Planet Dinosaur Episode 1
#AncientEarth #Documentary #Dinosaurs #Prehistoric #Evolutionary
#AncientEarth #Documentary #Dinosaurs #Prehistoric #Evolutionary
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00:00In this program, we explore the new giants, the heavyweights of the dinosaur world.
00:09It's only in recent years that we have finally unearthed these monsters.
00:15From South America, where a Titan is seven times as heavy as Diplodocus roamed,
00:21to the lost world of Africa, where a colossal killer, bigger even than T-Rex,
00:29towered over all others.
00:34But one of these killers, more than any, has captured the imagination.
00:41A bizarre killer that we've only just managed to reconstruct in the last few years.
00:50The story begins in Egypt in 1912, when fragments of a giant dinosaur were discovered.
00:59A predator with two meter long spines rising over its back.
01:04It was unlike anything seen before.
01:08It was only in 2005, when a complete upper jaw was found, that we could accurately reconstruct this bizarre creature.
01:16With a skull almost two meters long, this dinosaur was a colossal 17 meters from nose to tail.
01:26Four meters longer than T-Rex.
01:33The reign of the dinosaurs began almost 250 million years ago.
01:38But this killer didn't appear until a time known as the Mid-Cretaceous.
01:44Ninety-five million years ago, its home in North Africa was a desert surrounding a vast system of rivers and swamps.
01:53The swamps are refuges for many large dinosaurs, like the duck-billed Oranosaurus.
02:04A wik-billed Oranosaurus.
02:13A wik-billed Oranosaurus quack.
02:14Gingled Oranosaurus quack.
02:16Gingled Oranosaurus quack!
02:18A wik-billed Oranpa-billed Oranosaurus quack.
02:19In Seiten twelve, Simon encaises these like the police who has broken theahh and hairstyle and doveled...
02:21Such that stabilcers, like the LORD,lax vomite shoot!
02:22Gingled Oranosaurus quack.
02:24A wik-billed Oranpa-billed?
02:26At seven meters and three tons, oranosaurs are big.
02:42But easily within the scope of a large predator.
02:56Wow.
03:15Spinosaurus.
03:19At 17 meters, the biggest killer ever to walk the Earth.
03:26An 11-tongue colossus.
03:50However, for the time being, these oranosaurs are off this killer's mane.
03:56Spinosaurus is part of a family of dinosaurs that are relatively newly discovered.
04:06Recent finds have shown that this strange group lived from South America through Europe to Asia.
04:13But the last, and biggest of all, came from North Africa.
04:19Spinosaurus itself.
04:21Spinosaurus is a predator, but one that hunts in water.
04:31It's Ichthyophagus, a fish-eater.
04:32This is Oncopristis.
04:33This is Oncopristis.
04:34An eight-meter-long giant sawfish,
04:36similar to those alive today.
04:37Spinosaurus is a predator, but one that hunts in water.
04:38Spinosaurus is a predator, but one that hunts in water.
04:43Spinosaurus is a predator, should've found on a predator.
04:44Spinosaurus is a predator, but two that has been found.
04:45It's Ichthyophagus, a fish-eater.
04:46This is Oncopristis, an eight-meter-long giant sawfish, similar to those alive today.
04:50The saw-like rostrum, is lying with lethal barbs.
04:54is Oncopristis,
05:00an eight-meter-long giant sawfish similar to those alive today.
05:05The saw-like rostrum is lying with lethal barbs
05:09and is in itself up to two and a half meters in length.
05:15It's thought they migrated into freshwater rivers to breed,
05:19where the young may be safer,
05:21where the adults are exposed to new threats.
05:32With their breeding season at its height,
05:34these rivers are filled with Oncopristis.
05:38It's the perfect hunting opportunity for Spinosaurus.
05:51Spinosaurus is unique, with long, narrow jaws and nostrils set high on its head.
06:06Its teeth were straight and conical.
06:09They gave us a clue as to how it killed.
