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00:00Keep turning left. Keep turning.
00:02Keep turning?
00:03The controller really needs the aircraft to be going on the expected path.
00:08But seconds later...
00:10Nose up, nose up, nose up!
00:11The MD-11F crashes near a residential neighborhood.
00:16The impact registered the equivalent of a 1.6 earthquake.
00:21When investigators reconstruct the flight in a simulator...
00:25Start to dive in 3, 2, 1, go!
00:29They come to a shocking realization.
00:31The data showed that the upset was caused by a pilot input.
00:35And that becomes a mystery.
01:03It's a mild and overcast spring day at Hongchao International Airport in Shanghai, China.
01:14Korean Air Flight 6316 is being prepared for departure.
01:18The cargo plane is loaded with 86 tons of non-hazardous materials.
01:25Check list peak and light.
01:28Before start checklist, sir.
01:31The captain is 54-year-old Hong Sung Sil.
01:35Captain Hong is a very experienced pilot with 13,000 flight hours and a very good safety record.
01:42Today, his first officer is 35-year-old Park Boon Sok.
01:48First officer of Park is less experienced than a captain, but also has an excellent safety record.
01:57Doors and windows.
01:59Closed and locked.
02:02Korean Air is South Korea's flag carrier.
02:05Its headquarters is located at Gimpo International Airport in Seoul.
02:11In 1999, Korean Air is one of the top three passenger airlines in Asia.
02:17And its cargo division is top three in the world.
02:22Its route is covered Asia, South America and Europe.
02:36Also on board is 48-year-old flight technician Park Byung-Kee.
02:42The flight tech is a mechanic on board who is not a part of the flight crew.
02:48His job is just to make sure this aircraft has no mechanic issue and will take off safely.
02:56Engine ignition.
02:57Stand by.
02:59Stand by.
03:00Fuel panel.
03:02Auto.
03:03Air panel.
03:05Auto.
03:06Before start checks complete.
03:08Before the aircraft can begin taxiing to the runway, it must be pushed into position on the taxiway.
03:15Captain, can you release the parking brake?
03:18Okay, brake released.
03:23All aircraft are arced facing terminal or the cargo apron, which means the aircraft has no ability to reverse by
03:32themselves.
03:32So it's need a tow truck to push them back onto the taxiway.
03:38But as flight 6316 is being pushed back...
03:45Something's not right.
03:46The captain notices something amiss.
03:49Why is that brake temperature light on?
03:51It seems this brake isn't released.
03:55The captain noticed there is a caution that shows there is a high temperature on one of the brakes.
04:01It doesn't mean this brake is failing.
04:04It just means this brake is hotter than the others.
04:07Yeah, when we landed, that brake temp showed up.
04:12In some rare conditions, the hot brake can lead the fire in flight.
04:16But at this point, the hot brake is not a serious issue.
04:19You just keep an eye on it.
04:23It's dropping down now.
04:30I wonder what's going to happen when we take off.
04:38Captain, clear to start engines.
04:40Three, one, two.
04:42Roger, starting number three.
04:46The pilots are flying a McDonnell Douglas MD-11F.
04:52The MD-11 is a large, wide-body aircraft.
04:56This is a very high-performance airplane.
04:59And once you understand the MD-11, it is a very pleasurable airplane to fly.
05:05But it does require the pilots to be on top of their game.
05:11Hongqiao, Taylor.
05:12Korean Air 6316, request taxi.
05:15Korean Air 6316, taxi via Kilo 7, Tango 0, for runway 18.
05:22The aircraft begins taxiing to runway 18.
05:29Right side, clear.
05:31Right side, clear.
05:33Left side, clear.
05:36Right side, clear.
05:40Right side, clear.
05:43Korean Air 6316, taxi via Kilo 7, Tango 0.
05:44So many airlines at this airport.
05:50It's 77.
05:52It's normal now.
05:55The elevated brake temperature has returned to normal.
06:00Korean Air 6316, clear for takeoff.
06:03Clear for takeoff, 6316.
06:06Confirming we're clear for takeoff.
06:18Check thrust.
06:20Thrust is set.
06:2380 knots.
06:26V1.
06:30Rotate.
06:31Rotate.
06:34Just after 4 p.m., they lift off from Shanghai.
06:40Positive climb.
06:43Gear up.
06:53The flight from Shanghai to Seoul is expected to take two hours.
