Kissinger Parte 1 (RTP, 2026)

CETICOS

*Kissinger*, uma nova biografia dividida em duas partes, apresenta um retrato incisivo de Henry Kissinger, o enigmático articulador político que atuou no mais alto escalão da diplomacia americana. Seja celebrado ou odiado, as contradições de Kissinger refletem aquelas presentes no cerne da política externa dos EUA durante a segunda metade do século XX, um período em que o país se tornou a superpotência mundial incontestável mas frequentemente adotou políticas em desacordo com seus próprios ideais mais elevados.   Quando Henry Kissinger faleceu, em 29 de novembro de 2023, jornais dedicaram páginas inteiras ao seu obituário e inúmeros líderes mundiais exaltaram o seu legado. No entanto, a simples menção de seu nome pode despertar tanto um desprezo profundo quanto uma admiração reverente.

Transcript

00:00:00President-elect Nixon today named Dr. Henry Kissinger, the German-born Harvard professor,

00:00:05as his White House policy advisor on defense and foreign affairs.

00:00:08In 1968, when Henry Kissinger was named National Security Advisor,

00:00:14he was not at all well-known, certainly not as famous or as celebrated as he would become.

00:00:21I enthusiastically accept this assignment, and I shall serve the president-elect with all my energy and dedication.

00:00:30There was something about him that was different, like the way he talked.

00:00:34I have tried to avoid labels like heart and sauce.

00:00:39Here's this Harvard professor, kind of a nerd, nerdish guy.

00:00:44That became one of the most powerful men in the world.

00:00:48I believe that what America does is of great consequence to the peace of the world and to the progress

00:00:54of humanity.

00:00:55He entered the realm of power and bestrode it as a geopolitical colossus.

00:01:03He had enormous power, more power than any unelected official probably in the history of this country.

00:01:09And the moments he lashes out most are the moments he feels powerless.

00:01:13We are not talking about an attack on a neutral country.

00:01:15The secrecy, the lying, the denial of reality, those are all Kissingerian.

00:01:21I don't think that he had much concern for the human costs of his actions.

00:01:27The question about the relationship of morality to foreign policy is a very complex one.

00:01:34I don't think he denied that he overlooked certain human rights.

00:01:37He would just say there were other factors at stake.

00:01:40Sometimes statesmen have to choose among evils.

00:01:44He wasn't trying to win a popularity contest.

00:01:47He was trying to implement his ideas.

00:01:49I believe we have an obligation to prevent the totalitarians from taking over the world by fraud.

00:01:56Yes, he was brilliant.

00:01:58But in the end, his legacy is about the number of people, and we're talking hundreds of thousands,

00:02:04that died because of the arrogance of his policy.

00:02:09Nobody, before or since, has played such an important role in American foreign policy.

00:02:16We've had to recognize it's Henry Kissinger's world.

00:02:20We've had to recognize it's Henry Kissinger's world.

00:03:04A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:03:20A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:03:50A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:01A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:19A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:41A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:45A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:53A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:56A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:04:57A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:03A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:10A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:11A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:19A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:20A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:22A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:52A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:54A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:56A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:05:58A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:06:13A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:06:25A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:06:44A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:06:45A CIDADE NO BRASIL

00:06:48AND KISsoGER COMMENTED

00:06:49LATER

00:06:49ABOUT HOW

00:06:50EVERYTHING SEEMED

00:06:51CHANGED

00:06:53I WAS PROHIBITED

00:06:54TO GO TO

00:06:55GERMAN SCHOOLS

00:06:56ALL THE GERMAN

00:06:58PEOPLE

00:06:59WITH WHOM

00:06:59MY PARENTS

00:07:00ASSOCIATED

00:07:01MORE OR

00:07:01LESS

00:07:02CUT OFF

00:07:02ALL CONTACT

00:07:03WITH US

00:07:11A POLICY OF segregation

00:07:13FOR

00:07:14JEWISH PEOPLE

00:07:14WAS CREATED

00:07:15and my father lost the job

00:07:18Le Regent! Letem市! Letem市!

00:07:25Because Louis is an employee of the German state,

00:07:28he is sacked and it devastated him.

00:07:32He got so much fulfillment out of his job as a teacher

00:07:35and then suddenly he was bereft, he was lofst

00:07:38and he withdraws in on himself

00:07:39and Kissinger feels distant from his father.

00:07:43Meu pai era uma professora e não era praticante.

00:07:49E ele estava meio paralysado na face do mal que representava a nazis.

00:07:58Eu não consigo imaginar o destabilizador e terrifício

00:08:02era para Kissinger ver o mundo ao redor que ele so admirou,

00:08:08que a sociedade que era tão civilizado, tão refined,

00:08:15podia descendo into esse tipo de maldade.

00:08:19Tem uma sensação de um mundo que ele nunca pode voltar para.

00:08:25Sua filha feita essa falta de inocência,

00:08:28de alegria, de prosperidade e de paz.

