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02:20Música
02:34At the turn of the 19th century,
02:36Britain was engaged in a frantic race to conquer new territories and new resources.
02:42With cotton, tea, pepper and other commodities,
02:46the British Empire liberalised the world.
02:48In India, Britain laid its hands on a particularly strategic resource.
02:53It was close to the city of Benares in the Ganges Valley
02:56that the highest quality of opium grew.
02:58The British structured its farming and intensified production.
03:03With this opium, Britain hoped to win the power struggle
03:05against the world's greatest power of the time, the Empire of China.
03:10China refused all free trade.
03:13It sold massive amounts of porcelain and tea,
03:16so appreciated by the British,
03:18but bought nothing at all in return.
03:24There wasn't much that China needed.
03:27China was the oldest operating economy in the world,
03:31dating back millennia.
03:32It was a self-contained economy.
03:34And so coming up with goods
03:36that the world's most advanced consumer economy needed,
03:42that was an impossibility.
03:50In this closed empire,
03:52the Chinese elite had long sought evasion
03:54by stuffing their pipes with all kinds of spices.
03:59Saffron, camphor, and one day opium.
04:03And its wafts of smoke
04:05could soon cast its spell on Chinese high society.
04:09In a panic, the emperor decided to ban it.
04:15The modern history of drugs started here,
04:18with the prohibition of an addictive substance
04:20and the greed of the British Empire.
04:25These substances have one very powerful advantage
04:30from a cynical business perspective.
04:32So the fact that drugs are addictive
04:37creates out of early, possibly early willing consumers,
04:42and willing consumers.
04:43People literally get hooked on the substance.
04:48The next step was purely logistical.
04:51The British crown couldn't be seen to be involved in smuggling.
04:55So it gave the job to private traders.
04:58The most avid amongst them,
05:01William Jardine and James Matheson,
05:03loaded thousands of chests of opium
05:05onto their ships in India
05:06and set sail for China.
05:10The distinction between
05:14private mercantile interests
05:16and the government,
05:17these were not completely separate.
05:20There was a commonality of interests.
05:23This was the age of imperialism.
05:26Commerce was good for the empire.
05:28The empire was good for commerce.
05:30So these things very much went together.
05:34On behalf of the British crown,
05:36Jardine and Matheson,
05:38two Scottish gentlemen
05:39in embroidered waistcoats
05:40and patent leather slippers,
05:42invented international drug trafficking.
05:44In the Bay of Canton,
05:45the two traders bribed the port authorities
05:48and sold their cargoes of opium
05:50to the Chinese emperor's worst enemies,
05:52the Triads.
05:55These powerful secret societies
05:57had a single aim,
05:58to overthrow the dynasty in power.
06:04Opium gave money and means
06:06to the empire's enemies,
06:08to subversive forces.
06:10These subversive forces needed accomplices.
06:14And together,
06:16they tore the state apparel apart.
06:18Army officers were opium addicts,
06:21state governors,
06:22top public servants
06:23were opium addicts.
06:25And all were accordingly
06:26traitors to the powers that be.
06:28In fact,
06:29opium addicts
06:30were referred to as
06:31Han Tian,
06:32traitors to China.
06:35In 1839,
06:36the emperor felt under threat.
06:38He imprisoned thousands of smugglers
06:41and had 20,000 chests
06:42of British opium destroyed.
06:46Jardine and Matheson
06:47seized on this as a pretext.
06:49Back in London,
06:50they convinced
06:51the highest authorities
06:52that war was the only way
06:53to open up the huge market
06:55that China represented,
06:56with a third of the world's population.
07:00So in the name of profit,
07:01Britain launched
07:02the Opium Wars.
07:03and the U.S.
07:18Because of British superiority,
07:21naval superiority,
07:22the war, of course,
07:23ended in a disastrous defeat
07:25for the Chinese
07:26in a very unequal treaty.
07:28e, de fato, em China, muitos historiadores de China
07:33datam a modern era de os opium wars.
07:37Isso é quando China, que tinha sido um empívio de um empívio
07:42por milhares ou milhares de anos,
07:45se tornou a vítima de imperialismo.
07:50O reino-emperor foi forçado a legalizar opium
07:54e abrir o país para o contrário de foreign trade.
07:59Ele ceded Hong Kong to the British,
08:02who turned the island into an outright opium hub.
08:05In 15 years, sales of the drug had risen from 3,000 to almost 6,000 tonnes a year.
08:16To finance this boom in opium trading, a bank was founded,
08:20the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, HSBC.
08:25These glass towers are the heritage of an era which saw the birth of what is now
08:29the seventh largest bank in the world in terms of assets.
08:33And the Jardin Matheson Group, a pillar of world trade
08:36and the first business to grow mega-rich from drug trafficking.
