Cronache Criminali affronta il decennio più controverso della storia repubblicana, gli anni '70. Giancarlo De Cataldo racconta uno spaccato di violenza politica che ha visto contrapporsi destra e sinistra nel palcoscenico delle strade delle grandi città italiane. Attraverso la ricostruzione di due omicidi, quello di Sergio Ramelli, avvenuto a Milano nel 1975, e quello di Walter Rossi a Roma nel 1977, si raccontano le trame nere e la degenerazione di alcune frange extraparlamentari, i momenti simbolici che hanno cambiato il corso degli eventi, come la cacciata del sindacalista Luciano Lama dalla Sapienza, la tragica manifestazione di bologna del Marzo 1977 e la grande e violenta manifestazione del giorno seguente che ha messo a soqquadro la capitale. Le voci di Marino Sinibaldi, Ernesto Assante, Pablo Echaurren, Giovanni Bianconi e Umberto Croppi sono le testimonianze dirette di quei giorni ricchi, al tempo stesso, di ideologia e di violenza; Guido Giraudo e il giudice Guido Salvini ricostruiscono le vicende della morte di Sergio Ramelli da un lato, Osvaldo Maurino e Sergio Ferrini quella di Walter Rossi dall'altro. Infine Manuel Gotor traccia un affresco del decennio e del ruolo che in primo luogo è spettato ai tanti giovani che lo hanno vissuto da protagonisti
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00:00:08they were fiery years they were years full of passions visions of imaginations of the future
00:00:18Milan as a city and at the centre of political life in those years and also of political violence
00:00:28clashes that end with smashed skulls and comas that can last for months
00:00:42this first death actually came after repeated attempts to make the movement I
00:00:49I was thrown under a car at that moment I heard someone screaming and they said they had
00:00:54he hit the body and hit it in the forehead, I think that with the evening boccia has marked us all
00:01:06six are guarding the corners of the room and two are those assigned to hit him and literally massacre him
00:01:14they have wrenches that weigh 34 kilos but there was a political framework for killing a
00:01:22fascist was not a crime
00:01:27March 12th I stopped doing politics because we arrived in Piazza del Popolo and I felt
00:01:32the gunshots then were fired
00:01:39Good evening, our journey into the crime news continues in search of the crimes that have marked
00:01:45an era of our country and they asked us the most disturbing questions because it happened because
00:01:51it happened just then this evening we start from a date a symbolic date that all Italians
00:01:57and the Italians know the 12th of December 1969 and in the afternoon when in the headquarters of the agricultural bank
00:02:06A bomb explodes in Piazza Fontana in Milan, leaving 17 victims and 88 injured. It's the beginning of that
00:02:15That
00:02:15The English weekly Observer will call the strategy of tension a bomb that comes
00:02:22initially attributed to the anarchists but the anarchists are innocent long years of events
00:02:27judicial investigations will then ascertain the unequivocally neo-fascist nature of that attack
00:02:32What does strategy of tension mean? It means putting fear in people in view of a solution.
00:02:39authoritarian a coup d'état or simply to create a reflex of order and therefore push
00:02:45people towards a more moderate solution but that 1969 that 12th December that massacre inaugurates a
00:02:56season a season that will later be defined as the years of lead and will have some
00:03:03repercussions that do not stop at the world of high politics and complex international strategies
00:03:09of Italy's position as a hinge country between the Western bloc to which we belong and the
00:03:17Eastern bloc that threatens the borders in the north-east of Italy does not have a repercussion in everyone's life
00:03:25there is a relapse on the streets there is a relapse among the kids between 1970 and 1980 there
00:03:32there are dozens of
00:03:33right-wing and left-wing kids who lose their lives in street fights kids
00:03:39right wing kids killing left wing kids left wing kids killing right wing kids is a
00:03:45war is a war that is fought in the name of ideology it is a war that causes deaths but
00:03:50It also causes tens of hundreds of injuries, it is a war that is fought with guns, with knives, with
00:03:56clubs with bare hands is a war that has assigned the Saturday afternoons of entire generations that
00:04:03he left a trail of blood of mourning and wounds not yet healed this evening we
00:04:09We're telling you the story of two boys, a boy from Milan, a right-wing boy called Sergio
00:04:14Ramelli and a boy from Rome, a left-wing boy called Balter Rossi, theirs are the stories
00:04:21emblematic of the blood of a generation
00:04:44in those 70s it was mandatory to take sides, you were on the right, you were on the left, it was difficult to be able to do so
00:04:53being able to call oneself agnostic being able to say that I'm not interested in politics politics was the great
00:05:01Of course there were those who didn't have an idea or were afraid to express their idea, even
00:05:08physical fear sometimes but everyone's story was the story of someone who was on one side or the other
00:05:14Who
00:05:15is on the other hand but it was not only ideology that determined the sides, it also mattered
00:05:20the appearance of being on one side or being on the other also meant to manifest with one's own
00:05:27clothing the part where you were there are significant objects objects that define
00:05:35that belonging the Ray-Bans and the Camperos you're right-wing the fringed leather jacket you're right-wing
00:05:44the Eskimo you are left-wing the long hair you are generally left-wing the flower skirt and the
00:05:52clogs you are absolutely left wing look it wasn't a question of fashion it was a question of the
00:05:58where you risked a beating and sometimes even your life if you entered the wrong bar and were dressed
00:06:04in the wrong way I realize that telling it to a boy today who in those years was not there
00:06:12'era
00:06:12It may seem absolutely absurd, almost impossible to understand, there really was a time when
00:06:19you risked your life if you entered the wrong bar if you said the wrong sentence if you appeared
00:06:25in the wrong way well instead that's exactly how it went in the seventies we have different phenomena
00:06:38which therefore deserve a differentiated analysis we have the neo-fascist massacres we have the
00:06:53with a so-called armed party a galaxy of dozens and dozens of acronyms within which
00:07:05the red brigades will conquer hegemony and also on the front line there is then a third phenomenon which is a phenomenon
00:07:18of political significance which must be distinguished from the previous two and which played a continuous role
00:07:30as if it were a background noise that characterized the social life of many Italians
00:07:40in the big cities as in the provinces in the schools in the squares in the universities an ideological clash
00:07:48furious that takes place along a ridge of struggle between fascism and anti-fascism, communism and anti-communism
00:08:21whoever makes this immersion in the reality of the political violence of the seventies has found that the deaths are a minority
00:08:33a minority that is naturally rightly talked about and remembered but also realizes that they have been completely forgotten
00:08:47hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of stories
00:08:51of clashes that end with smashed skulls, comas that can last for months, permanent disfigurements that one follows.
