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América - A História Não Contada dos Latinos - 2 º Episódio - Linhas do Mesmo Novelo
Descubra como o ADN latino tem sido fundamental para a identidade dos EUA desde antes da sua fundação.
Destacando figuras e eventos importantes, John Leguizamo mostra como os latinos ajudaram a criar a nação que hoje conhecemos.
Descubra como o ADN latino tem sido fundamental para a identidade dos EUA desde antes da sua fundação.
Destacando figuras e eventos importantes, John Leguizamo mostra como os latinos ajudaram a criar a nação que hoje conhecemos.
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02:16que vem da diversas culturas que fazem essa cidade grande,
02:19incluindo os latinos de cada variedade.
02:22Então, não deveria ser um surpresa,
02:25que o primeiro não-native New Yorker
02:27era um latino hermano da República Dominicana.
02:34Juan Rodrigues parece ser o primeiro não-native American,
02:38o primeiro black person,
02:40e o primeiro latino person
02:43de ter resíduo no metro.
02:45Por que latino?
02:46Porque ele veio de Santo Domingo,
02:49e Santo Domingo era uma sociedade cultural espacial.
02:53Em Santo Domingo, em La Española,
02:55na época, a maioria da população
02:58já foi formada por black pessoas,
03:01a sociedade ancestral para o que é, hoje,
03:04a República Dominicana.
03:05E muitos, muitos deles foram engajados
03:08nisso com não-Spanhóis.
03:13Juan Rodrigues was recruited
03:15by a Dutch merchant ship
03:16that was fur-trading
03:18with the Native Americans of the area,
03:20and as part of that crew,
03:21he arrived in 1613
03:23in what is today the New York area.
03:28The lands were as pleasant
03:30with grass and flowers
03:31and godly trees
03:32and very sweet smells
03:34came from them.
03:35Juan Rodrigues would soon thrive
03:37in the Manhattan estuary,
03:39establishing himself
03:40as a savvy trader.
03:42After two months or so,
03:44the Dutch captain decided
03:46to return to the Netherlands.
03:48Juan Rodrigues adamantly refused to go.
03:53And the argument was,
03:54I am a free man.
03:57I don't want to go to the Netherlands.
04:01And, quote,
04:02If you force me to go to the Netherlands
04:06on your ship,
04:07at the first chance,
04:09I am going to jump overboard.
04:12That's what the Dutch documents
04:15of the sailors say.
04:17Now, you don't last very long in New York
04:19if you don't have a hustle.
04:21And Rodriguez, he had it.
04:23And it was only with the help
04:24of the local Lenape people
04:26that he thrived as a fur-trader.
04:28But when the original Dutch company
04:30that he worked for came back,
04:32they found that through his business savvy,
04:34he'd taken over the whole market.
04:35And let's just say
04:36that they weren't too thrilled.
04:38In 1614, the captain
04:43that had brought him over returns.
04:46They find Juan Rodriguez
04:48living among the Native Americans
04:51of the area.
04:52He had this astonishing ability
04:55for survival.
04:57A man from the Caribbean
04:59in the early 17th century
05:01to be able to survive a winter
05:04in what nowadays is New York City.
05:06Rodriguez is working for a competitor company
05:11and crew that has arrived before.
05:14Confrontation develops.
05:16People get hurt.
05:17The Dutch sailors return
05:20to try to settle their dispute
05:23before the Dutch authorities
05:25in the Netherlands.
05:28Juan Rodriguez is the beginning
05:31of the story of Latino presence
05:35and Latino contribution
05:37to what this society has been
05:40until what it is today.
05:42Our conception of the past,
05:43of who existed in the past
05:45and who still exists today,
05:46can really impact modern lives
05:48for modern living people.
05:50People tend to forget
05:51that Latinos were here
05:53long before the United States existed.
05:56We are able to appreciate
05:57the contributions
05:58of indigenous ancestors,
05:59African ancestors,
06:00of European ancestors,
06:02and everything that came after that,
06:04which is a much broader
06:05and critical lens
06:06than when we consider
06:07only one part of our history
06:09as being important.
06:10Indigenous people were here
06:12before Latinos
06:13and we don't always talk about that.
06:15And so it's a complicated story.
06:17We are in many ways,
06:19both the conquered and the conquering.
06:22and we share with our native,
06:24indigenous brothers and sisters
06:26our genetic background
06:28as well as the Spanish colonial period.
06:31And it's true.
06:40We didn't come to America
06:41because we are America.
06:43When the people started flooding in
06:45from all over the world,
06:46Latinos were already here.
06:48The Dutch, German, Scottish, and British
06:50all put down roots
06:52in what would become the 13 colonies.
06:54And Latinos have fought
06:56in every single U.S. war since day one.
06:59When the British crown levied more and more taxes,
07:02the colonists decided enough was enough.
07:05So the founding fathers signed
07:07the Declaration of Independence in 1776,
07:10thus declaring the U.S. independent
07:13of the British crown.
07:14And soon after that,
07:16the war for American independence
07:17would begin.
07:18A war that could not have been won
07:20without the help of our Latino people,
07:22our soldiers,
07:23and let's not forget our reales.
07:26And because of those sacrifices,
07:30we Latinos are the sons and daughters
07:33of the American Revolution.
07:41History is usually patriotic propaganda, right?
07:44Right, right, right.
07:45History is written by the ones who won.
07:47The victors, yeah, yeah.
07:48The victors, right?
07:49Here we are at the Monument of the Unknown Soldier.
07:56Both of us know that there were
07:5810,000 unknown Latino patriots
08:00that fought the American Revolution,
08:02and there were total of 80,000 troops,
08:04so we were one in eight,
08:05which is a huge contribution,
08:07and yet you don't ever hear about it anywhere.
08:09That's a huge number.
08:10When the American Revolution began,
08:12George Washington had never really commanded an army.
08:17Because the Continental Congress didn't have an army,
08:22it was all militias or mercenaries.
08:25A lot of them were merchants, farmers,
08:28and so they needed to get paid
08:30to sustain their livelihood.
08:31As a result,
08:32when the Continental Congress didn't have enough money,
08:35these people didn't want to fight.
