the
51:01real
51:01stories
51:02that
51:02were
51:02erased
51:03from
51:03the
51:03records
51:04at
51:04long
51:05last
51:05we're
51:06getting
51:06the
51:06uncolonized
51:07side
51:07of the
51:08story
51:08when
51:09we
51:09think
51:09of
51:09our
51:10history
51:10as
51:10starting
51:11with
51:11colonization
51:12we're
51:12really
51:13doing
51:13a
51:13disservice
51:14to
51:14our
51:14ancestors
51:15and
51:16that
51:16really
51:17creates
51:17a
51:17myopic
51:18view
51:18of
51:18history
51:19a
51:19perspective
51:19that
51:20is
51:20biased
51:20towards
51:21only
51:21one
51:21part
51:22of
51:22our
51:22past
51:23and
51:23erases
51:24the
51:24rest
51:24when
51:25we
51:25consider
51:25that
51:26our
51:26history
51:26starts
51:275,000
51:28years
51:28ago
51:28and
51:29not
51:29500
51:29years
51:30ago
51:30we're
51:31able
51:31to
51:31reconstruct
51:31a
51:32much
51:32richer
51:32picture
51:33of
51:33how
51:33our
51:34cultures
51:34came
51:34to
51:34be
51:35we
51:35were
51:35able
51:35to
51:35appreciate
51:36the
51:36contributions
51:37of
51:37indigenous
51:37ancestors
51:38of
51:39African
51:39ancestors
51:40of
51:40European
51:40ancestors
51:41and
51:41everything
51:41that
51:42came
51:42after
51:42that
51:42which
51:43is
51:43much
51:43broader
51:44and
51:44critical
51:44lens
51:45it's
51:46not
51:46just
51:46the
51:46victim
51:47and
51:47the
51:47victimizer
51:47there's
51:48the
51:48shared
51:49culture
51:49and
51:50that's
51:50what
51:50Latino
51:51history
51:51and
51:52Latino
51:52culture
51:53really
51:53is
51:53about
51:53it's
51:54about
51:54the
51:54sharing
51:54that
51:55has
51:55taken
51:55place
51:56all
51:56through
51:57the
51:57Americas
51:57you
51:58can't
51:58have
51:58an
51:59inclusive
51:59democracy
52:04you
52:05have
52:05to
52:05understand
52:06that
52:06what
52:07we
52:07call
52:07America
52:08or
52:08the
52:08Americas
52:09is
52:10the
52:10result
52:10of
52:11not
52:11only
52:11competing
52:12with
52:12one
52:12another
52:13but
52:13also
52:13cooperating
52:14and
52:15there's
52:15really
52:16no
52:16cultural
52:16group
52:17that
52:17has
52:17done
52:18more
52:18of
52:18that
52:18or
52:19done
52:19it
52:19better
52:19than
52:20the
52:20Latinos
52:20and
52:21that's
52:22the
52:22type
52:22of
52:22affirmation
52:23that
52:24we
52:24have
52:24to
52:24have
52:24of
52:25the
52:25past
52:25so
52:26that
52:26we
52:26can
52:26have
52:26a
52:27shared
52:27future
52:27histories
52:28that
52:29are
52:29monochromatic
52:30and
52:30monochromatic
52:31are
52:32not
52:32only
52:32boring
52:33but
52:33they
52:33distort
52:34reality
52:35reality
52:35is
52:35complex
52:36reality
52:37is
52:37multiple
52:38particularly
52:39in places
52:39in the
52:40Americas
52:40where
52:41people
52:41come
52:41from
52:42all
52:42over
52:42the
52:43planet
52:43that's
52:44part
52:44of
52:44the
52:45history
52:45the
52:46Olmex
52:47Aztecs
52:48Maya
52:48Incas
52:48and Tainos
52:49have been
52:50conquered
52:50their wealth
52:52had been
52:52stolen
52:52their culture
52:53had been
52:53erased
52:54but
52:55there was
52:55a new
52:55new world
52:56that was
52:56being built
52:57and Latinos
52:57were a big
52:58part of that
52:59all across
53:00the
53:00and even
53:01in a
53:01budding
53:02new
53:02country
53:02that you
53:02know
53:03today
53:03as
53:03U.S.
53:04of A
53:04and maybe
53:06if we
53:06recognize
53:07these
53:07achievements
53:07of our
53:08ancestors
53:08we would
53:09see the
53:09tremendous
53:10contributions
53:11we've made
53:11throughout
53:12the world
53:12I wish
53:14I had been
53:14taught that
53:15when I was
53:16growing up
53:16well there's
53:17so much
53:18history
53:18we've barely
53:19scratched the
53:19surface
53:20now the
53:22more that
53:23I've learned
53:23on this
53:24journey
53:24the more
53:25I've
53:25realized
53:26how little
53:26I knew
53:27I'm a
53:29different
53:29person
53:30today
53:30because
53:30of
53:31what
53:31I've
53:31learned
53:31and
53:32that's
53:32why
53:33I
53:33wanted
53:33to
53:33share
53:34this
53:34with
53:34you
53:34and
53:35that
53:35you
53:36can
53:36see
53:37Legenda Adriana Zanotto
54:07Legenda Adriana Zanotto