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En -331 Alexandre le Grand fonde la ville d'Alexandrie. Celle-ci va devenir le pôle de la culture grecque dans les siècles suivants. Pour attirer de nombreux savants dans sa ville, le roi Ptolémée Ier charge Démétrios de faire de sa bibliothèque, la plus grande du monde. La ville accueille également de nombreux inventeurs. Quelques siècles plus tard, en 115, Héron, un ingénieur, et son ami Claude Ptolémée, un astronome, vivent à Alexandrie, alors sous domination romaine.
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00:28The discoverers
00:30They offer us all the guarantees of happiness
00:32Exemplary light
00:36Who enlightens, who prospers
00:38And opens the way to the dreams of humans
00:42They found levers to lift the world
00:47And thanks to them, the Earth wanted to play ring-around-the-rosie
00:52Turn, turn, all the wheels of locomotion
00:57And cars following each other in a line
01:00And they march by, then quickly speed away
01:02The discoverers
01:04He is already riding other chimeras
01:06So that our ancient land may progress in wisdom
01:11The discoverers
01:18The discoverers
01:36Soon, children, you will be going to high school.
01:39Well, that...
01:43You will learn very quickly what man
01:45It took hundreds of thousands of years to learn
01:52And you, do you know who invented high school?
01:55It is...
01:56The Minister of Education
01:58It's Charlemagne
01:59It was a great man who invented high school
02:02To annoy the little ones
02:06That's completely wrong
02:08It's Aristotle
02:09A strange name, Aristotle
02:11It looks Greek
02:12Exactly
02:13A Greek
02:13And one of the greatest
02:15And when was that?
02:17It was...
02:17Let's see, it was...
02:19Oh, more than 2300 years ago in Athens
02:23Listen
02:25I intend to found a high school
02:27Young people will be able to come and learn geography there.
02:30Geometry
02:31The story
02:31They will not come, master
02:33They'll be afraid of getting bored there.
02:35But if they come
02:37Because they will learn while having fun and going for walks.
02:40The Lyceum founded by Aristotle was given
02:42The name of the peripathetic school
02:45Peripheral, how?
02:48Peripathician
02:48Which means while walking
02:50Because the students were never seated on benches
02:53They learned while walking.
02:55That's great!
02:56We should do that too.
03:15Aristotle was also the tutor of Alexander the Great who conquered the world
03:19Here, Ptolemy, you will build a great port, and there on the island, a lighthouse.
03:25To enlighten browsers
03:27Over there, near the port, you shall build a temple in honor of the Muses.
03:31Where scholars can gather to work
03:35Very well, Alexander, and we shall call this city Alexandria.
03:39Upon the death of Alexander Ptolemy, who had become king of Egypt, a library was built.
03:42And Ptolemy II, a 140-meter lighthouse, one of the wonders of the world
03:44They built enormous boats
03:46Imagine this ship; it was as tall as a ten-story house.
03:52There were two thousand rowers there
04:02Subtitling by Radio-Canada
04:31It is the largest ship ever built
04:34Uh, that's for sure, Your Majesty, but there's a slight problem
04:38One, what's the problem?
04:39Well, the thing is, no port is big enough, no port is deep enough to accommodate His Majesty.
04:45But the most extraordinary achievement was the great Library of Alexandria.
04:55Listen, Dimitrios, we're supposed to be here at the TGB
04:59The TGB, Your Majesty?
05:01The very large library, now, look
05:04Uh, I don't see it.
05:06But what is in a library?
05:09Uh, books, of course.
05:12Bravo! And where are they, the books, huh? Where are they?
05:20The only book we have is this, a text by Plato.
05:23And besides, it's not the original, it's a copy.
05:27Well, Dimitrios, I want more books, by any means necessary.
05:31By all means, Your Majesty
05:37You, Zenodotos, will embark on this ship that is going to Athens
05:40I want you to obtain the original texts of Aristotle
05:44Afterwards, you will go to Pergave, from where you will bring back the books of Hippocrates.
05:48In the meantime, we're going to inspect some ships
05:58What are you reading that's so funny in Pelicon, huh, tell me?
06:01An Aristophanes comedy is hilarious!
06:03It's called The Birds
06:06By order of King Ptaleme, I requisition this book for study at the TGB
06:11What?
06:12The TGB, the very large library
06:14Oh really, will you give it back to me?
06:16Of course
06:27I should be able to find some books here
06:31Say, a copy of Hippocrates' epidemics has appeared.
06:37Yes, it's the original.
06:39I buy
06:40But I'm not selling it, it's a memento of my grandfather.
