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An unprecedented undercover investigation into one of the world's most repressive regimes - Eritrea. Exclusive secret footage and testimony sheds light on shocking allegations of torture, arbitrary detention and forced conscription.

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00:00I don't know
00:30We just slept on the floor. That was our space right there, that was it.
00:46Some were desperate. All were desperate.
00:50It was rough, the interrogations. That's the first time I saw a dead body. I was trying to hang in there.
01:09As time went by, I started slowly to deteriorate.
01:12The only thing that helped me was to avoid thinking about anything and everything. Just take it a day at a time.
01:26Because if you stop to think, it's...
01:35It's too much to bear.
01:38Over the past two decades, more than half a million Eritreans have fled their home country.
01:46They say they are escaping one of the most repressive and secretive dictatorships in the world.
01:53The country is led on fear. Everybody is afraid for their safety.
02:00Eritreans have committed crimes against humanity.
02:04Filming and reporting in Eritrea is almost impossible.
02:13But for more than five years, we've been gathering secretly shot footage from inside the country.
02:22And interviewing people who have escaped.
02:25People are angry.
02:27In every district, in every zone, in every area, there is a prison.
02:32What are we talking about?
02:34What are we talking about?
02:36What do we talk about?
02:38What is the truth?
02:40What do we talk about?
02:42What do we talk about?
02:44What do we talk about?
03:15Tigray, northern Ethiopia.
03:24Our investigation began here in the winter of 2016.
03:36A group of refugees had just escaped neighboring Eritrea.
03:45They were part of a mass exodus, half a million and counting.
04:01Thousands of them, unaccompanied children.
04:05They were part of a mass exodus.
04:35The meaning of my youth is for my work.
04:38We're even aware of this,
04:41because I always like,
04:42and I like my people because I want to sit on the street,
04:46and I like my people.
04:49I always like to talk about the streets.
04:54The meaning of my youth can be heard
04:57and they're like,
04:58we're seeing what's going on.
04:59I don't know where to tell them.
05:01The children told us they were fleeing repression, imprisonment, and forced conscription into the Eritrean military.
05:31The children told us that they were miserable and were broken.
05:38I worshipped the people from the land of Eritrean.
05:43They were rich during the day of the june and the house of the Mautilba.
05:55The men made the house of Eritrean.
05:58It's been a long time for us to be able to get out of our lives and get out of our lives and get out of our lives.
06:28Eritrea is often described as Africa's North Korea.
06:41It's been ruled by one man, Isaias Afwerki, since 1991, when it won a war of independence
06:50from Ethiopia.
06:52There are no national elections, no parliament, no independent judiciary, no free press.
07:02Amid ongoing conflict with Ethiopia, the president imposed mandatory national service for all
07:08Eritreans.
07:10It's not our own making, it's not been our own choice, we never wanted to go this
07:19way, it's been imposed upon us and we have to survive and live with it.
07:23It's not a question of national service or avoiding the national service.
07:28You aspire to become someone in this society and have good quality life, you work for that,
07:35you don't get it free.
07:38People learn it either the easy way or the hard way.
07:44Critics accuse the regime of locking up anyone who opposes it, anyone who tries to flee
07:49the country and anyone who avoids conscription.
07:54The president has always publicly denied those charges.
08:01Corby citizens who have said, if you have a ticket cost, you will need to be the
08:03leader of the country.
08:04The leader of the government wants to be the leader of the country and the people who
08:08have tried to flee the country on the war.
08:13To serve him the people that don't really musich.
08:18The leader of the government has abandoned us.
08:19The leader of the situation is that we have the people, that is not a matter of luck.
08:23Everyone is the leader of the power of the city and the leader of the government has
08:27been somehow.
08:28In a safe house in Ethiopia's capital, we met a man named Michael.
08:43He'd just escaped from Eritrea and smuggled out something remarkable.
08:49Secretly shot footage from inside one of the country's military-run prisons.
08:57My son-in-law.
09:00We wanted to help him get here.
09:03We can have a feeling of sorry about what happened last year.
09:09A lot of people of the country come to us.
09:12This is not a topic.
09:14We can have a feeling of how we got.
09:20My wife was on the Kavanaugh,
09:23and I killed her.
09:26I was on the highway and I was on the road.
