- há 8 meses
Entre 1519 et 1522, la flotte du navigateur portugais Fernand de Magellan réalisa le premier tour du monde de l’histoire. Deuxième volet du récit de cette expédition : pour rejoindre l’Orient par l’Occident, Magellan promet qu’il trouvera passage à travers l’Amérique et qu’il réussira à rejoindre les Indes, là où Christophe Colomb avait échoué.
Categoria
🎈
DiversãoTranscrição
00:01...
00:23Fernand de Magellan has a dream.
00:26Reaching the Moluccas islands.
00:27A small archipelago made of volcanic cones where clove trees grow.
00:33Over there, towards the oriental donkeys, on the other side of the world.
00:43Five centuries ago, there was no other place on the globe where these could be found.
00:48Flower buds with powerful aromas.
00:50This spice was worth its weight in gold in Europe.
00:56So the Portuguese Magellan betrayed his country.
01:00He promised the King of Spain that he would fill those holds with the precious cloves by way of a
01:05new road.
01:06A route that would be Spanish, in western Europe.
01:11Reaching the East via the West.
01:14He promised he would find a passage across America to reach India and succeed where
01:20Christopher Columbus failed.
01:41Departing from Spain on September 20, 1519 with five ships loaded to the gunwales,
01:47surrounded by four Spanish captains suspicious of the Portuguese traitor,
01:52Magellan has only one idea in mind.
01:54To find a sea route that will allow it to cross the barrier of America.
02:01Maps from that era stop south of Brazil.
02:04No one has yet sailed beyond this point.
02:08And that's where Magellan wants to train his armada.
02:12That's where he hopes to cross to the other side.
02:16That's probably where he convinced everyone.
02:44"Look, there is a south to Africa, so there is probably a south to America.
02:49»
02:49He was an experienced sailor.
02:54He realized that if you have a certain circulatory system in the Atlantic,
02:59It is likely that the same is true on the other side.
03:03That's how he came up with his plan, and it was clever.
03:08To reach the edge of the known world, Magellan sailed south.
03:13He must cross the Atlantic to reach Brazil, which has just been discovered.
03:17before venturing onto the blank section of the nautical charts.
03:30It will take the Moluccan armada six days to first reach the Canary Islands.
03:35The only stopover before the crossing.
03:37One last piece of Spanish soil before the leap into the unknown.
03:43"It's a road they know well."
03:44This is actually just a warm-up.
03:46Like any commander at that time, it would also serve to test the crew a little,
03:50to test a little bit if we have loaded the boat correctly, etc.
03:54So this is the observation phase; we're seeing how it works.
03:57We put the buses in place, we can see that the officers are more nervous than others.
04:01This is an easy part.
04:12The armada sailed along these cliffs of the island of Tenerife
04:15to seek shelter in the bay of Red Mountain.
04:21This is where the crew loads a few last crates of provisions.
04:24and a few barrels of fresh water.
04:28But it was also here that Magellan is said to have received a message from Spain in the utmost secrecy.
04:41Magellan's stepfather, a high-ranking official at the Seville arsenal,
04:45wished to warn him before his crossing that the Spanish captains were preparing a mutiny.
04:52Juan de Cartagena, superintendent and captain of the San Antonio,
04:56would have the mission of regaining command.
05:00Without delay, Magellan gave the order to leave the islands in the middle of the night to go to Brazil.
05:11When Magellan left the Canary Islands, the swords were out.
05:16Magellan knew perfectly well that the Spanish captains would band together against him.
05:21So nerves are on edge and everyone is paying close attention to this game of chess.
05:31To get to Brazil from the Canary Islands, there is in particular the archipelago of the Cape Verde islands,
05:35who is Portuguese.
05:36Magellan is Portuguese, but it is under the Spanish flag.
05:40And it's an economic war, one could say a merciless one.
05:44between these two empires, regarding the spice islands.
05:46So they decided to pass between the Cape Verde archipelago and Africa.
05:51Meteorologically speaking, it's not the best place.
05:55Beyond Cape Verde, Magellan entered a large unstable zone.
05:59A region where violent storms follow long periods of calm.
06:05However, Magellan did not try to escape.
06:07On the contrary, he insists.
06:12The Spanish captains, led by Juan de Cartagena, just want explanations.
06:18But Magellan behaves like Magellan.
06:21Magellan gives no explanation.
06:24It's Magellan, and he's the one in charge of the fleet.
06:26He has the power of life and death over the entire crew.
06:31On the admiral nave, the young Venetian Antonio Pigafetta is in charge of writing the chronicle of the journey.
06:38The notes he takes during the first days of sailing focus more on bad weather than on tensions
06:44who rule among the captains.
06:53Before reaching the equator, at 14 degrees, we had a lot of bad weather.
07:01Gusts of wind and currents were coming straight at us.
07:04So much so that we could no longer move forward.
07:10To prevent the ship from perishing, we lowered the sails.
