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00:00In today's lesson, we are going to cover direct and indirect speech in English grammar, which help us talk about
00:07what someone said.
00:09This topic is also known as reported speech.
00:12We shall discuss the various rules for conversion of direct to indirect speech and vice versa with ample number of
00:22examples.
00:23There are two ways to report what someone says or thinks.
00:28The first one is direct speech, which shows a person's exact words.
00:34Quotation marks are used in direct speech.
00:37They are a sign that the words are the exact words that a person used.
00:42So let us suppose there is this girl, Meera, who meets Shyam on her way back home.
00:48She asks him, Where are you going?
00:51Shyam replies, I am going home.
00:54The direct speech for this conversation looks like
01:03The second way to report the same conversation would be the use of indirect speech.
01:10In indirect speech, which is also called reported speech, a person, who is usually different from the person who spoke
01:18earlier, reports what was said.
01:21Reported speech puts the speaker's words or ideas into a sentence without quotation marks.
01:28In reported speech, the reader or hearer does not assume that the words are the speaker's exact words.
01:37Often, they are a paraphrase of the speaker's words.
01:41The reported speech for the mentioned conversation looks like
01:45Meera asked Shyam where he was going.
01:48We are reporting a question here, so we use the reporting verb asked.
01:53Shyam said that he was going home.
01:55We are reporting a statement here, so we use the reporting verb said, which is also the most common verb
02:02for reporting.
02:04Please note, use of the word that is optional in reported speech.
02:09So both of the following sentences are correct.
02:13Shyam said that he was going home.
02:15And Shyam said he was going home.
02:19You can come across either one in reported speech.
02:25The most common reporting verbs in indirect speech are said and told for reporting statements and asked for reporting questions.
02:36Though other verbs such as inquired, commanded, ordered, requested, advised, suggested, exclaimed, shouted, etc. could also be used.
02:48Students often confuse between the verbs said and told, so let's quickly discuss the difference in their usage.
02:57Said can be used with any type of speech and is not followed by an indirect object.
03:03So the three sentences, we are said I am hungry, we are said to me I am hungry, or we
03:11are said that she was hungry, are correct.
03:15But you can't say, we are said me I am hungry.
03:19You must put the preposition to in between.
03:22In contrast, we use told to point out who was being spoken to, that is, a person who plays the
03:31role of an indirect object in the sentence.
03:34So, I would say, we are told me, or we are told him, or we are told us, that she
03:42was hungry.
03:42The verb told will take an indirect object after it, which means, within the sentence, there should be an answer
03:50to the question, told whom.
03:53The answer could be, told me, or told him, or told us, etc.
03:59As we discussed, there could be other reporting verbs as long as they soothe the context of the speech.
04:07Just to give a few examples, consider the following sentences.
04:12Goldilocks said, how hot the soup is.
04:16This is an exclamation indirect speech.
04:19You can observe the quotation marks as well as the exclamation mark.
04:25The indirect speech for this sentence could have been,
04:29Goldilocks said that the soup was hot.
04:32But then, the original sense and the sudden outburst of emotion, as expressed by the exclamation mark, would be lost.
04:42So, a better reporting verb to use would be, exclaimed.
04:47Stir it with your spoon, her sister said.
04:50This sentence in direct speech is clearly an advice.
04:55So, the indirect speech for this sentence looks like,
04:58Her sister advised her to stir it with a spoon.
05:03It's better than saying, her sister told her to stir it with a spoon.
05:08More about reporting verbs later, we will discuss the relevant reporting verbs for different occasions in various sections of this
05:17lesson.
05:20So, that you may form an effective mind mark of the rules to convert direct speech into indirect speech and
05:29back,
05:29we are categorizing the topic into the following heads.
05:36We will start with simple statements as the basic rules remain the same even for complex cases like reporting questions,
05:45imperatives and exclamations as we would observe later on in this lesson.
05:54The following are usually changed when we convert direct speech into indirect speech and you need to watch out for
06:02these changes while solving questions during your exam.
06:06First is tenses.