09:29My wife and I were in the road and I was in the road.
09:34I was on the road because I was in the road.
09:37Michael told us he was arrested in 2011
09:48for trying to avoid military service
09:50He was then held here in Adiabato prison
09:56just outside the capital, Asmara
09:58for more than four years
10:07He said a sympathetic guard helped him smuggle in a small camera
10:16and he worked with one other trusted prisoner
10:37The other inmates were not aware Michael was filming
10:46The prisoners can be seen packed into large holding rooms.
11:16According to Michael, they can be held like this for years without trial.
11:46Michael said many of his fellow inmates were there for avoiding conscription like him or attempting to escape the country
12:16.
12:23I was able to get a job to get a job done with my own.
12:40I was able to get a job at the local government.
12:46I was able to get a job done with my own.
12:57Michael was one of more than 30 Eritrean refugees.
13:25We interviewed over the course of our investigation.
13:28For their safety, we agreed to conceal many of their identities.
13:34We also reviewed and verified more than 10 hours of secretly shot footage from inside
13:39the country.
13:41The Eritrean government would not speak to us about what we'd found, other than to say
13:46the allegations were astounding, and that they'd seen many fabricated stories before.
13:51We had a lot of work in the country.
13:57We had a lot of work in the country.
13:59We had a lot of work in the country.
14:02When I first came to my wife, I was a scholar who could help me on the family.
14:07I went to my office, I was....
14:09I was just joking about the girls.
14:13It was amazing.
14:16I was looking at some of the people who couldn't help me.
14:27Shortly after meeting Michael, we made contact with a secret group of Eritrean activists.
14:52We met them in a cafe in the Ethiopian capital.
15:10They told us they were in touch with a network of fellow activists in Eritrea who could provide
15:15us with more undercover footage from inside the country.
15:18They said it was dangerous and would take time.
15:23We would have to wait.
15:34Human rights groups accuse Eritrea of running a national network of jails and detention facilities
15:39like the one Michael filmed.
15:44For two years, a United Nations team tried to investigate this network.
15:52They were forbidden from entering the country.
15:56What we did at the Commission of Enquiry was to use satellite imagery to be able to identify
16:05a certain number of detention centers.
16:08But anything to do with facts and figures and actual statistics is very difficult to get
16:16in Eritrea.
16:17It all goes to the opaqueness of the system.
16:20There is no audit or real figure of the number of prisoners.
16:25This is very worrying because any prison system, official prison system, should be in fact in a position
16:35to have a list of all those in their custody and this is not possible to get in Eritrea.
16:43Lots of people when they are taken in do not even know why they have been arrested.
16:50They have no clue, once they are in there, when they will get out.
16:55They don't have legal representation.
16:57They are not taken to a court.
17:00Many have been held incommunicado.
17:03There is no rhyme or reason as to how long somebody would be in detention.
17:11We were being constantly beaten for not working hard or fast enough.
17:15In many of the prisons and farms I was detained, we never had shelter.
17:20As part of its enquiry, the UN collected testimony from more than 800 Eritreans.
17:26One of those who gave evidence was Hannah Petra Solomon.
17:31Every Eritrean has been scarred by the self-proclaimed President Isaias al-Furki.
17:35And all I am asking of you today is to bear witness to these scars and do what is just.
17:40Look through the facade and grant freedom, justice to the Eritrean people.
17:50Hannah now lives in the United States.
17:54In 2009, she had tried to flee Eritrean to avoid military service.
18:01We got caught and then we were taken to prison.
18:08We were interrogated, we were brought in one by one.
18:15They would ask us questions, who do we plan it with, what's the name, who else knows.
18:25And throughout the night, they would take in one of the smugglers and they would start beating them up so we could hear them screaming throughout the night.
18:34There were a lot of cargo containers and prisoners were kept in there.
18:41One day, someone kept banging, but the guards didn't listen, didn't go over to check.
18:49It was in the summer and can get really hot in summer.
18:54So they kept banging to ask them to let them know.
18:59But they completely ignored them because even we could hear them from inside.
19:04And then when they opened the door, someone had died in there.
19:10This area right here is where Nava Base is.
19:17Let me zoom in.
19:21So I remember vividly, we were kept in this hangar right here.
19:30It's actually two different spaces.