07:14And in this way, we went with the sea, here and there, until the good weather returned.
07:21It's like thunderstorms that we're not used to having here, with significant electrical phenomena.
07:27Large cumulonimbus clouds with strong vertical extension, the summit rises to 14,000 meters, 15,000 meters.
07:32That's going to generate hail, it's going to cause precipitation and lightning.
07:56The entire environment of the boat is actually saturated with static electricity.
08:00And on each of the small points, a small electric arc will form, which will terrify the sailors.
08:05Because suddenly a small electric arc forms, which is more or less
08:08bluish, more or less yellow, which stops, which starts again, which turns grey, it makes noise.
08:13And we pray to Saint Elmo.
08:15We pray to Saint Elmo to stop the circus.
08:21During one of those stormy nights, a very dark night, the body of Saint Elmo was
08:28appeared in the form of a fire lit at the very top of the large front page.
08:32He stayed there for more than two and a half hours.
08:35This comforted us all, for we were in tears, only waiting for the hour to perish.
08:45And when that holy light decided to leave us, it sent such a great brightness into everyone's eyes.
08:51that we were blinded for almost a quarter of an hour, crying out for mercy.
08:57No one thought they could escape this misfortune, when suddenly, the sea calmed down.
09:15When you see it for the first time, it's terrifying.
09:19Pigafetta must have asked him, "Are we going to survive this?"
09:25According to the instructions, the ships were to join the flagship, Magellan's ship, in the evening and salute Magellan with
09:33a formula which is "God keep you, captain, general and master, and wishing you good company".
09:41One evening, the sailor, who is on the ship captained by Juan de Cartagena, recites the formula, but refuses to
09:48to give the title of captain general.
09:51Magellan took offense, and asked Cartagena to come and greet him himself, using this formula.
09:57Cartagena refused and, at the first opportunity, Magellan put his second-in-command, Juan de, in irons.
10:05Cartagena.
10:07Magellan knows perfectly well that to win a fight.
10:11You have to strike first.
10:16In the calm waters of the African equator, between two storms and in the open sea, Magellan brought aboard
10:22Juan de Cartagena to participate in the trial of Antonio Salomon,
10:27caught in the act of sinning against nature, on the young cabin boy Antonio Vareza.
10:37Salomon, a Sicilian known to be a sodomite, is imprisoned and faces the death penalty.
10:43But Magellan took advantage of this opportunity to also punish Cartagena's attitude during the voyage, and had them put
10:51at the arrests.
10:56He placed Juan de Cartagena under close guard.
10:59It must be strategic.
11:02Gradually, gain points like in a game of chess.
11:05This is where Magellan begins to show that he is an extraordinary strategist, and that he masters the situations
11:12better than anyone else.
11:19Having left the area of weather instability, Magellan finally sets course southwest, towards Brazil.
11:26Carried by favorable winds, the five ships crossed the Atlantic without difficulty before sailing along the Brazilian coast.
11:33And it was with a crew still at full strength that, on December 13, 1519, the Armada entered the bay
11:39from Rio.
11:51This is the first time Magellan has seen Brazil.
11:55And this is the first time that his columnist Pigafetta has met the inhabitants of the New World.
12:01The Tupinamba Indians, a people who would soon be decimated by disease, were condemned for being the first to
12:09contact with Europeans.
12:17Antonio Pigafetta's perspective on these Indians is one of the precious testimonies available to us today.
12:24'today.
12:28The men of this place almost all have three holes in their lower lip, which hold small round stones.
12:34and about a finger's length long.
12:38The inhabitants, both men and women of this country, have the custom of painting themselves with fire all over
12:43the body and the face.
12:46The men are shaved and have no beards.
12:49And for clothing, they have nothing but a belt of large parrot feathers that cover
12:55their asses and their party, which is a ridiculous thing.
13:01The people here are not Christians and they don't worship anything.
13:05They live according to the ways of nature, more bestially than otherwise.
13:12Both men and women are in good physical condition.
13:15They are not really black, but tend towards a tanned color.
13:20It is said that the women of this place never perform their duties for their husbands during the day.
13:25but only at night.
13:31What's rather amusing is that Pigafetta always notes the body parts, and especially all the parts
13:37sexual characteristics in men and women.
13:40In a very specific way, as well as the act of making love.
13:43This first shows Pigafetta's taste for everything related to sex and activities
13:48sexual.
13:49But also, indeed, that all the sailors, as soon as they arrived on land, engaged in two things.
13:54Trade, bartering, but also finding women.
14:00Imagine a group of men at sea for several weeks,
14:04who arrive in a place where there are Indigenous women,
14:08who wear only a loincloth.
14:10They are largely naked.
14:16There is a human curiosity for the other.
14:18They too are curious, and that's something we have to accept.
14:22Curious and interested, a bracelet or a big prize may seem interesting to them.
14:33All the expedition leaders of this century, and I would say of any century,
14:38have always had two types of ways to gain the favor of a disgruntled crew.
