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Undiscovered until recently, a WWII spy network led by Jewish Communist Sandor Rado, fed by Rudolf Roessler's anti-Nazi circle, relayed vital Nazi intelligence to Allies. Newly declassified archives reveal this secret operation's impact.
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00:57que um grande network de spy que foi construído de Geneva
01:00em torno de dois men que nunca se encontram
01:02mas estão envolvidos na mesma luta contra o Third Reich.
01:06O Comunista de Hungariano-Jewis Sandor Rado
01:09e Rudolf Rosler,
01:11um refugiado que colaborou com a Secret Service de Suisse.
01:15Por um período de três anos,
01:17milhares de mensagens de rádio mensagens
01:19contando informação estratégica
01:21foram transmitidas para o Red Army's general staff
01:23para ajudar a derrubar os nazis na fronte na fronte.
01:27A história de esta colaboração
01:29tem muitas implicações de rádio.
01:32Conceado durante a Guerra Mundial,
01:34foi o assunto de muitas manipulações.
01:37A história de um dos segredos de Segunda Guerra Mundial.
01:51A história de um dos segredos de Segunda Guerra Mundial.
01:53Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party
01:57Have just seized power in Berlin
02:00And have begun to establish a system
02:02Of totalitarian control and coordination
02:04Over all aspects of German society
02:07Intimidation and violence
02:10Are daily threats for German liberals and Democrats
02:13Fighting the Nazis since the 1920s
02:17Militant communists suffer fierce repression
02:20The young militant, Sandor Rado
02:24Who is directly threatened
02:25Has to flee Berlin
02:27Sandor Rado was a leader from Hungary
02:31A young man, a rich family
02:35But the revolution in Hungary
02:37Was allowed to change the world's view
02:42He became a communist, a revolutionist
02:44And remained like this all the time
02:46Er war eigentlich in erster Linie immer Wissenschaftler
02:52Eigentlich hat er bis 1933 sehr gut in Berlin
02:56Von seinen verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen
02:59Und geografischen, kartografischen Unternehmungen gelebt
03:05Gleichzeitig ist er bereits der Erste, der eine Karte der Sowjetunion
03:11Und der allererste, der einen Reiseführer
03:15Eine Art Bedekker für die Sowjetunion erstellt
03:18Er schreibt in seinen Memoaren
03:23Dass er der Erfinder der Abkürzung USSR sei
03:28Weil auf der Karte eben wenig Platz ist
03:30Rado has come to Moscow to work on the first atlas of the Soviet Union
03:35And is approached by the Russian secret service
03:38They suggest that he becomes actively involved in the conflict that is brewing
03:42A fervent communist, Rado is also originally Jewish
03:46And intends to continue the fight against the violently anti-Semitic Nazi regime
03:51Und diese Netzwerke in Westeuropa, also die sind im Wesentlichen entwickelt worden
04:15Mit der strategischen Überlegung, dass es zu einem Krieg kommen wird
04:19Und das war eine Vorbereitung auf diesen Kriegsfall in Europa
04:23Wir müssen Netze in den verschiedenen Ländern haben, bevor der Krieg ausbricht
04:30Heute Morgen hat der Bargott begonnen
04:34Er vollzieht sich mit einer schlagartigen Wucht
04:40Aber auch mit einer imponierenden Mannersucht
04:46In Germany, the Nazi dictatorship imposes brutal state racism
04:58It wants to redefine not only science, art and culture, but also religion
05:07For the German Fuhrer, Christianity is marked by the seal of the Jews
05:13Its degenerate morality, under the names of charity and pity
05:17Teaches only weakness and cowardice
05:19Some around him want to restore old pagan rites
05:25Others to create a German Christianity
05:28Many believers see a total contradiction between the Nazi doctrine and their religion
05:35And choose to resist
05:37Such is the case of a certain Rudolf Rosler
05:41Who, in intellectual circles throughout Berlin
05:44Gives controversial lectures against National Socialism
05:48For him, the Nazi doctrine is a threat to the true German culture
05:53Rosler is a conservative Lutheran
05:56A journalist
05:56And also the director of a major union of German theatres
06:00Beim Bühnenvolksbund in Berlin
06:04War Rudolf Rosler die wichtigste Person überhaupt
06:07Und die Nazis, kaum waren sie an der Macht
06:11Haben versucht, den Bühnenvolksbund gleichzuschalten
06:15Rosler hat sich mit allen Mitteln dagegen gewehrt
06:20Und auch in der Öffentlichkeit
06:22Und dann begannen die Nazis eine Verleumdungsklage
06:26Und dann wurde es allmählich brenzlig für ihn
06:29Rudolf Rosler was born into a middle-class family
06:33Near the city of Augsburg in Bavaria
06:35His schoolmate was the future playwright Bertolt Brecht
06:39Active in literary circles from an early age
06:44He became a journalist
06:45And frequented the home of writer Thomas Mann
06:48Like Mann, he had to flee to Switzerland
06:51To escape Nazi oppression
06:53A few years later
07:00At number 36 von Muttstrasse in Lucerne
07:03In the heart of Switzerland
07:05Rosler opens a modest publishing house