06:09The tenses usually shift or move back in time because time has passed between the moment of speaking and the
06:18moment of reporting.
06:19Accordingly, we make changes to the original verbs in indirect speech, barring some exceptions.
06:27We will shortly discuss that.
06:29Second is pronouns.
06:31Pronouns in direct speech are changed from the perspective of the person who is reporting.
06:39And the third is other words denoting time and place.
06:43Words indicating nearness in time and place must be replaced with appropriate words expressing distance.
06:52Again, we will discuss it in detail shortly.
07:00First and the most important is the shift in verb tense.
07:04When we report what someone said in the past, we usually shift back a verb tense from the tense the
07:12speaker used.
07:14Major back shifts are
07:15Simple present becomes simple past.
07:18For example, look at the following sentence in direct speech.
07:24I write poetry, she said.
07:26The verb write is in simple present tense.
07:30The indirect speech for this sentence would be
07:33She said that she wrote poetry.
07:36As you may observe, write becomes rote which is simple past tense.
07:42Simple past tense becomes past perfect.
07:45For example, I saw the burglar's leave, said Pankaj.
07:50This is a statement in direct speech.
07:53And the verb is saw, which is in simple past tense.
07:57The indirect speech for this sentence would be
08:00Pankaj said he has seen the burglar's leave.
08:04Please note the word saw changes to
08:08had seen, which is in past perfect tense.
08:12Present perfect tense also becomes past perfect.
08:16For instance,
08:18Ria said,
08:18Where had they gone?
08:20This is a question in direct speech.
08:23The basics remain the same for statements and questions.
08:27Note the verb phrase.
08:28It is have gone, which is in present perfect tense.
08:33The indirect speech of this would be
08:35Ria wondered where they had gone.
08:38Have gone changes into had gone, which is in past perfect.
08:44Present continuous tense becomes past continuous tense.
08:49A continuous tense indicates that the action is going on at the point of speaking.
08:55Look at the following example.
08:57I am doing my homebook, said the girl.
09:00The indirect speech for this is
09:03The girl said that she was doing her homebook.
09:07Am doing, which is present continuous,
09:10gets changed into was doing,
09:12which is past continuous tense.
09:17If the tense is past continuous, which is quite rare,
09:21it gets changed to past perfect continuous.
09:25So, for example,
09:27We were living in Paris in those days,
09:30said they to me.
09:32In indirect speech, this sentence looks like,
09:36They told me that they had been living in Paris in those days.
09:40The expression,
09:42Were living, which is past continuous,
09:44gets changed to,
09:46Had been living,
09:47which is past perfect continuous.
09:50But, a word of caution here.
09:53These two tenses remain the same.
09:56Past perfect remains past perfect.
09:59Past perfect continuous remains past perfect continuous.
10:04So, for instance,
10:06The sentence,
10:07I had gone to visit my aunt,
10:09he explained,
10:10would look like,
10:12He explained that,
10:13He had gone to visit his aunt.
10:15Note that the verb phrase,
10:18Had gone,
10:19which is past perfect,
10:20remains the same in indirect speech.
10:23Also,
10:24When there are two sentences,
10:27combined with the help of a conjunction,
10:29and both sentences have got different tenses,
10:32then change the tenses of both sentences,
10:36according to the rule.
10:37More about this rule later,
10:40when we come to questions practice.
10:45While the tense of the verb usually changes,
10:48there are a few exceptions,
10:50that you need to watch out for.
10:52You do not change tense of indirect speech,
10:56if the reporting verb is in present tense,
10:59or if,
11:00in indirect speech,
11:02you find,
11:02say,
11:03says,
11:04or will say.
11:06An example of this is,
11:08Mr. Viru says,
11:10the exam will be next week.
11:12Please note,
11:13that the reporting verb is says,
11:16which is simple present tense.
11:18The tense of other verbs in the quotation,
11:21will not change either.
11:23As the sentence was immediately reported,
11:26the quoted information was still true.
11:29In the second case,
11:31you do not change tense of indirect speech,
11:33if the words within the quotation marks,
11:36talk of a universal truth,
11:38or habitual action.