08:37There were a lot of mutinies,
08:39and Washington, in fact,
08:41had to execute some of the leaders of the mutiny
08:44in order to maintain discipline.
08:47You don't have a large base of finances
08:51that can be used to buy musketry or artillery
08:56or food to keep your armies going.
08:58This is why the support from Spain and France
09:01and other nations was decisive
09:04in winning the American Revolution.
09:06Without that support, we don't win.
09:11Did you know that our Latino ancestors saved the day?
09:14That's right.
09:15Latinos tipped the scale
09:17in the American Revolution against the British.
09:20And, of course, you've heard of Paul Revere, right?
09:22One if by land, two if by sea.
09:24But have you ever heard of Bernardo de Galvez?
09:27Bernardo de Galvez was Español.
09:30He served in the Spanish military.
09:32The Spanish crown sent Bernardo de Galvez with a mandate,
09:38which was assist the 13 colonies clandestinely
09:42with materials, with men, and, more importantly, gunpowder.
09:47And he did so by getting rid of the British along the Mississippi River.
09:51As a young soldier in Spanish territory, Bernardo de Galvez participated in a brutal campaign against local Apache people.
10:02So by the time the American Revolution began, he was already experienced in the ways of war.
10:07Do you know what you need to fight a war?
10:10Dinero, plata, chavo.
10:12That's right, and lots of it.
10:14So when George Washington was running low on cash to pay his army,
10:17he turned to his Latino amigos for help.
10:20The Cuban, Spanish, and Mexican people delivered the needed money,
10:24making it possible for Washington's troops to keep fighting.
10:28A lot of people donated wedding rings, gold and silver churches with chalices,
10:35and deliver it so that they pay the militias.
10:39De Galvez raises this multicultural army, as well as his navy,
10:44comprised of españoles, Native Americans, manumitted slaves, free slaves,
10:50what we now consider Cubanos, Puerto Ricanos, Mexicanos, Equatorianos.
11:00This multicultural army fought battles along the Gulf Coast
11:05against all those established forts, which were Baton Rouge, Mobile Bay,
11:11and then eventually Pensacola Harbor, and the taking of Fort George.
11:20Look, I know Latinos can be really stubborn,
11:23because once we get something into our heads, it's hard to let go.
11:27Now, the British had a notoriously impenetrable stronghold at Fort George.
11:31Their cannon firepower was so great that no one could get close.
11:35But De Galvez said, I'm gonna take it.
11:40So when De Galvez brought his fleet to the mouth of the bay,
11:45a lot of the captains from the other ships refused to sail into the harbor,
11:50because it was essentially a suicide mission.
11:53And so one of the captains even threatened to have him arrested and sent back to Spain.
11:59So he climbed aboard his ship and by himself sailed into that harbor.
12:05But the British were so surprised by the act that they couldn't lower their cannons in time to blow his ship apart.
12:12De Galvez and reinforcements successfully captured Fort George.
12:17And he became known for his catchphrase,
12:19yo solo, or I alone, because he attacked when others would not.
12:24And thanks to De Galvez, the British were driven out of the south.
12:28And Bernardo De Galvez was in good company.
12:33Francisco Saavedra raised a lot of money.
12:38He raised over half a million dollars in one day.
12:41He was supported the American independence movement, donating millions of dollars.
12:48And that was critical for American success.
12:56And that was considered the end of the American Revolution.
13:01So the contributions of people from the Caribbean and Latin America to the American Revolution were quite decisive.
13:08Latinos have continued to fight for this country all the time and all around the world.
13:14But when many of them get back home, they get hassled for speaking Spanish.
13:19But there was one of our founding fathers who understood the importance of our language.
13:24Thomas Jefferson, our former president, felt that it was very important for Americans to learn Spanish.
13:34He spoke Spanish.
13:36There are letters from him to his family expressing to them the importance of learning Spanish
13:42because he told them the history of America right now is more than half of it written in Spanish.
13:50When your lived identity doesn't match the history that you're taught in school,
13:57I think that makes you not appreciate how complex and beautiful your origins really are.
14:03For our young people who are bilingual or Spanish speaking,
14:08the idea that your culture has contributed an enormous amount of blood to the formation of this country
14:16means to you that you don't have to ask permission to do something in this country.
14:22You can do whatever you want because it has been paid for with a lot of blood shed by your people.
14:37Fresh off winning the war of independence, the U.S. was full of vim and vigor
14:41and wanted more, more land, more resources, more, so much more.
14:46But there was an inconvenient fact.
14:48Most of the land they set their sights on was already owned by Mexico and myriad indigenous tribes.
14:55That's when you need a silver bullet.
14:57A powerful marketing concept to explain why you have the right to land that someone else already owns.
15:04And it took two words, manifest destiny.
15:07The media campaign that said it was the God given right of the U.S. to take all the land they wanted
15:13under the guise of spreading democracy and good old fashioned capitalism.
15:18Now the U.S. wanted a huge chunk of land, Texas, California, Colorado, Nevada, almost the entire southwest,
15:25and nothing was going to stop them from taking it.
15:28You know, everybody likes to talk about Mexicans crossing the border,
15:32but they forget it was really the U.S. of A that crossed the border when they expanded into Mexico.
15:41Manifest destiny was the argument that the young United States was destined by Providence to expand from sea to shining sea.
15:48This meant expanding into lands that were already settled by indigenous peoples.
15:55And so to expand into those lands meant to declare them as unsettled despite the rich history in these areas.
16:06One of the most famous paintings depicting manifest destiny is John Gass's painting of American Progress in 1872.
16:15You have to supply a narrative in which that takeover is justified.
16:22Now let's talk about this painting.
16:24You notice the Native Americans fleeing the angelic America and the imposing settlers?
16:29Or how Gass portrays the American way as bringing light, technology, knowledge, and civility to the dark, barbaric West?
16:38Tell me what you really think of indigenous people without telling me.
16:41This painting was created years after the end of the campaign westward, and it was done to glorify the conquest of the lands from the Mississippi all the way to the Pacific.
16:51But before the settlers could claim the western territories, they'd have to fight Mexico for Texas or Texas as we know it today.
16:59Anglo-American planters began moving their slaves to Texas, which was part of Mexico at the time, to grow cotton there.