07:01Shortly after takeoff, the controller provides the pilots with their climb-out instructions.
07:06Korean Air 6316, now turn left, direct to November Hotel Whiskey, then climb and maintain 1,500 meters.
07:14The MD-11 is to continue climbing and turn left to intercept NHW.
07:22NHW, or November Hotel Whiskey, is a ground-based navigation beacon that assists pilots in guiding their plane through the
07:30skies.
07:32Okay, direct November Hotel Whiskey, and say again, altitude?
07:37Reconfirming the altitude instruction is smart.
07:41Every aircraft had their assigned route or assigned altitude by the ATC.
07:46So that is very important to hold this altitude to avoid the conflicts with others.
07:53But as the pilots confirm their instructions, the controller notices the plane has yet to turn towards the NHW navigation
08:02fix.
08:03Flight 6316, turn left, direct to November Hotel Whiskey, then climb and maintain 1,500 meters.
08:12The controller can see on the radar scope that the aircraft is not turning left, and so is reminding the
08:20crew that they need to turn left by reissuing the clearance.
08:28But as the controller repeats his instructions...
08:32I don't see NHW.
08:34...the navigation fix does not appear on the captain's display screen.
08:41Where is it?
08:43Uh, here.
08:44Keep turning left.
08:47Keep turning.
08:49Keep turning?
08:50Yes, keep turning more.
08:52As the pilots continue their turn, the controller realizes the plane isn't climbing.
08:59Korean Air 6316, climb and maintain 1,500 meters.
09:04Are they asking us to...
09:06Yes, they're telling us to climb.
09:12The aircraft hasn't even reached the initial altitude that they were cleared to.
09:16So this is a way to remind the crew, we need to get moving, we need to climb.
09:23Just as Flight 6316 nears its assigned altitude...
09:30...it disappears from radar.
09:41The plane is diving uncontrollably towards the ground, too fast to be picked up by radar.
09:47The controller is unaware of its descent.
09:51Korean Air 6316, do you read?
09:56Wait, wait, wait, pitch!
10:01Korean Air 6316, radio check.
10:09Korean Air Flight 6316 bursts through the clouds above Shanghai.
10:14Nose up, nose up, nose up!
10:24And slams into the ground, seven miles from the airport.
10:29Less than two and a half minutes after takeoff.
10:34At the speed they hit the ground, the impact was so severe...
10:39...that it registered the equivalent of a 1.6 earthquake.
10:45The aircraft crashes in Xinhuang, on the outskirts of the town's residential area.
10:53The accident claims the lives of both pilots and the flight technician.
11:00Five civilians are killed, 40 more are injured.
11:11The investigation into the crash is handled jointly by the three countries involved.
11:17...representatives from the Korean Civilian Aviation Bureau are on site on behalf of the airline.
11:23With the crash occurring on Chinese soil, the investigation is led by the Civil Aviation Administration of China.
11:33And as the plane is manufactured in the U.S., an American investigator from the National Transportation Safety Board joins
11:41the team.
11:42What did you find?
11:43The debris trail runs nearly two kilometers.
11:46Fan pattern.
11:50Typically, on impact, as the airplane hits the ground, all of a sudden pieces will start coming apart.
11:59The biggest pieces will keep going straight.
12:01The other pieces will start fanning out.
12:04They'll spread.
12:06They had to impact at a relatively shallow angle to make that pattern.
12:11But as investigators continue to analyze the crash site, they learn that critical evidence has been destroyed.
12:19Not much left of the flight data recorder.
12:25One of the major tools in a modern aircraft accident investigation is the flight data recorder.
12:32More modern ones can record thousands of parameters.
12:35Angle attack, airspeed, engine parameters.
12:39The lack of a flight data recorder during an investigation is a major blow.
12:53Police say some of the cargo has been stolen from the crash site.
12:57In the chaos, some of the local residents decided to help themselves to some of the cargo.
13:02This creates a situation where investigators might not find critical parts that they need to solve the accident.
13:10Has anyone found the cockpit voice recorder?
13:16Hopefully that was installed, too.
13:20If you don't have a flight data recorder and you don't have a cockpit voice recorder,
13:26you really have to go back to the basics to try to figure out what happened.
13:31Investigators start by examining impact scars left by the engines
13:35to determine at what attitude the plane struck the ground.
13:40The ground slope's 30 degrees down from the horizontal.