08:39The symbolism really was that the colonial power was shoving opium, literally,
08:47down the throats of the Chinese people and sentencing Chinese men and women
08:52to devastating drug addiction that debilitated their lives,
08:57that kept them often torn from their families, economically deprived.
09:04Following the opium wars, uprisings broke out across China, resulting in millions of deaths.
09:12The empire sunk into a slow agony.
09:16To avoid the total collapse of its economy, China began growing its own poppies.
09:25China's borders were finally open.
09:28Millions of Chinese fled to the world's main ports like London, Amsterdam and San Francisco.
09:36And they took the practice of opium smoking with them.
09:41So if the original sin was that the West or Western imperialists foisted opium on the Chinese,
09:49the Chinese in a way had their revenge because with this great diaspora
09:54of the Chinese immigrant community, opium smoking is transplanted all over the world.
10:05In the United States at the time of the gold rush,
10:08Chinese workers provided easily exploitable labour.
10:12Opium spread through the Chinatowns of the big cities.
10:17Soon, petty criminals gave in to its swirling smoke.
10:23Throughout the West, the passion for opium reached marginal circles,
10:28fed the fantasies and the verses of French poets.
10:33In Europe, opium also made nations heady.
10:36The drug would make the dreams of colonial grandeur come true for various countries.
10:42France, the eternal rival of Great Britain, intended to turn Indochina into a modern colony,
10:47a mirror of its own power.
10:50It constructed expensive infrastructures such as roads, bridges and railroads.
10:56The colonisation wreaked havoc with the French budget.
11:02People often mistakenly think that colonisation earned big money.
11:06In general, colonies cost a lot of money at first.
11:11So governors were always looking for ways to balance their budgets.
11:19In 1882, France started buying raw opium in India and China and refining it in a modern factory in the
11:27city centre of Saigon.
11:30Opium became a standardised ready-to-smoke product called Shandu, on sale in a thousand or so stores with the
11:37RO sign for Régie de l'Opium, Opium Regime.
11:41France jealously guarded its monopoly and severely punished any smuggling.
11:49The more opium addicts there were in Indochina, the fuller the colonial coffers became.
11:57The regime would supply almost a third of Indochina's budget.
12:05This lucrative model was copied by the other colonial powers and the British, Spanish and Dutch soon founded their own
12:13regimes.
12:13The opium industry would run on full steam until the end of World War II, drugging millions of people across
12:20Asia.
12:24Now, there was opposition to this, and in the 19th century one very important group opposing this traffic was, of
12:34course, the missionaries,
12:35because they saw the traffic in drugs as being opposed to their essential mission of Christianising these lands.
12:45And so there's certainly tension between the merchants and the governments and the imperial administrations that are interested in revenue,
12:54and the missionaries who are interested in souls.
12:59This tension reached a peak in China in the early 20th century.
13:03The empire had become the world's largest opium producer, overtaking India.
13:09From deep within the country, huge cargoes descended the Yangtze River to Shanghai.
13:15Within a few years, the port city had dethroned Hong Kong.
13:20Shanghai was the new world capital of opium.
13:27The European powers controlled entire districts of the city, known as concessions,
13:32where the opium trade was booming.
13:34In Shanghai, different qualities of opium were available.
13:39Foreign refined opium, coveted by the wealthy youth,
13:42or cut Chinese opium for the poorer classes.
13:46In 1906, 13 million Chinese people were opium addicts.
13:50It was carnage.
13:53A massive prohibition campaign was conducted across the empire.
14:01The Europeans, not yet addicts of the drug, but of its trade, ignored the ban and continued business as usual.
14:08So China turned towards a new power.
14:12The Americans realized the interest the ban on opium could have for them,
14:19especially as it was produced by the colonial powers.
14:22The Americans had no colonies, unlike the British and French,
14:25and they understood that by backing the prohibition, they could embarrass the colonial nations,
14:31which had become its rivals in the early 20th century,
14:36when the US was growing into one of the biggest powers in the West.
14:47In 1909, in Shanghai, the United States and China convened the first international opium convention.
14:54The European nations unanimously refused to reduce their production.
14:59But Paris, London and Amsterdam would soon reconsider their position,
15:03when they realized how far opium addiction had spread across the West.
15:25Throughout the 19th century, Europe had gone through its various industrial revolutions.
15:30Millions of farm laborers had left the countryside
15:32and crammed into the centers of monstrous manufacturing cities.
15:37With the insalubrious living and working conditions, the slightest cut became infected.
15:42Cases of gangrene increased, epidemics were rife, typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera.
15:48Doctors were at a loss.
15:51Then suddenly the pain stopped.
15:53From the fruit of the poppy, chemists managed to extract a miraculous substance.
15:58They named it after Morpheus, the Greek god associated with sleep and dreams.