00:09:07reading the newspaper after four months you find
00:09:11the boy came out of the coma often there were only the acronyms no ac 16 years then I said to myself
00:09:19and how important it would be to understand heat
00:09:27social civil cultural conditioning of this widespread political violence also reconstruct the history of these
00:09:35of these wounded the story of these polytraumatized pulling threads that are still among us evidently with the burden
00:09:48of that experience
00:09:48of this experience as victims of an aggression or even as perpetrators of an aggression
00:10:01I don't know if any form of reconciliation is objectively possible given the trail of hatred and resentment
00:10:08of deep divisions that that season left in our country in those who were there but also in those who inherited
00:10:15then the memory
00:10:16of those days but the intent of this program is essentially this spirit of reconciliation
00:10:22it is the same spirit that hovered in the words of the president of the senate, the new president of the senate, the Russian
00:10:28in his speech of October 13th, inaugural address to the Senate, when among the many topics
00:10:36Treaties recalled that season Fausto Iaio left-wing militants killed in Milan by a still unknown hand
00:10:43and Sergio Ramelli, the boy whose story we are now telling
00:10:49I cannot help but remember the dramatic season of violence
00:10:53of political terrorism and of the many young people of all political colors
00:10:59who lost their lives just because they believed in ideas, in ideals
00:11:04or sometimes just because they were in the wrong place at the wrong time
00:11:11students, state servants, journalists, political entrepreneurs
00:11:16their stories represent a legacy that still today is and must be a guiding star
00:11:22I could name many names for all of us and perhaps I should name many.
00:11:30but I think that Inspector Calabresi's can represent them all together
00:11:38to stay in my house in Milan with three boys' names
00:11:46a right-wing militant Sergio Ramelli whom I met and for whom I was also a civil party lawyer
00:11:54and two left-wing ones where the murderers were never found
00:11:59Fausto and Aio I also bow before their memory
00:12:06In 1975 Sergio Ramelli was 18 years old and one of the many boys with slightly long hair
00:12:14attends a technical institute
00:12:15It may seem incredible but his belonging to the right comes from a theme
00:12:20a school essay in which he comments on a news story
00:12:24this alone is enough to make him heavily targeted
00:12:37Milan, like Rome, was the centre of political life in those years and also of political violence
00:12:52Sergio Ramelli is a boy who has nothing to do with the violence of some Sababilini
00:12:59so violent far-right groups sometimes also linked to terrorist groups
00:13:06lives in an extremely peripheral area of Milan
00:13:10he studies at the Molinari technical institute which will very quickly become
00:13:15one of the centers of avant-garde workers' activism
00:13:19he was a member of the youth front which was the youth organization of the Messeri
00:13:24he had never had any notion of violence
00:13:27he had no charges against him
00:13:29a young boy also involved in the world of blinders in the neighborhood
00:13:33who had no connection to violent groups
00:13:41two activists of the Italian social movement had been killed in Padua
00:13:45on the part, as we learned later, of the Red Brigades
00:13:50he writes this essay condemning the fact that someone who defined himself as Red Brigade
00:13:57killed two workers, because they were two workers, in the headquarters of the Italian social movement in Padua
00:14:02Initially he is taken out of the courtroom, dragged, practically put to death
00:14:09carried around the corridors, threatened, with graffiti
00:14:13no one moves, no one helps him
00:14:17the family is very worried, they also go to talk to the school administrators
00:14:22In the end, for Sergio Ramelli there is no other option than to leave school
00:14:30Molinari gives the photo, Ramelli is like that
00:14:34and is passed to the Cittastudi order services structure which is nearby
00:14:40the people at Cittastudi don't know him, they send the photo and he doesn't know them
00:14:44then the aggression is delegated
00:14:49there is a girl, a university student, who has been following him for weeks
00:14:54and took note of all his schedules
00:14:56and so he knew that he actually returned every day to the moon
00:15:00he's attaching his scooter to the pole, his mother is waiting for him upstairs for lunch
00:15:04and he gets attacked from behind, he gets attacked by eight or nine people
00:15:09six are manning the street corners and two are those assigned to hit him
00:15:15They literally slaughter it, they have wrenches that weigh 3 or 4 kilos
00:15:20and above all they hit him repeatedly while he is already on the ground
00:15:29they basically go back to university as if nothing had happened
00:15:33and leave the blood-stained wrenches in the cabinet
00:15:36it was a particularly cowardly attack
00:15:39where the person could not defend himself
00:15:41and what was striking was that they were young, medical students in the first place
00:15:46here, where they could not fail to understand the gravity of the type of aggression
00:15:51that they had implemented
00:15:54there was no gang fight there
00:15:57it's not even worth investigating whether they were defense mechanisms
00:16:04compared to those who were more evil
00:16:06but there was a political framework where killing a fascist was not a crime
00:16:12and we simply had to be expelled not only from political life
00:16:17from civil life and in some cases from life
00:16:23there is absolutely a depersonalization of the opponent
00:16:28the opponent is no longer a political opponent
00:16:30he is a person to be eliminated
00:16:43Sergio Ramelli is in hospital after the attack.