14:43The first is money, another is wine and good food.
14:49And finally, women.
14:53They traveled to remote places,
14:54And there, they took whichever ones they wanted.
14:57They used them.
14:58That was the term, to use them.
15:01As far as they were concerned, they weren't doing anything wrong.
15:03It was consistent with the mentality of that time.
15:07And what does Magellan do when he arrives in Rio de Janeiro?
15:11It strictly forbids abuses against indigenous people.
15:14under penalty of arrest and death.
15:24I don't want to forget to mention that on two occasions, mass was said on the ground.
15:29Many local people were on their knees,
15:32with hands joined and in deep reverence during mass.
15:36It was a pleasure and a compassionate sight to see.
15:45It should be noted that it had not rained for two months before our arrival.
15:50And the day we arrived, it started to rain.
15:54That's why people said we came from the sky
15:56and that we had brought the rain with us.
16:00It's very simple,
16:02and it is certain that this people would easily convert to the Christian faith.
16:16In Rio Bay, Magellan traded with the spinning tops below
16:20fresh food, chickens, fish and sweet potatoes.
16:29But before setting off,
16:31The captain-general had the Sicilian Antonio Salomone executed.
16:35by strangulation,
16:36for his unnatural acts on the Mouss Vareza.
16:42He was the first death of the expedition.
16:54Magellan is acting in a completely normal way.
16:58It is the most heinous crime that can be committed after murder.
17:04Magellan did not linger in Brazil.
17:05On December 27, 1519,
17:08Just 14 days after their arrival,
17:11the five ships with one man less
17:13leave Rio Bay to head south,
17:16to reach the edge of the world,
17:18the limit of known maps.
17:32When Magellan left the bay of Rio de Janeiro,
17:36He is anxious.
17:37He is crazy at the idea of reaching that passage.
17:40because his goal is still a long way off.
17:49The southern coast of Brazil has already been explored and offers no new passages.
17:57The rainforest that spills over into the Atlantic
17:59quickly gives way to a long stretch of dune
18:02which follows the coast for a thousand kilometers.
18:15The Armada is therefore going directly beyond Cape Santa Maria.
18:20at this precise point where America seems to have an end.
18:23Where Magellan promised to be able to cross to the other sea,
18:27on the other side of America.
18:29It falls into what we now call
18:32the Rio de la Plata.
18:56He was convinced that there,
18:58He would find it.
18:59He was more or less at the latitude
19:01of the Cape of Good Hope.
19:02It could finally enter the Pacific easily.
19:08Two major Amazonian rivers
19:09throw themselves in here and mingle
19:11in a labyrinth of freshwater canals,
19:14shallow rivers,
19:16sandbanks,
19:17of lagoons and marshes.
19:24There was no depth.
19:26It wasn't there, that was certain.
19:27Magellan understood that he would not be able to join
19:30The Pacific Ocean this way.
19:31It was just a freshwater river.
19:41But the other captains
19:43wanted to explore further
19:44the Rio de la Plata.
19:45I think they refused to believe
19:47that it was just a river.
19:50Magellan did not make their task easy
19:52because he couldn't
19:53To tell them much more, ultimately.
19:55He didn't really know which way he was going
19:57they could go
19:59and consequently, they remained silent.
20:01which made them even more furious.
20:09Magellan stayed for two whole weeks
20:11to explore the surrounding area.
20:13He sends the Santiago.
20:14the smallest of the ships,
20:16exploring the canals.
20:18But nothing will open.
20:20The passage to India
20:22at this latitude
20:22is a mirage.
20:28Rio de la Plata
20:29is nothing but a gigantic estuary.
20:31A gigantic disappointment
20:33for Magellan
20:34and the rest of the fleet.
20:43The truth is, there wasn't
20:45an alternative to the river.
20:47It was indeed a dead end.
20:48But it was difficult
20:49to accept this disaster.
20:53The Rio de la Plata,
20:55the world's largest estuary,
20:57which is hosting today
20:58on its banks
20:59the capital of Argentina,
21:01Buenos Aires,
21:02is an insurmountable wall.
21:05Magellan has no other choice
21:07than to retrace one's steps.
21:08He has no other choice
21:10rather than heading south,
21:12into the unknown of blank maps,
21:14to hope to find a passage
21:16and bypass America.
21:27Magellan's fleet
21:28lost nearly three weeks
21:30in this futile search.
21:31But she also lost two men.
21:33A young Portuguese cabin boy drowned
21:35after falling over the water.
21:39And eight days later,
21:40following a dispute between sailors,
21:41It was a Basque man who lost his life.
21:49The great journey,
21:52the epic journey of the first circumnavigation of the world,
21:55begins at the moment when Magellan
21:56leaves the Rio de la Plata.
21:59From that moment on,
22:00the Moluccan fleet
22:02is facing events,
22:03landscapes,
22:04geographies and seas
22:06which had never been traveled
22:08by Europeans
22:09or no one else in this world.