11:41Examples are,
11:42The earth revolves around the sun,
11:45said the teacher.
11:46The entire speech for this is,
11:49the teacher said,
11:50that the earth revolves around the sun.
11:53The quotation contains a universal truth,
11:56so we use,
11:57simple present tense,
11:59in the indirect speech as well.
12:01The tense does not change.
12:03Similarly,
12:04the boy said,
12:06I brush my teeth every day.
12:08The indirect speech for this sentence is,
12:11the boy said,
12:13that he brushes his teeth every day.
12:15Since the sentence contains a habitual action,
12:19the tense will remain simple present.
12:25Apart from tenses,
12:27some modal verbs also change,
12:29in indirect speech,
12:31to reflect a lower possibility.
12:34Modals are auxiliary verbs,
12:36that express necessity,
12:38or possibility.
12:39So for instance,
12:41will becomes would,
12:42can becomes good,
12:44may becomes might,
12:45and must becomes had to.
12:48One modal,
12:49that I would like to highlight,
12:51is shall.
12:52Shall usually becomes would.
12:54However,
12:55in reported questions,
12:57shall become should.
12:58As always,
13:00there are exceptions.
13:02Modals,
13:02such as,
13:03would,
13:04could,
13:05might,
13:05should,
13:06ought to,
13:07and used to,
13:08remain the same,
13:10during conversion of speech,
13:11from direct to indirect.
13:17Here are,
13:18a few quick examples,
13:20to illustrate this change,
13:21in modal verbs.
13:23I will mention a sentence,
13:25indirect speech,
13:26followed by,
13:27its indirect speech version.
13:29Change in modal,
13:31has been highlighted,
13:32in blue.
13:34We will be there,
13:35he promised.
13:36He promised,
13:37that they,
13:38would be there.
13:40Will becomes would.
13:41I shall buy you,
13:43a new dress,
13:44said her mother.
13:45Her mother said,
13:46that she would,
13:47buy her new dress.
13:50Shall becomes would,
13:51except for questions,
13:53when shall become should.
13:54For instance,
13:56shall I open the box,
13:58she asked.
13:59She asked,
14:00if she should,
14:01open the box.
14:02She said,
14:03I may buy a laptop.
14:05She said,
14:06that she might buy a laptop,
14:08may pick up smite.
14:10He said,
14:11I must work hard.
14:12He said,
14:13that he had to work hard.
14:16Must becomes had to.
14:18I cannot remember your name,
14:21said Lisa.
14:22Lisa said,
14:23she could not remember my name,
14:25so can becomes could.
14:27And one example of modals,
14:29that don't change at all.
14:31I would buy it,
14:33if I have the money,
14:34he said.
14:35He said,
14:36he would buy it,
14:37if he had the money.
14:39Would is one of the modals,
14:41in the exceptions list,
14:42that don't change.
14:48There are change in pronouns,
14:50in reported speech.
14:51I guess,
14:52I don't need to elaborate this much,
14:54because no one gets a question,
14:56on reported speech wrong,
14:58because of pronouns.
15:00And still,
15:01the pronouns,
15:02of the direct speech,
15:03are changed,
15:04where necessary,
15:05to reflect their relation,
15:06with the reporter.
15:08They change,
15:09in the following ways.
15:10The first person,
15:12of the reported speech,
15:14changes,
15:14according to the subject,
15:16of the reporting speech.
15:18I am hungry,
15:19said Trisha.
15:21Trisha said,
15:22she was hungry.
15:23I,
15:24which is a first person subject,
15:26becomes she,
15:27which is a third person true noun,
15:29because the subject,
15:30or the one who spoke,
15:32is Trisha,
15:33a third person subject.
15:35The second person,
15:37of reported speech,
15:38changes,
15:39according to the object,
15:40of reported speech.
15:43Aruv asked her,
15:44where do you live?
15:45Aruv wanted to know,
15:47where she lived.
15:49You,
15:50a second person true noun,
15:51becomes she,
15:52because the hero,
15:54or the object,
15:55of the conversation,
15:56is a third person.