17:13Seventy-five percent of people of African ancestry in Spanish America were free.
17:24In the United States, it was not 75 percent. It was 4 percent.
17:30What led to the Texas War of Independence and eventually the U.S. invasion of Mexico, it all boils down to slavery.
17:37The wealthiest Anglo-colonial settlers were slave owners.
17:43For the new settlers, slavery was not just big business. It was the foundation of their entire way of life.
17:50It was a basis for their economy. It provided the labor for just about every one of their industries.
17:56And without it, their society would collapse.
17:58At the same time, enslaved African Americans are fleeing to Mexico and finding sanctuary.
18:08There are American congressmen who want to sue Mexico for stealing what they called our property.
18:16What they met was enslaved people from Louisiana, Florida, Texas, finding freedom in Mexico.
18:22So I met with historian David Montejano to learn more.
18:24Texas Mexicans were seen as sympathetic to slaves. Everywhere that Mexicans were found in a neighborhood, they had to be expelled in order to make slavery safe.
18:38The Texas Latinos here were considered abolitionists against white southerners' commerce.
18:45So you had several expulsions of communities in Central Texas and East Texas.
18:51That's a wild statement.
18:55Mexico abolished slavery in 1829. That's why in 1835, Presidente Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana marched troops to Texas to uphold the ban.
19:06Anglo-Texans were infuriated with the Mexican government who demanded that, in fact, slavery cease in 1835.
19:13Presidente Santana is coming to Texas to enforce the prohibition on slavery.
19:24People say, remember the Alamo. But do they really know what happened there?
19:30Here's what I learned. Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santana arrived at the Alamo hoping to find a diplomatic solution to the conflict.
19:38But someone inside the Alamo fired a cannon at Santa Ana's forces, kicking off a 13-day battle that would claim the lives of Anglos and Tejanos alike.
19:48A month later, the Texas forces surprised the Mexican army.
19:55Santana's captured. He's held prisoner and forced to declare Texas to be independent.
20:01Mexico refuses to recognize that independence.
20:02There is a lot of irony there that the reason why they revolted was because they wanted to keep slavery and they did it in the name of freedom.
20:04After Texas become the U.S. D. A환 converge.
20:06And when they started out the Alamo, the Alamo says that it was under Bremen.
20:07A month later, the Texas forces surprised the Mexican army.
20:08Santana's captured. He's held prisoner and forced to declare Texas to be independent.
20:19Mexico refuses to recognize that independence.
20:21There's a lot of irony there that the reason why they revolted was because they wanted to keep slavery and they did it in the name of freedom.
20:32Depois de que Texas se tornou uma república independente,
20:36ele pediu para se tornar parte dos Estados Unidos.
20:40Oh, eu não.
20:42O Texas anglo-settlers fez muito claro que eles queriam terra,
20:46não para pequenas plantas,
20:48mas para plantações,
20:50para grandes rancos.
20:52Eles queriam expansão,
20:54e o que significa expansão em 1830,
20:58é a expansão da escravidão,
21:00porque é o sistema mais profundo econômico no planeta.
21:04Não há nenhum sistema que seja closed
21:06em termos de profissões que são geradas de escravidão.
21:09Em 1845, Texas entrou na União Europeia como um estado de escravidão.
21:16E aí, depois, foi o México-Americano War,
21:20que era basicamente um excuse de um país mais forte,
21:23o União Europeia,
21:24para tomar os homens de um destino mais forte,
21:26México.
21:30E aí, depois,
21:31o Brasil,
21:32o Brasil,
21:33o Brasil,
21:34o Brasil.
21:35para o Brasil.
21:36goedk令 o Brasil da época,
21:37o Brasil.
21:38Tudo para o Brasil.
21:40O Brasil tentou provar Mexico
21:42a guerra contra o Brasil.
21:44Ele sentou seus troops
21:46para o Brasil-Mexico
21:48e texas,
21:49à próxima Ásia,
21:50pelo Nueses River.
21:51México nunca reconheceu
21:52a terra Texas
21:53da Rio Grande da Rio,
21:54mas que rather seja
21:55o Nueses River.
21:56Quando os americanos
21:56ventos à Nueses Strip,
21:58eles, em fato,
21:59vão...
22:00...vindos disputados terretores.
22:01que foi visto como provocação por México.
22:03México, então, fired
22:05upon those troops.
22:06Mas, foi tudo que Presidente Polk
22:08precisava.
22:09México, que é passada a boundary
22:11dos Estados Unidos, que é invadida
22:12nossa território e shed American blood
22:15upon the American soil.
22:17Ela proclamada que hostilidades
22:18have commenced e que as duas nations
22:20estão agora à guerra.
22:24Durante
22:25a guerra da Mexicana-America
22:27em um monte de Américas
22:29were conscious that this was
22:31an illegal and immoral
22:33world of aggression, and they wrote about it.
22:36We beseech our countrymen
22:37to leave off this horrid conflict,
22:39abandon their murderous plans,
22:41and forsake the way of blood.
22:43Our country may yet be saved.
22:45Let the press, let the pulpit, let the church,
22:47let the people at large unite at once,
22:49and let petitions flood the halls of Congress
22:52by the million, asking
22:53for the instant recall of our
22:55forces from Mexico.
22:57This may not save us,
22:58but it is our only hope.
23:03In Mexico, they call it
23:04the war of North American aggression,
23:07which is more accurate.
23:08The war lasted almost two years,
23:14and by its end,
23:15the U.S. had defeated Mexico
23:17and seized their capital, Mexico City.
23:20And with their backs against the wall,
23:22Mexico was forced to sign
23:23the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
23:26The U.S. took possession
23:27of Mexican territory in California,
23:29Nevada, Utah, New Mexico,
23:32Arizona, Colorado,
23:33Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.
23:35That's a lot of land.
23:37And the Mexicans living on that land
23:39were subject to a whole new set of rules.
23:43The treaty was signed in the Zócalo,
23:47the central place for the Aztec Empire.
23:50The treaty came as the aftermath
23:51of American troops
23:53inhabiting Mexico City itself.
23:55The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
23:59secured that the Mexicans
24:00living in the United States
24:01would have the property rights respected
24:05and had the right
24:06to become American citizens.