22:16Having left the Rio de la Plata,
22:18Magellan continues
22:20and runs along the coast.
22:22To make progress in this environment
22:24that they don't know,
22:26sailors navigate by sight
22:27and to esteem.
22:32So what needed to be done,
22:34it's about having very good lookouts
22:35all the time,
22:36people watching.
22:38And they wanted to keep the coast in sight
22:39because we are looking for this channel.
22:51The only measure of time
22:52that they have on board
22:53is a 30-minute hourglass
22:55or an hour
22:56that pages turn over day and night
22:58since the day of departure.
23:03Magellan embarked
23:0418 hourglasses on his ships.
23:06This sand clock
23:07announces the crew shift change.
23:10It allows us to estimate
23:11the speed of the boat,
23:12the distance traveled
23:13and its data is constantly being reported
23:16in the logbook
23:17by the pilot,
23:18the most experienced navigator.
23:21Keeping the logbook
23:23both for the time,
23:25the hours and what happens,
23:26It's about mental survival
23:28and then the shipping technique.
23:30So, they pay very close attention to that.
23:32And that, even if they are weak,
23:34They will note the time, note the date,
23:36note what is happening
23:37And they stick to it.
23:38It's truly a discipline.
23:39Furthermore, there will be accountability.
23:41If not to the king,
23:42It will be up to God.
23:42But we will be held accountable.
23:46They had tables
23:47for the movement of the sun.
23:49Therefore, they could measure the latitude.
23:51They had the tools to do it.
23:53So, they could know
23:54how far south they were going.
23:58The pilots note the sun's altitude at its zenith.
24:00to estimate their position towards the south.
24:03They note the date.
24:05details about the coast,
24:06the landmarks,
24:07the bitter ones,
24:08the wind direction,
24:09that of the ships and their changes.
24:14With the boats they had,
24:15the resources they had,
24:16You need to have an incredible sense of the sea.
24:20And then, impeccable organization,
24:22knowing when to be bold,
24:23When, on the contrary,
24:24One must be very reserved.
24:25Because in there,
24:25if one is very reserved,
24:26We're not doing anything.
24:27You have to know how to be bold.
24:28but one must not be too bold
24:30because we're leading everyone to their deaths.
24:32So, these people had a judgment.
24:33What is called marine sense,
24:35In fact, often with large quotation marks.
24:36and capital letters,
24:37It's simply a matter of having very good judgment.
24:39And those people,
24:40very experienced,
24:42They had a lot of judgment.
24:43At the maritime level,
24:44It was exceptional.
24:55The ships are heave-to.
24:57at night, while stationary.
24:59The sails are folded.
25:01and the boats drift slowly
25:03so as not to miss a possible passage
25:04and so as not to encounter an invisible danger.
25:08The lantern,
25:09the large lamp lit at the rear of the boat
25:11and whose fire is kept burning all night,
25:13allows them to never lose sight of each other,
25:16even in the dark and bad weather.
25:26The armada discovers the belly of Argentina.
25:29This circle of more than 2000 kilometers
25:32which is gradually heading west
25:34and makes us believe once again
25:36at the end of the American continent.
25:39But once again,
25:41It's a dead end.
25:46A maze of sandbanks
25:48which are all traps for sailors
25:50without any map at their disposal.
25:55Magellan's Trinidad,
25:57the flagship,
25:58it runs aground for several days.
26:08The crew's morale
26:10was interesting at that time.
26:12Where are we going?
26:13Is it safe?
26:15Is there a passage?
26:17Is this utter madness?
26:18There's nothing there.
26:20We are risking our lives
26:21by going to this strange region.
26:23God only knows what's out there.
26:29The most sensible sailors,
26:31people who meant no harm
26:32to Magellan or to the expedition,
26:34they fervently advise him
26:35to turn around
26:36and to go home.
26:38Perhaps, at another time,
26:40They will be able to come back.
26:41They are already quite far along,
26:42that another time will be the right one.
26:45Magellan continues.
26:46It continues south.
26:50What Magellan foresaw,
26:51that's the passage
26:52is surely very close.
26:55Everything enters the earth towards the west,
26:57any gulf.
26:59Any crack in the ground
27:01is a sufficient excuse
27:03to sneak in immediately.
27:09After the stranding
27:10in the sandbanks
27:11from Baia Blanca,
27:12a few days further south,
27:14another bay opens
27:15in front of the bows.
27:19Another hope.
27:21No way out.
27:23A handle so deep
27:25that Magellan gives him
27:26the name of
27:27the bottomless bay.
27:39By continuing south,
27:41every morning,
27:42The temperature is a little lower.
27:44The sky has changed.
27:46The sea has a new color.
27:48The setting is a new unknown.
27:53Magellan commits
27:54in a different world
27:55of everything he knew
27:56so far.