06:43I'll pay you with Italendor
06:49Twenty golden talents
06:52A support like the apple of my eye, but I had thirty talents
06:56I'll take it
06:59Here, take your gold
07:05Listen Zélodotos, I don't need money
07:07Tell those with metriosis that I have no desire to part with the texts of Democritus.
07:12It's a definitive name
07:28No, Zélodotos, I'm not selling my books, but I'm happy to lend them to you.
07:31You can have them copied
07:38That's good, Demetrius, it's starting to look like a TGB
07:41You'll see, we'll talk about my library again.
07:46Come see the copyists now
07:49I think you'll be satisfied
07:53Well done
07:54Of course, we prefer to keep the originals and return the copies
07:58Of course we prefer it
08:00We now have over four hundred thousand pounds
08:08The complete works of Greek philosophers and scholars, and the life of Alexander
08:13The sacred books of Egypt, the horoscopes of the Chaldeans
08:18That's a TGB
08:20It's even better than Aristotle's high school
08:32Hi, I'm Stécibios, an engineer
08:35And inventor
08:36You see, Ptolemy, this statue traces a line on the papyrus that represents the time elapsed
08:41Ah, what a marvel!
08:43And how does it work, huh?
08:44You see, the water flows steadily and makes the float rise.
08:47Then, she fills this compartment, which becomes heavier, and sets the drum spinning on which the line is drawn.
08:53Very ingenious, Tessibios
08:55And what else have you invented?
08:57This pump, for example, allows water to be drawn from a well without having to submerge the ground.
09:08Very ingenious, yes
09:09And what else?
09:10Well, I'm currently working on this instrument to measure heat differences
09:14A kind of thermometer
09:17Look, the heat from my hands is making the liquid rise in the tube
09:21Funny, and what's this?
09:23I don't yet know what it will be used for.
09:26The piston compresses the air in the tube and retains the force
09:29Force? Air has no force.
09:32Unhook this notch and you'll see if the air has no force
09:45You did it on purpose! You insulted my dignity! You'll pay for this! Just wait!
09:52!
09:52I hope that's not my organ? No, no, it's the water clock
09:58For centuries, the Library of Alexandria would expand
10:02It will soon contain more than a million books.
10:05Then in 47 BC
10:12Romans, we are lost!
10:14And the Romans!
10:39Julius Caesar's troops are going to invade Alexandria
10:50A large part of the library will be burned.
10:56A huge loss for science
10:59Some of the oldest writings went up in smoke
11:02And what about the scholars who were there?
11:04Rome will respect them
11:05Ah good ?
11:06For two more centuries, Alexandria, which had become a Roman province
11:09It will remain the scientific center of the world
11:12Now, I'm going to tell you about two of these scholars.
11:14Ptolemy, whose cartography would remain authoritative for centuries
11:18And Heron, who knows Heron of Alexandria?
11:21Nobody? Yet he's a genius.
11:23One of the most prodigious inventors of all time
11:27Look, Heron, the Earth is round and the Sun revolves around it
11:30The Earth is round, okay, Ptolemy
11:32But are you sure the Sun revolves around it?
11:34The Sun and all the other celestial bodies
11:36I even mapped out their route
11:40We'll have to review all of that.
11:41Hi, are you new here?
11:44We are Roman scholars.
11:45My name is Ignus, I'm an engineer
11:48He's a built astronomer
11:49We've come to see what you do
11:51You may need help
11:52I am also an engineer
11:54My friend Claudius Ptolemy is an astronomer and geographer
11:57Ah, that's funny.
11:59It looks like the Earth is round
12:00But it's round
12:02It's a sphere
12:04It's flat and it floats on the water like a pancake
12:06We only have to look around us
12:08Seriously, where did you come from?
12:09Nowadays, everyone knows that the Earth is round
12:12We are Romans and the Romans are the strongest.
12:14So the Earth is flat because I'm Roman and I say so
12:18Your head will become flat too if you keep sniffing.
12:21Let go
12:22You can see they're a bit backward.
12:26Backwards, backwards
12:26I'll show you, I'm backward too.
12:29You're a scholar, you say?
12:30And what did you invent?
12:32You'll see
12:37A cup-and-ball game, an old Greek game
12:39It must date back to Plato's time.
12:41And you, heron of Alessandria, who calls yourself an engineer
12:44What did you invent?
12:46Oh, a few little things
12:48The last one is a steam engine
12:50Steam engine?
12:52Stop, that was it.
12:52Come and see
12:53Isn't that a machine?
12:57No, you'll see
13:09This is the cancellation office
13:11No, it's the steam pressure that makes the boiler turn.