19:32So this space was filled with inmates and you could hear them screaming.
19:36This is where they interrogated us and there was another room.
19:40They kept some inmates here.
19:42I remember there was one Eritrean smuggler who had burnt skin who was held here.
19:47So they would let us out, use the beach over here to defecate or whatever for the morning.
19:53And then we would go back to that spot right there.
19:58After nine months in prison, Hannah said she was sent here to Sawa military training base,
20:04where all Eritreans start their mandatory national service.
20:19In Eritrean propaganda, Sawa is depicted as a happy place, where citizens become good patriotic soldiers.
20:30Hannah told us the reality for her was very different.
20:35We were supposed to be military trained, officially anyway.
20:39So they took us to Sawa.
20:41But after two days in Sawa, they were gathering up women from everywhere.
20:49They took us to farms.
20:54So I went to three or four different farms just working the fields.
20:59We would plant, weed, do a bit of everything.
21:04And throughout our work, our guards would make deals with other generals who had farms nearby.
21:13So they would take us there, do the work, and take the money, I guess.
21:19Throughout our stay in these different farms, there were many, many women who were either threatened
21:31or were asked for sexual favors in exchange for cell phones, a phone call, in exchange for water,
21:40in exchange for pads, menstrual pads, for anything.
21:44Some were desperate.
21:47All were desperate.
21:50And I guess when, in situations when you didn't have anything and you were kept half starving.
22:01Those favors were something to consider.
22:17Hannah's story mirrored the accounts of many other refugees we met in camps along the border with Ethiopia.
22:24The next day when we moved to the Hagar Bola, we were authorities of the Hagar Mundial Building and the U.S.
22:26of the Hagar Mundial Building, the Hagar Mundial Building.
22:28The Hagar Mundial Building is the Hagar Mundial Building.
22:29Sarim told us he'd just recently escaped from Eritrea.
22:32betrayer.
23:01In his first attempt to escape, Sarim said he was shot in the arm and leg while trying
23:06to cross the border, and taken straight to prison with untreated wounds.
23:31Sarim told us he was held like this for two years and three months.
23:38He was held like this for two years and three months.
23:45In our interviews with refugees, one of the victims told us that he was held like this
23:52for two years and three months.
23:54In our interviews with refugees, one prison kept coming up.
24:17Weir camp.
24:30Tesfaye said he was held at Weir as punishment for trying to flee military service.
24:36Weir camped in the private sector the city the city was held.
24:43I did not notice the police, we kept coming up with our government to protect us.
24:47We were the underlands.
24:49Weir camped in the grounds of the fire.
24:51We do what we call the fire, the fire, the fire, the political system, the culture,
24:55the government, the government, the government.
24:57That would be an excellent teacher.
25:01One, she could do a lot of work.
25:04One, she plays the role of an employee of one another.
25:08She's a brother.
25:11These people said,
25:12we're going to find out a little bit of lamp.
25:14A little bit of light.
25:18We're going to find him to give him a little while.
25:22They had a lot and started working.
25:24Daniel, a Christian pastor, and Kiros, a soldier, were also detained in Weir prison camp.
25:42They say that they too were held in the underground cell known as the Oven.
25:54He said to us we were in the Edward Lujan, the Jewish prophet, and they died.
26:04My wife and me were doing good.
26:05They got us to go out to the church we felt a lot.
26:07Then the church sent us to the church.
26:13And they told us the church.
26:15They sent us to the church and they sent us to the church.
26:19So they told us, it's good.
26:22In June 2016, the UN investigators were ready to announce their findings.
26:52Supporters of the Eritrean government staged a protest in Geneva, accusing the UN of bias.
27:06The UN report recommended Eritrea be referred to the International Criminal Court.
27:15Eritrean officials have committed crimes against humanity.
27:18The crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, persecution, rape, murder and other inhumane acts have been committed as part of a widespread and systematic campaign against the civilian population since 1991.
27:38The aim of the campaign has been to maintain control over the population and perpetuate the leadership's rule in Eritrea.
27:48In response, the Eritrean government said the accusations were politically motivated, groundless and an unwarranted attack.
27:58Stepping way over its mandate, the Commission has made the incredible judgment that the human rights situation in Eritrea constitutes a threat to international peace and security,
28:09as a pretext to send yet another African country to the International Criminal Court.