16:04Morphine.
16:05Morphine.
16:05The invention of morphine was a revolution for the mind.
16:10It changed our relationship with our body.
16:16Pain became a choice.
16:17It was no longer something the human body had to suffer.
16:25In the mid-19th century, the German Heinrich Immanuel Merck pioneered the large-scale commercial production of morphine.
16:33Within a few decades, his small lab had turned into Germany's first pharmaceutical empire.
16:38Today, it's the fifth largest pharmaceutical group in the world.
16:45From 1861, during the American Civil War, 10 million doses of morphine were given to Union soldiers.
16:55During this first massive bloodbath of the modern era, the quality of war surgery also improved greatly.
17:01Thanks to morphine, doctors could ease pain, operate, and if necessary, even amputate on the battlefield.
17:10The invention of the hypodermic needle accompanied this progress.
17:14Injected intravenously, morphine's grip tightened.
17:18Patients no longer suffered, but they became totally hooked.
17:23So the pharmaceutical industry set out to find an antidote and came up with a multi-usage substance which could
17:30unhook opium addicts.
17:32Cocaine.
17:34Advocated by young Viennese doctor, Sigmund Freud.
17:40Cocaine symbolized modern times.
17:43It was something very new, almost magical.
17:47A gift from European science.
17:50You would go to a pharmacy and the pharmacist would have a little jar that would say cocaine and would
17:58dispense you cocaine for a variety of ailments.
18:04Cocaine became a flagship product, sold in the form of an elixir, ointment, spray or cigarette.
18:14Newspapers were full of ads.
18:17The main targeted customer was the well-to-do woman.
18:21She didn't work, so her major suffering was boredom.
18:25And cocaine promised to fill her life with a few moments of euphoria.
18:34Throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century, drugs became cheaper.
18:40And people discovered that, oh, you can inject cocaine or snort it up the nose or you can mix morphine
18:48and cocaine and you can inject them and it's very, it produces a very powerful euphoria.
19:05In 1898, the industrial pharmaceutical lab, Bayer, came up with a new opium derivative guaranteed 100% non-addictive.
19:16The results of the first tests performed on dogs were hardly conclusive.
19:20Intense drowsiness, a tendency of vomiting and abundant salivation.
19:26Bayer nonetheless launched its new product under the triumphant name of heroin.
19:33Recommended for the treatment of asthma and infant teething pains.
19:38If you look at the history of morphine, if you look at the history of heroin, if you look at
19:44the history of cocaine, these things do not enter the world as evil underworld drugs.
19:51They enter the world as medicines. It's almost like a genie that escapes the bottle.
20:01There was no cure for morphine addiction.
20:05Worse still, each new product attracted its own band of addicts.
20:11Throughout the 19th century, the industrialization of Western nations turned living conditions, hygiene and education upside down.
20:20New work organization practices placed the individual at the center of their concerns.
20:26The 20th century dawned with new models.
20:30There was a rise of the idea that the state had the responsibility in order to produce a strong citizenry
20:38for military mobilization, for national development,
20:43that the state had a responsibility to regulate how the body was used.
20:47The unfettered market in addictive drugs was a real social problem and a real social evil that needed control.
20:59Drug control, including prohibition, was born of the same progressive international movement
21:07that gave us the regulatory state, that gave us the welfare state, that gave us social reform, that gave us
21:14protections for workers, for unions.
21:19Prohibition was finally enforced.
21:22The United States began by banning opium in 1909.
21:25This footage, shot in San Francisco, shows hundreds of opium pipes going up in flames.
21:35In 1914, with the Harrison Act, the US regulated and taxed opiates and coca products.
21:45Indispensable for surgery from then on, cocaine, morphine and heroin would only be available by prescription.
21:54Thousands of drug users who once bought their daily fix over the pharmacy counter
21:58didn't know where to turn to ease their terrible cravings.
22:15If a government says, I prohibit all supply of this merchandise in order to curb demand,
22:22it will only naturally generate a black market.
22:25A black market that breaks the law.
22:27And who's ready to break the law?
22:30Criminals, of course.
22:33To meet demand, the criminal underworld learned how to refine heroin.
22:38In Mexico, in the fertile region of Sinaloa, farmers grew poppies to supply the American pharmaceutical industry.
22:46In the early 1920s, they saw new customers suddenly turn up.
22:50The first big figure in Mexican drug trafficking was Ignacia Yasuo, alias La Natcha.
22:59She bought raw opium in Sinaloa and had it transformed into a brown heroin of mediocre quality by chemists in
23:06her employ.
23:08La Natcha set up her clandestine laboratories close to the border with the United States, in Ciudad Juarez.
23:16Only the border separates Ciudad Juarez from the first city in the US, which is El Paso, Texas.