13:44Slope is the same for the other ground scar, and wings were level.
13:50The aircraft engines are very heavy.
13:53They'll make their own craters.
13:55So you look at the angle the engines are in.
13:59That gives you a very good idea of the pitch angle at impact.
14:04Because those parts are basically going to try to just bore a hole into the dirt.
14:08So, the aircraft takes off.
14:12Roughly three minutes later, it crashes in a dive 30 degrees nose down with wings level.
14:18So what caused the dive?
14:22The ground information tells you how the airplane went down.
14:26We don't know why it went down.
14:28And that takes a lot more effort.
14:31We need to test for explosives.
14:34Get at least a dozen specimens from the wreckage and send those samples to the lab for testing.
14:39Chinese authorities wonder if an act of terrorism could have caused the accident.
14:44In any investigation, anything could have happened.
14:47And one of those events could have been sabotage or a bomb.
14:50So it's important in investigations to rule out something like that as soon as possible.
14:59As police look for evidence of explosives, investigators interview the air traffic controller.
15:07Anyone who talked to the crew is a witness to the investigation.
15:12And the controller is the last person to talk to the crew.
15:14So it was very important to get his impressions, what he did, what he's hearing back from the pilots, and
15:21understand what was happening that night.
15:25To start, what stood out to you about the flight?
15:29Takeoff seemed normal.
15:30But afterwards, the pilots struggled to maintain the flight plan.
15:35Turn left, direct to November, Hotel Whiskey.
15:38Then climb and maintain 1,500 meters.
15:42They eventually made their turn, but I had to remind them.
15:44After that?
15:45As they corrected their turn, I noticed they were still too low, so I told them to climb.
15:52Korean Air 6316, climb and maintain 1,500 meters.
15:57I had to remind them a second time before they started to climb.
16:03I thought they were off safely.
16:05The next thing I knew, the plane disappeared from radar.
16:10The air traffic controller sees the aircraft climbing.
16:15Everything looks normal and fine.
16:17And then all of a sudden, things go very wrong.
16:20Korean Air 6316, do you read?
16:24Korean Air 6316, radio check.
16:31Is that the radar data?
16:33Yes.
16:35Looks like your communication was by the book.
16:40Looking at the radar recordings is very important,
16:43especially if you haven't looked at the Copket voice recorder or the FDR.
16:48This gives you an initial framework to work with.
16:52Can the radar data provide any clues?
16:58The plane climbs to 1,371 meters, or 4,500 feet.
17:03Roughly 16 seconds later, it impacts the ground.
17:07That's a descent rate of roughly 17,000 feet per minute.
17:19We have a saying in aviation called a minute-to-die rule,
17:23which means that if your rate of descent in feet per minute is greater than your altitude,
17:30that's a dangerous situation.
17:32Flight 6316's rate of descent was more than three times greater than their altitude.
17:39Pull up.
17:40Pull up.
17:44What would cause the plane to descend at such an incredible speed?
17:49Maybe there's a problem with the aircraft.
17:52I'll pull the maintenance records.
17:55During the initial stages of the investigation,
17:57the investigators will look at all of the maintenance records of the aircraft.
18:01Any write-ups of issues on handling, delayed maintenance for some reason,
18:09anything at all that would give a clue to what could have happened here.
18:19Here's something.
18:21Investigators examine maintenance records of Korean Air Flight 6316,
18:26looking for clues to explain why a modern jetliner plunged from the sky so soon after takeoff.
18:32On May 25, 1996, the aircraft experienced a tail strike at LAX.
18:40The incident required a repair that took 63 days to complete.
18:46That is an interesting finding because if the repairs to the aircraft from the tail strike are not done properly,
18:54it can cause that area to detach in flight and, in the process, damage the pitch controls of the airplane.
19:01And we've seen that before.
19:04In 1978, a Japan Airlines Boeing 747 suffered a tail strike while landing at Osaka.
19:10A faulty repair led to explosive decompressions seven years later,
19:16tearing off the tail and killing 520 people.
19:23If that's what happened here, that could explain everything.
19:28Did poor maintenance cause the plane's tail to break apart mid-flight?
19:44Well, here's the vertical stabilizer.
19:47Investigators find pieces of Korean Air Flight 6316's tail section in the wreckage.
19:54With all the pieces of the tail this close to the main crash site,
19:58it didn't separate in flight.
