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AgriCities Akademi programı kapsamında Prof. Dr. Yaşar Karadağ ile Bitkisel Gen Kaynaklarını konuştuk.
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00:00We are pleased to present the Erkisi Collective Bargaining Academy program.
00:03Our guest today is Professor Yaşar Karadağ, Dean of the Faculty of Religious Studies at Mehmet Erbakan University.
00:09Welcome, Professor.
00:11Dear professor, it's a pleasure to be here, I offer my respects and regards to you.
00:15Hello sir/madam. I wish everyone a good day.
00:20There is a beautiful poem, Mr. Mahmut Ali.
00:23It's a lovely poem.
00:25There is snow everywhere right now.
00:26Master Sezai Karakoç has a beautiful poem about snow.
00:30He says that when you see snow falling, you will understand the snow-covered ground.
00:35When you see an inch of snow on the ground, you'll understand the burning snow within the snow.
00:41I wrote this poem as a kind of love poem.
00:44It snowed so much that my hands got cold.
00:47My soul lit up when I thought of you.
00:50"You will understand everything when you understand me," says the poet.
00:53First of all, sir, Türkiye, the capital of White Cherries and Black Carrots, is the breeding center for champion racing lines and the world's first documented agricultural practice.
01:07I would like to begin by extending my greetings, respect, and affection to all our esteemed listeners from Konya Ereğli, where the monument is located, and from the Necmettin Erbakan University Ereğli Faculty of Agriculture.
01:20Thank you, sir. I wasn't expecting you not to start with a poem; I was specifically asking you to begin with a poem.
01:27Yes, sir, so what do we understand by the term "gene center"? Let's start with that, God willing.
01:32Considering the gene centers of the world, what is our country's position and what are the gene types, sir? Please tell us.
01:38Mehmet Ali Bey, dear listeners, first of all, when we say that plants first appeared and completed their evolution, we mean gene centers.
01:51We give it the name of homeland.
01:54The renowned Russian botanist Vavilov speaks of eight gene centers in the world.
02:02It is precisely at this point that Türkiye is located in the area where the gene centers of the Near East and the Mediterranean basin intersect.
02:11Türkiye also has 3 different plant geography regions.
02:19Türkiye is located at a point where three gene centers converge: Europe-Siberian, Iran-Türkiye, and the Mediterranean.
02:30Our country is among the most important countries in the world in terms of plant diversity.
02:37If we were to list these reasons, why is it like this?
02:40Firstly, it has different climatic conditions.
02:44There is topographical diversity.
02:46There are various geological and geomorphological features involved.
02:49I mentioned that our country is among the most important countries in the world in terms of plant diversity.
02:56There are several reasons for this.
02:58I mentioned that some of these reasons are as follows.
03:01Having different climatic conditions,
03:04Our country has topographical diversity,
03:06having diverse geological and geomorphological structures,
03:11The presence of different wetlands such as seas, lakes and rivers,
03:17Its altitude differences ranging from zero to five thousand meters and its rich ecosystem,
03:25An important aspect of Türkiye is its location on migration routes, and also because of Anatolia's history dating back to ancient times.
03:35the fact that it is an area where many civilizations have lived,
03:39Being located on the Silk Road,
03:41Computers demonstrate to us the richness of genetic resources, my esteemed professor.
03:46That's right, professor, the number of plant species identified in the world is roughly 391,000.
04:09Türkiye is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of plant species.
04:16Today, there are approximately 12,000 plant species on the European continent.
04:20There are 11,700 plant species in Türkiye.
04:24So we need to emphasize that our country has as many plant species as the whole of Europe.
04:31If I may give a few striking examples.
04:35Just look at Istanbul alone; with 2500 plant species, it's much more than the Netherlands, which has 1600 plant species today.
04:44From England, with 1850 plants.
04:48With 2450 plants, from Poland,
04:52With 662 plants, it comes from Iceland and
04:56With 1175 plant species, it's safe to say we have more plant species than Finland.
05:05So our country has such a beautiful variety of plant species,
05:09Istanbul alone has more plant species than the 6-7 countries I mentioned, sir.
05:15Professor, you requested information about Istanbul and the number of plants.
05:17Let's call it an endemic plant then.
05:19What does endemic plant mean?
05:20What does endemic mean then, professor?
05:21Sir, an endemic plant is a plant that lives in specific areas on Earth.
05:27We call plant species that are not found elsewhere and are unique to a particular area endemic plants.
05:35In other words.
05:37Sir, plants that grow in only one place in the world are called endemic plants.
05:42Türkiye is a rich country in terms of endemic species.
05:46As I mentioned earlier, there are 11,770 plant species in Türkiye's flora.
05:53There are 712 endemic plant species in Italy, 500 in Spain, and 135 in France.
06:02When we look at Türkiye's endemic plants in terms of floristic, or plant geography, regions, the Mediterranean region has the highest number with 1325 plant species.
06:14The fewest plants, with 320 species, are found in the Siberian region of Europe.
06:20I'd like to share one more very brief piece of information.