28:15The Commission has not presented evidence to support its accusations.
28:19It fails to prove that the alleged crimes were indeed persistent, widespread and systematic.
28:25For opponents of the regime, the UN report was a moment of hope.
28:42But for reasons that had never been explained publicly, senior UN authorities took no further action.
28:54They declined to speak to us about it.
29:04By now, it had been more than a year since we'd made contact with the activists trying to get undercover footage out of Eritrea.
29:12We'd received a few clips from them, nothing more.
29:17We were told two had been arrested.
29:21Some had sent messages back to us saying it was too dangerous to film.
29:26Others had broken off all contact.
29:30In the meantime, we continued to gather first-hand accounts from Eritreans who'd escaped.
29:36Think about it.
29:49You put these people in a physically difficult position for a long period of time.
29:55We're not talking about a day or two days.
29:57This goes for months.
29:58They will be delirious.
30:02They will be paranoid.
30:04They will be depressed.
30:07There is a sleep deprivation, which is insomnia.
30:10And some people just lose their mind.
30:13They were sane and they lose their sanity.
30:17Solomon was a doctor in Asmara.
30:19This is the hospital and this is the prisoner's ward, which is outside of the hospital premises.
30:28It had, all in all, 24 beds.
30:32He told us he regularly treated inmates who had been tortured in Adeabato prison, as well as another military prison, Maesirua.
30:39Somebody would be interrogated and then would sustain severe trauma, inability to move, inability to walk, fractures sometimes, or just loss of consciousness from severe pain.
30:59And then we would get patients like that.
31:01We could only imagine that this person has been tortured repeatedly.
31:09We heard similar accounts of torture from Michael, the former inmate who filmed undercover in Adeabato prison.
31:17He told us that prisoners were interrogated and tortured in a room here, just above the main courtyard.
31:24He said that when he was first imprisoned, he was subject to months of brutal interrogation.
31:29He said that for her, he told us that the prisoners were murdered.
31:37He said that the prisoners were killed and were killed and they did not pretend to crumble.
31:45He said that in the hospital, they did not recognize that they were killed.
31:51He told us they were killed by the British prisoners.
31:55When I was in my life, I was in my life and I was in my life.
32:02I was in my life and I was in my life.
32:06I was in my life and I was in my life.
32:14Everything is very sadistic.
32:18It's meant to put people down.
32:20It's meant to hurt people not just physically but psychologically as well.
32:27Now, thinking about it calmly, I would say that the same guards that made our lives miserable
32:36were miserable themselves.
32:39I think the Eritrean people are the perpetrators and the victims themselves.
32:45It's the system itself. It's the system.
32:54In Eritrea, Hannah told us, anyone can become a victim.
32:59Her father, Petra Solomon, was once one of the most powerful people in the country,
33:04the Minister of Defence.
33:06It was a happy home. It was good times.
33:13I knew him as the playful father.
33:15I didn't know that serious side of him or that other political side of him
33:19that I have come to read and know about later on.
33:23In 2001, Hannah's father wrote an open letter with 14 other officials,
33:32criticising the president's increasingly authoritarian rule.
33:38Hannah was 10 years old at the time.
33:42The night before he got arrested, my mom was away so I was sleeping with my dad.
33:47And when he woke up in the morning, he pulled my leg so I woke up and I'm like,
33:51where are you going?
33:52He said, I'll be right back.
33:53I'm like, you promise?
33:54Sure.
33:56And that's the last I remember of him.
34:04Sorry.
34:05I thought it would be easier by now.
34:15He left the house, but the military caught him right outside our door.
34:21He disappeared.
34:23We just didn't hear from him anymore.
34:28President Isaias accused Hannah's father and the others of trying to seize power
34:33and had 11 of them arrested.
34:37It's thought most of them were imprisoned here at a top security facility called Irairo,
34:43specially built for high profile political prisoners.
34:49The president went on to shut down the free press and jail many journalists.
34:54Hannah's mother, Asta, was studying in the United States when her husband was locked up.
35:06She returned to Eritrea to seek his release.
35:11We all went to the airport.
35:12We waited for her at the airport.
35:14We had flowers.
35:15And we waited for hours.