00:16:46his condition immediately appears very serious
00:16:50the agony will last 47 days and will be marked by alternating phases
00:16:54Initially the doctors did not give any hope
00:16:56then the word starts to circulate that Ramelli has recovered
00:17:00and even named those who attacked him
00:17:03an impossible thing because he didn't see his attackers
00:17:07he didn't know them
00:17:08but this voice alone is enough to put the family in danger
00:17:12the brother is forced to leave Milan
00:17:15and friends guard the Ramelli family's house
00:17:18until the day of the funeral on May 2, 1975
00:17:31pressure was put on the family not to take place these funerals
00:17:36obviously in the climate of continuous aggression that existed in Milan
00:17:41of continuous street clashes a funeral of this drama
00:17:46greatly increased the risk in the square
00:17:51we discover that in the period following Ramelli's death
00:17:57the rumor is circulating that the responsible ones are the young people of the right case collective
00:18:04this is a false rumor
00:18:06it's a false voice to distance oneself from one's responsibilities
00:18:10This diversion served to waste more time
00:18:14led the police off course
00:18:16and diverted suspicion from who the real killers were
00:18:25For ten years, very little has been known about the Ramelli murder.
00:18:29then my colleague Maurizio Grigo and I decided to take care of it
00:18:33because this fact that comes before terrorism
00:18:36which is political violence is even more difficult to detect
00:18:39because there is an absolute climate of silence
00:18:42we start by questioning some people
00:18:44and some terrorists who had a past in the far left
00:18:48they tell us but look doctor, the rectal case has nothing to do with it
00:18:51they are those of the workers' avant-garde
00:18:55who are part of an absolutely professional, bourgeois world today
00:19:01they camouflaged themselves
00:19:03in a trial for front-line informants in Bergamo
00:19:08at a certain point someone gets up from the dock
00:19:12but shut up, you workers' vanguard who killed Ramelli
00:19:18we finally succeed after long, difficult, very difficult investigations
00:19:22to identify the team which is the medical team
00:19:26because there is a collapse
00:19:27at a certain point a boy who hadn't participated tells us about it
00:19:30he says I have nothing to do with it, it was the others
00:19:33and we identify them and arrest them, it's '85
00:19:36there were keys, there were people who used knives, there were pickaxe handles
00:19:44Giuseppe Ferrari Bravo describes the working-class vanguard's security service's actions.
00:19:50frame in which he killed Sergio Ramelli with a club
00:19:54the young MSI member assassinated in 1975
00:19:57There is a crisis, when we questioned them there is desperation, crying
00:20:03but they hadn't formed before
00:20:06They went about their lives without ever dealing with this black hole in their lives.
00:20:13when suddenly faced with this reality, they collapse
00:20:16He saw us and I saw him
00:20:19and that was the most terrifying moment for me
00:20:22that I still relive now
00:20:26because at that moment I saw him in the eyes
00:20:29and I felt many emotions
00:20:33one of the emotions was to say
00:20:36let's forget it, let's go away immediately
00:20:38you can't
00:20:39it's not possible because at that moment I realized that one thing
00:20:43they were the fascists idealized as a symbol
00:20:47and another thing was the boy in front of me
00:20:50who was practically my peer
00:20:56They were then convicted by the Assize Court for voluntary homicide.
00:21:01the penalties are not high and it is right that they were not high
00:21:04because in any case the personality allowed for generic denunciations to be made
00:21:09but the fact remains extremely serious
00:21:12justice here is
00:21:14give me a year, give me two
00:21:22nothing changes
00:21:23nothing changes for me
00:21:27I don't even want to see it
00:21:29I don't even want to know
00:21:31Now the names are known but
00:21:33they don't tell me anything
00:21:35I have no resentment
00:21:37I never hated them either
00:21:39because I was so full of my own pain
00:21:42that I didn't even think about
00:21:45is...
00:21:49the sentence of voluntary homicide was confirmed by the Supreme Court
00:21:53so it should be clearly specified because it was the only thing that the family cared about
00:21:59that it was clear that there was a homicidal intent
00:22:06It was a very important process that we did
00:22:09it wasn't done to put people in prison who later reintegrated anyway
00:22:15but to give a cultural signal
00:22:18and I think this happened and was useful
00:22:29Let's continue the story of the 70s when young people with opposing ideas shot each other
00:22:35they beat each other up, they killed each other in the street
00:22:38in that 1975
00:22:39to deal with a phenomenon that some newspapers defined as the Wild West of our streets
00:22:46the first law that comes into play is the so-called royal law named after the minister at the time
00:22:52introduces repressive measures both on the judicial level and in the protection of public order on the road
00:22:59and this will naturally trigger numerous reactions and there will also be clashes
00:23:04after all, that was a very particular period in Italian history
00:23:08two years earlier we had found ourselves faced with the first major oil crisis
00:23:13the cinemas had closed earlier
00:23:15the lighting had been reduced in the streets
00:23:18Ecological Sundays had been introduced
00:23:22back then they weren't called that but anyway it meant
00:23:24the cars weren't circulating
00:23:26on some days only public transport was in operation
00:23:29and the cars circulated with alternate license plates
00:23:32in short, the cities were somehow dying out
00:23:36a scenario that we unfortunately
00:23:39we are on the brink of dramatically reliving this period
00:23:43but the 70s
00:23:45the 70s were extremely contradictory years
00:23:49there had been great social reforms
00:23:51It was precisely in that period that the reform of family law took place
00:23:54the divorce
00:23:55the law on fair rent would have been passed soon
00:23:59work was underway to close the mental hospitals
00:24:02which would have been a bit of a highlight of that season
00:24:05In short, it was a season in which there was not only violence
00:24:09but there was also a great widespread hope
00:24:13there is a song written in those years by a great author
00:24:16a philosopher, writer, narrator, singer-songwriter, screenwriter, comic book author
00:24:22Gianfranco Manfredi, also a solo singer for this song
00:24:26it's called But who said it's not there
00:24:29and tells a love story
00:24:32but it also tells a story of love and change
00:24:35around a mysterious object precisely
00:24:37who said there isn't
00:24:40it's in the black of the skin
00:24:43of the collective celebration
00:24:46it's about taking the goods
00:24:50it's about taking the hand
00:24:53to throw the cobblestones
00:24:56in the fire of Milan
00:25:00in the bars on the fascists
00:25:04in the stones on the gilloni