24:09Since at the time,
24:11whiteness was a requirement
24:13of American citizenship,
24:15to the United States government
24:16declared Mexicans whites as a group.
24:19But they weren't culturally accepted as white.
24:23Culturally, they didn't have that citizenship.
24:26They were told,
24:27you weren't white,
24:28therefore you cannot be a citizen.
24:31And these things have
24:32real material consequences.
24:34At this point in history,
24:35if you weren't white,
24:36you couldn't own property.
24:38To divest somebody of their citizenship
24:40meant to divest them of their property.
24:43So those Mexicans
24:45that presented
24:46as more indigenous,
24:48as brown,
24:49they weren't allowed to be citizens.
24:51So right away,
24:52their land was stripped from them.
24:55The signing of the treaty
24:57was supposed to grant citizenship
24:58to Mexican-Americans
25:00and protect their land claims.
25:02But for many,
25:03it was the beginning of the end
25:05because they would soon lose their property,
25:07their livelihoods,
25:08and for some, their lives.
25:13There's a tremendous amount of land lost.
25:17And so the impact
25:18on those Mexicans
25:19who were left in Texas
25:20in what becomes
25:21New Mexico territory
25:22or Arizona territory
25:24is generally devastating.
25:28This treaty served as a force
25:30to take people's lands
25:33away from them
25:34and get those lands
25:36in the hands of large Anglo ranchers.
25:39But Latinos
25:40were not going to let people
25:41take what was rightfully theirs.
25:43So that's when
25:44the Texas Rangers stepped in,
25:46making sure the interests
25:47of the Anglos
25:48would be protected.
25:50The reputation
25:50of the Texas Rangers,
25:52of course,
25:52has been of two kinds,
25:54the mythical ranger
25:54and the real ranger.
25:56The mythical ranger
25:57is this individual
25:58who bears no harm
26:00against the innocent.
26:02But the real ranger,
26:03in fact,
26:03killed innocents
26:04left and right.
26:06How are these
26:07executions perpetrated?
26:08It's not like
26:09we have to document them
26:11because the rangers
26:12would take pictures
26:13with the folks
26:15that they had executed.
26:18You have to imagine
26:19the brutality here.
26:22You could find a postcard
26:23of rangers
26:24on horseback,
26:26a dead Tejano
26:28at the feet of the horse
26:29with the rope
26:31still around the neck.
26:32The Texas Rangers
26:36posing next to the bodies.
26:39We're talking about
26:40postcards
26:41that were then sold
26:43throughout the country.
26:47The Texas Rangers
26:49were an interesting
26:50warrior group.
26:51They learned
26:52all of their tactics
26:53from the Comanches.
26:55The Comanches themselves
26:56were probably
26:57the finest warriors
26:58and the finest cavalry
27:00of the Southwest.
27:02The Texas Rangers
27:03observed the Comanches
27:04skilled combat techniques,
27:07watching how they shot
27:08guns and arrows
27:09from under their horses.
27:10Then the rangers
27:11adopted that practice
27:12but used their guns
27:14instead to terrorize
27:15and kill the locals.
27:17The Texas Rangers
27:18were also used
27:19to go into Mexico
27:20to capture
27:22escaped African slaves
27:24and to bring them
27:25back into Texas.
27:27The Texas Rangers
27:28identified one or two
27:29Mexican guerrillas
27:30from a particular area.
27:31that they would go
27:32into a village
27:33and wipe everybody out.
27:35They were guilty
27:35of atrocities of rape
27:37against Mexican women,
27:38against young males.
27:39Anyone over 18
27:41was assassinated.
27:42There's lots of lynchings
27:43of Latinos
27:44and Latinos being shot
27:45and burned alive
27:46that are not documented.
27:47The range
27:48runs from 300
27:50to 1,000
27:52within a 2-3 year period.
27:54We were sent
27:55to provoke a fight
27:56but it was essential
27:57that Mexico
27:58should commence it.
28:00The occupation
28:01and annexation
28:02were from the inception
28:04of the movement
28:05to its final consummation,
28:07a conspiracy
28:07to acquire territory
28:09out of which
28:10slave states
28:11might be formed
28:12for the American Union.
28:14Even if annexation
28:16itself could be justified,
28:17the manner
28:18in which
28:18the subsequent war
28:19was forced
28:20on Mexico
28:21cannot.
28:23So on the one hand
28:23you could say
28:24that the U.S.
28:25in the short term
28:25is a victor
28:26but in long term
28:28the Texas War
28:29of Independence
28:29is a catastrophe.
28:31You had a number
28:31of people
28:32especially
28:32in the anti-slavery
28:33movement
28:34who said
28:34don't do this.
28:36Don't invade Mexico
28:37to reintroduce slavery
28:40because it's so profitable.
28:41what you're going
28:42to do
28:42is you're going
28:43to end up
28:43placing the country
28:44so much
28:44on the side
28:45of slavery
28:45that the only outcome
28:47is going to be
28:48a bloody civil war.
28:58Southerners expect
28:59that the Mason-Dixon line
29:01will be extended
29:02all the way
29:02to the Pacific Ocean.
29:05New Mexico,
29:06Arizona,
29:08Southern California
29:09would all become
29:10slave territory.
29:11The Southerners
29:15want to expand
29:16slavery.
29:17The Northerners
29:18do not desire
29:19that.
29:21There's a conflict
29:21here over what
29:22to do with
29:23this land
29:24acquired from Mexico.
29:30The War of North
29:32American Aggression
29:33aka the Mexican-American
29:35War
29:35was over
29:36by 1848
29:37but in the U.S.
29:39it had fanned
29:39the flames of conflict
29:41between
29:41abolitionists
29:42and proponents
29:43of slavery
29:43and those tensions
29:45set the stage
29:45for the Civil War
29:46and guess who was there?
29:48Us Latinos.
29:53And our half-Espanol brother
29:55Admiral David Farragut
29:57whose exploits read
29:58like something
29:59out of a movie.
30:02David Farragut
30:02is part of this long tradition
30:05of sailors
30:06in the Spanish-Caribbean-Mexican world.
30:11He's a person
30:12who apprentices
30:13to be a seaman,
30:15to be a sailor.