35:19We waited for two, three hours there.
35:21And then eventually we went back home and called her friends in the States.
35:27And they're like, no, she made it to the plane.
35:30She left.
35:32And that's when we found out that they had taken her away.
35:36Eventually, I think someone that got out of prison contacted my grandmother in secret.
35:46And they told her, we saw her from afar.
35:48She's being kept by herself.
35:52But that's about it.
35:53No one talks to her.
35:54She's not allowed to talk to anyone.
35:59We just don't have any clue now as to how she's doing or what's going on.
36:04There hasn't been any official response from the government as to the whereabouts of my parents or their well-being.
36:15Ever?
36:16No.
36:23In our requests to the Eritrean government, we asked about Hannah's parents and other political prisoners.
36:29But they would not provide any details.
36:34Two years into our investigation, we'd heard nothing more from the undercover activists.
36:45But new footage had emerged on the internet of something almost unheard of in Eritrea.
36:51A public protest.
36:54It shows a crowd gathering in Asmara.
36:56Then, gunfire.
36:57The crowd flees.
37:13In one of the refugee camps along the border, we found two young men who said they were there that day.
37:18Oman and Redwan.
37:19They told us they were protesting at the Education Ministry because an Islamic school was being put under government control and a religious leader had been arrested.
37:31Some of the protesters were filming on their phones.
37:48Oman and Redwan told us that when the video was published on the internet, the authorities used it to identify and arrest anyone who was there.
38:05Oman and Redwan.
38:06Oman and Redwan.
38:07Oman and Redwan, the resumption of the country.
38:08Oman and Redwan.
38:09Oman and Redwan.
38:10Today's some good news out of the Horn of Africa.
38:37Ethiopia has agreed to end a two-decade-long feud with Eritrea.
38:44In July 2018, Eritrea's president and a new Ethiopian leader, Abiy Ahmed, announced a
38:51surprise peace deal.
38:52This is a major, major development in East Africa, not only in terms of establishing
38:57peace, but hopefully over time bringing some sort of democracy and liberalisation.
39:05The border was briefly opened, and families separated by years of hostilities between
39:10the two countries were at last reunited.
39:15Jubilant Eritreans hoped that peace would mean the end of compulsory national service,
39:22the end of mass imprisonment, and a new dawn for their country.
39:29Prophet ﷺ
39:44In the months after the peace deal, the border closed again.
40:11And we started to hear reports that little had changed.
40:17Then we were finally contacted by one of the activists working to smuggle out undercover
40:21footage.
40:22He was a prison guard who asked to be called Desta.
40:41And we were so loud.
40:43There were many people who asked me.
40:48They called me, and they asked me to tell me, and I asked him, and I asked him, and he made
40:54me ask for this.
40:56And I asked him, and he said to him, I don't know what he said.
41:00I don't know what happened.
41:02I'm not sure what happened.
41:04I'm not sure what happened.
41:22Desta told us he was a guard at Adiabato prison.
41:30Shortly after the peace deal, he started filming with a secret camera that we'd sent to him.
42:00He filmed new arrivals. Some appear to be no more than teenagers.
42:06When I was there, I was going to see him.
42:14He filmed new arrivals. Some appear to be no more than teenagers.
42:19His name is clean.
42:21I was Romani's grave.
42:22He was over there with a new house.
42:24Which is a test guide.
42:25I remember the meaning of my son's grave.
42:28I went to the same scene.
42:29He turned into the same scene.
42:31I was in the same scene at the same scene.
42:33I was in the same scene.
42:34I was in the same scene.
42:35He was in the same scene.
42:36He was in the same scene as he ended up moving around.
42:38He was in the same scene.
42:40My family was a man.
42:52I was born in 2015 and I had my father.
42:58I was born in 2015 and I was born in 2015.
43:02I was born in 2015 and I was born in 2015.
43:06I had no idea what to do.
43:10I am so proud of you.
43:13I am so proud of you.
43:17I am so proud of you.
43:19I am so proud of you.
43:24How did you get to me?
43:28How did you get to my house?
43:31I was in a family.
43:34God.
43:40Desta had confirmed what we had heard from the former
44:10former inmate Michael, about the torture room.
44:40There are some people who might not be able to pose a complex situation, or who could have been able to build a permanent situation.
