- hace 19 minutos
Une des erreurs d'Aristote fut de croire à la génération spontanée, erreur reprise par Antoni van Leeuwenhoek en observant pour la première fois les micro-organismes. En 1848, Louis Pasteur enseigne à la faculté et cherche à démontrer expérimentalement devant ses étudiants que cette théorie est fausse. Quelques années plus tard, il s'attaque aux maladies en créant des vaccins, d'abord contre la maladie du charbon puis contre la rage.
Categoría
😹
DiversiónTranscripción
00:28The discoverers
00:30They offer us all the guarantees of happiness
00:32Exemplary light
00:36Who enlightens, who prospers
00:38And opens the way to the dreams of humans
00:42They found levers to lift the world
00:47And thanks to them, the Earth wanted to play ring-around-the-rosie
00:52Turn, turn, all the wheels of locomotion
00:57And cars following each other in a line
01:00And they march by, then quickly speed away
01:02The discoverers
01:04I'm already dreaming of other pipe dreams.
01:06So that we may progress in the wisdom of our old age
01:13The discoverers
01:18The discoverers
01:48The discoverers
02:06A chourine
02:07Where does she come from?
02:09From there
02:16There's nothing there?
02:18Of course, since she left
02:20That doesn't answer the question of where it comes from?
02:24From the basket
02:24Everyone knows that mice are born in waste and filth.
02:28That's what we believed for a long time.
02:30Do you remember this character?
02:32I recognize it!
02:34It's Aristotle!
02:35The inventor of the high school
02:36Yeah, I bet on it, they did everything, the Greeks.
02:38The Chinese too
02:39But the Greeks weren't always right.
02:41Even the greatest have sometimes made mistakes.
02:47And Aristotle made a mistake
02:48Which has continued for nearly 2000 years
02:51See for yourself
02:52Look
02:57Tadpoles
02:58Later, they will become frogs.
03:01Like this one
03:08And yet, teacher, animals have offspring that resemble them.
03:13A foal comes from a mare, its mother
03:15For small, lower animals, flies, worms, insects
03:19See, it's different
03:20They arise spontaneously from rotting matter.
03:23Like this
03:25A flea is small.
03:27But as you know, today there are even smaller ones
03:30A hundred times, a thousand times, a million times smaller
03:34And it took time to discover this new, microscopic world
03:38We'll look at that together.
03:46No, not anything like that anymore.
03:47You're going too fast
03:49And finally, they don't know what they want.
03:51In 1665
03:55Yes, that's it.
03:56In Holland
03:57Dutch fabrics are the best in the world, madam.
04:01None compare to the one we make in Delphi.
04:05Furthermore, check the quality yourself.
04:09Anthony
04:17Oh, how awful!
04:19How dare you?
04:21Oh !
04:23But, madam, but what is it?
04:25Madam, madam
04:28But, but, but what is this animal doing here?
04:39Oh, but that's a myth, sir.
04:42But it's enormous! Enormous!
04:45That's because my lens has grown 200 times, sir.
04:48And I have others at home that are even more powerful.
04:51Anthony, you're causing me trouble.
04:53You are here to sell fabric, not to scare customers
04:57Anthony d'Avenrock had no scientific training
05:00And spoke neither Latin nor Greek
05:01But he had one passion: magnifying glasses and microscopes.
05:04Which allowed him to see the infinitely small
05:17500x magnification
05:19500 times
05:20Yes, with this, I'm going to discover the world of infinitesimally small things.
05:48This is Levenhawk
05:51He claims that the world is teeming with tiny, invisible creatures.
05:55Very small animals
05:56He has a lot of imagination
05:59He's a little crazy, yes
06:03What a pity
06:04He's really a nice boy, but no mistake
06:07He has a fat
06:16They are real, living creatures.
06:18So many
06:19And there are as many in a drop of water as there are inhabitants in the whole
06:22Holland
06:26And she would have come there by spontaneous generation?
06:29Finally, since it's Aristotle who says so
06:32Another letter from Hollande
06:34Anthony Levenhawk was able to see in his microscope the animal that gives birth to man
06:41Scandalous
06:42Shocking!
06:43No gentlemen, we must admit the existence of tiny animals invisible to the naked eye.