07:07Titled Vita Nova
07:09Dedicated to the publication of challenging intellectual works
07:13Poetry
07:14Theology
07:15Philosophy
07:16The books released here
07:18Are inspired by Christianity
07:20Humanism
07:21And anti-fascism
07:23Rudolf Rosler has settled down with his wife
07:30In this peaceful town
07:31Which welcomes many refugees from the German elite
07:34Here Rosler pursues a primarily literary resistance
07:38Publishing Christian authors
07:41To whom he is close
07:42And who warn him
07:43Against the totalitarian ideologies
07:45That are ravaging the entire continent
07:48Every afternoon
07:50He meets up with a group of young Catholics from Lucerne
07:52Who have founded the newspaper titled
07:54Encheidung
07:55Meaning
07:56Decision
07:57For them being anti-Semitic
07:59Is incompatible with the Christian message
08:02They want to denounce the violence of the German Reich
08:05So Rosler becomes their mentor
08:07One of his editors
08:10Xavier Schnieper
08:11Is his closest friend
08:13It is he
08:15Who helps him and his wife cross into Switzerland
08:17Spätestens im Frühjahr
08:21Im März
08:221934
08:24Wurde der Boden dann zu heiß
08:27Und er musste fliehen
08:28Xaver Schnieper
08:29Der Luzerner Freund
08:32Der hat ihm das Leben gerettet
08:35In Luzern konnte Rudolf Rössler dann mühelos an seine verlegerische Tätigkeit anknüpfen
08:42Mit dem Vita Nova Verlag
08:44Der ihm ermöglichte auch Bücher in großem Stil herauszugeben
08:52Von Leuten, die auch Nazi-Gegner waren
08:55Und die auch wie er eben eine Gesinnung
09:00Jenseits von links und rechts verkörperten
09:04Der Luzerner Freund
09:05Der Luzerner
09:06Der Luzerner
09:07Der Luzerner
09:08Der Luzerner
09:09Der Luzerner
09:10Der Luzerner
09:11From Switzerland, Rössler remains secretly connected
09:14To various circles of German dissidents
09:17Shortly before the war
09:20A secret meeting takes place
09:22During the Landi
09:23The Swiss World Fair
09:24In Zürich
09:25Entre les 10 et 15 août 1939
09:30Nous nous promenions par ici
09:32Rössler et moi
09:33Et à cet endroit
09:35Il me dit
09:36J'ai reçu aujourd'hui la visite de deux vieux amis chez moi
09:40Deux officiers de l'armée allemande
09:46Ils m'ont dit qu'ils vont me transmettre tout ce qu'ils peuvent
09:50Et que je peux faire ce que je veux des renseignements qu'ils vont me communiquer
09:54Un groupe d'Allemands a de toute évidence décidé avant la guerre
10:01De faire parvenir en Suisse des renseignements pour aider les alliés
10:07Rössler les a rencontrés à l'exposition nationale de 1939 à Zürich
10:13Ce qu'ils se sont dit, comme ils ont arrangé les choses
10:16C'est très difficile à savoir
10:18Mais le fait est qu'à partir de cette période-là
10:24Rössler se met à recevoir des renseignements
10:26At the beginning of 1939
10:32Hitler succeeds in taking command of the army
10:35And begins the second part of his programme
10:38The creation of the Greater Germanic Reich
10:54He plans to expand the German Reich eastwards
11:00And wants to reclaim a large part of Russian territory
11:03To provide the Lebensraum, or living space, he believed the German people need
11:08He wanted to occupy all the way up to the Archangel Astrakhan Line
11:13And basically turn the Soviet Union into a slave state
11:18With the vast majority being starved to death
11:21And then the rest just being kept as slaves to work farms for Germany
11:26The idea that Germany should use sort of the Ukrainian breadbasket
11:32And also the fuel from the Caucasus, the oil
11:36This meant they felt that they would be impregnable in the future
11:40Hitler manoeuvres to reach an agreement with Stalin
11:45Who has been rejected by European governments
11:47When the two dictators sign a non-aggression treaty in the summer of 1939
11:53They agree above all on the partition of Poland
11:56A secret arrangement that authorises Hitler to launch his war
12:01The war is clear, it lasted 17 days
12:11It was only the beginning of a long march
12:13Hitler gave orders to exterminate the Jews
12:17The Intelligentsia, the clergy, the noblesse
12:21After the others
12:22The Second World War has just begun
12:35On September the 17th, 1939
12:38The Red Army invades Poland
12:40Five days later
12:44Russian and German armies march side by side
12:47In Geneva, from the League of Nations
13:07The international press feverishly follow the news of this war
13:11And to illustrate their articles
13:13The editorial staff use increasingly precise maps
13:16The Geo Press Company design and sell their maps all over the world
13:23Their business is flourishing
13:25The man who runs it is Sandor Rado
13:29Now a renowned geographer
13:32He is settled in Switzerland with his wife and two sons
13:35And lives in Geneva
13:36On the top floor of a bourgeois apartment building
13:39But his work with Geo Press conceals another activity
13:43Rado is now an important agent
13:47In the Red Army's secret service
13:49During the phony war
13:55The intelligence services are busy
13:57Rado has to organise his group
14:00Moscow puts him in touch