06:22Furthermore, the richest group in Türkiye in terms of endemic plant species is the daisy family with 425 species, and the legume family (Leguminosae) with 375 species.
06:36It consists of 306 species from the Lamiaceae family, which we refer to as Lamiaceae.
06:42It is the center of origin for many species in Türkiye.
06:46In short, when we take a look at some economically important plant genera originating from Turkey,
06:53Wheat, rye, oats, beets, chickpeas, lentils, flax, alfalfa, peas, clover, onions, cucumbers, plums, pears, and grapevines can be listed as valuable in this context.
07:08my teacher.
07:09Professor, so what is the strategic importance of this endemic plant in that sense?
07:13So, let's say the climate conditions are suitable, this plant could grow in another place.
07:18From a strategic point of view, what is strategically important about endemic plants?
07:22Sir, the greatest strategic point about endemic plants is that they are a staple of a country's cultural heritage.
07:29If a country has endemic plants, meaning plants that are found only in that region,
07:36This indicates that the region is rich in terms of plant flora.
07:39Now you will be engaged in beekeeping, and during my time as vice rector and dean at Muş Alparslan University...
07:46We started beekeeping there with 20 hives.
07:51It had been determined that there are 66 endemic species in Muş.
07:54We started a study there.
07:57Sir, that study was a guided project.
08:02It was a project about endemic plants.
08:04As a result of this project, we have determined that there are 94 endemic species in Muş.
08:09In other words, endemic plants are plants that grow only in a particular region.
08:15It is of great importance because it can never be grown anywhere else in the world, sir.
08:21So, in this sense, we need to bring up the concept of genetic resources, right, professor?
08:26So, what are Türkiye's genetic resources besides its own?
08:29For example, is there any protection in this sense, or is any work being done on this, sir?
08:32Mr. Mahmut Ali, esteemed listeners, valued audience, respected listeners.
08:38Sir, what are the components of plant genetic resources?
08:43We need to determine this.
08:45I can present them as follows.
08:47Wild species, for example village populations, structures we call heirloom seeds,
08:53These include local varieties, improved materials, and commercial varieties.
09:00Now, why are plant genetic resources so important, Mr. Mahmut Ali?
09:06I'd like to use a short phrase.
09:08Genetic resources are primarily living gene banks.
09:13These structures guarantee increased and sustained yields in plant production.
09:19Genetic resources are essential for resistance to adverse conditions such as disease, pests, cold, and drought.
09:30These are different sources of taste, flavor, aroma, and fragrance.
09:35Again, without genetic resources, there can be no new variety, and without a new variety, there can never, ever be an increase in production.
09:44Local varieties, or heirloom seeds as we call them, are varieties that grow naturally in a particular geographical area with minimal or no human intervention.
09:58We refer to these as village types or village populations.
10:04In Türkiye, there are still local varieties, or heirloom seeds, that are grown using traditional farming methods.
10:12I'd like to give a brief example of this.
10:14Kastamonu's spelt wheat is a diploid wheat and is currently used mostly for making bulgur.
10:22Rahia is mostly used for its flavor.
10:25It's a very valuable type of wheat.
10:28There are also black awned wheat, kavlıca wheat from the Kars region, bush basam wheat grown in Yozgat and its surroundings, and yellow wheat.
10:38We can mention these among them, sir.
10:40Professor, there's serious speculation going on with genetics and horse breeding.
10:47A man comes along and says, "I found wheat, I'm planting the seed, I'm sowing it per acre, and it's yielding 5 tons, 10 tons,"
10:55One ear of corn produces seven grains, or something like that.
10:58Of course, this also makes it open to abuse.
10:59So, in this regard, as a scientist, as a scientist who knows about genetic resources, especially regarding the way horse semen is used...
11:07If you could first give us some relevant information, we'd appreciate it.
11:09Because horse seed, I mean, spelt wheat is good, but it reduces yield in many ways.
11:14So today we have 15-16 suppliers that the country needs.
11:19If we only plant spelt wheat, can we meet the country's bread-producing needs?
11:23So, I think we should look at it from this perspective as well.
11:25In terms of preventing abuse, where and how should we use horse semen, sir?
11:28Here you go.
11:28Mr. Mahmut Ali, I just touched upon an important point, sir.
11:33Look, this is very significant.
11:34This is a subject of speculation.
11:37Sir, whether it's a man who found buried treasure, or a seven-headed wheat grain, or some other mythical creature that's about to fly deep, these are all just stories.
11:44These are urban legends.
11:45We should never believe that, sir.
11:48What I mean is, if heirloom seeds are planted in this country, we'll starve to death in the countryside.
11:55We're all dying of hunger.
11:56So, can I imagine that, professor?
11:58With Einkorn wheat, you get a yield of 50 to 60 kilograms per acre.
12:02Today, farmers in Çukurova are getting yields of 1,200 kilograms to 1,200 kilograms from wheat.
12:08Therefore, we must use heirloom seeds, that is, local varieties, as local varieties.