00:25:07it's in the sounds of the corkers
00:25:10and in children's games
00:25:14in knowing the body
00:25:17in the orgasm of the mind
00:25:21The mysterious object of Gianfranco Manfredi's song is the revolution
00:25:28that's what's left unsaid
00:25:31or rather who said there isn't one
00:25:33the dream, the utopia
00:25:35of a large part of that movement
00:25:38which is being structured in 1977
00:25:42and it's exploding
00:25:43and is populating the streets
00:25:45a movement made up of young people
00:25:47a movement
00:25:48an extremely contradictory movement
00:25:51where extreme experiences coexist
00:25:53which will culminate in armed struggle
00:25:55and that is why the words of poets should always be taken
00:25:58with a certain detachment
00:26:00and consider them for what they are
00:26:02poetry and certainly not political manifestos
00:26:05but which will also bring free radios
00:26:07creativity
00:26:08the explosion of the feminist movement
00:26:11It's 1977
00:26:14it's a season with which perhaps still
00:26:17we haven't done the math all the way through
00:26:20George
00:26:25George
00:26:35they were fiery years
00:26:37they were years full of passions
00:26:39full of visions
00:26:41of imaginations of the future
00:26:43of dreams of the future, collective
00:26:45more than personal
00:26:47and then disappointments
00:26:49of anger, of violence
00:26:51of clashes
00:26:51it was all intertwined
00:26:52it's hard to tell today
00:26:55because it's hard to give back a little
00:26:57that intertwining of vitality and violence
00:26:59that was there in those years
00:27:00and which exploded especially in 77
00:27:02the 1977 movement
00:27:04the most angry and desperate
00:27:06of the political movements of those years
00:27:09but I think about Italian history
00:27:10I find that the vulgate
00:27:13that has passed
00:27:15and which is still in vogue
00:27:17that '77 was the year of the P38
00:27:19and violence
00:27:21it's true obviously
00:27:22but not univocal
00:27:24there was also a side of joy
00:27:26of joy
00:27:27of a search for revolution
00:27:29that it wasn't exactly an armed revolution
00:27:31but on the contrary a revolution of souls
00:27:38the 77 movement in its most chaotic composition
00:27:44less structured precisely
00:27:47gives everyone the opportunity to invent their own drift
00:27:51there are no longer leaders for everyone
00:27:53there are micro groupings
00:27:5577 will be just this
00:27:57a kind of enormous cauldron in which different souls are stirring
00:28:06the problem was that there were so many souls inside each of us
00:28:10we were young and we were passionate and we were also inevitably confused
00:28:17but I think that in the violence of those months in particular
00:28:21lived together the dream of transforming and therefore of entrusting to violence
00:28:26in an element as of acceleration of what was to happen
00:28:28or of radicalization of what was to happen
00:28:31Indians and metropolitans are born in February
00:28:39for a journalistic paradox, let's say
00:28:42in the sense that one of ours who was called Olivier at the time
00:28:46that is, his name is Olivier Tourquet
00:28:49Bravard de la Boiserie
00:28:51called Gandalf the Purple
00:28:53he launches a slogan during a demonstration inside the University
00:29:00screaming about Cheyenne, Apache, Mohican
00:29:04we are the metropolitan Indians
00:29:05My name is Gandalf the Purple and I will speak in a strictly personal capacity.
00:29:10therefore I speak on behalf of the Elves of Fangorn Wood
00:29:14colored nuclei red laughter
00:29:16of OASC, the tribes of Cicchiorio
00:29:20of the NSCs, the Cimbles and all metropolitan Indians
00:29:25the problem of violence explodes within the left
00:29:29with all its contradictions and lacerations
00:29:32a fracture that sets the movement against the parties of the traditional left
00:29:37but which opens deep rifts within the movement itself
00:29:41there is a significant article in the newspaper Lotta Continua
00:29:44Gad Lerner and Andrea Marcenaro wrote it
00:29:47it's a long conversation with Andrea Casalegno
00:29:51Who is Andrea Casalegno?
00:29:52he is a journalist for Lotta Continua but is the son of Carlo Casalegno
00:29:55who was the victim of a terrorist attack a few days before
00:29:59the son who fought with his father all his life
00:30:06who certainly has different ideas
00:30:09he questions himself and questions us and so on
00:30:12and shooting a meek man who used the word
00:30:15and certainly not the gun we want to make the revolution
00:30:19and cites among other examples a massacre carried out by a Palestinian commando
00:30:23on a bus of innocent people, girls, women and children in Israel
00:30:29and this is the obligatory landing of our Struggle
00:30:34it would seem definitely not
00:30:35but there are those who are already practicing wrestling in that season
00:30:45with the occupation of the university and the expulsion of Luciano Lama from the university in February 1977
00:30:51makes this clash between the movement of the non-guaranteed, as it was said, plastic
00:30:58and the security service of the Communist Party who had escorted Luciano Lama into the occupied university
00:31:04it is therefore necessary that the university organization
00:31:08On that occasion we found ourselves faced with the idea that we were being crushed
00:31:14from two opposing forces that did not represent what the majority of students at that time wanted to represent
00:31:31the language was also extremely violent
00:31:37It is no coincidence that metropolitan Indians decide to adopt another language
00:31:41for example what the ironic slogans were saying
00:31:47I remember that once, for example, we made a flyer that we actually distributed
00:31:55it said freedom for the comrades arrested for distributing this leaflet
00:32:01and those who took it took it said
00:32:04who am I where when
00:32:06they say but read what's written
00:32:08so it was to somehow try to get across the idea that rhetoric had taken over everything
00:32:24Among those who chase Luciano Rama out of the university there are also some young Red Brigade members from the university brigade
00:32:35There was a contiguity
00:32:40among a part of the young people of the '77 movement
00:32:45protagonists of the movement
00:32:46and how many young people had also chosen armed struggle instead
00:32:52more pronounced than what we have been told, let's say it was intended to be passed down
00:33:04Yes, as Miguel Gautor says, reflecting today as a historian 40 years after that season
00:33:11there was contiguity between the movement, some of its fringes and groups that had already chosen armed struggle
00:33:17but there was a large area within the movement made up of kids who didn't yet know which side they were on
00:33:26to stay
00:33:26whether to protest but to protest in a way that does not go as far as armed struggle
00:33:33whether to join the armed struggle as unfortunately would have happened and not a few of that generation
00:33:39or even retire
00:33:41and on this there were two decisive days
00:33:44March 11 and March 12, 1977
00:33:48On March 11, 1977, in Bologna, there was an attack by far-left youth.