14:02With Swiss journalist Otto Punta
14:04And a fruitful collaboration begins
14:06The Hongrois asks Otto Punta
14:09A journalist bernois and socialist militant journalist
14:11To collaborate with him
14:13Punta already has a antifascist network network
14:16He created since the beginning of the war in Spain
14:18He is an intelligent man, rusher
14:21He knows a lot of people
14:23For the information organizations
14:26A territory agent is formed
14:28And there are also
14:30The hundreds of thousands
14:32And thousands of agents
14:34Who have worked in the entire Europe
14:36And in Switzerland
14:37Who have worked for
14:38Résistance networks
14:39Who are often born in a very spontaneous way
14:42And the spectrum is different
14:43These are militants
14:44These are people convinced
14:46They have to have to
14:47Hatter the event of socialism
14:50The defeat of Germany
14:52They have to be militant
14:54And sometimes fighters
14:55Who have to improvise
14:57The techniques of clandestinism
14:59In the spring of 1940
15:03The nation of France collapses
15:05It has just suffered
15:07The greatest military defeat
15:08In its history
15:09This capitulation
15:13Has a major impact
15:14On Swiss society
15:15Which finds itself
15:16Surrounded by fascism
15:17On June the 6th, 1940
15:29Rado sends this message to Moscow
15:32To the head of the intelligence directorate
15:34Of the Red Army general staff
15:36To the director
15:37According to a Japanese attache
15:40Hitler declared
15:41That after a swift victory
15:42In the West
15:43A German-Italian attack
15:45On Russia
15:46Would begin
15:47But Stalin
15:49Is confident
15:50In his agreement
15:51With Hitler
15:52To whom he delivers
15:53Considerable resources
15:54Of raw materials
15:55For over a year
15:57He refuses to listen
15:58To the warnings
15:59Of his agents
16:00He, of course, read
16:01100%
16:02He, of course, read
16:03100%
16:04He, of course, read
16:05100%
16:06Unfortunately
16:07A significant number
16:10Of Rado
16:12Was passed
16:13To Stalin
16:14Without
16:15In the information
16:17Analyptical
16:18Control
16:19Many people
16:20Have pointed out
16:21The paradox
16:22That the only person
16:23That Stalin
16:24Ever trusted
16:25Was that of Hitler
16:26Over the Nazi-Soviet
16:27And there is
16:28A certain element
16:29Stalin, in fact
16:31Um
16:32Had many
16:33Of the
16:34GRU
16:35And NKVD
16:36Intelligence officers
16:37Arrested
16:38Or even executed
16:39Simply because
16:40They actually
16:41Were telling him the truth
16:42Which he
16:43Was refusing
16:44To listen to
16:49In the early hours
16:50Of June the 22nd
16:511941
16:52The Germans
16:53Attacked
16:54Their Russian allies
16:55Operation Barbarossa
16:58Opens up
16:59The Eastern Front
17:00Which is to become
17:01The greatest theatre
17:02Of operations
17:03Of the Second World War
17:08The Red Army's situation
17:09Soon becomes disastrous
17:11And its secret services
17:12Have to get into
17:13Fighting order
17:14On June the 23rd
17:171941
17:18Rado sends this message
17:19From Geneva
17:20By radio
17:21To the director
17:24In this historic hour
17:26We pledge to fight
17:27With unwavering loyalty
17:29And great energy
17:30From our outpost
17:31Dora
17:32Dora
17:33The anagram of Rado
17:35Will be the Hungarian signature
17:37Throughout this secret war
17:38Of the airwaves
17:39This radio message
17:40Is one of the first
17:41Of some 6,000
17:42That Rado is said
17:43To have exchanged
17:44With the military intelligence center
17:45In Moscow
17:46Rado meets up on the street
17:47With an old friend
17:48From Berlin
17:49Rachel Dubendorfer
17:50But this reunion
17:51Is dangerous
17:52The young woman
17:53Is also in charge
17:54Of a soviet underground network
17:56The young woman
17:57Is also in charge
17:58Of a soviet
17:59Underground network
18:00Le cloisonnement
18:01C'est la première règle
18:02En matière de vie
18:03Clandestine
18:04Et notamment
18:05Dans les services
18:06Ou dans les réseaux
18:07De renseignements
18:08En théorie
18:09Comme en pratique
18:10Les agents
18:11D'une même ligne
18:12Ne peuvent pas
18:13Se rencontrer
18:14Ne doivent pas
18:15Se connaître
18:16Et si jamais
18:17Ils se rencontrent
18:18Et qu'ils se reconnaissent
18:19Et qu'ils se reconnaissent
18:20Et qu'ils se reconnaissent
18:21Et qu'ils se reconnaissent
18:22Et qu'ils se reconnaissent
18:24Ils doivent faire
18:25Comme s'ils ne se connaissaient pas
18:26However
18:27Instead of putting
18:28Rachel's network
18:29On hold
18:30The center orders her
18:31To join Rado's network
18:32This merger of forces
18:34Is risky
18:35But justified
18:36By the german attack
18:37On the soviet union
18:38Which is in
18:39A critical situation
18:40And the other
18:41Is a critical situation
18:42I am
18:47The
18:49The
18:50The
18:51The
18:53The
18:54The
18:55The
18:57The
18:57The
18:59The
19:00The
19:01The
19:02The
19:03The
19:04The
19:05The
19:06The
19:07The
19:08A maioria dos militares alemães na Europa,
19:11a quase totalidade do continente europeu,
19:14está sob uma tutela nazia.