13:15You see, it works
13:16It spins and it's useless.
13:18The principle of the steam engine can be used for many things
13:36Did they break your machine?
13:38Well, I'll make another, more sophisticated one.
13:41And we ask to see Caius, the governor of Alexandria.
13:47So, you're complaining about the Greek scholars at the museum?
13:51Yes, Caius
13:52There's one named Heron
13:54He damages the equipment
13:55And the other one, Ptolemy
13:57He claims that the earth is round
13:58And what is the earth like? Square?
14:02It's flat, of course.
14:03Of course
14:04Let's go see these Greeks.
14:12I am Caius, governor of Alexandria
14:15It seems you invented a steam engine
14:19Yes, they broke it.
14:21And what is your machine used for?
14:25To harness the energy of heat
14:27Listen, you'll have to demonstrate its usefulness to me.
14:31Otherwise, you might find yourself rowing in a galley.
14:36Oh, hi
14:37I am Caius, the Roman governor of Alexandria.
14:39You owe me respect
14:41But I respect all men
14:44What is this?
14:46This is the map of the known world
14:47And Rome, where is Rome on your map?
14:57Your card is fake.
14:58Rome is at the center of the world
14:59They don't have a single insignificant point.
15:02It depends on the point of view.
15:03It's my point of view that counts.
15:06Listen, you're both getting on my nerves.
15:07You, you'll build me a steam engine that's actually useful.
15:11And you, a map with Rome at its center
15:14Otherwise, we're both struggling, I understand?
15:21Got it? Otherwise, it's a mess, we're the ones in charge.
15:26Good !
15:29But what does that do, does it do anything to me?
15:30What?
15:35Listen, the governor said he's awake and that you might have a plan
15:38So, you're going to dig here.
15:43I hope your idea works
15:45Don't worry, you'll see.
15:47So, Heron, have you done anything useful with your steam engine?
15:52Is it worthwhile to open the doors of this temple?
15:55With your machine?
15:56Ah, you make me laugh!
16:05So, we wait
16:11And I expect it, you're cheating.
16:13Go see
16:32I'm beginning to believe you're a true scholar, Heron of Alexandria.
16:36Nah, nah, nah, nah, nah, nah, it's a thing
16:38The doors will close now.
16:40Try to remember them
16:49I will order my steam engine to free you
16:52You're ingenious, Heron.
16:55Go on and show me other equally amusing inventions!
17:01And you, you made my map with Rome in the center?
17:06Let's see, let's see
17:06You see, that's the Colosseum
17:09The Great Circus of Rome
17:10It is right in the center of the map
17:12And the rest of the world, known?
17:14From what you said, Rome is so big
17:16That the rest of the world is too small for us to see
17:20And this?
17:22It is the sun and the moon that revolve around the Colosseum
17:28Toucha, that's Greek to me
17:30Wasn't he losing his head?
17:32Of course he'll blow your head off
17:33The earth is flat
17:36The Greeks are laughing at us
17:37You two are starting to annoy me.
17:39If you are scholars, prove it.
17:41Otherwise, we'll struggle.
17:43Hey, well done for opening the door!
17:45How did you do it?
17:47You see, the fire heats the air in the tank
17:50There
17:50And the air expands
17:52Repelling water
17:53Water passes through this tube
17:55Fill this closed bucket
17:56Whose weight then pulls the ropes
17:58Rotating the pivots of the opening door
18:00When the fire is out
18:01The volume of air decreases
18:02Water is sucked from the bucket
18:04And the counterweight
18:04Then, close the door
18:08Easy as pie, right?
18:10Very simple, yes
18:17Caius, I need other men
18:19It's too heavy, we can't manage it.
18:20I'm going to send you slaves
18:22And we can do without it, you'll see.
18:24Levers must be used.
18:25Which allow a few men
18:27Lifting heavy weights
18:29Hey, I already have an idea.
18:31We'll see
18:38You see
18:40You raised the column by two feet
18:42It needs to be raised to thirty feet
18:44How are you going to do it?
18:45With other levers
18:47Higher and higher still
18:48And what are you going to use to support your levers?
18:50On thicker hands
18:52Hey, that's an idea.
19:07With this system
19:08We'll be there again
19:09At the Greek calends
19:10So, you bunch of lazybones
19:12Are you here to pull these ropes?
19:16It's Carard marble
19:17And it's expensive.
19:18It's going to cost you three hundred.
19:21We will fold
19:22Hi, Caius
19:23I see you have a problem
19:24I have the solution
19:30I've just invented the "baroules-courses" (a play on words combining "baroules" and "courses").
19:32What ?
19:33Is that something?