20:00So the repair was done correctly?
20:03They conclude that a tail strike did not cause any part of the MD-11's tail to detach from the
20:09plane.
20:09Maybe the dive was caused by a failure in one of the plane's control surfaces.
20:14Like the horizontal stabilizer.
20:19The horizontal stabilizer is the small wing on the tail that controls the pitch of the aircraft.
20:27Maybe the jack screw jammed.
20:33When commanded, a jack screw in the tail rotates,
20:37moving the horizontal stabilizer up or down.
20:41If the jack screw has jammed in a nose-down position,
20:45now the airplane would suddenly pitch over,
20:48and the flight crew would be fighting to try to get the nose up.
20:53Pitch!
20:53Oh, oh, oh, oh, okay, okay.
20:56But they would have a lot of forces on the control column
20:59trying to fight the aircraft from pitching down towards the Earth.
21:08Was the horizontal stabilizer jammed in a nose-down position,
21:12causing the plane to plummet?
21:17Well, the jack screw isn't jammed,
21:19so the stabilizer was working as intended.
21:21And what position is it in?
21:2810.25 inches, so it was set to 0.65 degrees.
21:34Nose up.
21:37The pilots were fighting against the dive.
21:43Nose up, nose up, nose up!
21:44Trimming the horizontal stabilizer nose up
21:48while pulling back on the controls to try to arrest the descendant.
21:53Great.
22:07Chemical analysis report is in from the wreckage.
22:10No evidence of explosives.
22:13I'll start typing this up for the press.
22:15We need to reassure the public it's safe to fly in China.
22:18Sounds good.
22:23the civil aviation administration of china along with its u.s and korean counterparts
22:28release a bulletin almost two weeks after the incident the chinese investigation want to make
22:34two things clear one is not a bomb two it's not a fault from the chinese atc controller
22:41with terrorism air traffic control and poor maintenance discounted investigators now
22:47focus their attention on the pilots let's start with the captain in all accidents one of the tasks
22:55is investigating the background of the pilots to ensure that there's no issues v1 rotate rotate
23:05training can make a very big difference and also things going on in their personal life
23:11we want to make sure that the person wasn't under any particular stressors that could cause distractions
23:17and inhibit their performance in any way captain hong was quite seasoned almost 13 000 flight hours
23:25with nearly 5 000 on the md-11 alone no psychological burdens and a perfect safety record yeah first
23:34officer park over 1800 hours majority on the md-11 no psychological burdens and also a perfect safety
23:41record two model pilots yeah
23:51yes is it intact they found the cockpit voice recorder
23:59after the accident there was very heavy rain in the shanghai area
24:05so they pumped out some water from some of the ponds that were left and they found the cbr
24:13memory is safe full data recovery
24:17excellent work and thank you
24:21they're going to get the transcripts ready for us
24:24at this point in investigation we're wondering what caused a mechanically sound airplane
24:30piloted by two well-trained experienced pilots to suddenly dive into the ground
24:37and that becomes the mystery
24:46okay let's start with an aerodynamic stall from 1371 meters
24:55using a boeing simulator in california we'll see what rate of descent we get
25:03investigators combine radar data with evidence from the wreckage of korean air flight 6316
25:10to determine why the plane plummeted to the ground
25:15in the simulator the investigators accomplished over a hundred different scenarios trial and error
25:22how do we match the data points
25:25pull up
25:28rate of descent was 3314 feet per minute
25:33not even close to 17 000 it couldn't have been a stall
25:38and so they take all this information and then the simulator try to determine what's the best fit for
25:46the data and you start eliminating things let's try out of control elevators the accident plane impacted
25:53nose down at an estimated 20 to 40 degrees
26:09the pitch is way too sharp let's try to pull up anyway for accuracy
26:14through all the simulator runs they did
26:2086 degrees okay it was not out of control elevators either
26:25they found that you could not match the rate of descent and the profile you needed to match the data
26:33with an aerodynamic stall or mechanical failure
26:41try intentionally pushing the plane into a dive
26:54push your nose down the vertical speed increase then trim the horizontal stabilizer up then try to pull out of
27:01it
27:08start to dive in three two one go
27:23only one simulation precisely replicates the data from flight 6316 dive time 18 seconds 25 degrees nose
27:33down maxed out rate of descent that's the closest we've been yet investigators conclude that the plane must
27:40have been put into a nose dive intentionally the data showed that the upset was caused by a pile input
27:47and so now the focus becomes on why would the pilot do this knowing that the crash of flight 6316
27:55could
27:56have resulted only from deliberate pilot input investigators listen to the cvr to determine