23:24So it's a crossing point for a lot of both legal and illegal merchandise.
23:30Everything goes through there.
23:32Arms, money, drugs and a host of other things.
23:35All you can imagine crosses the border at Ciudad Juarez.
23:42For a few years, the United States had been living under the yoke of the prohibition of alcohol.
23:47Thirsty Americans crossed the Rio Grande to soak up bad quality whiskey in the gambling dens of Ciudad Juarez.
23:55Amid this happy debauchery of booze and contraband, La Natcha had no trouble getting her heroin through the border posts.
24:03Her family run business would dominate trafficking for three generations, until the birth of the first Mexican drug cartels.
24:17The illegalization of drugs gradually stretched across Europe, giving rise to new black markets.
24:24With increasingly powerful ships, maritime transport brought borders even closer.
24:29The big commercial ports became strategic smuggling points.
24:33Among them, Marseille, where figures from Corsican organized crimes seized their chance.
24:40At the outset, the Corsicans were what you could call seafarer traffickers, meaning they were part of the French colonial
24:48empire.
24:51In the 1870s, after the opening of the Suez Canal, Marseille became the main port for France's colonies in the
24:58Far East,
24:59and in the ports of call on the merchant shipping route, the Corsicans organized trafficking of different kinds and different
25:08intensities.
25:10It started with the trafficking of women, then money, gold, cigarettes, and finally the trafficking of heroin, of drugs.
25:20In the mid-1920s, Paul Carbone, a former merchant seaman turned white slave pimp, became the boss of the Corsican
25:28Mafia.
25:29He bought opium in Turkey, where it was widely grown to supply pharmaceutical labs.
25:35In Marseille, the chemists employed by the Corsican Mafia transformed it into heroin,
25:40which was then shipped to where the prohibition of drugs was the strictest, the United States.
25:48Little by little, this drug trafficking intensified. They continued to use the same routes and intermediaries,
25:55but the setup became more and more sophisticated.
26:00With his drug money, Paul Carbone bought the mayor of Marseille, had his own men hired on the waterfronts,
26:06and bribed the city's police force. The godfather ramped up his trafficking, laying the foundations of the French connection.
26:16In those early days of drug trafficking, arrangements with the powers that be were crucial to organise crime,
26:22whether that was at a city level like with Marseille, or a country level. A country where the story began.
26:28China.
26:34In the early 1920s, the empire collapsed and armies started fighting over dozens of China's regions.
26:41There was no central power, and therefore nobody to fight organised crime.
26:45In Shanghai, the opium dens had never been so prosperous. The triads reigned as masters of the underworld.
26:54The triads were opium traffickers. They owned the gambling dens. And they had close contacts inside the city's police force.
27:06From the powerful Green Gang, one man stood out. His name? Du Yusheng.
27:14Du Yusheng had set up business in Shanghai's French concession, where his men had eyes and ears inside the opium
27:21dens, and where they wiped out his competitors.
27:25Du Yusheng's genius, and this is where it gets interesting, was that he didn't want to stay a simple gangster.
27:32He longed to get into politics.
27:37In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party was founded inside the French concession. The French authorities were scared and approached Du
27:47Yusheng.
27:49France feared a wave of strikes and protests against the foreign presence, the concessions and so on.
27:57The Chinese nationalism was on the rise, and the situation looked dangerous.
28:03So the French consul negotiated what would soon be referred to as the pact with the devil.
28:12The French asked Du Yusheng to re-establish order inside their concession. In exchange, the trafficker would be allowed to
28:19take over all of the concession's opium dens.
28:25And consequently, there were no strikes in the French concession. All was calm.
28:32Once comfortably installed, Du Yusheng offered his services to the ambitious Chinese general, Chiang Kai-shek.
28:40As head of the army of the Kuomintang, the Chinese Nationalist Party, Chiang Kai-shek aimed to reunify the country.
28:49To do so, he would have to take Shanghai.
28:51In 1927, Du Yusheng ordered his men to massacre hundreds of communists who'd taken control of the city, and opened
28:58the gates of Shanghai to Chiang Kai-shek's army.
29:08The general soon imposed the Kuomintang as the country's government.
29:13But to keep control of China, he needed money, so the Kuomintang legalized opium.
29:21Du Yusheng's triad, the Green Gang, became the government's main supplier, and a number of its members were sent to
29:27sit at parliament.
29:29China became the world's first narco-state.
29:34Du Yusheng stepped up his activities, hiring chemists and setting up a heroin factory inside Shanghai's central market.
29:47Du Yusheng's great strength was that he became an extremely respectable figure of the Chinese underworld.
29:55He was the president of several banks.
29:58So he was the perfect role model of a criminal gang boss successfully increasing his involvement in the legal world.
30:07Again, he was the perfect example, let's say extreme example, of the symbiotic relationship between the criminal world and the
30:15legal world.