19:17Isso muda bastante a forma como os alianos
19:21em New York e em Londres
19:24percebem o que é a União Soviética.
19:27A União Soviética é, desde a União Soviética de 1941,
19:30o único país que, no continente, resiste as armadas alemães.
19:34Desde os primeiros dias de ataque à Hitler,
19:38os alianos mostramam seu apoio para os russos.
19:41Desde Londres, De Gaulle declara
19:43que todos os que participam na luta contra a Alemanha
19:46contribuem à liberação da França.
19:51No 26 septembro, as relações afiliadas
19:54estão estabelecidas entre a França fria e a Rússia Stálin.
19:59Exterior informações seguem a política general,
20:03a diplomacia, a política exterior de Estado, que eles servem.
20:07Esses diferentes serviços de rússia
20:08collectam de informações, espionam os uns dos outros,
20:11mas esses diferentes serviços de rússia,
20:13por causa de alguns agentes,
20:15entrem em contacto os uns dos outros.
20:18Então, o jogo de rússia, que é, de ordem,
20:21bastante complexo,
20:22se tornou, no caso da Suíça, desde 1940-1941,
20:25extremamente complexo.
20:27Então, no summer de 1941,
20:31o jornalista Otto Punta
20:32introduces new agents
20:34who are to become essential to the Geneva network.
20:36French diplomats and journalists,
20:39mostly from Alsace,
20:40who were stationed in Germany until 1939,
20:43and now work for the French Embassy in Bern.
20:45Moreover, they are secretly opposing the French government
20:48established by the Nazis.
20:50One of them, Georges Blanc,
20:52was a leading figure in Berlin
20:54and he is still well connected with officials
20:56of the German Foreign Ministry,
20:58where the new Nazi minister Ribbentrop
21:01is cordially disliked.
21:11On October the 2nd, 1941,
21:13on the Eastern Front,
21:14the Germans launched their decisive attack on Moscow.
21:19But their advance masks a reality
21:21that Rado is quick to relay to the centre.
21:23The invasion isn't going according to plan.
21:26No, it's not so easy to get to Moscow.
21:34Message from October the 27th.
21:37Entry into Moscow was initially scheduled
21:39for October 14, then October 20.
21:42As a result of the losses,
21:43most German divisions on the Eastern Front
21:46lost their homogeneity.
21:48The archive airs top generals
21:50now expect the war to last 30 months.
21:56In the 1940s, radio transmission is state-of-the-art technology.
22:07Messages are coded into strings of numbers,
22:10a long and tedious process,
22:12before being sent by radio transmitters.
22:16Rado has three of these radio operators.
22:19Alexander Foote, an English adventurer
22:21just out of the Spanish Civil War.
22:23A couple of shopkeepers from Geneva,
22:25Edmond and Olga Hummel,
22:27and a young student from Basel,
22:29Magritte Bolli,
22:30all communist militants.
22:35Transmitting messages is exhausting work.
22:37It calls for precision, dexterity and concentration.
22:43Morse code signals are received in Moscow.
22:45Decoded in turn, they are translated,
22:47then numbered and forwarded to their destination.
22:50The use of radio transmitters has been strictly forbidden in Switzerland
22:55since the beginning of the war.
22:57An operator, therefore,
22:58has to improvise the construction of a device.
23:00Edmond Hummel runs a small electrical appliances shop in Geneva,
23:04which enables him to get through the controls.
23:07to get through the controls.
23:08Ramdo has asked me to make a manufacturer for Marguerite Bolli.
23:12So I made a special case in a turn-disc,
23:19with a much larger dimension,
23:23to be able to lock my transmitter to the rear.
23:27In Geneva, on the night of October the 19th,
23:33while the operators are in the middle of receiving signals from Moscow,
23:36the line falls silent.
23:44Bombarded by German aircraft,
23:45the Russians have to reorganize the entire country.
23:481,500 factories, 17 million workers and strategic administrations
23:57are swiftly relocated in Siberia.
24:04After a long silence, Rado sends this message.
24:09To the director.
24:10We haven't heard from you in days.
24:12Are you receiving our broadcasts?
24:14Should we continue broadcasting
24:16or wait for the connection to be re-established?
24:20I need an answer.
24:22Dora.
24:25Meanwhile, intelligence is accumulating.
24:28Ever since the German invasion of Russia began,
24:31Rachel has been receiving mysterious notes.
24:34Troop movements, types of weapons,
24:37fighting spirit of the soldiers,
24:38positions of the armies.
24:40It's all there.
24:42But the new agent demands anonymity
24:43or he will cease all collaboration.
24:48The last demand is contrary to the rules of Russian intelligence.
24:52But Rado resolves to transmit them to Moscow
24:55as the notes contain very precise information
24:58which seems to come from the OKV,
25:00the supreme command of the German armed forces
25:03personally headed by Hitler.
25:04He gives this source the code name Lucy,
25:12as it is said to come from the town of Lucerne,
25:15home to Rudolf Rossler.
25:17Rossler, who is to become the famous spy Lucy,
25:27is the author of the mysterious notes
25:30Rado receives through Rachel.
25:34Since the beginning of the war,
25:36Rossler has been increasingly troubled
25:38by the international situation.
25:40As he continues his publishing activities,
25:42he receives regular and abundant information
25:44from inside the German Reich.
