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après vingt années de travail Mendel semble avoir atteint son but. Des années plus tôt, en 1834, en Autriche-Hongrie, Mendel rentre au lycée. Malgré sa pauvreté il continue ses études. En 1843, son professeur, un moine, lui suggère de rentrer dans un monastère où il pourra continuer à étudier. Utilisant le jardin du cloître, il expérimente la transmission des caractères sur les petits pois et sur les abeilles.
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00:28The discoverers
00:30They offer us all the guarantees of happiness
00:32An exemplary light
00:36Who enlightens, who prospers
00:38And opens the way to the dreams of humans
00:42They found levers to lift the world
00:47And thanks to them, the Earth wanted to play ring-around-the-rosie
00:52Turn, turn, all the wheels of locomotion
00:57And cars following each other in a line
01:00The challenges then quickly pass by
01:02The discoverers
01:04I'm already stirring up other chimeras.
01:06So that we may progress in the wisdom of our old age
01:13The discoverers
01:18The discoverers
01:32This must be my twenty-eight thousandth plant
01:35But I believe the goal is near.
01:41The parents
01:42Wrinkled green yellow lilies
01:44And the children
01:45Yes, no mistake possible
01:47The green wrinkled ones are recessive.
01:49The dominant yellow lilies
01:52A period of observation was required to arrive at this point.
01:55I really want to, children
01:57To speak to you today
01:59From a man who had a passion for peas
02:01Me too, me too
02:02Ah yes, but him
02:03He was the founder of genetics
02:06I'm going to ask you a little riddle.
02:07Listen carefully
02:08Well, there are almost six billion of them
02:12They are all alike
02:14And yet all different
02:17The grains of sand
02:18The peas
02:20It's the peas
02:21The leaves on the trees
02:22These are the men
02:24Yes, men
02:26Six billion is a lot
02:29One, two, three, four
02:33Do you know how long it would take?
02:35To count up to six billion
02:39It would take, let's say, a long time
02:41Two hundred years
02:42And why are they all the same?
02:44And all different?
02:46They are all the same.
02:47Because they are all human beings
02:49And different because none of them
02:50It's not exactly the same
02:52There are men and women
02:54Boys and girls
02:55Big ones and little ones
02:57Blondes, redheads
02:58Black people, white people
02:59Yellows
02:59There are some tough guys.
03:02And then there are the clever ones too.
03:03Tell me, maestro
03:04How come?
03:05That we are all different?
03:06And why is there
03:07So many different animals?
03:08And plants
03:09That's one of the big secrets
03:11Of nature
03:11We're starting to understand it
03:14Do you remember?
03:15From Darwin?
03:16Yes of course
03:17The evolution
03:18He had a long beard
03:21As...
03:23Yes, like me.
03:24He showed
03:25Let us go down
03:26Of a kind of monkey
03:28And that we have evolved
03:29Very, very evolved
03:30We've evolved.
03:32Yes, yes, that's for sure.
03:34Darwin showed
03:36That all living beings
03:37Change
03:37But how does it change?
03:40By adapting
03:41Remember
03:42Darwin had observed
03:43Only the finches
03:44Who ate leaves
03:45They had a thin beak
03:46To cut them
03:47And those who ate nuts
03:48A big beak to break them
03:49The little finches
03:50They are different
03:51From their birth
03:51But why?
03:53Because of the eggs
03:54Exactly
03:54Through the eggs
03:56The parents are pinching
03:57They transmit their gene
03:58To their little ones
03:58This is all very complicated.
04:00What are genes?
04:02I don't have any genes.
04:03I too am shameless.
04:06But if you have
04:07Birds, animals
04:08All living beings
04:09They have genes
04:10And who discovered that?
04:12A quiet man
04:13Who had genius
04:14And he was particularly interested in
04:16Small weight
04:17It took place in Moravia
04:18In the heart of Europe
04:19It's been a while now
04:25You see, Gregor
04:27One can graft
04:27This good branch
04:28On an apple tree
04:29How do we do it?
04:31Look at
04:33HAS.
04:46What ?
05:00Subtitles
05:01Tell me, Dad, how is it possible for the same tree to produce such different fruits?
05:05That, my son, is one of nature's mysteries. Come and help me, son.
05:14And you ?
05:16Yes, sir/madam, you must work three days a week. Follow me.
05:21Yes, sir, we're finishing up.
05:23No way, I need you right now.
05:35The good ram you have there.
05:40Yes sir, it's the best of my breeding stock.