30:17The perfect model of organized crime.
30:31The heroine refined in China, Mexico and France converged on the United States.
30:39But in late 20s America, the biggest issue was liquor.
30:46Prohibition was making gangsters rich.
30:50The Jewish, Italian and Irish mobs, born out of racketeering and prostitution in the big cities, rubbed their hands together
30:57with glee.
31:01Organized crime took over one of the largest industries in the United States.
31:07That was the origins of modern organized crime in the United States, transforming basically street corner thugs into powerful criminal
31:14syndicates.
31:18To monopolize the millions made from smuggled moonshine, the Italian mafia systematically threatened and murdered until it had crushed its
31:26competitors.
31:28Prohibition created an unpredicted destructive power and widespread corruption.
31:34Al Capone had judges, police officers and politicians in his pocket until he finally fell.
31:43By 1930, it was clear that this was failing.
31:48There was a government commission called the Wickersham Commission that surveyed the alcohol prohibition and decided that it was riven
31:57with corruption.
31:58And so, in 1933, you got the end of prohibition of alcohol.
32:05Suddenly, the mafia had lost this enormously profitable enterprise.
32:16Deprived of its main source of income, the Italian mafia, united around Lucky Luciano, formed an alliance with the boss
32:23of the New York Jewish mob, Maya Lansky.
32:27Together, they took control of the heroin market.
32:31To maximize profits, the mobsters cut and recut the drug.
32:36Their adulterated product caused infections and overdoses.
32:41But the end of the prohibition on alcohol also caused rancor and frustration amid puritanical conservative white Americans, the enemies
32:50of all kinds of highs and pleasures.
32:53The pre-prohibition fight was led by the new head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Harry J. Anslinger, an
33:00advocate of strong arm tactics and a brilliant tactician.
33:03The man is a legend. He's a legend in drug law enforcement.
33:07He was very instrumental in developing the law enforcement tools and techniques for investigating large-scale drug trafficking, both in
33:17the United States and outside the United States.
33:19He saw himself not just as enforcing a prohibition on drugs.
33:24You know, he was in fact, first of all, a moral campaigner, enforcing, if you will, a moral consensus upon
33:32the society, getting rid of an evil influence and the male factors, the criminals that were trafficking in this.
33:41And so for him, it was a moral campaign.
33:46In 1930s America, Hollywood was electrifying audiences.
33:51Harry Anslinger encouraged movie directors to instill the fear of drugs among them.
33:55He directed his wrath on marijuana, which was still legal in the United States.
34:00On screen, white women tempted by the devil inevitably succumbed.
34:13And in the role of the suntanned, mustachioed tempter, a Mexican.
34:19Little by little, Harry Anslinger's moral campaign veered towards racist propaganda.
34:28Harry Anslinger, like many other North American ultra-conservatives, considered Mexicans as racially different, as racially inferior.
34:39He made an absolute equation between ethnicity and drugs.
34:45Opiate was Chinese.
34:47Marijuana was Mexican-Americans.
34:50And so he was unashamed in using the drugs as a way of stigmatizing and attacking minorities.
35:03In 1937, marijuana was prohibited in the United States.
35:08Organized crime would benefit from this new ban.
35:12Harry Anslinger knew it and got ready to fight them.
35:18Harry Anslinger really believed in the importance of eternal vigilance.
35:24There were many possible sources of drugs.
35:26There were different producer nations.
35:28There were new smuggling routes that could open up.
35:31There were new criminal organizations.
35:33So he was always watchful.
35:36He was always worried.
35:38It's almost as if he felt he was dealing with a hydra-headed monster.
35:47Under Harry Anslinger, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics fostered international cooperation.
35:53And in 1932, the traffickers and their merchandise was finally traced.
35:58From Istanbul to New York, via Berlin and Shanghai.
36:28During the first years of World War II, oceans and sea lines began to die.
36:31Os Estados Unidos e os Estados Unidos foram o teatres de batalhas. Trafficking começou a halt e os drogas foram
36:36fora.
36:39Mas essa respite foi corta. O primeiro grande internação de droga-trafficking da guerra era a base da guerra.
36:50Em 1943, depois da U.S. Army desistiu em Sicília, a prioridade foi manter a guerra da Axis para o
36:57bem.
37:04Em uma região como a Sicília onde todas as elites eram fascistas, onde todos os elites eram fascistas,
37:10os grandes locais, a igreja, a igreja, a igreja, a igreja, a igreja, a igreja, a igreja, a igreja.
37:18Onde poderiam os homens que não haviam esse pedigree fascista?
37:24Há duas possibilidades. O comunismo e a mafia.
37:29Os Estados Unidos já sabiam que, depois da guerra, o inimigo número um seria o comunismo.