12:14As I said a moment ago, look, genetic resources are primarily local varieties, a living gene bank.
12:21And disease, disease occurred in the plant, it became harmful, cold, now drought is being talked about.
12:28They are indispensable plants in adverse environmental conditions such as drought.
12:34We will use it in this sense.
12:36Einkorn wheat is a type of wheat used for making bulgur; we will use it for its aroma, flavor, taste, and taste.
12:43We won't be expecting such a productivity increase, sir.
12:46That's what I mean.
12:48Let's close the parenthesis immediately, professor.
12:50In this context, does Türkiye have a gene bank?
12:53So, returning to the topic, does Türkiye have a gene bank?
12:58Sir, plant genetic resources are conserved in two ways: exuterine and in situ.
13:05What does that mean?
13:07I won't elaborate further.
13:09Of these, excitatory conservation refers to the preservation of plants outside their natural habitat.
13:17It means preservation.
13:18In this context, excitatory conservation efforts in our country have led to the establishment of two important gene banks.
13:27One of them is the National Seed Gene Bank, established in 1972 within the Izmir Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, where 3267 plant species are kept.
13:42So there are nearly 58,000 samples available.
13:46The other is the Turkish Seed Gene Bank, established in Ankara in 2010 under the patronage of the then Prime Minister, now President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
14:00Here, there are 863 plant species and 46,000 specimens.
14:07With your permission, Mr. Mahmut Ali, I would like to address one more point in this context.
14:12Sir, the Svalbard global seed vault is located in a group of islands 900 kilometers north of Norway's bedrock, collecting genes from all over the world.
14:25They have started gathering their resources.
14:27It opened in Norway in February 2008 and cost approximately $9 million.
14:35The seed vault on Norway's Svalbard archipelago, which is planned to hold more than 100 million seeds from 100 countries, currently contains approximately 4 million seeds.
14:48The seeds are being preserved at the moment.
14:50The project receives approximately $125,000 to $150,000 annually from government funding in the United States, the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, and Canada.
15:05This is made possible with financial support.
15:07Thanks to its location and engineering features, the Svalbord global seed vault can store seeds without deterioration for at least 1700 years, even if the power is cut off.
15:19Another interesting piece of information: there are four thick steel doors at the entrance, and the warehouse maintains a constant temperature of minus 18 degrees Celsius inside.
15:31Temperature and other conditions are controlled by electronic transmitters linked to satellites.
15:38It is also stated that this massive reservoir will remain full for at least 200 years, even if it is exposed to the worst natural disasters.
15:49Sir.
15:49Professor, are these seeds planted and harvested at specific time intervals to ensure their germination capacity remains the same, or is it different?
15:59Does the seed remain the same in the storage facility?
16:02How are these things stored, sir? What's the logic behind it?
16:03Mr. Mahmut Ali, our esteemed listeners, sir, the point is, as you know, there is a 125-meter-long structure designed to hold 100 million plants in the world.
16:15The world has built such a storage facility under the ice floe.
16:19The reason is that if some kind of disaster happens tomorrow, if some kind of tsunami happens and the plants disappear, people can take these plants away.
16:29They implemented this system so that the team could reproduce it again.
16:33Now, we should also mention that the seeds here never spoil; they are preserved in ice at a constant temperature of minus 18 degrees Celsius.
16:45These seeds are being kept there, waiting to be harvested, as seeds are arriving in droves from all over the world—from Kenya, Türkiye, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, and everywhere else.
16:56The current number of seeds has reached 4 million, meaning these seeds can be stored without spoiling in an environment as cold as -18 degrees Celsius.
17:06If anything happens tomorrow, these seeds can be taken and germinated, and this can easily be reflected in production, sir.
17:14So there's no renewal process involved then, right sir, regarding the seeds?
17:18No, sir, there's no renovation going on right now; they're just preserving the seeds there at the moment.
17:22It seems like there are some kind of renewal happening in our gene banks from time to time, sir.
17:26So, in our seed gene bank, I currently have 7 varieties in Türkiye.
17:32So we developed three varieties first, and then four more later.
17:37So, within the scope of this project, when I develop different varieties, let's say I have varieties like Karadağ, İptaş, Eren, and Yurdumuk.
17:45And we have these varieties, Karadağ, İptaş, Eren, in Ankara, Seed, Registration and Certification Center Directorate, each variety owned by a breeder.
17:57It requires approximately 2 kilograms of seeds.
18:00He wants this as an investment for the future.
18:03The same logic applies here.
18:05I understand
18:06Finally, professor, what lesson would you like to say about this topic?
18:10Here you go.
18:10Finally, I would like to say the following, esteemed guests, and dear Mr. Mahmut Ali.
18:17I say let's appreciate the value of these beauties, these natural and genetic resources that we have.
18:24Let's protect, preserve, and conserve our natural resources.
18:29Ultimately, this world belongs to all of us and to those we will leave behind.
18:35I say let's leave nature as we would like to find it.
18:40Thank you for watching.
18:40In the next video, drink the blessings of beauty.
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