25:54A part of the information will arrive in Switzerland
25:57by the intermediary of German foreign affairs
26:00of companies who regularly enter in Switzerland
26:03to deal with clients
26:05or manage their families.
26:07One of them is Bosch's dirigeants.
26:10And so, in 1939,
26:11from the rich,
26:13rudely,
26:17Rudolf Rossler,
26:19a man who had the whole front lines
26:22in his head and just wondered
26:25how to get the latest information
26:29about the situation.
26:32Since the start of the war,
26:35part of the Swiss military intelligence service
26:37has moved into the heart of Lucerne.
26:40Rossler's friend, Xavier Schneeper,
26:42has become a non-commissioned officer.
26:44It isn't long before he tells his superiors
26:47about his German friend
26:49and his vast network of Nazi opponents
26:51who are looking for sources inside Germany.
26:56In demand from August 1939 onwards,
26:59Rossler writes meticulous reports
27:01for Swiss military intelligence
27:03on a daily basis throughout the war.
27:05These reports not only find their way
27:08into the hands of Swiss secret service officers,
27:11but also reach those of allied countries.
27:13These reports, thought to have disappeared,
27:16were recently discovered
27:18in the Federal Archives in Bern.
27:20The reports that we found
27:23start on January 1, 1940,
27:25and end on January 10, 1944.
27:28The work that he has accomplished
27:31is gigantic.
27:33There are about three to four reports
27:37per day,
27:39from one to three pages.
27:41The information is very diverse,
27:45mainly military,
27:46but also economic,
27:49political.
27:51We have found
27:53strictly identical reports
27:55in the American archives
27:57in Washington.
27:59So the American OSS
28:01was also a beneficiary.
28:03And we have a strong chance
28:05that these reports
28:07were also expedited
28:09by the British.
28:11Rudolf Rossler thus becomes
28:13one of the best sources
28:14for the Swiss secret services.
28:16A service whose officers
28:18have precise knowledge
28:19of the strategies developed
28:20in the German military headquarters.
28:21in the German military headquarters.
28:24Can I repeat
28:26the most important phases
28:27of the operation
28:28in the Schweiz?
28:30We prepare
28:31the Swiss operation.
28:33A Panzerdivision
28:35from Basel
28:37in the general direction
28:38to the Solothornfurt.
28:40The Swiss military military
28:41was very strong.
28:43There was a group
28:44of very active soldiers
28:46who understood
28:48that in the case of the victory
28:49of Germany
28:51and did everything
28:52to prepare
28:53for this attack.
28:56As tensions
28:57on the Eastern Front
28:58ease the danger
28:59of an invasion of Switzerland,
29:01the Geneva Group comes
29:02into contact
29:03with a new informant
29:04whom Rado describes
29:05in a message
29:06as a member
29:07of Swiss intelligence.
29:09Along with George Blun,
29:11codename Long,
29:12and Rudolf Rossler,
29:13codename Lucy,
29:15this informant
29:16is to become one of Rado's
29:17most important sources.
29:20A neutral country
29:21has the need
29:22to defend
29:23against an aggressor.
29:25It's not a right,
29:26it's a duty.
29:27It's what we call
29:28armed neutrality.
29:29The Swiss officers
29:30were first of all
29:31patriots.
29:33They had political opinions
29:34who approached
29:35obviously
29:36the European puissance
29:38democratic
29:39democracies
29:40but they worked
29:42mainly
29:43for the Swiss
29:44for their country
29:45as well.
29:46In terms of
29:47the right
29:48of neutrality,
29:50the Swiss intelligence
29:51service
29:52was the right
29:53to collaborate
29:54with the
29:55allied services.
29:57It was a
29:58agreement
29:59that the Swiss
30:01facilitated
30:02the work
30:03of the allies
30:04on the
30:06helvetic soil.
30:08The allies
30:09provided
30:10a part of their
30:11information
30:12to the
30:13U.S.R. Suisse.
30:15In early December 1941,
30:17communication
30:18with Moscow
30:19is re-established.
30:20The news
30:21is good.
30:22Due to the
30:23onset of winter,
30:24the German troops
30:25have not been
30:26sufficiently resupplied
30:27in time.
30:29The Red Army
30:30has reorganized
30:31and the Russian
30:32counter-offences
30:33are effective.
30:35Hitler has lost
30:36the Battle of Moscow.
30:37The beginning
30:38of December
30:39marked the
30:40geopolitical
30:41turning point
30:42of the war.
30:43From that
30:44moment on,
30:45Hitler could
30:46never actually
30:47win the war.
30:49Confidence
30:50within the
30:51Wehrmacht
30:52is running low.
30:53The German
30:54generals,
30:55who are losing
30:56more and more
30:57troops due
30:58to the freezing
30:59weather,
31:00withdraw,
31:01despite Hitler's
31:02orders.
31:03Furious,
31:04he dismisses
31:0535 of them,
31:06including
31:07Volta von Brauchlitz,
31:08commander-in-chief
31:09of the army.
31:10Message
31:11of January
31:12the 1st,
31:131942.
31:14To the
31:15director.
31:16Brauchlitz's
31:17replacement
31:18was the result
31:19of three months
31:20of conflict
31:21between Hitler
31:22and the generals.
31:23Brauchlitz's
31:24position was also
31:25offered to three
31:26generals in a row.