28:03The columnist Pigafetta,
28:05candid and curious
28:06of this new landscape,
28:08wrote his first words
28:09of a naturalist.
28:14We found two islands
28:15full of geese
28:16and baby birds
28:17and seals.
28:20It is impossible to estimate
28:21the large quantity
28:22that there was
28:22of these fledglings.
28:24Because we have loaded
28:25the five ships
28:26in just one hour.
28:30These baby birds are black.
28:31They have feathers
28:32all over the body
28:33of the same length
28:34and in the same way.
28:35They have beaks
28:36like a crow.
28:37They don't steal
28:38and live off fish.
28:43They were so fat
28:44that they weren't being plucked.
28:46They were skinned alive.
29:02The temperate zone
29:03in the southern hemisphere
29:04is much narrower
29:04than in our country.
29:05That is to say, we pass
29:05quite quickly
29:06of the tropical zone
29:08to the almost subpolar zone.
29:10That is to say, you pass
29:11of a time,
29:12as in our country
29:13from North Africa
29:13to a time that is without time
29:14to Scotland.
29:15So then, all of a sudden,
29:16They are being attacked
29:17by the gusts of wind,
29:18gusts of wind from the west,
29:19serious storms are definitely on the cards.
29:21and always,
29:22always, always
29:22this coastal navigation.
29:24The sailors,
29:25there is nothing
29:26who fears more
29:27than to do
29:27coastal navigation
29:28in bad weather.
29:29I'm talking about coastal navigation,
29:30said obstacle,
29:31especially a corner
29:31that we don't know at all.
29:33So, time
29:34which is getting worse and worse.
29:35getting colder and colder
29:36and the coast becomes
29:37increasingly hostile.
29:53They are called
29:54the Roaring Forties
29:55because the sea roars.
29:57She roared like a monster.
29:59always,
30:00at any time,
30:0124 hours a day.
30:03The winds are contrary winds,
30:05These are headwinds.
30:06If you go south,
30:08The wind is coming from the south.
30:09but it also strikes you from the east,
30:11but it also strikes you from the west.
30:13And on these ships,
30:15It was terrible.
30:16In other words,
30:17you are in a place
30:18far worse than hell.
30:39In this said place,
30:41we spent
30:41a very big storm
30:42and we almost perished.
30:46But the three holy bodies,
30:48namely Saint Elmo,
30:50Saint Nicholas
30:51and Saint Clare,
30:52appeared to us.
30:55And immediately,
30:56That's what a storm is.
31:01They were very surprised
31:02by the cold
31:03air
31:03which comes from Antarctica.
31:05They didn't know
31:05that it was Antarctica,
31:06but the fridge,
31:06It's down there.
31:07They show you
31:08the air was freezing cold
31:09and who will arrive there.
31:11And they can feel it.
31:12And they understand
31:12to continue progressing
31:14under those conditions,
31:15It's hell.
31:17Yes, it's miserable.
31:19It's cold.
31:20Your clothes are always
31:20humid.
31:21Your snow was falling.
31:23You must clap your hands
31:24to work.
31:25You must be hurting your hands
31:26and hit them against the boat
31:28so that the blood can circulate.
31:33Obviously, anxiety is rising.
31:34Because the southern winter is coming.
31:36They can see clearly
31:36that the need will be
31:38to stop
31:39to let winter pass
31:40and leave again later.
31:44The clothes were loose-fitting.
31:45to dry quickly.
31:47But with the cold,
31:48The humidity is constant.
31:51Their skin is getting damaged
31:52of skin diseases
31:53salt-based,
31:54at the flea market,
31:55to lice
31:55and other insects
31:57which swarmed in the boat
31:58since the beginning
31:59and who were embarking
32:00at stopovers.
32:12Further south still,
32:14Magellan trains
32:15its crew
32:16ever lower, ever below
32:17colder,
32:18more uncomfortable.
32:19No passage
32:20cannot open
32:21towards the Moluccas.
32:23As proof
32:24inevitable doubts
32:25who were able to invade Magellan
32:27they name the bay
32:27where they were caught
32:29by the storm
32:29the bay of torments.
32:37Where was he going?
32:38Where was he headed?
32:39the Moluccan armada
32:40when it exceeds
32:41the 40th south.
32:51Two months at sea have passed.
32:52from Rio de la Plata
32:54and on March 31st,
32:55at 49 degrees south,
32:58the Moluccan fleet
32:58finds a narrow entrance
33:00which gives access
33:00not to a passage
33:02but to a closed bay.
33:04A perfectly protected place
33:05of the open sea.
33:06The sandy bottoms
33:08allow the inks
33:09to ensure a good anchorage
33:10for boats.
33:12The bay is named
33:14Saint-Julien
33:14because on March 31st
33:16is the day
33:17of Saint-Julien l'Hospitalier.
33:27The ships drop anchor
33:29the day before Palm Sunday
33:30and Magellan announces
33:32that they will pass
33:33It's the southern winter here.
