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Pendant longtemps l'électricité est restée un mystère. Depuis Moïse jusqu'à Volta, on pouvait l'observer sans en comprendre l'origine. En 1805, Michael Faraday, fils d'un humble forgeron travaille dans une librairie où il se passionne pour les livres scientifiques qu'il trouve. En 1810, il assiste à une conférence donnée par Humphry Davy, son futur mentor.
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00:28The discoverers
00:30They offer us all the guarantees of happiness
00:32An exemplary light
00:36Who enlightens, who prospers
00:38And opens the way to the dreams of humans
00:43They found levers to lift the world
00:47And thanks to them, the Earth wanted to play ring-around-the-rosie
00:52Turn, turn, all the wheels of locomotion
00:57And cars following each other in a line
01:00And they march by, then quickly speed away
01:02The discoverers
01:04I'm already dreaming of other pipe dreams.
01:06So that we may progress in the wisdom of our old age
01:13The discoverers
01:18The discoverers
01:25Huh? You can't see much.
01:28Or perhaps it's my eyes that are failing me.
01:32Oh, well, he was handsome
01:34You'll see, it was the Greeks who invented thunder and electricity again.
01:40No, the Chinese, I bet you it's the Chinese
01:44Oh, you think so? You think you know everything, huh?
01:48No, maestro, no, it's not
01:51That's enough! You're going to ruin another beautiful story for us, aren't you?
01:56Tell us, maestro, yes, yes, tell us!
01:59Okay, so, to begin with, it's very dark.
02:04We could turn on the light, huh?
02:08Well, what do you know, light isn't complicated
02:10We press the button and the light comes on.
02:14It's as easy as pie.
02:16Yes, that's exactly what the donkeys say.
02:19Easy as pie
02:22While the greatest among scholars
02:24Einstein, for one, admitted he didn't understand much.
02:27Regarding the phenomenon of electricity
02:30You see, electricity wasn't invented.
02:33Because in fact, it has existed since the post-historical period
02:48But who hit him hard, that one?
02:51Look, he set fire to the forest
02:54Who would have thought back then that lightning was electricity?
02:57That could be useful
02:58But one day, 3500 years ago
03:01There they are, the Greeks!
03:03The Chinese, I tell you
03:12On the road to the Promised Land
03:16These are the Lord's commandments
03:19Our most precious possession
03:22That we will transport in the Ark of the Covenant
03:24It needs to be built out of very heavy stone.
03:26So that it can't be stolen from us
03:29No, my friend
03:30It needs to be lightweight
03:32To be able to transport it easily
03:34But the treasure it contains
03:36It must be well protected
03:39How ?
03:40You'll see
03:45Pure gold
03:48The exterior and interior of the Ark must be covered with it.
03:52Why the interior?
03:54Won't it be noticeable?
03:56Just to protect her
04:03Now we can sleep peacefully
04:12From here, take up arms
04:14Their treasure is there, in that box.
04:16A great treasure, he said.
04:22Let's take it slow
04:40Well, Moses, how did you do that?
04:45It's a mystery that humans won't understand for thousands of years.
04:49Hey, be careful Moses, it's very dangerous.
04:52Look at them
04:55Only those with impure intentions will be struck down.
04:59We are not at risk.
05:03That's right, Maestro
05:04That's how it happened.
05:06It's magic.
05:08It's electricity
05:10Did the Hebrews know about electricity?
05:12The ancients knew many things
05:16Moses had just invented the capacitor
05:18To strike down anyone who touched the sacred ark
05:22And why wasn't Moses struck by lightning?
05:24Well, because it had a ground connection
05:27A ground connection, that's not true
05:29But if
05:30Remember
05:31The gold threads of the sacred garments
05:33They were touching the ground
05:38The Chinese were familiar with the magnetic needle.
05:41And they were the first to use it
05:42Like a compass
05:43Always the same direction
05:45This can be useful for finding your way around during the trip.
05:48I'm going that way.
05:50Well, me
05:51I'm the one who takes the compass.
05:52Well, I am
05:53Ah, there's the
05:54That's me, I'm funny.
05:55Oh, I'm funny.
05:57An Englishman, Francis Hawkesby
05:59Flees without understanding how
06:01The first mercury lamp
06:02Which was immediately forgotten
06:04A Dutchman
06:05Pieter Moskenbrück
06:07He invented the liter bottle
06:09Which could contain an electrical charge
06:10Meow
06:12Meow
06:13Meow
06:16Meow
06:18Meow
06:19Meow
06:19The electrical charge is definitely there.