05:44Let's go see.
05:49Hey Mabel, give me that ram and I'll give you six months off work.
05:54Sir, the ram is the result of several years of selection. I cannot get rid of it.
06:00Yes, I do.
06:20Tell me, father, how did you get such a beautiful ram?
06:23We need to select the best parents. You see, this ewe has beautiful wool. This ram isn't good.
06:28right.
06:28They pass on these qualities to their offspring. And so, little by little...
06:32But how?
06:33Well, my boy, we don't know anything about that. There you have it.
06:37The flower is fertilized by pollen. Place it down, and it will produce a seed.
06:41But how do they produce the pistil and pollen to make a seed that will produce a flower and not something else?
06:46thing ?
06:47Ah, but that, my dear, we don't know.
06:52This boy is talented. He should continue studying. But we have so little money.
07:12Hey, look, Madel, did you see? I found her sock.
07:15He doesn't even have the money to buy more.
07:19What is a peasant doing here?
07:21An ignorant person.
07:22And you ?
07:23Who drinks them?
07:24Me ?
07:25Yes, you. I don't believe your holeless socks make you intelligent.
07:30Tell me what it takes for a flowering plant to produce a seed.
07:33It needs to be shaken.
07:35In autumn and in autumn.
07:37In autumn, it needs to be shaken in autumn.
07:40You are ignorant. Sit down.
07:42And you, Madel, what do you think?
07:44The pollen needs to penetrate the pistil, sir.
07:48And where does pollen come from?
07:50From the same plant or another one.
07:52If it comes from a different variety, the seed will produce a hybrid plant.
07:55Good, student Madel.
07:56As for you, even if you have silk stockings,
07:59Madel could teach you a thing or two.
08:01That's all for today.
08:08Ah, he could teach us a thing or two.
08:10Perhaps we'll be the ones to give him one.
08:17You saw that, didn't you?
08:20He's scared, isn't he?
08:21Look at.
08:22You see, he doesn't even dare to look at us.
08:24It's up to me, it's up to me, it's up to me to throw stones at him.
08:28You should go back to your farm.
08:30You're farting your geese.
08:31And little piglets.
08:32Did you see his clothes?
08:33His jacket is too small.
08:35Worn and mended.
08:36That's right, I have a hole in my sock.
08:38My jacket is too small and has been mended.
08:40You have lovely clothes.
08:42But I can still give you a little lesson.
08:48My jacket is very nice, isn't it?
08:50Mine is brand new, made of Scottish wool.
08:52Well, you're going to have clothes like mine.
08:58My jacket, all torn up.
09:00My socks have holes in them.
09:01My shirt, look at my shirt.
09:03And if you do it again, you'll get a big lesson.
09:13I would like this piece of bread and three carrots.
09:16No, two carrots.
09:27Come into my office, young man.
09:32Here, eat this and listen.
09:35Come on, come on, come on, eat.
09:37I know you don't have any money.
09:39And if you continue like this, you're going to make yourself sick.
09:43You deserve to continue your studies, though, so there you go.
09:46Go to the Augustinian convent in Borneau on my behalf.
09:51This is the dining hall where we eat our meals.
09:54There you go, here you will be well fed.
09:57Brother Mathias, our botanist, takes care of our garden.
10:01But come, I'll show you.
10:04I'm sure you'll find this interesting.
10:07Are you passionate about botany, my son?
10:10Yes, father, I am a peasant, son of peasants, and I study natural sciences.
10:15Great, I'll finally have someone to talk to about my plants.
10:18Come and see, I have several varieties of beans and peas.
10:22Peas are interesting.
10:23Well, here it is, this is our place of common prayer.
10:27In nature, when plants or animals reproduce,
10:30They give birth to offspring who resemble them.
10:33But that's not always true.
10:35What do you mean, Father?
10:36Just imagine.
10:39Let's assume that the peas reproduce.
11:04We made some beautiful babies, darling.
11:07He looks a lot like you, darling.
11:21We made some beautiful babies.
11:23Look how much these three resemble you.
11:28Yes, but this one doesn't look like me at all.
11:31That one is the spitting image of my mom.
11:34Yes, that's true.
11:38And it's the same for humans.
11:40Why do children have the characteristics of their father, their mother, or sometimes both?
11:45Tell me.
11:46It's a mystery.
11:48Why are all the peas yellow and then, afterwards, do the worms reappear?
11:52I've noticed other things that can't be explained.
11:57I believe we should conduct an experiment that is likely to last a long, very long time.