31:27All three refused
31:28because they did
31:29not want to take
31:30responsibility for
31:31the catastrophic
31:32situation on the
31:33front.
31:35The work of the
31:36Geneva network
31:37is praised by the
31:38Moscow Center.
31:39and
31:40there was a huge
31:41resident.
31:42The
31:43number of
31:44agents
31:45throughout
31:46Switzerland,
31:47in Geneva,
31:48in
31:49Zurich,
31:50in
31:51Berne,
31:52in
31:53Germany,
31:54in
31:55Italy,
31:56in
31:57France,
31:58in
31:59Belgium.
32:00The number of
32:01agents
32:02impressed.
32:03and
32:04there was no
32:05error.
32:06There was no
32:07error.
32:08It was only
32:09after this
32:10information
32:11from
32:12Rössler.
32:13to know that
32:14Rössler
32:15sold the information
32:16to the RADO network.
32:19Contrairement
32:20to the
32:22Swiss network,
32:23which he worked
32:24at the base,
32:25he was probably
32:26trying to get
32:27money,
32:28it's quite certain,
32:29to get money
32:30from the Soviets.
32:31He was not sovietic
32:32communists
32:33at all.
32:34He did not work
32:35for his
32:36personal
32:37establishment.
32:38However,
32:39he had to
32:40live his
32:41in
32:43the
32:44edition.
32:45In
32:46Lucerne,
32:47on the premises
32:48of Vita Nova,
32:49times are
32:50difficult.
32:51The books
32:52of the publishing
32:53house deemed
32:54subversive
32:55are banned
32:56throughout the
32:57Third Reich,
32:58which in
32:59early 1942
33:00occupy most of
33:01Europe.
33:03To promote
33:04his editions,
33:05Rössler teams
33:06up with
33:07Christian Schneider,
33:08a German emigrate
33:09living in
33:10war.
33:12An opponent
33:13of Nazism,
33:14Schneider is a
33:15former translator
33:16at the International
33:17Labour Office,
33:18where he keeps in
33:19touch,
33:20notably with a
33:21former colleague,
33:22a certain Rachel
33:23Dubendorfer,
33:24Sandor Rado's
33:25comrade.
33:28The strategic
33:29information collected
33:30by resistance
33:31fighter Rudolf
33:32Rossler is secretly
33:33handed from
33:34Christian Schneider
33:35to Rachel
33:36Dubendorfer,
33:37who in turn
33:39passes it to
33:40Soviet militant
33:41Sandu Rado
33:42in Geneva.
33:43This way,
33:44Rado can inform
33:45Moscow of
33:46forthcoming operations
33:47on the Eastern Front.
33:48Rado's message of
34:01March the 13th,
34:021942.
34:03The objective of the
34:05German spring attack
34:06is in the Urals.
34:07On this line,
34:08they intend to
34:09build a fortification,
34:10the so-called Ostwall,
34:12the Eastern Wall.
34:13After reaching the Urals,
34:15Hitler wants to
34:16proclaim the unification
34:17of Europe.
34:18message from
34:20March the 17th.
34:21The planned attack
34:22towards the
34:23Caucasus is considered
34:24decisive by the
34:25Okave.
34:27If Baku's oil is
34:28captured,
34:29the war can still be won.
34:31message from
34:32March the 25th.
34:34According to a
34:35Romanian official,
34:36the plan is to
34:37strike towards
34:38Stalingrad,
34:39and after reaching
34:40both banks of the
34:41Volga,
34:42infiltrate Moscow
34:43from the east.
34:46From the start of the
34:47of Stalingrad,
34:48messages between
34:49Geneva and Moscow
34:50become increasingly
34:51frequent.
34:52started once a week,
34:54and then?
34:55One more time a week,
34:56and then,
34:57then,
34:58then,
34:59then,
35:00then,
35:01then,
35:02then,
35:03maybe,
35:04maybe,
35:05three or four months
35:06after,
35:07but almost every night.
35:08And,
35:09then,
35:10then,
35:11then,
35:12then,
35:13then,
35:14then,
35:15then,
35:16then,
35:17then,
35:18then,
35:19then,
35:20the
35:21Germans
35:22for several months.
35:23They have been given the name,
35:24the Rotterdrei,
35:25the three reds,
35:26because although the messages
35:28have not yet been decoded,
35:29it is clear that the signals
35:31are being sent to Russia.
35:37But Rado's Swiss group is not alone.
35:39Nearly 80 Soviet operators
35:41broadcasting all over Europe
35:43are also spotted by the expert ears
35:45of the Nazis.
35:48The Germans call this grand concert
35:50of communist radio transmissions
35:52the Red Orchestra.
35:54A department within the counter espionage service
35:57was quickly set up.
36:03Thanks to their vast eavesdropping network,
36:06they are able to determine the source of signals
36:08by triangulation.
36:09In occupied territory,
36:11it takes just 30 minutes to locate a transmitter.
36:16The British secret services estimate
36:18that the lifespan of a clandestine operator
36:20is six weeks.
36:22To switch on a radio
36:23is to put oneself in mortal danger.
36:26In December 1942,
36:39the Gestapo launches its attack
36:41on all the networks it has identified.
36:52Arrests, torture, summary executions.
36:56The Geneva agents escape for the time being
36:58because they are protected
36:59by the neutrality of the Swiss territory.