28:01why the pilots commanded the airplane into a steep dive okay let's have a listen
28:09captain captain can you release the parking brake okay break released
28:17oh something's not right
28:21why is that brake temperature light on
28:24is the high brake temperature somehow connected to the nose dive
28:30yeah when we landed that brake temp showed up but soon after it's dropping down now
28:38so the brake was a non-factor
28:42agreed let's keep going
28:46flight 6316 copy atc clearance
28:50go ahead korean air 6316 korean air 6316 after departure turn left direct to november hotel whiskey
28:58initially climb and maintain 900 meters read back please
29:02okay sir initially maintain 900 meters then after takeoff turn left direct to november hotel whiskey
29:08is that correct that's affirmative
29:11did you say 900 meters yeah 900 feet
29:18did you cast that after the controller read the altitude clearance
29:22investigators hear that there's some confusion about altitude measurements
29:28yeah why are they using metric at all imperial is airspace standard non-china
29:36most of this world including south korea measure altitude in feet the chinese aviation
29:44industry is based on the old soviet union aviation industry the usisr used the metric system
29:52so today china steel used the matrix system okay but i imagine the captain will sort that out in the
30:01takeoff briefing let's find out korean air 6316 clear for takeoff clear for takeoff 6316 confirming we're
30:12clear for takeoff wait did the captain skip his takeoff briefing i'm not seeing one in here
30:23a takeoff briefing is a way to create what we call a shared mental model where both pilots are on
30:30the
30:30same page otherwise you're simply not prepared for the flight the briefing would also have noted that
30:37shanghai uses metric altitudes so did skipping the briefing somehow play a role in the nose dive
30:52the investigators revisit the cvr searching for evidence that the omission of a critical briefing
30:58contributed to the crash of flight 6316 let's start with the initial climb
31:06turn left direct to november hotel whiskey then climb and maintain 1500 meters
31:12the team hears the controller giving the pilots their climb out instructions i don't see nhw
31:21where is it but the captain can't find the navigation beacon on his display
31:28sounds like an issue with the captain's narrow display
31:32uh here keep turning left the recording suggests the first officer's navigation display was functioning
31:40properly keep turning keep turning yes keep turning more damn why isn't nhw showing the cvr portrays a
31:52captain who appears confused i bet he zoomed in too far on the nav display that's why you can't see
32:01the beacon
32:02had the pilot reached up and changed the range on his display
32:06he would have had that available to him that would explain why it took them so long to turn left
32:12had they done the takeoff briefing they could have caught the issue
32:17had they discussed completely in the pre-flight briefing here's where we're going
32:22and cross-checked their displays that would have been caught
32:26and it wasn't it still doesn't explain the dive though
32:33korean air 6316 climb and maintain 1500 meters
32:38are they asking us yes they're telling us to climb
32:45seems like they're so preoccupied getting the plane to turn left
32:49they forgot to climb especially since the controller told them twice
32:58then investigators hear a warning telling the pilots that they're approaching their target altitude
33:03altitude uh pitch sir the first officer points out that they're climbing too quickly
33:13why is he climbing so quickly
33:18his mistakes are adding up
33:22he's trying to overcompensate to get to his altitude he's pitching up too fast he's doing things too
33:30quickly was the nose dive just another mistake
33:42how far are they telling us to climb
33:46he still doesn't know his altitude clearance it doesn't look like the first officer knows either
34:03they're talking in terms of feet even though the controller's instructions were in meters
34:09investigators now realize the controller and the pilots are using different altitude measurements
34:17and weren't they trained to use metric should be well let's check certainly the more training you have
34:26that would have helped greatly in terms of sorting out the meters versus feet
34:32i see thank you for your time they look deeper into the training procedures for korean air pilots
34:39korean air says the sold to shanghai route is the only one where their pilots need to use metric
34:45what kind of training they have they require their pilots to watch a single training video to learn metric conversion
34:52according to the pilot records the captain had only flown into shanghai once prior the first officer had never flown
35:01there before
35:03which means the first officer would have watched the training video for the first time only that morning
35:13investigators conclude that the pilots of flight 6316 confused metric and imperial
35:21because they were inadequately prepared for the flight for the pilots to operate in a metric environment