12:05At mealtime, we are called to the dining hall.
12:08Lord, bless the food we are about to eat.
12:11Amen.
12:17A good soucroute, that's a good idea.
12:19Potatoes, carrots.
12:22Father Mathias's delicious little vegetables.
12:27Ah, youth, what a marvel!
12:30What are you going to plant here?
12:31Peas, Father.
12:33And there, there, there?
12:35Peas, there too, peas.
12:37That will make a lot of peas, my son.
12:41Thousands are needed for my experience.
12:43Look, my father.
12:46Here, there are only small peas with green pods.
12:48There, with a yellow pod.
12:51Here, with white flowers.
12:53There, with mauve flowers.
12:54Here, short shots.
12:55There, some...
12:56What energy, my son.
12:57There are thousands of them.
12:58And what are you going to do with it?
13:00To crossbreed them, to hybridize them, my father.
13:02And see what happens over several generations.
13:07Peas, pea soup
13:10and steamed peas
13:11and a very small slice of pork.
13:14Let us thank the Lord for our daily bread
13:16and for Brother Gregor's very fine peas.
13:19In our bread, our daily peas, yes.
13:23And now, my son?
13:25I'm continuing the crossbreeding.
13:27I'm going to put the pollen from the pink flowers in
13:29with the green pods
13:30in the white flowers with yellow pods
13:31and the long ones in the courtyards and...
13:33Oh, no, no, it's not that fast.
13:34Oh, but what a job.
13:35Yes, yes, I see, I see.
13:37Finally, my eyes are no longer good enough for that.
13:40But neither are mine, Father.
13:41Look, I'm wearing glasses.
13:43I collect the pollen from the rose flower
13:45and I put it on the pistil of the white flower.
13:53Come, my father.
13:54We are being called for the meal.
13:56No, no, my son.
13:57It's me.
13:57I would like to see the sunset
13:59one last time.
14:00But, Father, you will catch a cold.
14:03Oh, don't worry.
14:04I lived a very, very long time.
14:06Don't forget, I will always be near you.
14:08I know you're doing important work.
14:11And now...
14:12Yes, my father.
14:13Give me your blessing.
14:19I know you can't.
14:21No, I see.
14:22I can't.
14:22You're doing important work.
15:29Brother Gregory, what vegetables do we have for dinner?
15:43Listen, Brother Gregory, we're fed up with dots. We want potatoes, right?
15:47Plant some? I'm very busy.
15:51Okay, well, to begin with, we're going to tear off these little dots.
16:03No, no, no!
16:05We want to plant potatoes.
16:07Not here, my brother. You can clearly see there are small dots.
16:10But we're fed up with these little dots, fed up with our stomachs, fed up with our mouths, fed up with our heads. We're going to tear them out.
16:15No, no. A major experiment is underway that will revolutionize science.
16:19Right now, it's making my stomach churn.
16:22If you want to plant, there's room for your potatoes over there in the field. Plenty of
16:26dishes.
16:27But the cloister garden is there.
16:28He's busy. But I can help you get to the other side of the wall.
16:36Don't you need a hand to get to the other side?
16:40No.
16:41Good.
16:44Reuse, we're going to plant our potatoes here.
16:47That was my foot.
16:52I've found it. I'm sure of it now.
16:55But what did you find, brother?
16:57Plant traits are transmitted by separate particles.
17:01Two for color, two for shape, two for size.
17:04Certain particles are dominant.
17:05Look, it's obvious. Yellow dominates. It's a dominant characteristic.
17:09But I don't quite understand. What does that mean?
17:12Not me. I don't understand at all.
17:14Remember Darwin, children, in On the Origin of Species. He said...
17:17The laws of heredity transmission are still largely unknown to us.
17:21And a few short years later, Mendel discovered them, these laws of heredity.
17:24He has just discovered the gene. The gene, the very basis of modern genetics.
17:31I'll explain.
17:38Each pea has two genes to determine its color.
17:41One yellow and one green. But the yellow dominates.
17:43If it is found with a green gene, yellow will prevail.
17:46And the pea will be yellow.
17:48And look what happens to the next generation.
17:55Once again, the yellow character dominates here and there.
18:00But here, we find two green genes.
18:02And the color green, which had disappeared in the second generation, reappears in the third.
18:08Therefore, thanks to reproduction, which mixes the genes of ancestors,
18:11We get the wonderful variety of lives that we know.
18:14And that is why children will have mixed characteristics of their parents or grandparents.