00:34:02to a communion and liberation initiative center
00:34:07The autonomists allegedly attacked the police with stones and Molotov cocktails.
00:34:13who responded by throwing tear gas canisters
00:34:17Molotov cocktails allegedly set fire to a Fiat 127 with a civilian police license plate
00:34:25and to a carabinieri truck
00:34:27a soldier got out of the truck and fired a Winchester rifle
00:34:33a bullet hit Pierfrancesco Lorusso in the chest and he collapsed to the ground
00:34:42You have to be careful because March 77 follows February 77 with the blade attack
00:34:50and so there is already a great deal of excitement within the university
00:34:53and already workers' autonomy and the far left have seen that it is possible to win on the field
00:35:03a boy like Francesco Lorusso who goes to demonstrate at the University of Bologna and loses his life there
00:35:11there's something absurd
00:35:14on the other hand he does it for an idea
00:35:17which is the deepest and noblest thing for which one can give one's life
00:35:20In the aftermath of Francesco Lorusso's death in Rome there is a call to action which receives a mass response.
00:35:27from all over Italy
00:35:33I was at the procession with the students of my school
00:35:38we were quite far behind and the procession was broken up by the police charge in Piazza del Popolo
00:35:44at that point we were walking around with me and my friends behind us
00:35:48with a hundred or so behind us we thought of little ones, of 14 year old girls, of 15 year olds
00:35:55which had to be carried to the end of the procession because if they got lost in the streets anything could happen
00:36:06I believe that it was, as far as Italy is concerned, the largest and most violent demonstration ever.
00:36:13view
00:36:14and we still wonder how it is possible that there were no victims because the level of fire was
00:36:22very high
00:36:25Numerous groups of young people broke away from the procession and began throwing Molotov cocktails.
00:36:30the Carabinieri police departments
00:36:33but the most serious disturbances occurred in Piazza del Popolo, reached by the head of the procession
00:36:42you lose your mind because one of your comrades had been killed the day before
00:36:47but you lose your mind because you carry all the anger of your social condition there
00:36:51because you think the revolution will never happen again
00:36:54there was also something really disastrous
00:37:01A collective dimension that was dissolving, disintegrating and more than a procession and a demonstration
00:37:07there were groups wandering around the city
00:37:11lost and desperate and violent for that too
00:37:15Well, to me personally it seemed like an apocalyptic situation
00:37:25There was no revolution around the corner, there wasn't a penny to come and wait for
00:37:31I didn't understand, maybe this is also my limitation
00:37:37I didn't understand the need to show off muscles
00:37:45Whether you were part of the movement or not
00:37:49whether he had one idea or not
00:37:50that March 12, 1977
00:37:53We who are this age surely all remember it
00:37:57I personally studied and worked in a radio
00:38:02I was one of those who were inside the editorial office
00:38:05I didn't participate in the demonstrations
00:38:08I didn't ask myself this question about the clash
00:38:11because I was personally alien to the concept of confrontation
00:38:15so I wouldn't have been an interesting revolutionary painting
00:38:19for neither party involved
00:38:22but that violence but also that feeling of omnipotence
00:38:27but also that possibility that everything was just around the corner
00:38:31including the revolution and also having the energy of a twenty-year-old
00:38:35and maybe waste it for that I remember it very well
00:38:42On March 12th I stopped doing politics
00:38:45in the sense that that militancy seemed lost to me
00:38:49because we arrived in Piazza del Popolo and I heard the gunshots
00:38:52then they shot
00:38:54and what did I have to do with that stuff anymore?
00:38:56it was the clear sign of the most complete defeat
00:39:03they exchanged shots with the police and the autonomists
00:39:06and I in the middle and I and we in the middle what were we doing
00:39:09a season like that of the armed struggle
00:39:13let's say the left has certainly had strength
00:39:16because many people out of desperation or by mistake
00:39:21because desperation is not naturally a mitigating factor
00:39:24a sufficient explanation chose that path
00:39:27to me they seemed like victims of an idolatry that was going crazy
00:39:32in short, and also of practices that seemed inhumane to me
00:39:35it was the last moment when the other half expressed himself
00:39:39that is, those who didn't want to shoot
00:39:41they thought the world could be changed
00:39:43even protesting but in a cheerful and creative way
00:39:46with the girotondi, with the choirs, with the divine bands
00:39:56the 77 movement with a perhaps overused formula
00:40:01but how can I say it was that water where the fish who then practiced armed struggle
00:40:11and the choice of clandestinity they swam or camouflaged themselves
00:40:19I think it's right to recognize this
00:40:28Free radio stations were the great phenomenon of that part of the 70s
00:40:34they were in all the cities, they were of all types
00:40:38they told every story, the microphone was opened and we went freely
00:40:43there were commercial radios with their most famous music
00:40:47and with advertising, they had a lot of advertising too
00:40:51there were very politically engaged radios
00:40:54there were radios that were a little politically engaged
00:40:57there was the megaphone of the neighborhoods, there was the voice of the kids
00:41:01it was a very free way of communicating, of recognizing each other, of meeting
00:41:07there weren't many hierarchies, there weren't many algorithms either
00:41:12but of course that was a whole different story
00:41:19one of the most beautiful things of that period was the free radios
00:41:23in Rome there were three, who embodied the three souls of politics
00:41:30there was the Future City, there was the Red Wave Radio and there was the Blue Radio
00:41:33Radio Blu is the one where I worked
00:41:35where there was a factory of music critics
00:41:39of great music lovers, of great radio speakers
00:41:42who then did a lot of Cammin Rai, we were all there
00:41:46message for Alice to be read on Rai when it comes
00:41:50three workers have been in prison for a month
00:41:54Radio Alice, however, was an experiment, much further ahead
00:41:56also of our Radio Blu, of Città Futura
00:41:58Let's not talk about Onda Rossa, which was instead an ultra-militant radio station
00:42:02because he mixed the idea, let's call them metropolitan Indians for convenience
00:42:07that is, the fact that politics and art could walk together
00:42:13Alice wore this in 77, so a complete freedom area
00:42:17of remarkable creativity, of art, because in my opinion that's what it should be called
00:42:22politics mixed up
00:42:24Listen, there's the police at the door.