06:48But where do they come from?
06:50Most scientists still believed that microbes appeared spontaneously.
06:54Rotting dirty clothes and food
06:57This was a subject of dispute for over a century.
07:01Look, little animals are emerging from this scraped meat.
07:06No, they weren't born alone.
07:08It was airborne germs that infested this meat, no doubt about it.
07:12Transported by air? But then where did they come from?
07:15Spontaneous generation, it's written in the books
07:19No, gentlemen, that's God's role in creation.
07:22Just 150 years ago, people still believed in spontaneous generation.
07:25But all this will change thanks to Louis Pasteur
07:28Ah yes, Pasteur, Louis Pasteur
07:30Mr. Pasteur, you passed your science baccalaureate despite your mediocre grade in chemistry.
07:39I really don't know which career you would recommend.
07:42Despite these poor grades, Pasteur obtained his doctorate in science and became a professor of chemistry.
07:48Look at these two bottles, the clear liquid is identical.
07:52But one is blocked, the other isn't.
07:54Let's wait a few days to see what happens
08:06Look gentlemen, the liquid in the uncapped bottle has become cloudy, why?
08:13Well sir, small living creatures have formed.
08:16Yes, they are microbes, look.
08:21The microbes that are in the air have entered the bottle
08:24Ah, but Professor Pouché says they can appear all by themselves through spontaneous generation.
08:30Well, Professor Pouché is mistaken.
08:43What are you doing here, Mr. Pasteur?
08:48I pump city air that contains tiny microscopic organisms, Mr. Pouché
08:52Ha ha ha, you really see it?
09:15I was sure of it, it's the same microbes, the ones found in city air that have multiplied.
09:21I would like to know for sure.
09:32Mr. Pasteur, what a curious costume, are you cold?
09:36No sir, I am continuing my research
09:38How, but where?
09:41At the Mer de Glace, I go in search of fresh air
09:45Hmm, such a serious young man
09:52We can still see a little, Mr. Pasteur
09:55Even the pure air of the targets
10:23Oh, but come on, oh!
10:38Mr. Pasteur, are you there?
10:43Mr. Pasteur, are you there? Are you waiting for me?
11:01We can go back as far as necessary.
11:04Look, this broth, exposed to the pure, germ-free mountain air, has remained pure, do you follow me?
11:09?
11:09It was then exposed to the dust and microbes of the city.
11:13The microbes multiplied; there is no such thing as spontaneous generation.
11:20I boiled this infusion, which, according to your theory, was pure.
11:24Three days later, it became cloudy.
11:25Microbes have formed inside it, this is proof of spontaneous generation.
11:29It is obvious, Mr. Pouchet, that the microbes entered through there.
11:38And these microbes, gentlemen, can transmit diseases.
11:41And believe me, at the time, it was an absolutely revolutionary theory.
11:46These microbes transform the sugar in grapes to produce wine.
11:49GOOD.
11:52And that's very interesting, I think I've finally found it.
11:56Taste it now.
12:13And those microbes turn the wine into vinegar.
12:16Go for it.
12:27Vinegar, I said vinegar.
12:29I believe we can prove the microbial origin of diseases.
12:33Perhaps even cure them.
12:34Come, let's go see some sheep.
12:37Sheep?
12:40It's a calamity.
12:43Mr. Pasteur, sheep, they die.
12:45Their blood turns completely black.
12:47It's a shame if you could do anything for them.
12:53And the chickens, do they die?
12:55Oh no, the hens are doing fine.
12:58Hmm, curious.
12:59Come.
13:16Anthrax bacteria.
13:19Thousands of sheep are dying as a result.
13:21We will fight this disease.
13:24Have you noticed that this bacterium does not affect chickens?
13:27I think I know why.
13:29The chickens, you can feel it's warmer.
13:31Therefore, this bacterium cannot tolerate heat.
13:35But how can we be sure?
13:37Go and get a chicken.
13:39No, rather two.
13:42Oh, oh, oh, oh.
13:46Oh, oh, oh, oh.
13:49Oh, oh, oh.
13:50Oh, oh, oh, oh.
13:50Oh, oh, oh, oh.