19:34You'll see
19:36Look at
19:36I turn the crank
19:38Who transmits the movement
19:39To this cogwheel
19:40A smaller wheel
19:41Transmits the movement
19:42Multiplied
19:43With a larger wheel
19:43And so on
19:44So
19:45And on the other side of the street races
19:47The pulley rotates very slowly
19:48This is where we'll attach the rope.
19:50I'm going to build a tower
19:54It's true
19:55It's turning here
19:56And then there
19:58Botus
20:00Yes, Tinius
20:01Botus, do you know what you're doing?
20:03I turn the crank, Tinius
20:05Who drives the wheels, Botus
20:08Exactly, Tinius
20:09And the wheels took my finger, Botus
20:11Yes, it is...
20:12Oh !
20:20I'm doing this on purpose, I have...
20:24Look, the Roman scholars are going for a little jog
20:26The tower is ready
20:33Ready?
20:35Okay
20:36Here we go
20:47There, gently
20:51There's no denying it
20:52Those Greek scholars weren't stupid.
20:56Heon, come and see
20:59Look, I think I've found the solution
21:01To create more accurate maps
21:05Ptolemy's maps contained errors, of course.
21:10But he is nonetheless the father of modern geography
21:12Fourteen centuries later, Christophe Collot would use these same maps
21:16And fifteen centuries later, Copernicus would still be under his influence.
21:19And the astrolabe
21:21And what do you think of this instrument for observing the sky?
21:24You're not listening, Heon, what are you doing?
21:26I'm observing, precisely.
21:29Out there
21:30This is Cléa, my cousin.
21:33Actually, I was watching that little lyre she was playing.
21:37Come, I'll introduce her to you.
21:48Hi cousin, let me introduce you to my friend Heron.
21:50He's an engineer, he's invented lots of things
21:53Hello, Cléa, I am happy
21:57Me too, Heron
21:59That music you were playing was lovely.
22:02It's a lyre
22:03It is played by plucking the strings
22:05But she thinks it looks prettier when you give them a little tap
22:09Yes, that's an idea.
22:11You'll see, Cléa, he's going to come up with something else again.
22:22No, but haven't you finished tagging my camel yet?
22:26A brand new camel that I just had washed
22:28I can smell the Indian pepper that has turned me
22:31You'll regret it.
22:33Don't get angry, Samuelier
22:35Here, have some cesters to wash your camel
22:38My friend is a little distracted
22:41It's not serious
22:42If you want the other side of the camel for tagging, just a few more coins and it'll be fine.
22:46They're weird
22:48Your friend is funny.
22:49He left just like that, without even saying goodbye.
22:52That's how he is when he has an idea; he forgets everything.
22:54He is kind
22:55Perhaps you'd like to see him again?
22:57Oh, if the opportunity arises
23:06Oh, how pretty! What is it?
23:09It's... like a lyre or a harp with small hammers to strike the strings
23:15I did it... you said the other day...
23:18Yes, I...
23:18Yes, what?
23:19I invented it for you, here
23:21Oh, thank you, Heron
23:31Well done, Cléa! Lovely!
23:34Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes!
23:39Ha, ha, ha!
23:43La, la, la, la, la
23:46La, la, la, la, la...
23:49Ha, ha, ha!
24:07I'm warning you, what interests him is inventing.
24:10And when he invents, he forgets everything, even his young wife
24:18One more little shot in the air
24:28Ptolemy and Heron would be among the last scholars of the Alexandrian school.
24:32The glorious period of Greek science had lasted almost a thousand years.
24:36The fabulous Library of Alexandria was first looted by the Romans.
24:42Rome's power, in turn, will collapse.
24:47In the year 391, when Alexandria was part of the Byzantine Empire
24:53Destroy the library and the workrooms; they are pagan places.
24:56We got it!
25:03A long period of darkness will follow the disappearance of the Greek school
25:07But these discoveries form the basis of our current science.
25:10Later, this torch will be taken up
25:13And other scientists will experience equally extraordinary adventures.
25:17Oh, you'll see, you'll see!
25:19Discoverers shape better worlds for us
25:24Their eyes turned towards the sky, their thoughts wandered elsewhere.
25:30Spinning hands, snow of stars, planets, comets
25:34Here the man takes off, he is about to leave the ground
25:37My words are, let him fly away.
25:39Tomorrow, they will not lead us to other heavens
25:44Because for them, man is only at the beginning of his novel
25:47The discoverers
25:52The discoverers
25:55The discoverers
25:57The discoverers
25:58The discoverers
25:58The discoverers
25:58The discoverers
25:58The discoverers
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