37:37Então, eles optaram para a mafia, que poderiam ajudar a governar os países do país durante esses tempos.
37:45Em um momento que era um momento particularmente difícil.
37:51Onde que era o país como o país?
37:53Os mafiosi mudaram em torno da cidade e tomaram control de diferentes partes do island.
38:00Em 1945, os Estados Unidos expelaram mais de 100 mobsters envolvidos em traficio de drogas,
38:06incluindo Lucky Luciano, o boss de Cosa Nostra.
38:10Os americanos e a mafia da Sicilia viraram o island em um lugar de traficio de drogas.
38:16Para as autoridades italianas que não têm nenhuma autoridade de liberdade,
38:22isso não apresentou um problema de publicidade.
38:25Porque o nível de droga de droga era relativamente low em Europa e não existia em todo em Itali.
38:33Não havia nenhum mercado em Itali e, portanto, não social alarm.
38:39Então, o Italião policia letta Lucky Luciano fazer o que ele queria.
38:47Heroin once again flowed into the United States, but heroine of poor quality.
38:53Sicily was short on qualified chemists.
38:55In 1950, in Marseille, Lucky Luciano met with the new bosses of the Corsican Mafia,
39:01Antoine and Barthélémy Guerrini.
39:03The brothers had the chemists capable of refining opium
39:06to make the highest quality heroine, Heroin 4, practically pure
39:11and possible to cut dozens of times to make the biggest profits.
39:16The Corsicans were very strong.
39:18They were well-organized and experienced.
39:20They'd already done it in the 1930s.
39:22They had the know-how.
39:24And that's when the big clandestine labs were set up.
39:29Around Marseille.
39:31But not only.
39:32In Corsica and all along the French Riviera,
39:35they refined tons of the stuff.
39:44The meeting between the Guerrini and Lucky Luciano gave birth to the French connection,
39:49a vast web of Turkish, Lebanese, Corsican and Sicilian traffickers.
39:55Cosa Nostra controlled the distribution in the United States.
40:00But very soon, the Corsicans in charge of refining and transport would gain ascendancy.
40:09The U.S. Narcotics Bureau soon became aware of what was going on with their first seizures in New York.
40:15The first smugglers arrested happened to be Corsicans.
40:17So the Americans realized that the chain led back to Marseille,
40:20to the Corsicans of Marseille.
40:24Lucky Luciano,
40:27the most powerful man in the American Mafia,
40:30was actually scared of the Corsicans.
40:32He realized they were extremely powerful.
40:35Notably because,
40:36as he underlined,
40:38of their contacts inside the French secret service.
40:45Having infiltrated the authorities in Marseille,
40:48the Corsican Mafia had strong ties inside the French state apparel.
40:54In 1951, at the height of the Indochina War,
40:58the French secret service was deployed to organize the counter-attack against the Viet Minh guerrillas,
41:03but it was seriously short of money.
41:07Paris begrudged having to fund this costly war,
41:10and the French opium regime, which once financed the colony,
41:13had been forced to shut up shop in the face of international pressure.
41:18The French secret service mounted Operation X.
41:22They contacted a tribe in the hills of Laos,
41:25the Himong,
41:26and bought their entire poppy crop,
41:29which they transported to a military base in Saigon.
41:32There, French agents sold opium to Chinese-Vietnamese gangs,
41:36and to the Corsican Mafia,
41:38who turned it into heroin,
41:39and dispatched it to the United States.
41:41The drug money would allow French intelligence to build a counter-insurrectional army of 40,000 men,
41:47recruited from the tribes of Indochina.
41:54It was one of those bizarrely clear instances
42:00of a modern Western intelligence apparatus
42:05actually operating a drug trade.
42:08It was extraordinary.
42:11There are many instances of collusion and corruption,
42:15but nothing quite like that,
42:18where the intelligence service of a legitimate government
42:21is actually operating the traffic.
42:28Operation X came to nothing.
42:30In 1955, France evacuated its troops from Indochina.
42:36The region's geopolitics had changed.
42:39The colonial powers had withdrawn.
42:41The opium regimes had closed down.
42:44And China, a communist state since 1949,
42:47had brutally wiped out poppy growing.
42:52That should have sounded the death knell for narco-politics in Asia.
42:57But the Cold War had only just begun,
42:59and the scene was set for secret ops and mounted crews
43:02carried out by the secret services of the great powers.
43:06There are times where there's no question that
43:10before the collapse of the Soviet Empire
43:13and the bringing down of the Berlin Wall,
43:16the Cold War was a priority national security objective
43:21of the United States.
43:22And if things came into absolute conflict,
43:26I would expect that the Cold War objectives
43:30would prevail over fighting drug trafficking.