06:21A Frenchman, Abbé Nolet
06:22He invented all sorts of games
06:24I'm going to charge the ball with electricity.
06:27There you go, now
06:28I'm running the electricity.
06:31To this iron chain
06:36In America, Benjamin Franklin was also studying electricity.
06:55Thunder will descend
06:57To come to this island
06:58You see?
07:12Now I know that lightning is also electricity.
07:15I know how to protect houses from this lightning
07:27In Russia, a scholar heard about Franklin's lightning rod
07:32These are Franklin's lightning rods
07:44Professor Reichman, pay attention
07:45That's not how it is.
07:46What are you talking about?
07:48You're not a scholar, are you?
07:49No, sir, but...
07:52Oh !
07:53No !
07:54That's because...
07:56You forgot the ground connection, professor.
07:59Professor Reichman was killed instantly.
08:01This accident helps you understand
08:03Why do you need grounding outlets in a house?
08:12Wait, I'll show you
08:13No, that's not it, that's not it.
08:14Ah, but who...
08:15Ah, that's my lunch
08:21Ah, there it is, that's it.
08:23As you can see, the current flows, of course, through these two branches.
08:26But this one, this one is connected to the earth
08:29That way, there's no risk of being struck by lightning.
08:34Ah!
08:36But how does lightning work?
08:38Well, that's pretty simple.
08:40As Faraday will demonstrate a little later
08:43The Earth is an electromagnetic system
08:45The ground is negatively charged
08:47Above is a layer of dry air
08:49The troposphere, which does not allow electric currents to pass through.
08:52And even higher, the ionosphere
08:55Which contains mostly positive charges
08:57Who ?
09:14That's too much
09:18That's too much
09:26A storm cloud accumulates positive charges from above,
09:30negative charges from below.
09:32And the thwarted encounter of these elements, Yon,
09:35will be the occasion for a true love at first sight.
09:39In Italy, in Bologna,
09:41A man named Galvani was also interested in electricity.
09:47What are you doing, Lucie?
09:49Frog broth for Mrs. Galvani.
09:52Ah good.
09:57But what is it, Lucie?
09:59The frogs, sir. They moved.
10:04You're dreaming, come on.
10:08Those frogs are definitely dead.
10:12They moved again.
10:15It is...
10:17That's because they move when you turn your machine, Mr. Galvani.
10:21That's odd.
10:22Go ahead and film while I watch.
10:27Go ahead, go ahead.
10:28Yes, yes, yes.
10:41No, Mr. Galvani,
10:43Your experience is of the utmost interest, but...
10:46But for me, the frog is not a reservoir of animal electricity.
10:52These are the two different metals that act on the frog's leg, and I will prove it.
11:00A copper washer, a zinc washer, a damp cloth washer...
11:05Ouch!
11:07One of copper, one of zinc, one of damp cloth, one zinc washer.
11:13Here are the results.
11:23And there you have it.
11:25Volta has just invented the electric battery, a pivotal invention.
11:30The one we use every day without even paying attention to it.
11:36And this applies to thousands of things.
11:43Huh? So what? I'm doing an experiment too.
11:47Lightning, a compass, and moving frog legs.
11:52All of that was electricity.
11:55But we still didn't know exactly what it was, or how to use it.
11:59But then along comes a young Englishman, Michael Faraday.
12:06Oh, that's good, Michael. That's all for today.
12:11That's all for tonight.
12:16And times are tough, children.
12:23Mr. Ribot, my son Michael, is a hardworking and honest boy.
12:27He can read and even do a little math. He could be useful to you.
12:32He seems like a good kid. I'll give him a trial.
12:37To begin with, you will deliver the newspapers.
12:39That's your job. You've done your filming for the day.
12:44That's not much work?
12:46Oh, but you're mistaken.
12:48The thing is, I don't sell my newspapers. I rent them out.
12:50So, you see, the first one, you take it to Mr. White first.
12:54And while he's reading it, you take the second one to Mr. Blonde.
12:58And the third one to Mr. Tyne.
12:59The fourth one, you give it to Mr. Roll.
13:03By the way, you're taking back the one you wore to Mr. White.
13:06And you take it to Mrs. Black.
13:17Come back later. I'm not finished.
13:25You are a hardworking boy, Michael.
13:28I'm going to make you an apprentice bookbinder.