33:39It's a period
33:41very difficult
33:42and that is why Magellan
33:44gives to the crew
33:45time to recover,
33:46particularly psychologically.
33:49We are practically,
33:50let's say,
33:51after 10 months of browsing
33:53under these conditions.
33:54People are very tired,
33:56exhausted.
34:01On the day of their arrival,
34:03the day before Easter,
34:05Magellan has another
34:06announcement to be made.
34:08Against all odds
34:10to safeguard food supplies,
34:12each man will have to ration himself
34:13by half
34:14throughout the winter
34:15in this frozen desert.
34:23The following day,
34:25Magellan receives the sign
34:26harbinger of the revolt
34:28which is rumbling.
34:29He eats lunch alone
34:30for the Easter meal.
34:32No Spanish captain
34:34doesn't want to join him.
34:50They know they are here
34:52for wintering.
34:54Cartagena and the Spanish
34:56want to regain command
34:57and depose Magellan.
34:58And so the mutiny breaks out.
35:14On the evening of April 1, 1520,
35:17the three Spanish captains
35:19led by Juan de Cartagena
35:21freed from his chains
35:22and accompanied
35:23of about thirty armed men
35:24glide into the night
35:26towards the largest ship
35:27of the fleet.
35:35Quartermaster Juan de Luriaga
35:37refuses to support the rebellion.
35:39He was stabbed six times
35:41by the Spanish captain
35:42Quesada
35:43and will die
35:44a few weeks later.
35:50The captain of San Antonio,
35:52him, a Portuguese
35:53faithful to Magellan,
35:55is under control.
35:58A Basque
35:59who goes by the name
36:00by Juan Sebastián Elcano
36:02takes command
36:03weapons.
36:05Three ships
36:06are thus in the hands
36:07mutinous captains.
36:12In the early morning
36:13of the following day,
36:15the Spanish
36:15send their message
36:16to Magellan
36:16to signify to him
36:18that he is no longer master
36:18of its fleet.
36:23his personality
36:24does not fit well
36:26to the negotiation
36:28and to compromises
36:28with those
36:30who resemble him
36:31or those
36:31which are
36:32of higher rank.
36:36in turn,
36:37Magellan sends his reply
36:38by mail
36:39with two rowboats
36:40of 15 armed men.
36:46But he also gives
36:47the secret order
36:48to the letter bearer
36:49to kill by surprise
36:50the captain
36:51Louis de Mendoza.
36:59Magellan has just returned
37:00and the situation
37:01to his advantage.
37:05In just a few hours,
37:07these colors are raised
37:08at the top of the mainmast
37:09of Victoria.
37:17The revolt
37:18Spanish captains
37:19is due to the fact
37:20that they doubted
37:21capacity
37:22of Magellan
37:22to continue the journey.
37:26They wanted to go home.
37:27They wanted to revolt.
37:29withdraw the command
37:30to Magellan
37:30because they didn't believe it
37:31more capable
37:32to move forward into the unknown.
37:37Two ships remain
37:38to retrieve
37:39in the hands of the Spanish.
37:41Magellan moves
37:42then Victoria
37:43to block
37:43the exit from the bay.
37:46The following night,
37:48he sends a longboat
37:49cut the line
37:50mooring
37:50of the Conception
37:51so that the boat
37:52drifts towards his own people.
38:11La Concepcion
38:13is captured,
38:14mastered
38:15and men
38:16surrender quickly.
38:25Then there is nothing left
38:26that only one mutinous ship,
38:28San Antonio,
38:30ordered by Juan
38:31of Cartagena
38:32who has no other choice
38:33than to surrender
38:34to Magellan.
38:41In just two days,
38:42Magellan resumed
38:43the control
38:44of his men
38:44and its ships.
38:46How to act
38:47as captain
38:48general
38:48to punish
38:50such an act
38:50of treason
38:51and keep its crew
38:53with you?
38:56Magellan is ahead
38:57a dilemma,
38:58that's what he must
38:59to punish,
39:00to be severe,
39:01but he cannot
39:02execute 40 people.
39:06What happened
39:07in San Julien
39:08was an act
39:09of absolute disobedience
39:10who put
39:11not only
39:12the entire shipment
39:13in peril
39:14who put the ships
39:15and the crew in danger,
39:16but which also
39:17in peril
39:18the most important
39:19the project.
39:30The Spanish captain
39:31Louis de Mendoza
39:32is dismembered
39:33to be exposed
39:34in front of everyone
39:35on the beach
39:36of the bay.
39:41The royal pilot
39:42Andrés de San Martín
39:44endured torture
39:45of the strappado.
39:53Magellan propose
39:54life saved
39:55to the valet Louis
39:55d'El Molino
39:56if he beheads
39:57himself
39:58his captain
39:58Gaspard de Quesada.
40:05Gaspard de Quesada
40:06he too
40:07quartered
40:08and dismembered
40:08to join
40:09Mendoza
40:10on the peaks
40:11from the beach.