00:08:34Essa foi uma raça na minha vida que teve um impacto profundo em mim.

00:08:40Foi a possibilidade de que o que deu a segurança

00:08:45poderia desintegra-se.

00:08:55Minha mãe era extremamente prática

00:08:57e ela decidiu que eles deveriam ir à Alemanha.

00:09:00Eu...

00:09:01meu pai não objectia.

00:09:04Eu era principalmente medo dos filhos.

00:09:08Você viu que eles estavam tão isolados.

00:09:13Em 1938, eles deixaram.

00:09:17Eles levam algumas truncas com alguns preciosas personales,

00:09:21e então eles precisam deixar tudo por trás.

00:09:24O que eles deixaram no momento de ir ao longo do tempo,

00:09:27só meses antes da grande pogrom,

00:09:31que sabemos como Tristanláv,

00:09:33o Night of Broken Glass.

00:09:34Música

00:09:38Mobs across Germany

00:09:39torch Jewish homes

00:09:41They attack Jewish people in the streets

00:09:44They destroy synagogues

00:09:47And in Fert

00:09:48They drag as many Jews as they can

00:09:51To the town centre

00:09:52And they have to stand there and watch

00:09:54As the synagogue burns to the ground

00:10:02Música

00:10:03The Kissingers are not spared

00:10:05The holocaust in Germany

00:10:07Kissinger loses 13 members

00:10:10Of his family in the holocaust

00:10:12And I think for Kissinger

00:10:14It generated a deep

00:10:17Pessimism about

00:10:18The idea that norms

00:10:20And rules are going to protect you

00:10:22Really at the end of the day

00:10:24The only thing that's going to protect you is power

00:10:30Música

00:10:32There was a cousin of mine

00:10:35Who brought us here

00:10:37And when we arrived

00:10:39By boat

00:10:40As we came down the gangplank

00:10:43He said, your name now is Henry

00:10:49The Kissingers settle in Washington Heights

00:10:51Which has a large community

00:10:53Of German Jews

00:10:54It's known as Frankfurt on the Hudson

00:10:56Or the Fourth Reich

00:10:59And they try and build a life

00:11:00That to an extent mirrors

00:11:03The one they've left

00:11:05We didn't have any money

00:11:07My brother and I slept in the living room

00:11:10We had no privacy

00:11:12But I did not feel that I was suffering

00:11:18The challenge, of course

00:11:19Was to arrive in the United States

00:11:22In the Depression

00:11:24That was why

00:11:25Henry Kissinger had to get a job

00:11:35He worked in a shaving brush factory

00:11:37Went to night school

00:11:38He didn't have the opportunity

00:11:40To have a lot of fun

00:11:43But he also

00:11:44Seems to have felt

00:11:46An enormous sense of relief

00:11:47Because he didn't have to cross the street

00:11:50To get away from

00:11:51Kids who would beat him up

00:11:54He starts to study

00:11:55And he immerses himself

00:11:58In the very vital life

00:12:00Of New York City

00:12:02In the late 1930s

00:12:03I think he fell in love with New York

00:12:07Very quickly

00:12:08He fell in love with baseball

00:12:12And he fell in love with my mother

00:12:16My mother's name is Annalise Cohen

00:12:19They very quickly started dating

00:12:22And it became a very sweet, dedicated relationship

00:12:26They had been through the same kind of trauma

00:12:30But they shared a desire to turn the disaster

00:12:35That they had experienced

00:12:37Into a life of meaning

00:12:39But I think it was the army

00:12:41That truly gave him

00:12:43The confidence

00:12:44That he could be a true American

00:12:51The attack was carried out

00:12:53By Jap torpedo planes

00:12:54Together with dive bombers

00:12:56Kissinger is at a football game

00:12:58And he comes out

00:12:59And sees the newspaper boy

00:13:01With the headline saying

00:13:02Pearl Harbor attacks

00:13:03And he doesn't have any idea

00:13:05Where Pearl Harbor is

00:13:06Immediate response

00:13:07From the youth of America

00:13:08Army, Navy

00:13:10And Marine recruiting stations

00:13:11Bulge to overflowing

00:13:12Most teenagers

00:13:14Pretty quickly figured out

00:13:16That they might not be interested in war

00:13:18But war was likely

00:13:19Going to be interested in them

00:13:21The second number

00:13:22Which has just been drawn

00:13:24Is 192

00:13:27The U.S. Army

00:13:34Was not a tremendously

00:13:36Discerning institution

00:13:39In the early phase

00:13:41Of World War II

00:13:42It took its young men

00:13:45From wherever it could

00:13:48And from wherever

00:13:50They'd come from

00:13:53He's drafted in 1943

00:13:54And he's sent to a rifle company

00:13:56In the 84th Infantry Division

00:13:58Of the rail splitters