30:16He becomes a captain
30:18of a ship.
30:19During the American Civil War
30:20he is rising
30:22in the hierarchy
30:23of the United States Navy.
30:26not only was he
30:27the first
30:28Latinx officer
30:29who was a rear admiral
30:30in the United States Navy
30:31that position
30:32was actually created
30:33for him.
30:40During the American Civil War
30:42he physically
30:43puts himself
30:44in harm's way
30:45in the way
30:46that most admirals
30:47in the 19th century
30:48do not do.
30:49And thanks to him
30:50we all know
30:51the catchphrase
30:52damn the torpedoes
30:54full speed ahead.
30:58At that time
30:59torpedoes
30:59were actually
31:00like mines
31:01that were laid
31:01in the harbors.
31:03At Mobile Bay
31:05he saw that
31:06and he said
31:07damn the torpedoes
31:08full speed ahead
31:09let's go in
31:10and do battle.
31:13It captures
31:14this courageous man's
31:17fighting spirit
31:18because if you're
31:19familiar with
31:20naval history
31:21most men
31:23who work
31:23below the deck
31:24despise
31:25their officers
31:26but
31:27to be fair
31:27he's not
31:28just an officer
31:29who separates
31:30himself
31:31from the men
31:31below the deck
31:32he's highly
31:33respected
31:34by the
31:34common
31:35sailor.
31:38Many of our
31:38ancestors
31:39worked below
31:40the decks
31:40but without
31:41that work
31:41below the decks
31:42the ship
31:43doesn't move
31:44the cannons
31:45don't fire
31:46the battles
31:46don't get won.
31:51in the fall of 1864
31:53Farragut's navy
31:54defeated the southerners
31:55taking control of Mobile Bay
31:58and cutting off southern access
31:59to a vital trade port.
32:01This was instrumental in creating a blockade of southern ports
32:05and turning the tide of the civil war.
32:13There were Latinos who fought for the Union.
32:16There were Latinos who fought for the Confederacy.
32:19Mexicans fighting for the Confederacy
32:25is also part of
32:27something else
32:28even though they themselves
32:30were highly oppressed
32:31you are willing to die
32:33for the ideal
32:35of a group
32:36in order to belong
32:38that is
32:38citizenship.
32:41And it wasn't only men
32:43going to fight
32:43for the United States
32:44on the front lines
32:46of the American Civil War
32:47Latin women showed up
32:49to serve their country.
32:51Loretta Velasquez
32:52was a Cuban woman
32:53who refused to stay home
32:54when her husband went off
32:56to fight in the Civil War.
32:57So she bought a commission
32:58and disguised herself
33:00as a man
33:01taking on the fake identity
33:02of Lieutenant Harry T. Buford.
33:05Whew!
33:06What a name.
33:07There's so many great stories
33:09of Latinas in history
33:11that we've overlooked.
33:14Lola Sanchez
33:15is one of these iconic Latinos
33:18who ended up
33:19in a sense fighting
33:20for the Confederate side
33:21for family reasons.
33:23Her people were from Cuba
33:24and they moved to
33:25what's now Palatka, Florida
33:27more or less central Florida.
33:29Her father was accused
33:31by the Union Army
33:32of being a spy.
33:34After attempts
33:35to free her father
33:36proved futile,
33:37Lola and her sisters
33:38devised a plan.
33:40They would host
33:40the Union soldiers
33:41for dinner.
33:42A little hospitality
33:43Cubano style.
33:45She was fluent
33:46in a number
33:47of different languages
33:48and she was very charismatic,
33:50very outgoing.
33:51This enabled her
33:52to gain the trust
33:54of Union officers.
33:55And that's how
33:56she overheard
33:56valuable information
33:57about the attack
33:58the Union had planned
34:00the following morning.
34:01She turned around
34:01and gave that information
34:03to help them
34:04capture Union supplies.
34:06And her father
34:07was later released
34:08from Union custody.
34:09It wasn't that
34:10she had a passion
34:12or a life
34:13in supporting slavery.
34:15It was because
34:16her family had been
34:17negatively impacted
34:18by the North.
34:19This is really
34:20the thing
34:20that motivated her
34:21to become
34:23in a sense
34:23a spy
34:24for the Confederate
34:25States of America.
34:26I don't judge
34:27her harshly for that.
34:29The record is clear
34:30that Latinx peoples
34:31were not a monolith
34:32during the American Civil War.
34:33When people talk
34:37about the Civil War,
34:38we envision
34:39the East Coast.
34:40But if the Confederates
34:41had gotten their way,
34:43they'd have taken
34:43slavery all the way
34:44to the beaches
34:45of California.
34:46That's why the Battle
34:47of Glorietta Pass
34:49mattered.
34:50The Battle of Glorietta Pass
34:51was very important.
34:52It's known as
34:53the Gettysburg
34:54of the West.
34:55It's not as big
34:56a battle as Gettysburg,
34:58but it was critical.
35:00If the Confederacy
35:01was successful enough,
35:03that is,
35:04if they could hold
35:04down the Southwest
35:05and capture
35:07the United States
35:08gold supply
35:09in San Francisco,
35:10then perhaps
35:11they'd be able
35:12to induce
35:12the British Empire
35:13and the French
35:15to join the Confederacy.
35:16If that had happened,
35:17that would have been
35:18a catastrophe.
35:19The Union forces
35:20were outnumbered
35:21in the three-day battle,
35:23and that's where
35:24Manuel Chavez
35:24came in
35:25to stop the Confederacy.
35:27Manuel Chavez
35:28was very important
35:29in terms of
35:30the protection
35:31of the gold field
35:33in California
35:34and the silver mines
35:35in New Mexico.
35:37Historically,
35:38he's good and evil.
35:40He was of Spanish heritage
35:42and did a lot of battles
35:44against the Native Americans.
35:48Chavez led troops
35:49down the Mesa
35:50where they surprised
35:51the tail end
35:52of the Confederate forces,
35:53destroying their
35:54supply wagons.
35:55New Mexico is also
35:59in danger of trending
36:00towards the Confederacy.
36:01So,
36:02Jose Manuel Gallegos
36:03and his
36:04Mexican-American allies
36:05step up to the plate
36:07and say,
36:07we're going
36:08in the direction
36:09of liberty.