00:42:25They entered
00:42:29This freedom, this art, seemed so dangerous.
00:42:33the fact that one could communicate freely, constantly
00:42:35which was closed live by the police
00:42:39Here we are, tearing, tearing the microphone
00:42:42Hello hands up
00:42:44The companies were here at the mixer
00:42:53The fascists must have entered, so they found themselves facing them
00:42:57There are these few words said, heard by some listeners
00:43:01what have they heard but who are you?
00:43:03But they kill us all, they kill us all
00:43:06after which the broadcast went away
00:43:07The future society was a shock because it was a radio
00:43:10that is, we are not talking about militants
00:43:12we're not talking about people on the street
00:43:14They beat you up the other day and they got to the point of beating you up
00:43:16that was a terrorist attack
00:43:20in the full sense of the word
00:43:21I mean, I do something that scares you
00:43:23I do something that tells you I can get anywhere
00:43:25and that I have no limits, that I can do anything
00:43:28attacking some girls who were doing a program on a radio
00:43:31talking about women
00:43:31that is, there is no reason in the world
00:43:40Let's go back to that March 12, 1977
00:43:43where the illusion of a revolution without weapons fades
00:43:46and many make their final choices
00:43:49a few days after April 21, 1977
00:43:54during the eviction of some occupied faculties at the university
00:43:57Very violent clashes lead to the death of the junior officer
00:44:02Septimius Passamonti
00:44:04the next day the Minister of the Interior
00:44:07Francesco Cossiga
00:44:08bans demonstrations in Rome
00:44:11it is a ban that the Radical Party challenges
00:44:14organizing the demonstration on May 12th
00:44:17to celebrate the three years since the victory of the referendum on divorce
00:44:22and during the clashes of this demonstration
00:44:26most likely killed by a shot fired from the police
00:44:33student Giorgiana Masi dies
00:44:35two days later in Milan during a demonstration
00:44:40which celebrates the poor Giorgiana Masi
00:44:43Brigadier Antonino Custra is killed
00:44:46and then we arrive at September 30th of that dramatic 1977
00:44:52when a left-wing boy loses his life
00:44:56Walter Rossi
00:44:57seven years of documented fascist violence
00:45:00hundreds of assaults, beatings, intimidations
00:45:02only partially reported for fear of reprisals
00:45:06it is the story of many neighborhoods of Rome
00:45:07but of one in particular, the Balduina
00:45:09200,000 inhabitants
00:45:11where hundreds of well-known black marketeers have dominated for too long
00:45:14in those days there were many fascist attacks
00:45:17there were fascist attacks in the school
00:45:19because there was a huge student movement
00:45:21Rome was divided into various zones
00:45:24where there was a majority of young people
00:45:27either left or right
00:45:28which prevented the movement of opponents of the opposing faction
00:45:33compared to fascist ascuadrism
00:45:36and fascist violence
00:45:38we certainly couldn't rely on the institutions
00:45:43on the evening of September 29th
00:45:45in Piazza Igea as it was called at the time
00:45:47some exponents were gathered there
00:45:51of left-wing extra-parliamentary groups
00:45:54a car passes by and several gunshots are fired from it
00:45:57and a girl is seriously injured
00:45:59Elena Pacinelli, a 19-year-old girl
00:46:02she was hit by seven gunshots
00:46:04shot from a moving car
00:46:05she too is a far-left activist
00:46:07she was hit by three bullets in the liver
00:46:09All the shells exploded at the height of Thorax
00:46:12for which there is an evident desire to kill
00:46:16the next day we decided to hand out flyers
00:46:20in Balduina
00:46:22to say that we knew who it was
00:46:25so we went down to Prati
00:46:30we are located in Via Pomponazzi
00:46:34Pomponazzi was the historical thirst of the manifesto
00:46:37and we like all the comrades
00:46:40let's say if we spent the afternoons
00:46:44not only the afternoons because we also did
00:46:45political militancy in parentheses
00:46:47which was the most important thing
00:46:49and then a small group of 30-40 people
00:46:52they began to climb up via gold medals
00:46:55to give the flyer
00:46:56at a certain point that procession stops
00:47:00there is the Missina headquarters protected by the police
00:47:04we were stopped several times by plainclothes policemen
00:47:09we returned to Pomponazzi
00:47:12and after half an hour, three quarters of an hour
00:47:15the voice came, I never understood from whom
00:47:18who had attacked a comrade in Piazza Giovenale
00:47:21so we left there less
00:47:25we went up to see
00:47:27a group gathers in front of the Balduina section
00:47:29of gold medal avenue
00:47:30at this point the first and most serious discount explodes
00:47:33someone is talking but the police have not communicated
00:47:35elements confirming a stone blast
00:47:37from the social movement section
00:47:39a group of young people rush out
00:47:41a police van comes out
00:47:44behind which they hide
00:47:46anyway they protect themselves
00:47:49some militants who probably
00:47:51it will be said later that they left the MSI section
00:47:54we also noticed another small group
00:47:57there must have been three, two, three, four
00:48:00on the opposite sidewalk
00:48:01the thing was really bothering me
00:48:04so he told everyone to go away
00:48:07leaving no one behind
00:48:09gunshots are heard from that counter-procession
00:48:12he shoots
00:48:13two people broke away
00:48:15one long-limbed and one stockier
00:48:20and the stocky one is the one who got into aiming position and fired
00:48:25one was seen kneeling on the ground
00:48:27take aim and shoot
00:48:28first a shot, then another run
00:48:31then three more shots
00:48:32in the breakaway group along Via Elio Donato
00:48:36there's also Walter Rossi, twenty years old
00:48:37it has become politicized in recent years
00:48:39he just returned from the conference in Bologna
00:48:41I threw myself under the car
00:48:44and at that moment I heard a scream
00:48:46of someone who said he had hit Walter
00:48:48the shot had hit him in the forehead
00:48:52and it was obviously a very serious situation
00:48:57we were charged by the police
00:49:00who had arrived in the meantime with the van
00:49:03right at the crossroads, they got off
00:49:05and we told him
00:49:08to absolutely call an ambulance
00:49:11the answer we were given
00:49:13it's that they didn't have the radio
00:49:14I told two policemen
00:49:16to help me load Walter into the van
00:49:19and to come
00:49:19and take him to the hospital immediately
00:49:23we climbed from the gold medal
00:49:25at the height of Via Gandia
00:49:28I realized that
00:49:38how do you see the weather
00:49:42it doesn't help
00:49:50I noticed that Walter was dead
00:49:52I went down
00:49:53the van was stuck in traffic
00:49:56I got in the way
00:49:57I had the traffic opened there
00:50:00then I told him to go
00:50:01but I didn't get back in the van
00:50:09Osvaldo sees his friend die
00:50:12his partner Walter Rossi
00:50:14and the search for the truth begins
00:50:17a difficult search
00:50:20complicated
00:50:20you can guess the situation
00:50:23you can understand the context
00:50:26but to whom should it be attributed?