40:21But the chief
40:22of line
40:22captains
40:23Spanish
40:23and the mutiny
40:24is not put to death.
40:25Juan de Cartagena
40:28the first enemy
40:29of Magellan
40:29is put back into the iron.
40:31He will have to wait
40:33all winter
40:33his upcoming conviction.
40:35The other mutineers
40:36them
40:37are granted amnesty.
40:41In the world
40:42of the sea
40:43the mutiny
40:44is liable
40:45of the sentence
40:45of death.
40:47That's why
40:48he punishes
40:49in a way
40:49so cruel.
40:50We can perceive it
40:51as being cruel
40:52with our mentality
40:53of the 21st century
40:54but it isn't
40:55in the mentality
40:56from the beginning of the 16th century.
41:08We still need
41:09spend the whole winter
41:10in the sad bay
41:11of Saint-Julien
41:11and idleness
41:13in this atmosphere
41:14heavy
41:14is the worst enemy
41:15sailors.
41:21One month
41:22after the mutiny
41:23the young Mousse
41:25Vareza
41:25humiliated
41:26by the crew
41:27since the execution
41:27of Solomon
41:28throws himself
41:29overboard
41:30and dies by drowning.
41:42Three days later
41:43Magellan decides
41:44to send his ship
41:45exploration
41:45the Santiago
41:46in recognition
41:47southward.
41:48The obsession
41:49of the captain general
41:50to discover
41:51a passage
41:52across America
41:53is intact.
41:59Just before entering
42:00in winter
42:01the Santiago
42:02lunge alone
42:02this coast
42:03still unknown.
42:06The edge
42:06from Argentina
42:07is a bulwark
42:08vertical
42:08a cliff
42:10net
42:10trench
42:11in the ashes
42:11of the Andes.
42:16And then
42:17several days
42:18navigation
42:19no result
42:20a storm
42:21sudden
42:22folds the ship
42:22and its crew
42:23on the coast.
42:35In a few hours
42:36only
42:37the nave
42:38is destroyed.
42:40The slave
42:40African
42:41Juan Negro
42:42dies by drowning.
42:55The crew
42:55finds himself
42:56rejected
42:56on earth
42:57farm
42:57and deserted
42:58shipwrecked
42:59at 150 kilometers
43:01south
43:01of other ships.
43:05The 33 sailors
43:07of Santiago
43:07then go back
43:08courageously
43:09on foot
43:09north
43:10by wearing
43:11with them
43:11what they have
43:12could save
43:12and the ship
43:13to survive.
43:17Blocked
43:18by a wide
43:19Rio
43:19men
43:20install
43:21a campsite
43:21fortune
43:22on this vast
43:23tongue of sand.
43:26Two sailors
43:27whose history
43:28forgot
43:29the names
43:29will leave
43:30alone
43:30try to join
43:31the bay
43:32of Saint-Julien
43:32and prevent
43:33the fleet
43:34of Magellan.
43:45during
43:4611 days
43:47the two men
43:48will walk
43:48in the steppe
43:49deserted
43:49in the middle
43:50bushes
43:51filled with thorns.
43:52They are going to eat
43:53the mussels
43:53of the coast
43:54and the roots
43:54plants,
43:55drink the water
43:56of dew
43:57on the leaves
43:57and resist
43:58to the icy nights
43:59swept
44:00by the wind
44:00permanent.
44:29Grace
44:29to this feat
44:30survival
44:30the two sailors
44:32unknowns
44:32join
44:33the bay
44:33of Saint-Julien
44:34and save
44:35the entire crew
44:36from Santiago.
44:48In this region
44:50of the world
44:50still as wild
44:51the story of Santiago
44:53remains in our memories.
44:55In the city
44:56which bears the name
44:57of Rio Santa Cruz
44:58objects
44:59found on the beach
45:00are jealously
45:01guards
45:02and analyzed
45:03to hope
45:04discover one day
45:05that one of them
45:06belonged
45:08at Santiago.
45:12from one of them
45:13and the two sailors
45:36from one of them
45:36in one of them
45:37in one of them
45:49The rest of the winter in Saint-Julien will awaken the fantasies of the European world,
45:54thanks to the testimony of columnist Antonio Pigafetta.
45:59We stayed for two whole months without ever seeing anyone.
46:03But one day, without anyone thinking about it,
46:07We saw a giant who was on the shore.
46:10Completely naked, he danced, jumped and sang.
46:17While singing, he put sand and powder on his head.
46:21When he found himself in front of us, he was astonished and afraid.
46:25raising a finger upwards, believing that we came from heaven.
46:31His face was broad and tinged with red.
46:33The eyes were surrounded by a yellow circle and there were two heart-shaped lines on the
46:38cheeks.
46:39Her few remaining hairs appeared to have been whitened with powder.
46:45Pigafetta was very skilled at writing.