13:42The binding of these encyclopedias will need to be redone.
13:45These are important books.
13:55So, Michael, you haven't finished the bindings?
13:58Oh, excuse me, sir, but I came across an article about electricity.
14:02It is, apparently, a kind of vibration, like heat.
14:07I think above all that nobody has yet understood what it is.
14:11And you, do you think you understand better?
14:13No, but I could try.
14:15Ah! Listen, Michael, you can read all the books that interest you,
14:19but you will have to stay late into the evening to finish the work.
14:23Oh yes, sir. Thank you, sir.
14:37Public lecture by the scholar Sir Humphrey Davy, with demonstration.
14:42So, little one, don't push. You wouldn't understand anything anyway.
14:46Hey, I would probably understand as well as you, sir.
14:48So, electricity is an extraordinary phenomenon.
14:54Look.
14:55Oh !
15:03All of this is still very mysterious.
15:06But my experiences will allow us to better understand the phenomenon.
15:11There you go.
15:12Like this, there, there you go.
15:22My God, I can't see anything anymore.
15:26Yes, the things you sent me are relevant.
15:30So, young man, you want to do science?
15:33Yes, sir. I would like that.
15:35It's a thankless, poorly paid, and sometimes dangerous job.
15:39Are you still persisting?
15:40Oh yes, sir.
15:42So, since I need an assistant, I'm hiring you on a trial basis.
15:45You will have one guinea per week, a room above the laboratory, aprons, candles.
15:50You will start tomorrow.
15:53We will work with nitrogen trichloride to try to disintegrate this substance.
15:59Put on the mask and the cap.
16:00Hold this tube.
16:01We will prepare a small amount of trichloride there.
16:06Now, mix gently.
16:09But very gently, okay?
16:13Oh !
16:14Careful, I'm going to make the mixture.
16:17Place the tube there.
16:25Oh !
16:27This time, we should be able to do it.
16:29We will increase the quantity.
16:32Yes, sir.
16:40All of this will not prevent travel.
16:431814, Italy, Rome.
16:46And that these drinks that generate electricity are torpedoes?
16:50I can touch.
16:55Oh! Funny, very funny.
16:58We will look into that, Mr. Faraday.
17:011820, Denmark.
17:03A scientist, Hursted, is going to conduct an experiment that will change Faraday's life.
17:07but also that of all humanity.
17:10There is a relationship between magnetism and electricity.
17:13Look at this compass, it points north.
17:16If I move it with my finger, it goes back to the north.
17:18But if I place it near an electric current,
17:22The current flows.
17:23The needle deviates.
17:24You see, it's turning.
17:26The closer I bring the thread to the needle,
17:28the more it turns away from the north.
17:29But what if electricity and magnetism
17:31Were they expressions of one and the same force?
17:35Yes ?
17:36Could that be it?
17:38Oh my God, I'm late.
17:40Quickly, I'm hurrying.
17:50Mr. Faraday, do you know what time it is?
17:53I'm sorry, Mr. Barnard, my work has absorbed me.
17:56We were expecting you at five o'clock.
17:58My daughter Sarah is very angry.
18:00Finally, go in anyway.
18:05Tell Mr. Faraday that I neither wish to see him nor speak to him.
18:09My sister Sarah wants you to know that she doesn't...
18:11I heard, Miss Sarah.
18:13Please excuse me, now.
18:15Edward, I said I didn't want to speak to Mr. Faraday.
18:19Yes, she says...
18:22Oh, please.
18:24Come now, miss, forgive me.
18:27Come on, please.
18:31The attraction of love is like that of a magnet.
18:34There is an induction that generates a movement.
18:37Like that...
18:39Forgive me.
18:40Yes, it's important.
18:42I have to leave.
18:45Scholars understand many things, but know nothing about love.
18:52In a basin of mercury, I place a magnet upright.
18:57An electrical wire here, pinned to a cork so it floats.
19:01The other thread is here, in the mercury.
19:03I connect the wires to an electric battery.
19:07It's spinning, it's spinning.
19:12It's spinning, it's spinning.
19:15Is there a magnet there?
19:17Well, I can do without it, because the whole Earth is a magnet.
19:23This means that the world is full of electric and magnetic currents that interact with each other.
19:29Electromagnetic forces.
19:32Live!
19:39Michael, dinner is almost ready.
19:41Wait, I have an idea.
19:43Come, come, I'd like to show you something.
19:45But dinner...
19:46Just a few minutes, come with me.
