00:00So first of all, what is a clause?
00:04Well, a clause is also a group of words, just like a phrase.
00:08However, a clause has both a subject and a verb component or a predicate,
00:16whereas a phrase does not have both a subject and a predicate.
00:22And clauses can be independent or dependent.
00:26A dependent clause is also known as a subordinate clause.
00:32So we're going to talk about five types of clauses in this video.
00:37First, we're going to talk about independent clauses versus dependent clauses.
00:44And then we're going to talk about three types of dependent clauses.
00:50A noun clause, an adjective clause, and an adverb clause.
00:56So first, let's talk about independent clauses.
01:00And an independent clause is a group of words that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
01:08This is why it's called an independent clause.
01:12For example, my sister is a teacher.
01:15If someone says that to you, it makes complete sense as it is.
01:24And remember that all clauses have a subject and a verb component or a predicate.
01:31So my sister is the subject and the predicate is a teacher.
01:35We should go bowling tomorrow.
01:38Once again, an independent clause can stand alone.
01:42It's a complete sentence.
01:45Cats and dogs make the best pets.
01:48So an independent clause can stand alone as it is.
01:53But sometimes we combine it with a dependent clause.
01:56Because a dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, cannot stand alone.
02:05And the reason for the name is that it depends on an independent clause for meaning.
02:12For example, because I was exhausted.
02:16Well, you can see, like all clauses, we have a subject, I.
02:20We have a predicate, was exhausted.
02:23But the word because makes this a dependent clause.
02:28So this cannot stand alone as it is.
02:32If we remove the word because and just have I was exhausted, that would be an independent clause.
02:40But combined with the word because, well, now we need more information.
02:44What are you trying to say?
02:46For example, I didn't go to the party because I was exhausted.
02:51This dependent clause needs an independent clause for meaning.
02:57Here's another example.
02:59If it stops raining.
03:01Once again, the word if makes this a dependent clause.
03:06What happens if it stops raining?
03:09More information is needed.
03:11So this is a dependent clause.
03:13We could not finish this with a period.
03:16Another example.
03:18While Ben was sleeping.
03:19When we were kids.
03:23All of these dependent clauses require more information.
03:26They require an independent clause to make sense.
03:32So now that we know the difference between a dependent clause and an independent clause,
03:37let's go on to different types of dependent clauses, starting with a noun clause.
03:45So a noun clause acts as a noun in a sentence.
03:49And it's a type of dependent clause.
03:52Remember that all clauses have a subject and a verb or predicate.
03:58For example, whatever mom cooked smells delicious.
04:04Whatever mom cooked is a noun clause.
04:08And that's because these words together act as a noun in a sentence.
04:14A way that you can determine that this acts as a noun is if you try to replace it with
04:21another word.
04:22Imagine that the thing mom cooked was soup.
04:27This could be replaced with the noun soup.
04:31Whatever mom cooked smells delicious.
04:34Or the soup smells delicious.
04:38Another example of this.
04:41What the teacher said hurt my feelings.
04:45What the teacher said is a noun clause acting as a noun.
04:51In this case, a thing or a comment.
04:55The teacher's comment hurt my feelings.
04:59Noun clauses can act as subjects, objects, or complements.
05:07In both of these cases, the noun clause acts as the subject of the sentence.
05:14And these noun clauses come before the verbs.
05:18But let's view an example of a noun clause as an object.
05:23I can't decide what to wear.
05:27David finally remembered where he put his keys.
05:32In both of these examples, what to wear and where he put his keys are noun clauses that are acting
05:42as objects.
05:44I can't decide my outfit.
05:47So what to wear is acting as a noun that replaces my outfit.
05:52And David finally remembered where he put his keys.
05:57He remembered the place.
06:00Okay?
06:01Now let's move on to an adjective clause, which can also be known as a relative clause.
06:09And an adjective clause describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun.
06:15It is also a type of dependent clause.
06:20And it begins with words like who, which, that, etc.
06:25Let's look at some examples.
06:28The book that I borrowed was incredible.
06:32That I borrowed is an adjective clause.
06:35And it's describing the noun book.
06:40It's giving us more information about the book.
06:44Everyone deserves a partner who is loyal.
06:48Who is loyal is also an adjective clause as it's describing the type of partner.
06:55The necklace which I bought in Paris is missing.
06:59This relative clause or adjective clause is giving us more information about the necklace.
07:07So relative clauses describe a noun and they answer questions like which one or what kind.
07:17They give us more information about a person, place, or thing.
07:22Now let's move on to adverb clauses or adverbial clauses.
07:28So an adverb clause modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
07:35And once again, it's a type of dependent clause.
07:38And it answers questions like when, why, how, or under what condition.
07:44For example, you can sit down wherever you like.
07:49Wherever you like is an adverb clause.
07:52Because it tells us where you can sit down,
07:56it's giving us extra information about the verb.
08:00Here's another example.
08:01We will drive to the city as soon as it stops snowing.
08:06As soon as it stops snowing is also an adverb clause
08:10because it tells us when the action will happen.
08:16So now we're going to move on to a quiz and there are two parts.
08:21In part one, you must identify if it's an independent or a dependent clause.
08:28Number one, because my little brother was ill.
08:33Number two, I love reading books.
08:37Number three, my parents arrived at the train station.
08:42Number four, if we have some spare time in the evening.
08:47And finally, number five, when my cousin gets back from her trip.
08:57Okay, so number one is a dependent clause.
09:01This clause is not a complete sentence.
09:04We're missing information.
09:06The word because makes it a dependent clause.
09:11We need an independent clause to complete it.
09:15We didn't go to the party because my little brother was ill.
09:20For example, number two is an independent clause.
09:24We could add a period and this makes sense on its own.
09:29My parents arrived at the train station.
09:31Number three is also an independent clause.
09:35We're not left with any questions.
09:37It's a complete sentence on its own.
09:41Number four is a dependent clause.
09:44If we have some spare time in the evening.
09:47The word if makes this a dependent clause.
09:51We need more information.
09:52What are you trying to say?
09:55And number five is also a dependent clause.
09:58When my cousin gets back from her trip.
10:00This is not a complete sentence.
10:03We need more information.
10:06So let's move on to part two.
10:09And you must identify if the highlighted clause is a noun clause, adjective, or adverb clause.
10:17Number one.
10:18The kids played outside until it got dark.
10:24Number two.
10:25Whoever made this cake deserves a prize.
10:31Number three.
10:32The movie that I just watched was terrible.
10:37Number four.
10:39Can you tell me why Doug left early?
10:42And finally, number five.
10:45My dog follows me wherever I go.
10:53Okay, so number one is an adverb clause.
10:58Until it got dark tells us when the kids played outside.
11:04So this clause modifies the verb played.
11:10Number two is a noun clause.
11:14Whoever made this cake.
11:16This acts as the subject of the sentence.
11:20And it tells us who deserves a prize.
11:24The person.
11:25Number three.
11:27That I just watched is an adjective or a relative clause.
11:33It describes the noun movie.
11:36Telling us which movie was terrible.
11:40Number four.
11:41Why Doug left early is a noun clause.
11:47Whereas in number two, this noun clause acted as a subject.
11:53Why Doug left early is a noun clause that is acting as the object of the verb tell.
12:01Can you tell me the reason?
12:03And finally, number five.
12:06My dog follows me wherever I go.
12:09This is an adverb clause.
12:12It tells us where the dog follows.
12:16So it modifies the verb follows.
12:19How
12:19You
12:20there
12:20You
12:20You
12:20You
12:20You
12:20You
12:20You
12:20You
12:20You
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