00:50:28responsibility for Walter Rossi's death
00:50:30the magistrates in charge of the investigations
00:50:33on the killing of Walter Rossi
00:50:35they went to the place where
00:50:37the young militant of continuous struggle fell
00:50:39to reconstruct the phases of the murder
00:50:42I remember it as one of the worst nights
00:50:45because I think that evening
00:50:49then he marked us all
00:50:52Walter's friends
00:50:55I know there was a meeting
00:50:57a few days before
00:50:58in which it was scheduled
00:51:01and it was known that that day
00:51:03there would have been some confirmation in Baldovina
00:51:05Valerio Fioravanti will tell the story
00:51:08one of the founders
00:51:10or at least one of the main militants of the NAR
00:51:13that his brother Cristiano
00:51:15and Alessandro Librandi
00:51:18they will confess to him that they participated
00:51:20to this shooting with a weapon they had with them
00:51:23and that the shots had come from them
00:51:26Cristiano and Alessandro Librandi had shot Balterrossi
00:51:30had they been?
00:51:31Cristiano and Alessandro Librandi
00:51:33with the gun it was one who passed it to the other
00:51:37and it ended up that Cristiano managed to attribute the fatal blow to Alessandro
00:51:41in short Alessandro is dead and the trial is over
00:51:44so was there a trial?
00:51:45no, it wasn't done because Alessandro Librandi died, after all
00:51:49it was clear that the one who shot was Cristiano Fioravanti
00:51:54for its physical conformation
00:51:56because the one who shot was the stockiest, biggest one
00:52:00while Alessandro Librandi was slimmer and taller
00:52:03the one we saw was the stocky and big one
00:52:08we have started trying to reopen this process
00:52:14we went to court, juvenile court because he was a minor at the time
00:52:17who said there was no evidence, did not accept any evidence
00:52:23our witnesses were the ones accused of perjury
00:52:27it ended there
00:52:27You'll pay a lot! You'll pay everything!
00:52:32Mourning is not enough for the murdered men!
00:52:36investigations require precise evidence of individual responsibilities
00:52:40for a specific fact
00:52:41Walter Rossi is one of the many deaths without a culprit in that period
00:52:47we say here that this approach
00:52:50he is finished from previous criminal actions
00:52:53I've always thought one thing
00:52:56that all of that was planned
00:52:59let's not forget that
00:53:02that fascists have always had a very clear attitude
00:53:06towards his classmates
00:53:08I think that night they were looking for the dead man
00:53:11and yet there was someone who pretended nothing had happened
00:53:15or he closed his eyes
00:53:17this first death actually came later
00:53:20repeated attempts to play dead
00:53:22that is, let's say this a little cynically, he succeeded
00:53:26but the issue had been raised several other times
00:53:28in short there had been several stabbings
00:53:45there is no justice for Walter Rossi
00:53:48and every time it happens every time this question remains unanswered
00:53:53there is a sense of frustration and bitterness
00:53:56of defeat
00:53:59A huge crowd attended Walter Rossi's funeral
00:54:03among the many boys there is also an elderly gentleman
00:54:07hidden discreetly in the crowd
00:54:09without an escort, without an escort, without anything
00:54:12his name is Sandro Pertini
00:54:13he was an old partisan, a fighter
00:54:16he was president of the Chamber
00:54:19at that time he does not hold any public office
00:54:22the following year he will be elected President of the Republic
00:54:27and Gad Lerner will dedicate an article to him on lotta continua
00:54:31remembering that moment when the elderly partisan
00:54:36attended Walter Rossi's funeral
00:54:38you are hidden among the faces of thousands of young people
00:54:42We dedicate this photo to you because young people love you
00:54:45to the old people who have the humility and courage to mingle with them
00:54:49at least in the moments that are not the happy ones
00:54:52but the sad ones
00:54:53in which the presence of the elderly is more important
00:54:56we dedicate it to you because you are in this photo
00:54:59you are not in the foreground
00:55:06the hand that shot
00:55:08has a material responsibility
00:55:11political responsibility
00:55:13of all this
00:55:16it's the state's for me
00:55:19and not only of the State
00:55:20in the sense
00:55:22of whoever at that moment decided to raise the level of the conflict
00:55:28I knew Walter like everyone else
00:55:30at that time I remember
00:55:32one of the things we often did on Sundays
00:55:35we used to go and do the self-reduction for the cinemas
00:55:39we were comrades who were
00:55:41who were busy
00:55:43that we had a world of ideas
00:55:45we really had a world of ideas
00:55:47we thought that
00:55:48I'm not saying we should totally change society
00:55:51but make it better somehow
00:55:52to make poliga you have to be in the square
00:55:55you have to be visible
00:55:58to others at that time in situations of great despair
00:56:02Perhaps
00:56:03some soldiers to heroin many
00:56:05and others have made choices like armed struggle
00:56:09completely chosen in my opinion
00:56:13wrong
00:56:14because they had decided that it was time for revolution
00:56:16instead it was the exact opposite moment in my opinion
00:56:21okay but that's another story
00:56:37Osvaldo is right
00:56:39it wasn't exactly the time for revolution
00:56:42Today he can say it and we can say it
00:56:44that we can recognize the detachment from that season
00:56:48the definition of the years of lead remains
00:56:50comes from a 1981 German film
00:56:53it practically comes at the end of that season
00:56:56the contradiction remains
00:56:58of a period that brought us great reforms
00:57:01great ideal impulses
00:57:02profound changes in customs
00:57:04but also violence
00:57:06and the victims
00:57:07and there remain the victims who have had justice