06:12More evidence came in 2008, when Spinosaurus's skull was put through a CT scanner.
06:20It revealed a curious pattern of holes and sinuses in the snout
06:25that looked just like those of crocodiles.
06:28It's thought these contain pressure sensors.
06:32Sensors that, like a crocodile, can detect prey,
06:35making it perfectly adapted to hunting in water.
06:47This discovery gives us our best evidence of exactly how it hunted.
06:54Able to hold its snout in the water because of its high nostrils,
06:57it can strike without even seeing its prey.
07:00Able to hold its snout.
07:04Able to close the scar,
07:06a contempt or beneath the tree.
07:10Able to close the tree and a drape.
07:12Able to close the tree and a trap.
07:14Able to close the tree and a trap.
07:18Able to close the tree,
07:21some of the plants first bird will give you less,
07:22some of the trees to protect the tree.
07:23Sometimes you will take care of two to the tree.
07:24Okay.
07:25Able to close the tree.
07:27Even though?
07:28We can assume so much about the diet of Spinosaurus because its fossilized teeth are commonly
07:36found with the remains of the giant sawfish.
07:40And more recent discoveries appear to provide even more direct evidence.
07:46In 2005, the Spinosaur fossil was found with a sawfish vertebrae stuck in a tooth socket.
07:54And another discovered in 2008 had a fragment of a sawfish barb apparently embedded in its jaw.
08:01They suggested a clear predator-prey relationship.
08:18But Spinosaurus wasn't the only giant predator which thrived here.
08:25Carcharodontosaurus, a land-based killer, a meat-eater, a carnosaur, a cousin of Allosaurus,
08:39but four times bigger.
08:42With serrated teeth 16 centimeters long, Carcharodontosaurus was a giant killer.
08:50Up to 13 meters long and weighing around 7 tons, like Spinosaurus, it too was bigger than T-Rex.
09:06Those young, male, Carcharodontosaurus, both want supremacy over this territory.
09:13Dominating the land is the key to survival for these killers.
09:18Vacuuming a fight to the death.
09:27DENIALS
09:29DENIALS
09:30DENIALS
09:32DENIALS
09:36DENIALS
10:10The evidence of infighting between carnivores of the same species is dramatic.
10:28Forensic examination of fossils has uncovered injuries on the skull bones of many large carnivores.
10:35Tooth puncture marks and gouges are remarkably common.
10:39Such violent head and face biting is thought likely to be territorial.
10:47With so much to gain, fights over prime hunting territory would be commonplace.
10:52For this victorious Carcharodontosaurus, the prize is the hunting rights to these aranosaurs.
11:04Not an easy prey to catch, even for the fastest of predators.
11:10But we think that Carcharodontosaurus has a hidden advantage.
11:17In 2008, detailed bone analysis suggested these dinosaurs employed a system of air sacs.
11:24Air sacs are used in breathing.
11:28They ensure that oxygen-rich air flows continually through the lungs when breathing in and out.
11:36It's a very efficient system, similar to that of birds.
11:40It implied that dinosaurs like Carcharodontosaurus were highly active hunters.
11:46And they needed to be.
11:48It's reckoned that a dinosaur of this size would need to eat a minimum of 60 kilos of meat every day, simply to survive.
11:56Big hunters rely on ambushing their prey.
12:08Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:09Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:13Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:43Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:44Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:45Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:46Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:47Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:48Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:49Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:50Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:51Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:52Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:53Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:54Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:55Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:56Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:57Closing as much distance between it and its chosen victim.
12:58Oh, my God.
13:28Chalcaridontosaurus were deadly killers, but not in the way you might expect.
13:36Its skull was relatively weak.
13:40And computer analysis has shown that they're unlikely to be strong enough to hold on to struggling prey.
13:48Their teeth were thin, like knives, too weak to bite easily through bone.
13:53But they were sharp with deadly serrations, just like a shark's.
14:01The very name, Chalcaridontosaurus, means shark-toothed lizard.
