00:01Now, let's check out the past perfect.
00:05Here's how to form the past perfect.
00:07You need the auxiliary verb have, add the past tense, of course, and then you need to
00:15add the past participle.
00:17The past participle is the PP.
00:19For example, eaten.
00:21So, eaten is an irregular verb, so you need to use the third column, V3, okay?
00:28So, eat ate eaten, so she had eaten, or when we say it fast, she'd eaten.
00:37But if you have a regular verb like call, so you have to use the third one also, and it
00:44looks like the simple past, but it's not the simple past, it's the past participle.
00:50So he had called.
00:53Now, the past perfect is a very useful verb tense.
00:58Here's how to use it.
01:00We use it to talk about actions that were completed before another past action.
01:07Let me explain.
01:09Here's an example.
01:10I had eaten when she called.
01:13Okay.
01:14So here's your diagram.
01:16You're going to understand very quickly, super simple.
01:20I had eaten when she called.
01:24That's it.
01:25So two past actions.
01:27But we use the past perfect to show a sequence of events.
01:33So that should be easy.
01:34I ate and then she called what I had eaten when she called.
01:42Get ready to cry.
01:44The past perfect has six different uses.
01:47Yes, yes, yes.
01:49Six different uses, and they are not so easy.
01:52So let's go.
01:55Actions completed before another action in the past.
01:58Here we go.
01:59The store had already closed by the time I arrived.
02:03So the store closed and then I arrived.
02:07But we use by the time I arrived to show a sequence of action.
02:13But remember, the first action, the store had already closed.
02:17This one is already finished.
02:19It's not ongoing.
02:21It's over.
02:22The store closed.
02:23And then I arrived and that one is also finished.
02:29Another example.
02:31She had read the book before watching the movie.
02:37So she had read the book.
02:39She read the book first and then she watched the movie.
02:43Two actions in the past, but they are in sequence.
02:49The past perfect has some signal words.
02:53So some words let you know that you may need to use the past perfect.
02:57Not always, but very often.
02:59For example, they had finished their homework before dinner was served.
03:05He called me after he had read the letter.
03:09The thief had escaped by the time the police came.
03:13They had finished the game when it started to rain.
03:18I was disappointed because she had already seen the movie.
03:22She had just fallen asleep when the alarm went off.
03:28We had never experienced such cold weather before moving to Canada.
03:33So you see all the ones in pink before, after, by the time, when, already, just, and never.
03:41These ones are signal words for the past perfect.
03:44And those words are also used to create a sequence of events in your sentence.
03:53Number two.
03:55Action completed before a specific time in the past.
03:59Okay.
03:59So let's take a look at this one.
04:02Here's an example.
04:04By the age of 25, she had already traveled to 20 countries.
04:09So by the age of 25.
04:12So when she reached the age of 25, that was in the past.
04:16But before that, she had already traveled to 20 countries.
04:21So she traveled to 20 countries and then she reached the age of 25.
04:28Here's another example.
04:30They had finished their project by 8 PM.
04:33So they finished the project and then it was 8 PM.
04:38So they finished before 8 PM.
04:42Cause and effect in the past is also a similar pattern.
04:46They were happy because they had won the game.
04:49So they won the game first and then the second event was they were happy.
04:55But the second one is an effect of the first one.
05:00Another example.
05:01He had not slept well, so he was tired.
05:05So not sleeping well was first and then the result or the effect was he was tired.
05:14Reported speech.
05:16I have seen that movie before.
05:19So you can say, she said she had seen that movie before.
05:24So the seeing of the movie, she saw the movie in the past and then in the past, the second
05:31action in the past was saying, I have seen that movie before.
05:36So she said she had seen that movie.
05:39So have seen becomes had seen.
05:42Here's another one.
05:44I made a mistake.
05:46He admitted he had made a mistake.
05:50Once again, the mistake was made in the past and then the admission was also made in the
05:57past, but making the mistake happened before.
06:00So made a mistake becomes had made a mistake.
06:07Hypothetical situations in the past.
06:10That is the third conditional.
06:11So something that didn't happen in the past.
06:16Let's take a look at an example.
06:18Look at the picture.
06:20You ready?
06:21Maybe you understand what happened.
06:24If she had arrived earlier, she would have caught the train.
06:28Ah, if she had arrived earlier, so the arriving in the past, but it didn't take place.
06:37So if she had arrived, she would have caught the train.
06:41So arriving, first action, second action, catching the train, but it did not happen.
06:48Another example.
06:50If he had studied, he would have gotten a better score.
06:55Ah, he got F on his test because he didn't study.
06:59But if he had studied, that would have been the first action, he would have gotten a better
07:06score also in the past.
07:09To express regret.
07:12Okay, this one is very useful.
07:15I wish I had traveled more when I was younger.
07:19For this one, the diagram doesn't really work, so I didn't put it here.
07:23So I wish I had traveled more when I was younger.
07:26I regret not traveling more.
07:31Here's another one.
07:32Ah, you know what that is all about.
07:34Ah, he wishes he had invested in Bitcoin 10 years ago.
07:39Ah, don't we all?
07:41Let's move on to the past perfect.
07:44So that is used for an action before another action in the past.
07:50Here's an example.
07:51So, she had finished lunch when you called.
07:55So here I'm going to give you both a regular verb and an irregular verb.
08:00She had eaten lunch when you called.
08:03Let's take another look at the diagram.
08:06You see here you have a pink X.
08:09So she finished eating lunch there, and then you called is the light blue X right here.
08:18Two separate actions in the past.
08:21So like I said, finished is a regular verb and eaten is the irregular verb, eat, ate, eaten.
08:30The third one is the past participle.
08:33The contractions, you could say she'd finished or she'd eaten, she'd eaten.
08:41It's a little bit hard to pronounce.
08:44So for this one, you see, there is no S for she.
08:48Okay, that's important to notice.
08:50In fact, all the pronouns are the same.
08:54They are all the same.
08:55All the persons are the same.
08:57There is no extra S needed at the past tense.
09:01Now, let's go to the negative form.
09:03She had not finished lunch when you called or she had not eaten lunch when you called.
09:10What is the contraction?
09:12She hadn't finished lunch or she hadn't eaten lunch when you called.
09:19How about the question form?
09:22Had she finished lunch when you called?
09:25Had she eaten lunch when you called?
09:27And just like before, you can make the negative question.
09:33Hadn't she finished lunch when you called?
09:36It's a little strange.
09:37I was expecting her to be finished, but she was not finished.
09:42It's very strange.
09:44What's wrong with her?
09:46One more time, you can add a question word in front and it makes very good information
09:52questions.
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