00:57:10and those that have remained forgotten
00:57:13or who have not had justice
00:57:16the 70s season
00:57:19will degenerate and end in its most atrocious part
00:57:23with the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
00:57:26and the men of his escort
00:57:28It will weigh like a millstone on our history
00:57:31the Moro affair
00:57:32the words he wrote will weigh heavily
00:57:35in one of those letters from prison
00:57:37which have caused much discussion
00:57:39that they made people say
00:57:40Moro was not compos sui
00:57:43but this is a version that I believe
00:57:45no one today can reasonably maintain
00:57:49under the circumstances described above
00:57:51enter the game
00:57:52beyond any humanitarian consideration
00:57:55which cannot be ignored either
00:57:56the reason of state
00:57:57especially this reason of state in my case
00:58:01It means that I am under a dominion full of uncontrolled
00:58:05subjected to a popular trial
00:58:07which can be appropriately graduated
00:58:10at the risk of being called or induced to speak
00:58:13in a way that could be unpleasant and dangerous
00:58:26In my house in the 70s the team structure was more or less this
00:58:34My mother was very careful about protecting her children
00:58:38particularly very scared
00:58:41understandably from those hard, dangerous, violent years
00:58:45experienced by my brother sometimes firsthand
00:58:47because he was so young
00:58:48but he went to his first demonstration at the age of 14
00:58:51it's the one where Giorgia Namasi dies
00:58:57he is a left-wing student at the swearing-in ceremony
00:59:00which is a school that has been notoriously right-wing
00:59:02so in a dangerous climate for him too
00:59:05where he sometimes receives a call from some old friend in the neighborhood
00:59:08or from middle school who perhaps instead made and made different choices
00:59:13which warns him not to go to school
00:59:14he tells him
00:59:14Fabiè, you're not coming to school today, it's better
00:59:17and so he stays at home
00:59:22Every now and then, I don't know, an iron fist pops out
00:59:26some blunt object with my mother getting angry
00:59:29with my brother understandably
00:59:30but he explains to her that he doesn't need them to offend anyone
00:59:34but to defend themselves
00:59:35so when I was little I didn't understand things well
00:59:37but I was living this sort of war
00:59:40in the trench that was home compared to the outside world that was the battlefield
00:59:45and then the carousel
00:59:48and then the carousel
00:59:48the carousel
00:59:49We're at our house, the one with Cadoro
00:59:52My parents and I suddenly get bored
00:59:54Dad says lock yourselves in your room
00:59:57put a cupboard behind the door
00:59:59do not open for any reason in the world
01:00:01okay, I'm shyly looking out with my mother
01:00:04From the window I see three thugs come up
01:00:07in reality it was exactly the Dicos
01:00:09why Franco Evangelista
01:00:11the policeman nicknamed Serpico
01:00:14he was killed in front of Julius Caesar
01:00:17my brother was an eyewitness to this fact
01:00:20along with many other students and is the first to call 113
01:00:23and then Dicos comes to the house to understand something more
01:00:27why Fabio was there at that very moment
01:00:29that is, even if you are left-wing
01:00:31as Dicos clearly knows from all the files
01:00:34I had knowledge, I had seen the people
01:00:37who had shot the policeman that day
01:00:43seeing, sometimes not understanding, sometimes instinctively
01:00:47instead also capturing the climate that was felt in those years
01:00:50they then make me make choices that take me far away
01:00:56from the climate that was felt in those years
01:00:58very intense but also very violent
01:01:06At the end of this very dramatic year
01:01:09so stained with blood that we told 1977
01:01:14Do you know which films people flock to see?
01:01:18These are close encounters of the third kind and star wars
01:01:22They are two science fiction films that tell a completely different story
01:01:26that speak of hope, of the encounter with extraterrestrials
01:01:29of Luke Skywalker's epic of struggle and victory
01:01:33it's as if a different thought was taking hold underground
01:01:38as if it was taking hold, we didn't know it yet
01:01:41It's like a narrative that is meant to change the way we feel
01:01:45the history and feelings of those years
01:01:48there's a movie, there's a movie that comes out that very year
01:01:52who comes from America and tells us about this new sensation
01:01:56It's a film that seems to take us straight back to the 80s.
01:02:00which will be the years of lightness for us
01:02:03the years of a completely different kind of storytelling
01:02:05it's called Saturday Night Fever
01:02:10It's Tony Manero's film, it's the film where you dance
01:02:15It's the film about the discos that young people are starting to populate even in the afternoon
01:02:19it's the film that goes in a completely different direction
01:02:24compared to everything we have said so far
01:02:26for this reason, also to send a signal
01:02:30We leave you with this song about the ambiguity of those years
01:02:34Saturday Night Fever, or Saturday Night Fever
01:02:38Good night
01:02:41The period of experimental color broadcasts ends
01:02:46and the one of regular broadcasts begins
01:02:58See you soon!
01:03:04See you soon!
01:03:04Modizia
01:03:19Modizia
01:03:33Modizia
01:03:36Now let's start with Gabriele Ferri
01:03:39We now broadcast in color the recorded commentary of the second half
01:03:57We broadcast in color the other Sunday
01:04:12Happy Sunday
01:04:20A myriad of young women arrived
01:04:30Christa Wander's was a media murder
01:04:41I carried those weapons, that knife
01:04:46Just as a knight can carry a sword
01:04:54There are seven stab wounds in quick succession
01:05:08There was a murderer's guess
01:05:11Yes
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