15:58The third person,
15:59of the reported speech,
16:00does not change.
16:01He said to me,
16:03they are in class tenth.
16:04He told me,
16:06that they are in class tenth.
16:07So you can observe,
16:09that the third person,
16:10renown,
16:10they,
16:11remains they.
16:14The third category,
16:16to watch out,
16:17is words indicating,
16:18time and place.
16:19The change in situation,
16:21at the moment of speaking,
16:23and at the time of reporting,
16:25leads to the change,
16:26in these words.
16:28In general,
16:29words indicating,
16:30nearness,
16:31of time and place,
16:33are changed,
16:33to words indicating,
16:35distance,
16:35of time and place.
16:37The following words,
16:39and expressions,
16:40change.
16:41Now changes,
16:42to then,
16:43or at that time.
16:45Ago changes,
16:46to before.
16:49Thus changes,
16:49to so.
16:52At once changes,
16:53to that moment.
16:55This changes,
16:56to that.
16:58These becomes,
16:59those.
17:01Here becomes,
17:02there.
17:03Come changes,
17:04changes to go.
17:05This week,
17:07changes to,
17:07that week.
17:09Today,
17:10becomes,
17:10that day.
17:12Tomorrow,
17:12becomes,
17:13the next day,
17:14or the following day.
17:16Yesterday,
17:17becomes,
17:18the day before,
17:19or the previous day.
17:20Next week,
17:21or next morning,
17:23changes to,
17:24the following week,
17:25or the following morning,
17:26respectively.
17:28Last night,
17:29becomes,
17:30the night before,
17:31and so on.
17:35So,
17:35combining,
17:36the application,
17:37of the three types,
17:38of changes,
17:39that is,
17:40tenses,
17:40pronouns,
17:41and other words,
17:42indicating place,
17:43and time.
17:44We have a few,
17:46examples for you.
17:47The changes,
17:48have been highlighted,
17:49in different colors.
17:51I don't like this book,
17:53said John.
17:54And in that speech,
17:55the sentence looks like,
17:57John said,
17:59he did not like that book.
18:01We met in a party,
18:02last week,
18:03said Myra.
18:05Myra said,
18:06we had met in a party,
18:08the week before.
18:10The interviewer,
18:11said to the young man,
18:13we will let you know,
18:14our decision by tomorrow.
18:16The interviewer,
18:18told the young man,
18:19that they would let him know,
18:20their decision,
18:21by the next day.
18:23Tom said,
18:25I must visit the doctor today.
18:27Tom said,
18:28that he had to visit the doctor,
18:30that day.
18:34So,
18:35that was reporting statements.
18:38For reporting questions,
18:40imperative sentences,
18:41exclamations,
18:43there are a few,
18:44additional points,
18:45that one needs to keep in mind.
18:50Let's discuss questions first.
18:53Questions in reported speech,
18:55are not very different,
18:56from reported statements.
18:58The tenses,
18:59pronouns,
19:00and other words,
19:01change in the same way.
19:03The very important,
19:05thing,
19:05though,
19:06is that,
19:07once we tell the question,
19:08to someone else,
19:09it isn't a question anymore.
19:12So,
19:12we need to change the grammar,
19:14to that of a normal,
19:15positive sentence.
19:17For questions,
19:18the most common,
19:19reporting verb,
19:20is asked.
19:21Though we can also,
19:23use other verbs,
19:24such as,
19:24inquired,
19:25demanded,
19:26or wanted to know.
19:28About the word order,
19:30the word order,
19:32in a reported question,
19:33is the same,
19:34as in a statement.
19:35The subject,
19:36comes before the verb.
19:38Also,
19:39you do not use,
19:40the helping verb,
19:41do,
19:41to form reported questions.
19:44Some examples are,
19:46are you ready,
19:47asked her mother.
19:48Her mother,
19:49wanted to know,
19:50if she was ready.
19:52The old man,
19:53said to the boy,
19:54where do you live?