13:52It's not every day you find chickens in the street.
13:56Oh, oh, but, but hens, but hens, stop them.
13:59Stop them.
14:03Oh, oh, three, quick.
14:12Put one in a basin of ice water, Mr. Roux.
14:15Please hold the other one.
14:23So.
14:25You'll see.
14:26The cold hen will be afflicted with anthrax.
14:29And this one will get nothing.
14:30That's what I thought.
14:32We know how to weaken the bacteria.
14:34By heating it.
14:36Let's go prepare a vaccine.
14:40Mr. Pasteur.
14:41Mr. Rossignol, a veterinarian in Pouilly, challenges you to vaccinate sheep against anthrax.
14:46Do you accept?
14:47I accept the challenge.
14:49But we are not ready.
14:51The vaccine is not safe.
14:52I'm sure of it, Mr. Roux.
14:54Just think about it, kids.
14:56Pasteur risked his reputation.
14:58A lifetime's work.
15:00His vaccine had never been tried.
15:02And he agreed to do it in public.
15:04It took a lot of courage, didn't it?
15:15Forty-eight sheep.
15:16You vaccinate twenty-four of them.
15:17We'll see if they survive.
15:19Choose, gentlemen.
15:20The choice is yours.
15:22My vaccine has no preference.
15:24These.
15:25No, no, no, no.
15:26Not those ones and the others.
15:27No, those ones.
15:29No, those ones.
15:39Believe me, all of this will be absolutely useless.
15:42So, Mr. Pasteur,
15:43Sheep are invulnerable.
15:45Now, can I see this?
15:46Not yet.
15:47They will be in a few days.
15:49Time for the vaccine to take effect.
15:51Caution, stand aside.
15:52It's a deadly preparation.
15:53Blood infected with anthrax bacteria.
15:57You will inject the same preparation
15:59to all sheep, vaccinated or not?
16:01Exactly, sir.
16:03Ask for monitoring of the injections.
16:04I would like to monitor the injections.
16:07That's normal, isn't it?
16:13You'll see, we're going to have fun.
16:15Are you going to inject the vaccinated sheep?
16:18Yes.
16:19Why don't you start with others?
16:21I'd be happy to, if you insist.
16:26No, no, he's trying to deceive you.
16:28No, no, rather this.
16:31Listen, you need to know, make up your mind.
16:34This.
16:35No, it's there.
16:37And what if I started with the two of you, gentlemen?
16:40You are not vaccinated, so we are sure of the result.
16:42Quick!
16:43Yes, yes, yes.
16:47You have to wait two or three days.
16:49And then what?
16:49These sheep will die from the coal and these ones will survive.
16:56I'll be back in three days.
16:57He feared it, everything will be alright.
16:59I promise you.
16:59Oh, well done!
17:01Oh, well done!
17:02Oh, well done!
17:02Oh, well done!
17:03Oh, well done!
17:03Oh, it's Pasteur!
17:04Oh, it's Pasteur!
17:06Oh, it's Pasteur!
17:07Oh, it's Pasteur!
17:09Look!
17:09Look, look at the unvaccinated.
17:12They are dead.
17:14And look at those who have been vaccinated.
17:17Pasteur's fame will spread around the world
17:19But he still had one more step to take, the most difficult one: to heal men.
17:28Doctors were unaware that they could transmit germs from one sick person to another.
17:32And people were dying by the thousands from infectious diseases.
17:36Sir, you need to disinfect your instrument with heat.
17:39You risk transmitting the disease from one patient to another.
17:43What ?
17:44How dare you, sir?
17:45Give me advice
17:47You're not even a doctor
17:48You're just a small-time chemist or chemist, who knows?
17:52But I know that germs transmit diseases
17:55Well, winter is the disease that gives rise to germs.
17:58Don't pretend to teach medicine to doctors
18:01Sir, if I had the honor of being a surgeon
18:04I would only use perfectly clean instruments
18:07And I would remember to wash my hands with the utmost care.
18:11Eh ?
18:12...
18:17...
18:29...
18:37It's old
18:43But he is enraged, he must be killed.
18:49Oh, I'm thirsty, I'm thirsty.
18:53Well, I'm still thirsty.