43:34There is a specialist skill
43:36to operating outside the bounds of civil society,
43:40of being able to transfer money,
43:42mobilize people,
43:44to create operations,
43:47buy arms,
43:49transport arms across the globe,
43:52deliver them into the hands of people.
43:53There are only two kinds of people on the planet
43:55that have this sensibility
43:57and have this ability,
43:58intelligence operatives and criminals.
44:00And the criminals, what do they need?
44:02Above all, they need protection.
44:05They need protection from state actors
44:07that can protect them
44:10from investigation and prosecution.
44:12They can get them off the hook
44:13if they get caught.
44:16So they not only have the same sensibility,
44:19but they have complementary needs.
44:20And so it's not surprising
44:21that they very often wind up working together.
44:27The Asian drug trade took off again
44:29when the United States attempted
44:30to overthrow the Chinese communist regime.
44:33Washington gave its backing
44:35to the enemies of Chairman Mao,
44:37the Kuomintang.
44:396,000 Chinese nationalists
44:41were entrenched across the border in Burma.
44:44The CIA sent them provisions,
44:47arms and munitions.
44:49The men of the Kuomintang
44:50made several incursions into China,
44:52but were easily pushed back
44:54by the Chinese Popular Liberation Army.
44:59Then support from the CIA started to decrease
45:02and these local Kuomintang units
45:04started to look for money.
45:06And there's a very famous quote
45:08from one of those Kuomintang generals.
45:10He said,
45:10if you have an army, you need guns.
45:13If you need guns, you need money.
45:16The only money in these mountains
45:17is opium.
45:18So that's what they turned into.
45:19They saw there were opium fields there.
45:21They collected the opium from the farmers.
45:24They brought it down to the Thai border.
45:26They sold it to international traders.
45:28And slowly,
45:29they start to expand
45:31and increase this trade.
45:35With the drug money,
45:36the Kuomintang soldiers prospered.
45:40But China put pressure on Burma.
45:44In 1961,
45:45the Kuomintang army
45:47was evacuated.
45:48A part of the troops
45:50set up a new base
45:51in northern Thailand,
45:52where the monarchy
45:53welcomed them in sympathy.
45:56From the high-up villages
45:57they occupied,
45:58the Kuomintang soldiers
45:59blocked the infiltration
46:01of communist groups,
46:02but more importantly,
46:03kept a close eye
46:04on their loads of opium
46:05as they crossed the border.
46:07Everybody knew, of course,
46:08that the Kuomintang
46:09was the major
46:11organising the opium trade
46:12into northern Thailand
46:14and organising the heroine production
46:16and from there on the heroine trade
46:17in the region
46:18and internationally,
46:20of course, also.
46:21Everybody knew this.
46:22and the policy at the time
46:23was security first.
46:25We feel that,
46:27as the Americans would say
46:28in the Thai government,
46:29communism is a major threat
46:30in the region
46:31and if the Kuomintang
46:32could support themselves
46:32by doing opium business,
46:34well, that was very convenient
46:35for them, of course,
46:36and that lasted for a long time.
46:41Opium transported
46:42from neighbouring Burma
46:43and Laos
46:44was refined
46:45in northern Thailand.
46:48The area across the shared borders
46:50became known
46:51as the Golden Triangle.
46:55The base heroine
46:56was transported
46:57to the port of Bangkok
46:58and loaded onto ships
47:00heading for Hong Kong.
47:04A century after the opium wars,
47:06Hong Kong,
47:07still in British hands,
47:08had the highest concentration
47:09of drug addicts
47:10in the world.
47:14The triads
47:15based in Hong Kong
47:16since fleeing
47:17the Chinese communists
47:18refined the base
47:19into heroin
47:20of rare purity.
47:24The drug's itinerary
47:25continued to the west coast
47:27of the United States.
47:28The international traffic
47:29in heroin
47:30had never reached
47:31such a scale before.
47:32And America,
47:33which had used the drug
47:34as a tool
47:35during the Cold War,
47:36would now pay
47:37the ultimate price,
47:38the sacrifice of its youth.
47:51in the mid-1960s,
47:53when the war in Vietnam
47:54broke out,
47:55a large part
47:56of American youth
47:57was rebelling
47:57against a patriarchal,
47:59racist,
47:59and consumerist society
48:01in which it felt
48:02it had no place.
48:06New drugs
48:06were on the market.
48:08LSD,
48:09mescaline,
48:10peyote.
48:11It was the golden age
48:12of hallucinogens.
48:13Experimenting was everything.
48:15The body and soul
48:16craved for freedom.
48:19To fire up a joint
48:21was to make
48:22a political statement
48:23that one was sympathetic
48:24to the goals
48:25of the counterculture
48:26or one was opposed
48:28to the war in Vietnam.
48:31Drugs are very potent symbols.
48:35They're not just
48:36about getting high.