19:56The old man,
19:57asked the boy,
19:58where he lived.
19:59Please note,
20:00that we drop,
20:01the auxiliary verb,
20:02do,
20:02in the indirect speech.
20:05She said to me,
20:06what are you doing?
20:08She asked me,
20:09what I was doing.
20:11Three points,
20:12that I would like,
20:13to highlight are,
20:14notice,
20:15that the reporting verb,
20:16asked,
20:17just like the verb,
20:18told,
20:19is mostly used,
20:20with an indirect object,
20:22in reported speech.
20:24Asked whom,
20:25probably asked the boy,
20:26or asked me.
20:28Second,
20:30we drop the question mark,
20:31in indirect speech.
20:33And third,
20:34notice the word order,
20:36in indirect speech,
20:37the subject comes,
20:39before the verb phrase.
20:40Like in the last example,
20:43I comes before the phrase,
20:44was doing.
20:46Whereas in the original question,
20:48the subject is sandwiched,
20:50between the auxiliary verb,
20:52and the main verb.
20:53In the question,
20:55what are you doing?
20:56You comes between,
20:58are and doing.
21:02To get more comfortable,
21:04with reporting of questions,
21:06there is one more,
21:07very effective tip,
21:09that I would like,
21:10to give you.
21:11There are two types,
21:12of questions.
21:13The first type,
21:15is a question,
21:15to which the answer is,
21:17yes or no.
21:18And the second type,
21:20is a question,
21:20which seeks,
21:22some information.
21:23The first step,
21:24for converting,
21:25direct speech,
21:26of a question,
21:27is to decide,
21:28this category,
21:29out of these two.
21:31Thereafter,
21:32in a yes no question,
21:34which begins,
21:35with an auxiliary verb,
21:36we use if,
21:38or whether,
21:39in indirect speech,
21:40to introduce,
21:41the clause,
21:42containing paraphrase,
21:43of the question.
21:44We may also use,
21:46whether or not,
21:47for this purpose.
21:48So,
21:49consider the following example.
21:51Priya said,
21:52will you attend the party?
21:54The indirect speech,
21:56for this interrogated sentence,
21:57looks like,
21:59Priya asked,
22:00if I would attend the party.
22:02We can also say,
22:04Priya asked,
22:05whether I would attend the party.
22:07As you would have noted,
22:09we use if,
22:10whether,
22:11or whether or not,
22:12as joining words.
22:14The other type,
22:16information questions,
22:17seek some information,
22:19from the hero,
22:20and usually,
22:21begin with a woe word,
22:23such as,
22:24what,
22:24when,
22:25where,
22:26etc.
22:26For such a question,
22:28no conjunction is used,
22:30as the question word itself,
22:32can be used as the joining word.
22:34As discussed earlier,
22:36the word order,
22:37in indirect speech,
22:39should be changed,
22:40from that of a question,
22:41to that of a proper sentence.
22:43Which means,
22:45subject should come,
22:46before the verb phrase.
22:48Examples are,
22:49the stranger asked,
22:51what time is it?
22:53The stranger inquired,
22:55what time it was.
22:57He asked his father,
22:58who was that man?
23:00He asked his father,
23:02who that man,
23:03had been.
23:04Well,
23:05don't forget the other rules,
23:07regarding tenses,
23:08pronouns,
23:08and other words.
23:09The verb was,
23:11would change to,
23:12had been,
23:13in indirect speech.
23:16Next is,
23:18reporting of,
23:19imperative sentences.
23:21Imperative sentences,
23:23are used,
23:23to give some advice,
23:25or suggestion,
23:26or to make a request,
23:28or even,
23:29to give a command,
23:30or order.
23:31The subject is not mentioned,
23:33in imperative sentences,
23:35as it is understood,
23:36to be the second person subject,
23:38you,
23:39mostly.
23:40Examples of,
23:42imperative sentences are,
23:43open the door.
23:45It's an order,
23:46or it could be a request,
23:48depending on your tune.
23:49That is how you speak it.
23:51If you add a please,
23:53it becomes a little polite,
23:54as in the sentence,
23:56please clean my room,
23:58which is clearly a request.