19:48Come quickly.
19:52Yes, you've already shown me that.
19:54But you see, if electricity causes movement, movement must be able to cause electricity.
20:03Now, turn the crank, please.
20:08It's wonderful, Michael, and so lovely. How is that possible?
20:12I'll explain. Look.
20:15Our dinner is going to burn. You'll explain later.
20:19As you can see, there are lines of force that...
20:22No friction, no contact.
20:24This is not the effect of static electricity.
20:27But the movement of the magnet creates a force field that produces electricity.
20:30My dear Michael, do you really believe that, come now, without any scientific background, without understanding anything, mathematics, you can make a
20:38such a discovery?
20:39But why? Why is my master doing this?
20:42It was my idea. It was stolen from me.
20:45Yes, I am quite willing to believe that.
20:48In any case, it's a machine for generating electricity, and you can explain to me, gentlemen, how it works.
20:53?
20:53Well, it's just that...
20:54Gentlemen, the fact is that the entire Earth is an electric and magnetic field.
20:59The compass proves it by pointing north.
21:01Lightning flashes that connect clouds to Earth are exchanges of electricity.
21:05I believe there are particles that are moving.
21:08I call them ions.
21:10Particles, ions, they're talking nonsense.
21:14The friction pulls electrical particles from the amber.
21:17Amber wants to find them again or find others elsewhere.
21:20He attracts them.
21:22The particles form fields in the air everywhere.
21:25They can pass through this copper wire.
21:33Why are we running around like this, like madmen, huh?
21:36We are ions.
21:37Together, we are an electric current.
21:40We are negative ions.
21:42Guys.
21:43Because...
21:44Are there others?
21:45Yeah, positives, girls.
21:47And what are the girls doing?
21:50The same as us, but they go in the opposite direction.
21:53Hey, look.
21:54Oh, you're right, yeah.
22:00It's funny and we never meet.
22:03You, sometimes, but I'm warning you, it's a real pain.
22:08Attention, we're reaching the end of the line.
22:10Watch out, hold on tight.
22:11I think we're going to meet the girls.
22:13This is going to cause sparks to fly.
22:34Hooray!
22:34I am holding the induction of an electric current.
22:40Yes, it doesn't seem like much.
22:42But this disc, which spins through the lines of force of a magnet,
22:46It is one of the greatest inventions of this century.
22:49The first dynamo, which would soon be followed by others, by the way.
22:56Yes, maestro.
22:57We understand that electricity provides light and all that.
23:01But what exactly is electricity?
23:04To put it simply, let's say it's an energy that is part of matter.
23:08and whose particles repel or attract each other.
23:12The same is true of the ions you saw earlier.
23:18Let's now look at two magnets.
23:25Electricity is also a twin sister of lightning.
23:31But once domesticated, it needs a guiding thread.
23:36Maestro, tell me, how big are these ions?
23:39A million ions, can you imagine that?
23:42Yes, well, yes, more or less, we think.
23:45And a million times a million, you still see?
23:49Well, not really, no, it's difficult.
23:55Well, a million million ions will make a tiny pinhead.
24:00Well, if they're that small?
24:02Yes, I'm listening, shrink.
24:04How fast can they move?
24:06Oh, barely at the speed of light.
24:10300,000 kilometers in one second.
24:14The distance from the Earth to the Moon.
24:17To be honest, nobody really understands much about electricity.
24:22Not even me.
24:23That's saying something.
24:24So, I prefer to imagine that it's a fairy.
24:28Huh, what is...
24:31Is it a divine force that man has freed from matter?
24:36Yes, with Faraday, Newton's universe came to an end.
24:41bodies that experience a mutual attraction.
24:43The world will become a force field producing electricity.
24:47It is to him, to men like him,
24:50that we owe our electrical energy,
24:53without which our world would not be what it is.
24:59Don't you think he deserves a big round of applause?
25:04This Michael Faraday, the uncultured son of Forgeron?
25:12Discoverers shape better worlds for us.
25:16With their eyes turned towards the sky, their thoughts wander elsewhere.
25:21Spinning hands and snow of stars, planets, and comets.
25:26Here the man takes off, he is about to leave the ground.
25:29My words are that he should fly away.
25:31Tomorrow, they will lead us to other heights.
25:36Because for them, man is only at the beginning of his story.
25:42The discoverers!
25:47The discoverers!
25:48Subtitling by Radio-Canada
25:51THANKS.
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