19:07We can't see anything, absolutely nothing.
19:10It might not be a microbe, it could be a poison.
19:13I'm sure it's a microbe; it attacks the nerves, slowly making its way up to the brain from the...
19:19'spot of the bite.
19:21Look, if you inject it directly into the brain, it's instant death.
19:25The microbe is too small to be seen, even under a microscope.
19:30But it's there, I know it, and we can defeat it.
19:33Do you realize, children? A deadly and invisible enemy.
19:37A virus. We know it today, the rabies virus.
19:40No one could see him with the instruments of the time, but he knew he was there.
19:48The weakened rabies microbe should protect this dog from infection.
19:53We'll see.
19:55Now, I'm injecting the most violent virus that exists.
19:59The vaccination was successful for this dog and perfectly simple.
20:03But would you dare to vaccinate a human being, at the risk of inoculating them with rabies?
20:09I don't know, my friend.
20:11It's a terrible responsibility.
20:14Perhaps I should start with myself.
20:16La la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:23la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:23la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:23la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:24la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:25la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:25la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:25la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:26la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la la
20:39Oh my god, fourteen bites from a rabid dog
20:42Our little Joseph, he's lost
20:46There is still a chance
20:47There is a man in Paris who performs miracles.
20:50You know, Pastor
20:55Mr. and Mrs. Meister would like to see you
20:58They are with their son Joseph, who was bitten by a rabid dog.
21:02It is destiny knocking at our door
21:04Let them in
21:05And ask Dr. Granchet to come immediately.
21:11You'll see, we'll get you out of here, my god
21:14Ah, Granchet
21:22Too many bites, there's little hope.
21:24In a few weeks, he will die
21:27Perhaps a chance
21:29Is your vaccine ready?
21:31Yes, but you see
21:32I've never tried it on a man
21:34This is our only hope
21:35I'm going to get the injections.
21:36We must begin immediately
21:38Let's go
21:58The last injection of maximum virulence
22:03She will save him
22:05Or kill him
22:07We still have to wait.
22:14Oh, thank you, Mr. Pasteur, you saved him
22:17Buy the newspaper, the little newspaper
22:20Pasteur conquered rock, the most terrible of diseases
22:23Buy the newspaper
22:26Ask for the newspaper
22:28Read the news
22:51We are unable to treat these people in Russia
22:54I think we should send them to Paris
22:56At Pasteur's
22:57He alone can cure rabies
23:11And do you
23:12I'm going to shake you up there
23:30So, you're ready, yes?
23:32What do you care?
23:33What do you care?
23:34What do you care?
23:46Phew! That's it for the Rouscofts.
23:49Now, the English
23:52A fundraising campaign was launched for the Pasteur Institute.
23:55The 5 francs, all my savings
23:58I have 50 cents.
24:00I can contribute 5000 francs.
24:02The Emperor of Brazil, 1000 francs
24:04The Tsar of Russia, 97,000 francs
24:08The Sultan of Türkiye, 9,000 francs
24:10Madame Boussicot, 250,000 francs
24:13Joseph Meister, 5 francs
24:15In total, more than 2.5 million gold francs
24:18What if we can finally work and teach our methods?
24:22Mr. Sadi Carnot, President of the Republic
24:28Pasteur was the first true microbiologist.
24:30His institute successfully combated the major infectious diseases.
24:34Diphtheria, plague, typhus, yellow fever, cholera, tuberculosis, influenza
24:37We even invented all sorts of medicines
24:40And many Pasteurians have received the Nobel Prize for their work
24:45Ah, look, milk!
24:47We'd love a little bit
24:50Pasteurized milk, of course
24:52Heat kills microbes
24:57Oh, it's excellent! Absolutely pure!
25:08The discoverers
25:09They are shaping better worlds for us
25:11Eyes towards the sky
25:14Their thoughts wander elsewhere
25:17Star-snow hand-twisting
25:20Planets, comets
25:22Here the man takes off
25:23He will leave the ground
25:25My words are that he should fly away
25:27Tomorrow they will lead us
25:29No other firmaments
25:31Because for them, man
25:33He is only at the beginning of his novel
25:38The discoverers
25:42The discoverers
Comentarios