14:07We think that it used its skull and teeth to slash deep into the flesh of its prey, causing massive injury and blood loss.
14:15Delivered at speed, such an attack could kill without the need for an intense struggle.
14:31It's an efficient killing method, and one that's perfectly suited to this environment.
14:39But success can look very different when a season changes.
14:44For a time, Cretaceous North Africa had two deadly killers.
14:50By exploiting different environments, they didn't compete and could coexist, dominating their chosen habitats.
14:59Spinosaurus was a specialist, but this came with risks.
15:03And this area is prone to seasonal droughts.
15:17And this area is prone to seasonal droughts.
15:33With the rivers drying, Spinosaurus' usual food supply has disappeared.
15:43Other animals retreat to a few remaining pools.
15:47Some, the Spinosaurus would do well to be wary of.
15:59The smaller crocs aren't the problem.
16:03Sarkasuchus, a giant 12-metre crocodile.
16:28Reptiles like these can survive droughts by effectively hibernating during times of high.
16:33Spinosaurus is a giant ship.
16:35Spinosaurus can't.
16:37As an active hunter, its metabolism demands a regular supply of food.
16:43Although it is a specialist, it isn't confined to the rivers.
16:49In tough times, it too can hunt on land.
16:51Shhh... Shhh...
17:07Malikus!
17:18Malikus!
17:21Malikus!
17:30Hunting on land, Spinosaurus is also forced into direct competition with any large predators living in the same environment.
17:43And here, that can only mean one animal.
17:51Carcharodontosaurus.
17:53Contests over carcasses are common.
17:54Contests over carcasses are common.
17:56But outcomes of such fights are far from guaranteed.
17:58Contests over carcasses are common.
18:03Contests over carcasses are common.
18:13Contests over carcasses are common.
18:16Contests over carcasses are common.
18:21But outcomes of such fights are far from guaranteed.
18:25More than three meters longer, Spinosaurus has size and power on its side.
18:46The Carcharodontosaurus has the more lethal bite.
19:11This time, the Spinosaurus triumphed.
19:17But the balance of power between these two deadly killers is a precarious one.
19:35Spinosaurus was the last and the largest of the fish-eating dinosaurs.
19:41But ultimately, these specialists were doomed.
19:44Something way beyond their control caused their downfall.
19:49Ninety-four million years ago, the climate changed.
19:54Global sea levels began to rise.
19:56The swamps and rivers that Spinosaurus thrived in gradually were lost.
20:04With their loss, Spinosaurus' specialism became a vulnerability.
20:09And the biggest predator ever known to have walked the Earth disappeared.
20:21The new giants weren't confined to Africa.
20:23The first glimpse of a South American monster was made in the 1990s.
20:32In Patagonia, a fossil was pulled from the ground.
20:35It was a single vertebrae, but it was as tall as a human being.
20:41Other bones followed.
20:44They belonged to the biggest dinosaur ever known to have walked the Earth.
20:49It lived in South America 95 million years ago.
20:57In a world very different from our own.
21:01A world that is only now giving up its secrets.
21:05The start of a new life.
21:21But on these plains, danger is never far away.
21:34This is a Triangopterid pterosaur.
21:38Attracted to the easy prey of a nest site.
21:40Attacked to the forest, they only have to be blessed.
21:44And the sixth one's shot was locked in between cameras and cameras.
21:46The Trek is now in the end.
21:48The 순w had a deadly place.
21:50Theessel was turned on to the ground.
21:53Theurbished pterosaur arrival.
21:56The Trek is now in the end.
21:59The Polch chỉ is now in the background.
22:01The wheel is now out of sight.
22:03.
22:28Throughout the late 1990s, extraordinary dinosaurs were uncovered in Argentina.
22:33At one location, a nest site was found so full of dinosaur eggs that they could barely avoid crushing them underfoot.
22:42Some eggs even contained exquisitely preserved dinosaur embryos.
22:48Then, in 1999, at the same nest site, a complete adult dinosaur skeleton was uncovered.