36:11Jose Manuel Gallegos
36:13grew up in Mexico.
36:15He became a priest.
36:17He mainly ministered
36:19to Pueblo Indians
36:20in what became
36:21New Mexico.
36:22He was anti-slavery.
36:25After the end
36:26of the Mexican-American War,
36:28he rises very quickly
36:30to political leadership.
36:32He's the first Hispanic
36:33who's elected
36:34to a territorial legislature
36:37in U.S. history.
36:39The speeches he gave
36:41against slavery
36:42were so eloquent
36:43and so powerful.
36:44He said,
36:45as Mexican people,
36:46we are an anti-slavery people.
36:49We believe in liberty.
36:51The Anglos talk about it.
36:53We live it.
36:54Gallegos' message
36:55was so powerful
36:56that the Confederates
36:57kidnapped him
36:58when they took
36:59Santa Fe, New Mexico.
37:01And fortunately for him,
37:02he was so popular
37:03that the Confederates
37:04couldn't kill him
37:05for fear of serious backlash.
37:07And this tradition
37:09of anti-slavery activism
37:10really among Mexicans
37:12is what saves
37:13the American Southwest
37:14from the Confederacy
37:15during the Civil War.
37:17The Southerners
37:18would soon retreat to Texas,
37:20abandoning their hopes
37:21of conquering the Southwest.
37:23And for the Confederates,
37:24this is how the West
37:25was not won.
37:31Slavery was officially
37:32outlawed in 1865,
37:34but the ruling
37:35that outlawed slavery
37:36did not apply
37:38to the system of peonage.
37:42Latin Americans,
37:43Native Americans,
37:44and formerly enslaved
37:45Black Americans
37:46soon found themselves
37:48trapped in debt slavery.
37:51Peonage is a system
37:53like indentured servitude.
37:55It's a system
37:56that's actually recognized
37:57in the old common law.
38:00It's this idea
38:01that you have to continue
38:03working for someone
38:04until you pay off a debt.
38:06The peon owns
38:07his or her own body.
38:09They can't be sold.
38:10The families
38:11are not broken up.
38:12Can they be forced
38:13to remain on the land,
38:15working generation
38:16after generation?
38:18Unfortunately, yes.
38:20On paper,
38:21it's abolished in 1867,
38:23but in reality,
38:25many Latinx workers
38:26and many Black workers
38:27and Native workers
38:28are still subjected
38:29to different forms
38:31of peonage,
38:32especially in
38:33the American South.
38:34Most of them
38:37don't even know
38:38that peonage
38:38was involved
38:39in the building
38:40of railroads
38:41and dams
38:42and roads
38:42in major parts
38:43of the United States.
38:44One typical example
38:46of peonage
38:46is a railroad company
38:48goes to a small town
38:50in Mexico
38:51and puts out
38:53recruiting notices
38:54and says,
38:55hey, we have great work
38:56for you to do
38:57in Santa Fe
38:58or in Albuquerque,
39:00but then you show up
39:01at a railroad station
39:02one day
39:02for passage north
39:03and they say,
39:05well, yeah,
39:05but you have to pay us
39:06the money in advance
39:07for your ticket.
39:08If you don't have any money,
39:09that's okay.
39:10We'll put it on a ledger sheet.
39:11Oh, by the way,
39:12you have to eat
39:12between here
39:14and Albuquerque.
39:15So by the time
39:16you even get
39:17to the United States,
39:18you owe a lot of money
39:20and the debts
39:21are piling up
39:21and piling up.
39:23That's another
39:24insidious form of peonage
39:26which continues
39:27to be very pervasive.
39:29And by the 1920s,
39:31the anti-peonage campaign
39:33is one of the main campaigns
39:35of the earliest iteration
39:37of the NAACP,
39:39the National Association
39:40for the Advancement
39:41of Colored People.
39:54After the Civil War,
39:56you have this powerful
39:58young country
39:58spreading from coast to coast
40:00all under one flag.
40:02Factories were being built
40:03and goods were in high demand,
40:05especially in the West
40:05where towns and cities
40:07were springing up overnight.
40:09But the U.S.
40:10had major supply chain issues.
40:12How to get those goods
40:13from point A to point B?
40:15And the best way
40:16to transport goods
40:17at the time
40:17was by train.
40:19But there was enough labor
40:20in the country
40:20to build a network
40:21of railways we needed,
40:22connecting east to west,
40:24north to south.
40:24So guess who came in
40:26to build the thousands
40:27of miles of railway tracks?
40:30Mexican and Mexican-American laborers
40:32known as traqueros,
40:33who represented almost 60%
40:35of the entire workforce.
40:37And thanks to the work
40:38of the traqueros,
40:40the transcontinental railroad
40:41changed the landscape
40:43of this country
40:44in commerce forever.
40:45Traqueros built the southwest
40:50along with their Chinese
40:52counterparts,
40:53their Irish counterparts.
40:55They're building
40:56the infrastructure
40:56that makes it possible
40:58for the rise of cities
40:59like Phoenix,
41:01for the rise of cities
41:03like Los Angeles.
41:04Without their labor,
41:06these cities do not exist.
41:09Mexican railway workers
41:11will gain in importance
41:13and numbers,
41:14especially after
41:15the U.S. exclusion
41:16of Chinese
41:18and Chinese-American workers.
41:22We can pay
41:23a great deal of attention
41:25to the importance
41:26of Mexican labor
41:28for the construction
41:29and creation
41:30of much of the southwest.
41:39But when the railroad
41:41came to New Mexico,
41:42it brought a lot
41:43of Anglo ranchers
41:44into the territory
41:45who thought,
41:46this land sure does look good.
41:48We should make it ours.
41:49And that's just what they did.
41:52The European migrants
41:54coming in mass,
41:55that's the way
41:56in which Mexicans
41:57in the southwest
41:59became foreigners
42:00in their own land.
42:03That also leads us
42:04into terrible stereotypes,
42:06i.e. that Mexican labor
42:07is only good for its brawn
42:09and not for its brain.
42:11That mark of cheap
42:14has always been associated
42:16with Mexican labor itself.