37:03Surrounded,
37:04they are one of the last known groups
37:05operating in Europe.
37:07Rado knows that the downfall
37:08of his operation
37:09is only a matter of time.
37:11All the more so
37:13as Gestapo agents
37:14have infiltrated the whole of Switzerland.
37:16But that's not his only concern.
37:27Moscow is worried about the anonymity
37:29of Lucy's sources,
37:31as several mistakes have been identified
37:32in the latest messages,
37:34causing major losses on the frontline.
37:36It's clear to every secret service
37:40that he doesn't necessarily
37:41set up a line
37:42and that he has to control
37:43the messages
37:47and that he has to control
37:48the messages
37:49and that they have to control.
37:50Most of them have a lot of
37:52the value.
37:54But Rösslers' messages
37:55were unique
37:56because there were
37:59many questions
38:01that were very quickly
38:02answered.
38:04It's a very general case
38:06during the war
38:07that networks
38:08and networks
38:09have a certain
38:10independence
38:11and autonomy.
38:12They are much more
38:13than information collectors
38:14because they are
38:15who treat
38:16the sources.
38:17They are
38:18who know
38:19human weaknesses
38:20or human qualities
38:21of individuals.
38:24What's more,
38:25Rado's network
38:26is expensive
38:27and he has to pay
38:28for most
38:29of the information
38:30he sends to Moscow.
38:31Although his agency
38:33gave a small profit
38:34but this profit
38:35was not enough
38:36to have 77 people
38:37of his home.
38:38The money flows
38:39were very important
38:40because
38:41this network
38:42and the logistics
38:43of all of these
38:44resources
38:45needed
38:46for about 10,000
38:47dollars per month.
38:48But George
38:49Brink
38:50was very important
38:51because
38:52this network
38:53needed
38:54for about 10,000
38:55dollars per month.
38:57But George Blahn
38:58has obtained
38:59a loan for Rado
39:00and meets him
39:01at the home
39:02of journalist
39:03Otto Punta.
39:04He reveals
39:05what he already
39:06suspected.
39:07He's a French
39:08secret service agent
39:09and his friends
39:10are linked
39:11to De Gaulle's
39:12Free France.
39:13We are
39:15indeniable
39:16to an agent
39:17of very high
39:18vol.
39:19It's an individual
39:20who has
39:21the ability
39:22to operate
39:23what we can call
39:24multi-positioning.
39:25The photo
39:26where we see Blahn
39:27in this dinner
39:28at Berlin
39:29next to the future
39:30Pope
39:31and next to the
39:32Soviet ambassador
39:33to Berlin
39:34is perfectly
39:35an individual
39:36who has a very
39:37great social surface
39:38a capacity
39:40to move
39:41at the intersection
39:42of different places.
40:08to San Dorado.
40:10Lucy's information
40:11on the Caucasian front
40:12and any important
40:13matters on the
40:14eastern front
40:15such as the deployment
40:16of new divisions
40:17must be sent to us
40:18without delay
40:19before any other
40:20information.
40:21The latest information
40:22from Lucy was very
40:23important.
40:24The director.
40:26When Hitler's armies
40:27surrender
40:28at Stalingrad
40:29in February 1943
40:30allied military leaders
40:31know
40:32it is only a matter
40:33of time
40:34before the Nazis
40:35will fall.
40:36But the work
40:37of the agents
40:38must continue.
40:39Hitler is already
40:40hoping to regain
40:41the initiative
40:42in a vast
40:43counter-offensive
40:44that will bring together
40:45his best troops
40:46and all his available
40:47tanks.
40:48An operation
40:49for which he demands
40:50absolute secrecy.
40:52Hitler was absolutely
40:53obsessed about secrecy.
40:54When there was any example
40:56of a security breach
40:57he became simply
40:59he came into a frenzy.
41:01So any idea
41:02of the enemy
41:04finding out
41:05secrets
41:06in his headquarters
41:07obsessed him completely.
41:09But Soviet intelligence
41:11has the means
41:12to decipher
41:13his secrets.
41:14On February the 6th
41:15Rado receives
41:16this message
41:17from Moscow.
41:19Ask Lucy to research
41:20how Orkavan
41:21tends to organise
41:22its new defence.
41:23tell Lucy that we're
41:25interested not only
41:26in the decisions
41:27already made
41:28but also in all
41:29the conversations
41:30that are taking place
41:31at the general
41:32headquarters.
41:33The director.
41:35this ability to assess
41:37the decisions
41:38of the German army
41:39headquarters
41:40makes the origin
41:41of Rosler's information
41:42Lucy's sources
41:43particularly enigmatic.
41:45When German counter-espionage
41:47agents manage to
41:48partially decipher
41:49the messages
41:50they panic.
41:51In the aftermath
41:52of the war
41:53the CIA recorded
41:54the testimony
41:55of one of them.
41:56of one of them.
41:57Hundreds of people
41:59were under surveillance
42:00in Hitler's headquarters.
42:02The army
42:03the foreign office
42:04as well as
42:05other offices.
42:06Special troops
42:07were sent out
42:08in every direction
42:09to no avail.
42:10Nothing
42:11was found.
42:12This remains
42:13the greatest secret
42:14of the Second World War.
42:16In the early hours
42:25of July the 5th
42:26in the Korsk region
42:27the two armies
42:28face each other.