44:48They'll be able to live in a different way.
44:51There is a place where they are might not have an honour.
44:52There is a place where people can live in the conflict of being a part of the world.
44:59There is a place where people can live and sit in the kitchen and open the door door and stand there from the door.
45:05Those who've been so young,
45:09the people who have been so good at working and working
45:13and working with them all,
45:15on the basis of their work
45:17and everything else.
45:19The people that have been trying to help,
45:23keeping the people who still have been on their side.
45:25So the people that have been in the same way
45:27had never been and got to do it.
45:29They are so close,
45:31enough to keep it in the same manner,
45:33to the same.
45:34So I don't think I'm going to do it.
45:39Desta then took his secret camera to one of the prison's main detention halls.
45:49The conditions looked very similar to the video that Michael had shared with us four years earlier.
46:04He asked me a new district because I asked why he had her animals.
46:11I went and got rid of my family.
46:15I was walking and I got rid of my eyes.
46:19I was walking and I got rid of my restaurant.
46:22He was from the work of the church,
46:25and I got rid of my family and gave me a family.
46:29He came and beat me up.
46:31all your friends are working well.
46:34We were having a good time.
46:36They are so looking for me to change things.
46:43I've been hearing,
46:46it's all about me and this is my brother.
46:49I got a message.
46:53I got a message.
46:55I told my friends.
46:57It's important to me.
47:01In late 2020, we tried to return to the refugee camps in Tigray, but journalists were now
47:18barred from the region amid an armed conflict between Ethiopia and rebel forces.
47:23Eritrea had joined the fight, and we'd heard reports that the refugee camps had come under attack.
47:39In an audio interview with us, an eyewitness said he'd seen Eritrean soldiers
47:44suite through Hitsats refugee camp.
47:49The first day I had to give up a letter to the refugee camps.
47:55The first day I had to give up a letter to the refugee camps.
47:59I had to give up a letter to the first generation,
48:04and I had to give up a letter to the people and others.
48:08The Eritrean government said in a statement that its troops never attack the camps, but
48:38widely published satellite images show several buildings destroyed and burning at hitsats
48:44and other refugee camps.
48:47And the US State Department says it has received credible reports that Eritrean soldiers engaged
48:53in looting, sexual violence and assaults on refugees in the camps.
49:04The eyewitness told us he knows of several refugees who had taken back to Eritrea and
49:09locked up in Adiabato prison.
49:11Eritrea is 0,519,000.
49:18And he recognized that we should be forced into prison.
49:25It's now almost five years since the UN Commission of Inquiry accused Eritrean officials of crimes
49:50against humanity. Despite all these years of documentation and scrutiny at the international
50:00level, it continues. The patterns continue. Nothing has changed in terms of human rights,
50:09arbitrary detention, custody of people without any rule of law. It continues. There still
50:19is no constitution in the country. There's no free press. There is no independent judiciary.
50:30National service remains involuntary, indefinite and is still there. It's still forced labor
50:38and enslavement of a whole population.
50:40When the peace deal was happening, a lot of my friends, Eritreans, we gathered and we talked,
50:50and they're like, oh, finally peace is here. And I kept saying, no, let's wait and see what's happening. And most of my friends thought I was being pessimistic or I was being angry.
51:06But now do you see what I was talking about? Prisoners are still prisoners.
51:22Prisoners are still prisoners.
51:27Hannah's parents have now been in prison for almost 20 years.
51:31Year-long.
51:40Huh?
51:41��
52:01What do you think of mom and dad?
52:04Yes, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry.
52:09Yes, but if you want to talk to mom, what do you think?
52:13Yes, I'm sorry, I'm sorry.
52:17I'm sorry, I'm sorry.
52:31Go to pbs.org slash frontline for an interview with filmmaker Evan Williams.
52:40And learn more about the political situation in Eritrea.
52:44Connect with Frontline on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and TikTok
52:48and stream anytime on the PBS app or pbs.org slash frontline.
53:01For more on this and other Frontline programs, visit our website at pbs.org slash frontline.
53:31Frontline's Escaping Eritrea is available on Amazon Prime Video.
54:01V Their TweetX hilft, Sàpira's clawing out or are they safe?
54:04Wait for sure!
54:09See you next time!
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