22:56It appeared they'd found the parent.
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24:50immediately from studying the embryos and looking at the bones of the adults we
25:08know that the growth of these giants was phenomenal over 40 years they grow from
25:15five kilograms to an astonishing 75,000 kilograms at their peak it's been calculated they grow up to
25:2440 kilograms every day the dinosaur embryos are so well preserved we can see they already
25:34have their teeth in preparation for a lifetime of eating
25:45but becoming a giant takes more than simply turning tons of food into muscle
26:00it's about the success and survival of a species over millions of years
26:07one way to increase the chances of survival is by having lots of offspring
26:18and the best way to do that is by laying eggs
26:23lots of them
26:31the nest site in Patagonia stretches for an astonishing 15 kilometers and contains tens
26:39of thousands of eggs and the site was used continuously for hundreds of thousands of
26:47years for killers like scorpio venator the nest site provides a feast
26:56but with thousands of hatchlings they have little impact on the success of the species
27:04and pose no threat to the adults
27:10and wherever we find giant plant eaters there is always a giant killer lurking nearby
27:30and sure enough another startling discovery was made in argentina in the same region a nearly
27:37complete skeleton of an enormous predator was unearthed amazingly well preserved
27:42the skull alone was over a meter and a half long and when a second even larger specimen was found
27:51it became clear that this was bigger than any predator that had been found before bigger than t-rex
27:59it was clear that giant predators roamed south america as well and it appeared that argentinosaurus may have met its match
28:14in fact wherever giant plant eaters have been discovered it appears a giant predator lived alongside them from america to
28:28europe and asia we see the same relationship repeated
28:35but there was one place on earth that remained a mystery for decades africa was the forgotten continent a huge gap in our understanding of planet dinosaur
28:47then in 2000 a cluster of bones was unearthed in north africa
28:54the bones were huge one single leg bone was as tall as a human
29:00it seemed this too was a land of giants and that could only mean one thing there must also be a giant killer
29:1095 million years ago this was a dry and difficult place to survive food and water were hard to come by and often only found in one place
29:25along the banks of a river that has earned the name river of giants
29:32this is parallel titan a 45 ton animal and the undisputed heavyweight here
29:40and the undisputed heavyweight here
29:57but even for these giants rivers are dangerous places
30:03in two cases
30:10byvoodoo
30:13evil
30:15the
30:20evil
30:23evil
30:26evil
30:28evil
30:30Things are about to get even worse for the young Paralytitan.
30:37Around the river of giants there is another killer.
30:43Carcharodontosaurus.
30:47A predator always looks for the easiest kill.
30:51The weak, injured or young.
30:54The Paralytitan is all three.
30:57In such a deadly game of tug of war, there can only be one winner.
31:27Injured, but alive.
31:32This youngster has a lucky escape.
31:47Encounters like this have left tantalizing clues behind.
31:51Amongst the bones of a Paralytitan, we have found a Carcharodontosaurus tooth.
31:54Suggesting a predator-prey relationship.
31:56Injured, but alive, this youngster has a lucky escape.
32:00Encounters like this have left tantalizing clues behind.
32:04Amongst the bones of a Paralytitan, we have found a Carcharodontosaurus tooth.
32:09Suggesting a predator-prey relationship.
32:12Across the world, from Africa to Argentina, giant sauropods roamed far and wide.
32:25This herd of Argentinosaurus are now on the move.
32:29Travelling across a swamp covered with volcanic ash.
32:33These giants are so massive, they've turned the sand beneath their feet into quicksand.
32:51Creating death traps with every step.
32:54It's a danger that was graphically revealed in 2010, when an astonishing set of footprints were unearthed.
33:09Footprints that contained a deadly secret.
33:13After months of painstaking examination, some of the fossil footprints were found to contain bones of other animals.
33:21One exposed the bodies of two mammals, ten small dinosaurs, two crocodiles and a turtle.
33:28In total, 18 animals were buried within a single step.