46:48His account of his first contact with the Welch people in Saint-Julien,
46:53The idea of the giant is related to the average height of Spaniards at the time.
46:58which is 1.50 meters.
47:00And the Welch teas, for those we came to know later through photographs,
47:05They were 1.85 meters or 90 on average.
47:14The inhabitants of Patagonia as described by Pigafetta
47:17have stimulated the world's imagination.
47:20For decades, Europeans believed in fantastic giants
47:24they lived in this inaccessible region.
47:30These rare images of the Welche people,
47:33taken at the very beginning of the 20th century,
47:36show the Indians enlisted on the farms
47:38and European farms in Patagonia.
47:43Magellan was the very first to encounter them.
47:47He gave them mirrors, bells, combs,
47:51pieces of fabric.
47:52And together, they hunted the Guanaco in Saint-Julien Bay.
48:08What are you comparing to something you can't name?
48:11With things that resemble what you know in Europe.
48:15And that's the case with the Guanaco.
48:17The description is perfect, she is very beautiful.
48:22This strange animal has the head and ears of a mule.
48:27a camel's body, deer's legs and a horse's tail.
48:32It is a nest like the latter.
48:35The mule, the camel, the deer and the horse
48:38are animals recognizable by their contemporaries.
48:47The initial encounters showed that between the Spanish, the Portuguese,
48:53Teuelche or anyone else, there was no conflict.
48:57The problem arose when you Europeans,
49:00as in any policy of conquest,
49:02You took advantage of them.
49:08When they saw that someone was hitting the ankle with a hammer
49:10who crosses the irons
49:12and prevent them from being opened,
49:14These giants were afraid.
49:17When they understood the trick that had been played on them,
49:20They started to eat
49:21and to foam at the mouth like bulls,
49:23shouting loudly the great devil
49:26so that he might come to their aid.
49:32In the case of Pegafetta,
49:34It was always very peaceful.
49:37They do not recount the murders or the deaths.
49:40However, they say they wanted
49:43to take two Teuelche on the ships,
49:45But it didn't work.
49:49They rebelled, one died
49:51And according to him, he asked to be baptized before he died.
49:56And he was given the name Paul.
50:05Pegafetta becomes attached to the imprisoned giants and their language.
50:09He exchanges with them to form
50:11the first lexicon of Patagonian giants.
50:15He notes the translation for words like
50:17the eyes, nose, hands, mouth or ears,
50:21thighs, buttocks, penis, sperm,
50:24the testicles and the vagina.
50:27Water, fire, wind, stars, and the devil.
50:40Magellan had a cross planted
50:41at the top of the highest hill in Saint-Julien Bay.
50:44And after spending a total of five months in the bay,
50:48winter barely over,
50:49The fleet sets sail for a new beginning.
50:59There is only one matter left for Magellan to settle.
51:02before leaving the premises.
51:04The fate of Juan de Cartagena,
51:07leader of the mutiny.
51:15It's on a sandbar in the middle of the bay
51:17that the fate of the Spanish captain will be sealed.
51:32Cartagena is a problem.
51:34He cannot keep it on board.
51:36Otherwise, a new mutiny will break out.
51:38He cannot execute it because of his rank.
51:40So, he chose an intermediate solution.
51:42He abandons her on the coast,
51:43in the deserted bay of Saint-Julien.
51:47He is left with a priest.
51:50Sanchez de la Reina,
51:51who is also one of the leaders.
51:53They are both abandoned
51:54with bread, a sword and a little wine.
51:58They are doomed to certain death.
52:00But Magellan has no blood on his hands
52:02and we will never hear from Cartagena again.
52:12It is very important to understand
52:13that if Magellan had not made this decision,
52:16What could have happened?
52:19Probably another mutiny.
52:22When you leave the enemy,
52:23"You must leave him for dead," said Machiavelli.
52:25Never underestimate your enemy.
52:27He must be left for dead.
52:29Because otherwise, he will kill you.
52:43Magellan, when he abandoned Cartagena
52:45and the priest at Saint-Julien,
52:47He knew he had to return victorious.
52:50because he could not justify
52:51nor the death of the captains,
52:53nor the abandonment of Juan de Cartagena
52:54if he did not achieve his goal,
52:56that is to say, to find the Pacific
52:58and join the Moluccas.
53:03He had to show enormous courage
53:06because he had arrived
53:07to a point of no return.
53:10He could no longer justify his defeat
53:12in front of the king, saying
53:13that ultimately, there was no road.
53:15He is truly desperate.
53:17He is gripped by anxiety.
53:19I can't even imagine
53:20the suffering it must have been for him
53:22as it moves south of Saint-Julien.
53:42The penguins' holds full
53:44and sea lions
53:45that they chased into the bay,
53:47the armada sets sail once again
53:49to progress inexorably
53:52and invariably southward
53:54in search of the strait.
54:27MFP subtitles.
54:30...
Comentários