24:01Don't forget your bag,
24:02is another example,
24:04which is a suggestion,
24:05or a warning.
24:07The only deviation,
24:08from the second person subject,
24:10is,
24:11when the subject is first person.
24:13Us.
24:14Such imperative sentences,
24:16start with the word,
24:17let.
24:18For instance,
24:19let's play football.
24:21Be nice to your brother and sister,
24:24is another example.
24:26It's an advice.
24:27In fact,
24:28this imperative sentence,
24:30can be rephrased as,
24:32you should,
24:33be nice to your brother and sister,
24:35which conveys the same meaning.
24:38Typical reporting verbs,
24:39used for imperatives are,
24:41requested,
24:43entreated,
24:44advised,
24:45urged,
24:46forbade,
24:47ordered,
24:48directed,
24:49suggested,
24:50commanded,
24:51warned,
24:52called,
24:52etc.
24:56In commands,
24:58and in requests,
24:59for action or permission,
25:01we may use infinitives,
25:03which are constructed,
25:04using to,
25:06plus the simple form of the verb,
25:08for deported speech.
25:09For instance,
25:11look at this man crying and saying,
25:13please help me,
25:15he is making a request for action.
25:18The indirect speech for this sentence would be,
25:21the man requested or begged them to help him.
25:24The phrase,
25:26to help in red ink,
25:28is an infinitive phrase.
25:30Similarly,
25:31in commands,
25:32when you strictly tell someone,
25:34to do,
25:35or not to do something,
25:36let's suppose there is an instructor who says,
25:40do not cheat in exam.
25:41The indirect speech of this would be,
25:45the instructor warned the students,
25:47not to cheat in the exam.
25:52Let's focus on the sentences,
25:54where we give an advice,
25:55recommendation or suggestion.
25:57In reported speech,
25:59where the main verb is recommend or suggest,
26:02followed by a dark clause,
26:04we use a subjunctive or base form of the verb.
26:08Alternatively,
26:09we can also use a gerund phrase.
26:11Did it sound French to you?
26:14Pay attention to the examples below,
26:16to grasp the usage.
26:19Why don't you go to the doctor?
26:20He said.
26:21This might look like a question,
26:23but no,
26:24it's not a question.
26:25Quick check,
26:26is the speaker seeking some information?
26:29No,
26:30definitely not.
26:31He's giving a suggestion.
26:32So,
26:33in indirect speech,
26:34we would say,
26:35he suggested that,
26:37I should go to the doctor.
26:39In this sentence,
26:40we can drop the word that,
26:42or the word should,
26:43or both,
26:44and the sentence would still be correct.
26:46So,
26:46I can say,
26:47he suggested,
26:48I go to the doctor.
26:50It's correct.
26:51Note that,
26:52we used that clause to join.
26:55Alternatively,
26:55we can say,
26:57he suggested,
26:59going to the doctor,
27:00which is also a correct sentence,
27:02and uses a gerund phrase,
27:04starting with going.
27:06Second example is,
27:08take some rest,
27:09said the doctor.
27:11In direct speech,
27:12of this would be,
27:13the doctor recommended,
27:15that she take some rest,
27:16which is the same as saying,
27:18the doctor recommended,
27:19taking some rest.
27:21And the third example is,
27:23don't wait to apply for this job,
27:25said Anna.
27:27In direct speech,
27:28Anna recommended,
27:30that she not wait,
27:31to apply for that job.
27:35Some more examples,
27:37requests first.
27:39Can I have the newspaper please,
27:41said he.
27:42It's a request for an object.
27:45A short and crisp conversion,
27:47into in direct speech would be,
27:49he asked for the newspaper.
27:52Will you carry the box for me,
27:55she asked.
27:55It's a request for action.
27:58It can be converted,
27:59into in direct speech,
28:00in two ways.
28:01She asked me,
28:03if I would carry the box for her,
28:05or,
28:05she asked me,
28:06to carry the box for her.
28:08The second version,
28:10uses an infinitive,
28:11to carry.