35:27this is something that you need to get into a simulator and you need to practice it watching a video
35:33it's just not going to be enough period
35:36so was the metric confusion the reason why they pushed the plane into a nosedive
35:45how far did they tell us to climb as the flight reaches its assigned altitude of 4500 feet or 1500
35:53meters
35:551500 feet sir
35:58the first officer leads the captain to believe they should be much lower at 1500 feet
36:04the captain thinking that they have blown through their clearance
36:08would be extremely alarmed because now there is a very strong potential for a traffic conflict
36:35the captain pushes the plane into a steep dive to descend to a much lower altitude
36:47you can hear the captain trim the plane down he put them in the dive
36:53he pitches the aircraft nose down and simultaneously is trimming the horizontal stabilizer which relieves the
37:02control column pressure but the combination of these things put the aircraft into a dive for which it's
37:09almost impossible to recover during the descent the first officer suddenly recognizes the seriousness of their situation
37:18wait wait pitch oh okay okay
37:23but by the time the pilots realize the danger nose up nose up nose up
37:33it's too late
37:39investigators conclude that the crash was caused by the captain's confusion over his altitude measurement
37:45even if the captain thought he was too high why not descend more gradually
37:56wait wait wait wait
38:03first he climbed too quickly then he descended way too quickly
38:07investigators try to determine why the captain of korean air flight 6316 reacted so drastically
38:13to his belief that the aircraft was too high maybe he's trying to cover up his mistakes
38:21on one hand the captain knows it is dangerous when they're overshooting the altitude
38:28how far did they tell us to climb on the other hand the captain doesn't want the controller to know
38:35that
38:35he made a mistake so he tried to get down quickly to save face what i don't understand is why
38:44didn't the
38:44first officer try to stop him especially since he was guiding him earlier
38:53there's a lot going on and the first officer is not only trying to read back the clearances
39:01but also trying to ensure that the captain is turning in the direction that needs to be turned
39:06keep turning keep turning yes keep turning more
39:15i've got the cvr all set for the moment before the dive did the first officer ever recognize the error
39:28how far did it tell us to climb
39:321500 feet sir
39:34uh oh
39:41wait wait wait wait investigators hear the first officer hesitate after providing the captain with the
39:48wrong altitude maybe at that point the first officer recognized his mistake was feet and meters we don't
39:55know just just a moment wait pitch okay
40:11so the dive starts and he says wait wait wait
40:19then after five full seconds of free fall he says wait pitch
40:28clearly there should have been some input some effort for the first officer to try to slow things down
40:43in my opinion the first officer was speaking but he wasn't speaking up
40:49wait wait wait wait wait just just a moment
40:52he gave little hints that things were going wrong to the captain but it was apparent that the pilots were
40:58not on the same page
41:07at the end of the day the captain caused the dive
41:13he overreacted
41:16the rate of descent was so high
41:19that now it became very difficult to recover once you got down to the lower altitudes
41:25and probably they didn't realize the trouble they were in until they could see
41:29breaks in the clouds and see the ground
41:32nose up nose up nose up
41:42in their final report investigators conclude that confusion over the metric system
41:48led the first officer to relay the wrong altitude
41:52how far did they tell us to climb
41:561500 feet sir
41:58that mistake caused the captain to overcompensate
42:03wait wait wait wait just a moment and push the aircraft into a fatal dive
42:12we can look at this as a training accident as much as anything else
42:18the way the pilots were trained at that time resulted in a series of decisions and actions
42:25that put the airplane in an unrecoverable situation
42:30in chinese aviation industry we have a motto every line in the checklist is written in blood
42:37because behind every line in the checklist is a disaster but it's an opportunity to improve
42:45it's one of the recommendations was that korean air reinforce its cockpit resource management training
42:52it's part of the fabric that holds a safe flight together
42:55then that includes things like a pre-takeoff briefing
42:58so these are some of the items that in my mind were most important
43:05today korean air is recognized as one of the safest airlines in the world
43:13the amount of standardization through all the airlines the amount of training now
43:18is much higher level than it was before the digital airplanes there's a button you can turn
43:25and all your displays show meters instead of feet but it does bring up the need for vigilance this crew
43:34made so many errors losing control of a big airplane is very unusual and hopefully won't see it again
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