42:17And that's part
42:19of the stereotype
42:21that we've had to live down
42:23for the last 150 years.
42:26Bob Wire doesn't conjure up
42:29a lot of positive images
42:30for me.
42:30It makes me think
42:31of prisons,
42:32concentration camps,
42:33and of controlling people.
42:36Previous to the newcomers
42:38coming in,
42:39you had an open range.
42:41Obviously,
42:42many of the landowners
42:43depended on that open range
42:45to move their cattle
42:47or sheep
42:47from one watering hole
42:49to another.
42:51All of that
42:52begins to change
42:54with the introduction
42:55of the barbed wire.
42:56And now,
42:58a newcomer is coming in,
43:00buying up the water sources,
43:01and then fencing in
43:03the property.
43:06It was said,
43:07with barbed wire
43:08came hunger.
43:09And that's where
43:10these three brothers
43:10who call themselves
43:11Las Gorras Blancas,
43:13or the White Caps,
43:14came in and took matters
43:16into their own hands.
43:18Americans may know them
43:19as vigilantes.
43:21From the New Mexican
43:21point of view,
43:22they were freedom fighters.
43:23And these were mostly men
43:25who disguised themselves
43:27and cut many
43:28of the barbed wire fences
43:29that were stretched
43:30across Mexican land grants
43:33by ranchers
43:34as well as
43:34by the American government.
43:36Las Gorras Blancas
43:37were fighting
43:37to retain their land,
43:39farming rights,
43:40and access to resources.
43:42They weren't out there
43:42being racist
43:43like some other
43:44white-hooded groups.
43:46We favor irrigation
43:48enterprises,
43:49but will fight
43:50any scheme
43:50that tends to monopolize
43:52the supply of any water sources
43:53to the detriment
43:54of residents.
43:55are slaughtered
43:55by the same streams.
43:57If the fact that we are
43:58law-abiding citizens
44:00is questioned,
44:01come out to our houses
44:02and see the hunger
44:04and desolation
44:04we are suffering.
44:16Continuing the campaign
44:17of Manifest Destiny,
44:18the United States
44:20went abroad,
44:21and this time invading
44:22the Spanish-Caribbean
44:23archipelago of Puerto Rico.
44:25We call Puerto Rico
44:26La Isla del Encanto,
44:28the Isle of Enchantment.
44:30Puerto Rico
44:30was referred to
44:31as the key to the Indies,
44:33the key to the Americas.
44:35Puerto Rico
44:35was first occupied
44:36by the Spanish Empire
44:38in 1493.
44:39When us Puerto Ricans
44:41and we refer to ourselves,
44:43we often talk about
44:44us being Boricuas,
44:45meaning from the island
44:46of Borinquen,
44:47which was the name
44:49of what is today
44:50Puerto Rico
44:51before European contact.
44:53For the United States,
44:54Puerto Rico
44:55was a force
44:56in the region
44:56and they needed
44:57to protect their interests.
44:59They knew that
45:00they wanted to have
45:01control over the Panama Canal.
45:03They already had Cuba.
45:05They had the Dominican Republic
45:07as a de facto neo-colony.
45:10Puerto Rico
45:10was militarily important.
45:13So in 1898,
45:15Admiral Sampson
45:16bombed the capital
45:17of San Juan
45:17for a couple of hours.
45:22And by December 10, 1898,
45:25Puerto Rico
45:26had become
45:26a U.S. colonial possession.
45:29In the case of Puerto Rico,
45:30we did not choose
45:30to become a part
45:31of the United States.
45:32We were invaded
45:33by the United States
45:34in 1898
45:35and we have been
45:36a part of the United States
45:37whether we like it or not
45:38for over a hundred years.
45:41It wasn't until
45:42the War of 1898,
45:43colloquially known
45:44as the Spanish-American War,
45:46that the United States
45:47became an empire.
45:54There's places
45:55where there were parades
45:56welcoming the occupying forces.
45:59For many Puerto Ricans,
46:00it was just another day.
46:01The occupation
46:02of the United States
46:03simply meant
46:04the occupation
46:05of another imperial force,
46:06people needed to wake up,
46:08go to their work,
46:09and continue their lives
46:10as is.
46:12And while the island nation
46:13was of great strategic
46:15and economic value
46:16to the United States,
46:17the people of Puerto Rico
46:18had nowhere to prepare
46:20for the ramifications
46:21of U.S. colonization.
46:22The citizenship that was granted
46:27in 1917
46:28and that's still
46:29the citizenship
46:30that we have
46:30is a second-class citizenship.
46:33That is,
46:33Puerto Ricans
46:34are not fully protected
46:35by the United States
46:36Constitution's Bill of Rights.
46:39Until 1947,
46:41there was not one single governor
46:42of the island
46:43who was Puerto Rican.
46:45The island,
46:46to this day,
46:47has had what's called
46:48a resident commissioner
46:49in Congress,
46:50but that person
46:51has no right
46:53to vote.
46:55That person exists there
46:56as nothing more
46:57than a witness.
46:58Imagine having to sit there,
47:00powerless,
47:01while your colleagues
47:02decide your fate.
47:03It feels profoundly unjust.
47:06When you think
47:07a whole group of people
47:08doesn't exist
47:08or doesn't contribute
47:09or war is never part
47:11of the story of a nation,
47:12then that group of people
47:13is not going to be included
47:14in your projects
47:15for the future.
47:16Now,
47:17the negative effects
47:18of colonization
47:19impacted Latinos,
47:20not just on the island,
47:22but also those
47:22that emigrated
47:23to the U.S.
47:29New York
47:30is the place
47:31where immigrants land.
47:34People from Latin America
47:35have been coming
47:37to this country
47:38in part
47:38because they've been driven
47:40out of Latin America
47:41as a result of U.S.
47:43foreign and economic policy.
47:46New York City
47:47became a haven
47:48for Puerto Rican activists.
47:50One of them was Afro-Latino
47:52Arturo Schomburg,
47:54who began a collection
47:55that would uplift
47:55the African diaspora,
47:57helping to lay the foundation
47:59of the Harlem Renaissance.
48:01Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
48:02first arrived
48:03in the United States
48:04in 1891.