28:13Jin said,
28:14can I make an appointment?
28:16It's a request for permission.
28:18Again,
28:18Jim asked,
28:20if he could make an appointment,
28:22or,
28:23Jim asked,
28:23to make an appointment.
28:25Then,
28:26there could be a negative request.
28:28For instance,
28:30please don't be late,
28:31said she.
28:32It gets converted,
28:33into in direct speech,
28:35as,
28:36she asked,
28:37or requested us,
28:38not to be late.
28:40There could be a command,
28:41or suggestion,
28:42for instance,
28:44plan ahead,
28:45said my father.
28:45And in direct speech,
28:47it would look like,
28:49my father told me,
28:50that I should plan ahead.
28:51Or simply,
28:52my father told me,
28:54to plan ahead.
28:56And the last one is,
28:58mom said,
28:59call me,
29:00when you get home.
29:01And in direct speech,
29:02this imperative sentence,
29:04would look like,
29:05mom said,
29:06that we should call her,
29:07when we get home.
29:08Or,
29:09mom said,
29:10to call her,
29:10when we get home.
29:15And the last category,
29:17indirect to indirect speech,
29:19is exclamatory sentences.
29:21Exclamatory sentences,
29:23express a sudden outburst,
29:25of some emotions,
29:26such as joy,
29:27sorrow,
29:28contempt,
29:29regret,
29:30surprise,
29:30etc.
29:31In reported speech,
29:33the words,
29:34or the sound,
29:35used by the speaker,
29:36to express an emotion,
29:38is omitted.
29:40The exclamatory phrase,
29:41or word,
29:42that is interjection,
29:43is replaced,
29:44by expressions,
29:45such as,
29:47exclaimed with joy,
29:48sorrow,
29:49regret,
29:50surprise,
29:51contempt,
29:51etc.
29:53In particular,
29:54the interjections,
29:56hurrah,
29:57or ha,
29:57which reflect joy,
29:59would be expressed as,
30:01exclaimed with joy,
30:03delight,
30:03or exclaimed joyfully.
30:06The interjections,
30:07alas,
30:08or oh,
30:09which reflect sorrow,
30:11regret,
30:11or loss,
30:12would be expressed as,
30:14exclaimed with sorrow,
30:16grief,
30:16regret,
30:17or cried out.
30:19The interjections,
30:21what,
30:22oh,
30:22how,
30:23which reflect surprise,
30:25would be expressed as,
30:27exclaimed with surprise,
30:28wonder,
30:29astonishment.
30:30The interjection,
30:32bravo,
30:33which reflects appreciation,
30:35would become applauded.
30:37The interjection,
30:38pooh,
30:39which reflects contempt,
30:41would be expressed as,
30:43exclaimed with contempt,
30:44and so on.
30:46Needless to say,
30:47the exclamation mark,
30:48is also removed.
30:53Let's have some examples for the conversion of exclamatory sentences.
30:58The boy said,
31:00hurrah,
31:00we have won the match.
31:02The boy exclaimed with joy,
31:04that they had won the match.
31:07Wow,
31:07what a handsome man he is,
31:09said the girls.
31:11The girls exclaimed,
31:13that he was a handsome man.
31:15Please note,
31:16that apart from the interjection,
31:18wow,
31:18we also removed,
31:19the woe word.
31:21The old man said,
31:23alas,
31:24I have lost my purse.
31:25The old man exclaimed,
31:27with sorrow,
31:27that he had lost his purse.
31:30The child said,
31:31what a beautiful sight.
31:33Child exclaimed,
31:35with delight,
31:36that it was a very beautiful sight.
31:38Or we can say,
31:39the child exclaimed,
31:40with delight,
31:41that the sight was very beautiful.
31:48So that completes the topic.
31:51Here is a mind map,
31:53of direct indirect speech,
31:54that will help you build,
31:55a mental picture of the topic.
31:57It covers the areas,
31:59we should keep in mind,
32:01while attempting a question,
32:02on direct indirect speech.
32:03tsch.
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