33:34But becoming this big is not easy.
33:39It requires some serious eating.
33:41Argentinosaurus weighed around 75 tons.
33:45A six-ton African elephant has to eat for 18 hours a day to keep going.
33:51Argentinosaurus weighs more than ten times as much.
33:55So how do they get enough food?
33:57Their long necks give them access to more food without moving.
34:04But the way they eat is the crucial bit.
34:09These giants don't waste time chewing.
34:12They rip and gulp down leaves whole, which are digested by bacteria in its massive gut.
34:19Not chewing means it doesn't need a big heavy head with big teeth and muscular jaws.
34:25Which also means its neck can grow so long, able to reach food no other animal can reach.
34:39Being so big means you're off the menu for most predators.
34:44Here, there's a killer in a completely different league.
34:53Over ten meters long and weighing around four tons.
34:57This is maposaurus, a newly discovered killer on the block.
35:01On its own, even it is not a match for a fully grown Argentinosaurus.
35:21But this giant killer is not alone.
35:24For years, it was thought that an adult Argentinosaurus would be too big for any predator to tackle.
35:41But in 2006, a new discovery suddenly made even the biggest dinosaurs a lot more vulnerable.
35:48As they dug into the Argentinian dirt, they didn't just find one predator buried here.
35:54The skeletons of at least seven maposaurus of different ages and sizes were found together.
36:01It's suggested that this was a group.
36:10A giant killer that appears to hunt in gangs.
36:13And more than capable of taking on the very biggest dinosaurs.
36:23Not even a fully grown Argentinosaurus is safe from this group.
36:26Not even a fully grown Argentinosaurus is safe from this group.
36:28Not even a fully grown Argentinosaurus.
36:30Not even a fully grown Argentinosaurus.
36:31Not even a fully grown Argentinosaurus.
36:32Not even a fully grown Argentinosaurus.
36:34But in the past hell, it will be the biggest soldier of all the war.
36:37Mappasaurus' teeth are perfectly designed like blades to slice off chunks of flesh.
37:02With prey so large, a single bite isn't always fatal.
37:10It appears Mappasaurus could just smack, feeding from its victim without actually killing it.
37:30Attacking an animal more than ten times your weight carries grave risks.
37:46Even with the threat of predators hunting in gangs, the phenomenal size of these giants would usually keep them safe.
38:04They complete a global picture, a pattern that is repeated across the world.
38:20In Asia, we find Mamacosaurus and Cynraptor.
38:26In North America, Diprodocus and Allosaurus, and now Africa.
38:32For every giant plant eater, we find a giant predator living side by side.
38:39And it's in South America where we have the biggest of all, Argentinosaurus and Mappasaurus.
38:46Two giants whose fates appear to be inextricably linked.
39:07This Argentinosaurus, wounded by a gang of Mappasaurus, has succumbed to its wounds.
39:16Out on the plains, other keen-eyed predators are quick to spot a stricken animal.
39:28And attracts carnivores from miles around.
39:37Mappasaurus are not only hunters.
39:40Like virtually every carnivore today, scavenged prey plays a huge part in their diet.
39:46We know enough about the biology of giant sauropods to estimate, of this 70-ton animal,
39:5611 tons is bone, 3 and a half tons blood, 4 tons is hiding skin, 15 tons fat, and 39 tons is meat.
40:10Enough to feed a whole ecosystem for days.
40:14Mappasaurus was reliant on the giant sauropods in life and death.
40:40When the Argentinosaurus disappeared from South America 93 million years ago,
40:46so did the giant predator Mappasaurus.
40:49It was the same story in Africa.
40:52When Paralytitan vanished, Carcharodontosaurus followed.
40:56It appears that these extinctions were linked.
41:00And this story is repeated time and again.
41:03When the giant sauropods died out, the giant predators lost their main food supply.
41:10And they too were doomed.
41:12They too were doomed.
41:13END
41:18END
41:22END
41:23END
41:26END
41:28END
41:38Oh
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