48:06Schomburg was really
48:08an advocate
48:08for Puerto Rican
48:09and Cuban independence.
48:11When we think about
48:13the Spanish-American War,
48:15we cannot simply think of it
48:16as a war
48:17that was taking place
48:18in the Caribbean.
48:19It was being organized
48:20from New York City,
48:22and Schomburg
48:23was at the center of it.
48:25Now, Latinos
48:25aren't exempt
48:26from colorism
48:27or how it can
48:28permeate a culture,
48:29leaving those
48:30with darker skin,
48:32indigenous features,
48:33or African heritage
48:34feeling like
48:34they aren't properly represented.
48:36Fortunately, Arturo
48:37took a stand
48:38and said,
48:39yes, I am Afro-Latino
48:40and my history
48:42is worth celebrating.
48:47He's important
48:48because he identified
48:50as black.
48:51Right, right.
48:51So Arturo made common cause
48:53with black Americans,
48:55and he built
48:57institutions
48:58around learning,
49:00understanding the history
49:01of black people
49:03in the Americas,
49:05not just
49:06in the United States,
49:08but in Latin America
49:09because when you talk
49:11to Americans,
49:12they assume
49:13that the majority
49:14of black people
49:15or enslaved Africans
49:17landed here.
49:19Right.
49:19When the truth is
49:21all over Latin America.
49:23Something like
49:24a quarter
49:24of enslaved Africans
49:25came to the United States.
49:28Just a quarter.
49:29Just a quarter.
49:29Three quarters more
49:30were all over
49:31Central America,
49:33South America,
49:34Brazil, Ecuador,
49:35Colombia, Venezuela,
49:36everywhere.
49:38Everywhere.
49:40Arturo Schomburg
49:40had a teacher
49:41actually tell him
49:42that black people
49:43didn't have a history
49:44worth teaching.
49:46He made it his mission
49:48to prove otherwise.
49:51Arturo Schomburg
49:52begins the project
49:54of crafting
49:55a center
49:56for the study
49:57of black culture
49:58and black history
49:59premised on the idea
50:00that black people
50:02throughout the world
50:02have been dispersed
50:03by exploitation,
50:05by trauma,
50:06by persecution
50:06and genocide.
50:07And we need to see
50:08each other
50:08as being related.
50:11And thanks to
50:12Arturo Schomburg,
50:13we're better able
50:14to honor the history
50:15of Afro-Latinos
50:16and black culture.
50:17He's helped to reshape
50:19the narrative
50:19that defines us.
50:21They named
50:22the library
50:24after a Puerto Rican.
50:25Right.
50:25Arturo Schomburg.
50:26And made his name
50:26American.
50:27And now
50:27Anglicized.
50:28Arthur.
50:29Arthur instead of Arturo,
50:30which was his real name.
50:32Latinos are a people
50:34still pushing
50:35for representation.
50:37A friend of mine,
50:38she was a dark-skinned
50:39Latin woman,
50:40sent out two headshots,
50:41one with her Latin name,
50:42one with her white name.
50:43The Latina name
50:43got nothing.
50:44The white-sounding name
50:45was the one
50:46that got her jobs.
50:47Maybe that's why
50:48I'm John Leguizamo
50:48instead of Juan Leguizamo.
50:50Right?
50:55The problem with us
50:56climbing in this country
50:57and succeeding
50:58comes from
50:59anti-Latino feeling
51:00and all that violence.
51:02You're being told
51:03on a daily basis
51:04that you're inferior.
51:05Mm-hmm.
51:06You know,
51:07that you don't belong here.
51:08We watched our parents
51:10come home every day
51:12working two jobs,
51:15insisting that their children
51:16go to school,
51:17clothing us,
51:18feeding us
51:19with respect.
51:21But they're being treated
51:22as second-class citizens.
51:25even though we fought
51:29and died
51:31in every war.
51:33So when my dad
51:34came home one day
51:35and he told my mother
51:37that he had asked
51:38his foreman for a raise
51:39and the foreman told him,
51:42go back to Mexico.
51:44So my mother
51:45kissed his forehead
51:47and he stopped crying.
51:51And here you have a man
51:52whose ancestors
51:54were in Tucson
51:56as early as the 1750s.
52:00We were not supposed
52:01to have any political rights.
52:03We were not supposed
52:04to be citizens.
52:05We were not supposed
52:06to be able to argue
52:08with our employers.
52:10The idea was
52:11you take it.
52:12You accept it.
52:14And we didn't take it.
52:16We didn't accept it.
52:18We fought exploitation.
52:19We fought racism.
52:21We fought indignity.
52:22We joined with African Americans.
52:24We joined with white Americans.
52:26We joined with Jewish Americans.
52:27And that's part of the history
52:29that I'd like people to learn.
52:32Once Latinos
52:33get to see their contributions
52:35to history,
52:37there's a pride to it.
52:39And as a historian,
52:41I feel my responsibility
52:43is to tell people's stories
52:45to others.
52:46We've been here.
52:47We've been working.
52:48And without us,
52:49there is no United States.
52:52And so therefore,
52:52it's all of our responsibility
52:53to become educated
52:55as to who we really are.
52:57and to pay attention
52:58to what we do
52:59and how it contributes
53:01on a daily basis
53:03to the lives of all people.
53:05If American society
53:07doesn't learn enough
53:08about who we are,
53:10American society
53:11is not going to appreciate us
53:12and American society
53:13is not going to respect us.
53:16Far too often,
53:17Latinos are omitted
53:18from the great American narrative.
53:20and that's just one problem
53:22with the history
53:22that's been fed to us
53:24all these years
53:25because it's incomplete,
53:27inaccurate,
53:27and it leaves out so much.
53:29And that's why
53:30I'm on this journey
53:31to make sure
53:32that this history
53:33is accurate
53:34and that people
53:35don't forget
53:35the Latinos
53:36have been contributing
53:37to this great country
53:39all along the way.
53:40to make sure
53:43that this history
53:43is not going to be
53:44as much as possible.
53:45And that's all the time
53:46to make sure
53:46that this history
53:47is not going to be
53:47as much as possible.
53:48And that's why
53:48we're not going to be
53:49as much as possible.
53:49Legenda Adriana Zanotto