42:29Having been forewarned
42:31of German plans
42:32for several months
42:33the Russians
42:34have built up
42:35a solid defense
42:36in depth.
42:46The Battle of Korsk
42:49is yet another failure
42:50for Hitler.
42:53It marks the beginning
42:54of the German withdrawal.
43:06On the night
43:07of October the 13th
43:081943
43:09the Swiss Federal Police
43:10raid a villa
43:11on the outskirts
43:12of Geneva.
43:13The Rado group's
43:16transmitters
43:17have been located.
43:27Whilst the operators
43:28are arrested
43:29the Hungarian
43:30disappears
43:31into hiding
43:32with his wife.
43:33His deputy
43:34Otto Punta
43:35slips through the net.
43:43is also
43:46condemned
43:47legally.
43:48I think
43:49legally
43:50legally
43:51legally
43:52legally
43:53legally
43:54legally
43:55legally
43:56legally
43:57legally
43:58legally
43:59legally
44:00legally
44:01legally
44:02legally
44:03legally
44:04finally
44:05the federal police
44:06trace the case
44:07to Lucerne.
44:08Warmed in advance
44:09Roster succeeds
44:10in making his entire
44:11archive disappear.
44:12arrested
44:13and held in secret
44:14for several weeks.
44:15He is defended
44:16by the Swiss military
44:17intelligence officers
44:18then released
44:19without revealing
44:20any of his sources.
44:30The mystery of Lucy's
44:31sources remains one of the
44:32great enigmas of the
44:33Second World War
44:34and a source of many
44:35fantasies.
44:37Who were these people
44:38informing Rössler
44:39from Germany?
44:45Was it the conspiracy of a few German generals opposed to Hitler?
44:49Well,
44:54obviously
44:55the Rössler
44:56has existed
44:57and
44:58Rössler
44:59has been
45:00amazing
45:01information
45:02it is
45:03exact.
45:04but
45:05the relationship
45:06between Rössler
45:07and the German army
45:08with the German army
45:09with the German army
45:10with the German army
45:11I ask you to ask a few questions
45:13questions.
45:14That is
45:15you do not believe in the existence of
45:16these 10 anti-nazis officers?
45:18I believe
45:19there are not only 10
45:22but hundreds of Germans
45:25who participated in these actions
45:29against the Nazism.
45:31It is very likely that Rudolf Rössler
45:33was in contact with Karl Friedrich Goedler
45:36a conservative politician
45:38who was a very important figure
45:39in the German resistance.
45:43Goedler had a cover for his secret activities
45:45during the war.
45:46he had an advisory contract
45:48for the famous German industrialist
45:50Robert Bosch
45:51who secretly supported
45:52the domestic resistance
45:53to Nazism.
45:56But in the early 50s
45:57as the world enters the Cold War
45:59the roles of these men
46:01in the Rössler and Sandorado networks
46:03are swept under the carpet.
46:05The story of this collaboration
46:07between Western and Soviet secret services
46:09is disturbing to the new enemies
46:11who will try to rewrite history
46:13to better control it.
46:15With the archives opening up, historical research
46:17has now taken precedence
46:18over partisan accounts.
46:19marked by his collaboration with the Soviets,
46:22the Western intelligence services
46:23have become suspicious of Georges Blond.
46:25After the war, he returns to journalism,
46:28serving for many years as Berlin correspondent
46:30for the French newspaper
46:31Le Monde.
46:33Le Monde.
46:34.
46:35.
46:36In 1954,
46:38Rado, thought to be dead,
46:40reappears.
46:41.
46:42.
46:43.
46:44.
46:45.
46:46.
46:47.
46:48.
46:49.
46:50.
46:51.
46:52.
46:53.
46:54.
46:55.
46:56.
46:57.
46:58.
46:59.
47:00.
47:01.
47:21.
47:22.
47:23.
47:24.
47:25.
47:26.
47:46.
47:47.
47:48.
47:49.
47:50.
48:12.
48:13.
48:14.
48:15The man who had resisted in the name of the true Germany
48:18is singled out during the trial.
48:20.
48:21.
48:22.
48:23.
48:24.
48:25.
48:26.
48:27.
48:28.
48:29.
48:30.
48:31.
48:32.
48:33.
48:34.
48:35.
48:36.
48:37.
48:38.
48:39.
48:40.
48:41.
48:42.
48:43.
48:47.
48:49.
49:05.
49:06.
49:07.
49:08.
49:09.
49:10E que, por causa da diktatória, a última forma de conflito de conflito de conflito de conflito de militares evidências.
49:20O se desenvolve estacionado.
49:34Revista reconhecendo sobre confrontação espirituales, algo de desfez mesela.
49:4425 anos depois da guerra, Ele se tornou em nomegas internacionales empregado.
49:50At Moscow's request, he is the first Soviet spy to publish his war memoirs,
49:57which make him famous throughout the Communist bloc.
50:00He writes of Rudolf Roster's group,
50:05It's obvious to any sane person that those who fought Nazism at the risk of their lives
50:10deserve recognition and gratitude.
50:14The fact that they were Germans only adds to the value of their heroic and selfless deeds.
50:18They are the true heroes of the German people,
50:21because by rejecting Nazism, they saved Germany's future.
50:48We are the two
51:15A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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