48:40Part of this rebellious
48:42youth in search
48:43of increasingly
48:44intense experiences
48:45sought new highs
48:46with heroin.
48:50Within months,
48:51the parks
48:52where the dreamers
48:53of flower power
48:54once sang in unison
48:55were turned
48:55into the hangouts
48:56of gangs and dealers.
48:57The number of overdoses
48:59skyrocketed.
49:01The only flowers
49:02seen now
49:03were the wreaths
49:04laid on graves.
49:07And then came
49:07another tragedy.
49:09In 1969,
49:10more than half a million
49:11Americans
49:11were sent to fight
49:13in the Vietnamese jungle.
49:14When the soldiers
49:15came home,
49:16a third of them
49:17were completely hooked
49:18on heroin.
49:21So the question was,
49:22who was supplying?
49:23Where was it coming from?
49:26And so that's what
49:27set me off
49:27on an inquiry
49:30that started
49:31in the library
49:32at Yale University
49:32and eventually
49:34took me to interviews
49:34with former
49:35CIA operatives
49:36and to Southeast Asia
49:38itself?
49:40Alfred McCoy
49:41flew to Laos
49:42and headed for the hills
49:43where the Humung tribes
49:44grew poppies
49:45to supply the local
49:46opium dens.
49:47Still a young student,
49:49he was the first
49:50to unlock the dark secrets
49:51of narco-politics.
49:55To drive back
49:56the communists,
49:57the CIA
49:58had assembled
49:58a secret army
49:59of 30,000 men
50:00in remote villages
50:01and set up
50:02a well-oiled
50:03logistics plan.
50:04It chartered planes
50:06to transport men
50:07and supplies
50:07and cleared
50:08200 landing strips.
50:11The Humung
50:12took advantage
50:13of the comings
50:13and goings
50:14of these CIA planes
50:15to transport
50:16their opium.
50:17So that the CIA
50:19couldn't have found out,
50:21hadn't found out,
50:22wasn't aware,
50:23that's improbable
50:25in the extreme.
50:25If a 26-year-old
50:27graduate student
50:28with no assets,
50:30no authority,
50:31can find this out
50:33in a conversation,
50:34then I'm sure
50:35they could have done
50:36the same
50:37should they have bothered
50:38to ask those questions.
50:40Of course they knew it,
50:41but it wasn't
50:42their priority.
50:44Now, were they
50:45complicit in the traffic?
50:46Were they principles
50:47in the traffic?
50:48No, I don't think so.
50:53Continuing his investigation,
50:55Alfred McCoy
50:56set out to meet
50:57the commander-in-chief
50:58of the Laotian army,
50:59Major General
51:00Uan Ratikone,
51:01suspected of being
51:02the head
51:02of this opium traffic ring.
51:05I stood on a street corner
51:06in Vien Chan.
51:07I hailed a taxi.
51:08I said,
51:09do you know
51:09where General Uan lives?
51:10The guy said,
51:10yeah, sure.
51:11He took me there.
51:12I got out.
51:12I knocked on his door.
51:13I walked in.
51:14I introduced myself
51:15and I sat down with him.
51:17And he actually
51:18got out his ledger
51:21from the opium
51:23regime to Laos
51:25and to walk me through
51:26and to walk me through
51:26the accounts
51:26and show me
51:27that he was running
51:28his accounts honestly,
51:30that he was buying opium
51:32in these areas
51:32and he was exporting it
51:34to South Vietnam here
51:36and the money was being
51:37deposited in banks,
51:38all run properly,
51:40you see.
51:45As long as Uan's opium
51:47supplied the local market,
51:48the CIA covered him.
51:50But the next step
51:52was nonetheless obvious.
51:53The major general
51:55turned to Hong Kongese chemists
51:57to refine the opium
51:58into heroin
51:59and the trap was set.
52:02The heroin was dispatched
52:03to U.S. Army bases.
52:05Customs officers,
52:06policemen
52:07and South Vietnamese politicians
52:09unscrupulously profited
52:11from the traffic,
52:12helping to poison
52:13the young American soldiers
52:14who had come to fight
52:15at their side.
52:16At the height of the Cold War,
52:18heroin threatened
52:19to defeat the U.S. Army
52:21while it was decimating
52:22the youth
52:23back home
52:23on American soil.
52:33On June the 17th, 1971,
52:36President Richard Nixon
52:37took a radical U-turn
52:38in American drug policy.
52:40Ladies and gentlemen,
52:41come on, Dr. Jaffe.
52:43America's public enemy
52:44number one
52:45in the United States
52:46is drug abuse.
52:49in order to fight
52:50and defeat this enemy,
52:51it is necessary
52:52to wage
52:53a new
52:54all-out offensive.
52:58The war on drugs
52:59had been declared.
53:00in the United States
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