18:39Yes, twenty years of research.
18:41But now I can present the results of my work to the Burnaud scientific society.
18:46The transmission of hereditary traits occurs in the following way.
18:50The corpusci assemble according to data that I can define mathematically.
18:54as being of the order, gentlemen, the result of my work.
19:07They didn't understand anything. We'll have to find something else.
19:11That's true. Nobody understood the importance of this work.
19:14Mendel was too far ahead of his time.
19:20I have an idea.
19:22If we can select and modify plants, we should be able to do the same with animals.
19:29Cows?
19:30No, that would take too long. I'll try with bees. They multiply quickly.
19:36And what's the point?
19:37It's to keep the bees away. They don't like smoke.
19:41I can see.
19:44Oh, me neither, I don't like smoke. What do we do now?
19:48We are going to create new varieties of bees that will produce a lot of honey.
19:51To begin, I take the queen from this trial and put her in a new hive with a little
19:59of honey.
20:00From that hive, I take some drones and put them with the queen.
20:05Of course, this is a job that will take a few years.
20:09Of course.
20:14You see, these ones produce twice as much honey as the others.
20:19I think I'm on the right track.
20:33And what is this?
20:35Honey-glazed pork.
20:37It seems to be Chinese cuisine.
20:40Father, come on, wouldn't there be a little bit of peas?
20:44No, my brother.
20:45There are more peas.
20:50And what is this?
20:53Honey cake, my brother.
21:01That, my brother, is pure honey.
21:03Bank.
21:08Have you lost something?
21:10We're looking for a place.
21:12For planting.
21:13A few peas.
21:15Oh, there isn't much room around here.
21:17Maybe over there, in the field.
21:19Look, here.
21:20I don't recommend it.
21:22The garden belongs to all the monks, doesn't it?
21:29Who is that?
21:31Here we go ?
21:33Let's go!
21:58Mendel will make detailed accounts of the bees' trial-and-error walk, of the energy required for their flight.
22:03He will attempt a thousand experiments in tree cultivation, fruit variety improvement, and meteorology.
22:11But his great work will be peas, genes.
22:16The very heart of modern biology.
22:19However, it would take several decades for these works, which were obscured and contested, to have their importance recognized.
22:32It was by sheer chance that Mandel developed this theory which he wanted to turn into law.
22:38In any case, none of this holds water.
22:41Mr. de Vries.
22:44Gentlemen, these laws that Mandel describes also apply to a whole range of plants.
22:49And they also govern the entire animal world.
22:52So why not that of men, huh? Mandel did indeed discover genes.
22:57Yes, yes, yes, yes.
23:01I have indeed discovered genes.
23:03It is the genes that make a human being what they are.
23:07A fly, an elephant, a boy, a girl.
23:10And Mandel's discoveries paved the way for many others.
23:17Mr. Muller, would you please catch this fly for me?
23:20Yes, Mr. Morgan.
23:35The genes are located in these small rods, the chromosomes.
23:44I found it! I found it!
23:51What did you find, Mr. Avry? Tell me!
23:54Genes are made of a long molecule, DNA. DNA is life.
24:04Watson, Crick, are you kidding me?!
24:06Oh, but that's a strategy, that's DNA!
24:10I'm so horny.
24:12What? What am I?
24:15What do you see, Mrs. McClintock?
24:18These are jumping genes.
24:22What is this gibberish, Mr. Ochoa?
24:25This is the genetic code I just deciphered.
24:28We now know that DNA contains the genes that transmit traits
24:32and places an order for the manufacture of what the organization needs.
24:36And science makes it possible to modify these genes in the laboratory.
24:40Thanks to genetic engineering, we are starting to manufacture new drugs
24:43to cure hereditary diseases.
24:45For the first time, man is trying to control his own evolution.
24:50You mean, maestro, that man can transform himself?
24:53Yes, today it knows how to act on genes, therefore on heredity.
24:59This gives him extraordinary power, which he must use with great caution.
25:04A lot of wisdom.
25:07Discoverers shape better worlds for us.
25:11With their eyes turned towards the sky, their thoughts wander elsewhere.
25:16Spinning hands and snow of stars, planets, and comets.
25:21Here the man takes off, he is about to leave the ground.
25:24My words are that he should fly away.
25:26Tomorrow, they will lead us to other heights.
25:31Because for them, man is only at the beginning of his story.
25:37The discoverers!
25:42The discoverers!
25:44Subtitling by Radio-Canada
25:46Subtitling by Radio-Canada
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