00:14:02Initially, the young Henry Kissinger

00:14:06Found himself

00:14:06In this extraordinary

00:14:09Melting pot

00:14:11Of young men

00:14:13In training camps

00:14:15That were

00:14:15Spartan

00:14:17To put it mildly

00:14:19I thought it was a tremendous experience

00:14:21Not every minute

00:14:22Of which I enjoyed

00:14:23But I now think

00:14:25It was one of the most

00:14:26Important experiences

00:14:27Of my life

00:14:28I had never met

00:14:29Any really native-born Americans

00:14:31And these people

00:14:32From the Midwest

00:14:33Were very tolerant

00:14:35And friendly

00:14:35And I got to know America

00:14:38As a result of

00:14:39Serving in the army

00:14:46These are the men

00:14:47Who served in the

00:14:4884th Infantry Division

00:14:49A division that

00:14:50Distinguished itself

00:14:51In a series of

00:14:52Critical engagements

00:14:53During World War II

00:14:54Kissinger lands in France

00:14:56Five months after D-Day

00:14:58In November 1944

00:14:59And someone clearly

00:15:01Recognizes his linguistic talents

00:15:02And he's put into

00:15:03The counterintelligence

00:15:04Part of the

00:15:0684th Infantry Division

00:15:10It's not long after D-Day

00:15:13That Kissinger finds himself

00:15:15In one of the great battles

00:15:16Of the war in Europe

00:15:18The Battle of the Bulge

00:15:23The fighting was hard

00:15:24The Germans put up

00:15:26Stiff resistance

00:15:27The casualties

00:15:29Were high

00:15:34The 84th is trapped

00:15:36In a Belgian town

00:15:37Marchant famine

00:15:41And Kissinger works

00:15:43In the courthouse

00:15:44With the general

00:15:45And other staff

00:15:46Monitoring everything

00:15:47And helping to organize

00:15:49Defense of the town

00:15:50It was especially

00:15:51Dangerous for Kissinger

00:15:53Because as

00:15:54A German Jew by birth

00:15:56He risked execution

00:15:59If he were captured

00:16:07After the Battle of the Bulge

00:16:09The 84th Infantry Division

00:16:10Heads towards

00:16:11The city of Hanover

00:16:13Where they come across

00:16:14Arlem Concentration Camp

00:16:15And it is a horrendous place

00:16:25Out of 1,000 Polish men

00:16:27Brought here 10 months

00:16:28Prior to April 1945

00:16:30Only 200 remained

00:16:32Prisoners who could walk

00:16:34Were removed

00:16:34Before American troops

00:16:35Entered Hanover

00:16:36The others were left

00:16:37To starve and die

00:16:39Horrifying

00:16:40They radio to the headquarters

00:16:42Which is where Kissinger is

00:16:44And he drives up

00:16:46And they come

00:16:48Into this

00:16:50Camp

00:16:50And Kissinger is just

00:16:52Staggered by it

00:16:57When questioned

00:16:58Most of these men

00:16:59Could not remember

00:17:00When they'd last eaten

00:17:01A decent meal

00:17:02Many had been beaten

00:17:04And tortured so long

00:17:05Their minds had failed

00:17:06My father described

00:17:08His experience

00:17:09Liberating

00:17:10The Alum

00:17:11Concentration Camp

00:17:12As

00:17:13Something that words

00:17:15Could not

00:17:16Entirely communicate

00:17:18As our jeep

00:17:20Traveled down the street

00:17:22Skeletons in striped suits

00:17:24Lined the road

00:17:25Cloth seemed to fall

00:17:27From the bodies

00:17:28Their heads were held up

00:17:30By a stick

00:17:31That once

00:17:32Might have been a throat

00:17:33Paws hang from the sides

00:17:36Where arms should be

00:17:39I see my friend

00:17:40Enter one of the huts

00:17:42And come out

00:17:42With tears

00:17:43In his eyes

00:17:46Don't go in there

00:17:48We had to kick them

00:17:49To tell the dead

00:17:51From the living

00:17:53To him

00:17:54It always was

00:17:55The most horrendous thing

00:17:57That he'd ever seen

00:17:57The victims relate

00:17:59The atrocity story

00:18:00And photographs are made

00:18:01For further documentation

00:18:02Of the horrors

00:18:03Committed at the Hanover Camp

00:18:05The power of knowing

00:18:06That

00:18:07It could have been him

00:18:09In that camp

00:18:11And that

00:18:12Stays with Henry Kissinger

00:18:15The deaths continue

00:18:16Even after liberation

00:18:17Of the camp

00:18:18Some were too far gone

00:18:20When the Americans

00:18:20Took over

00:18:22It was

00:18:23An illustration for him

00:18:25That strength was

00:18:27An unavoidable facet

00:18:29Of resisting evil

00:18:30That the attempt

00:18:32To deal with evil

00:18:34Through compromise

00:18:37Sometimes was not enough

00:18:42After the war

00:18:43Kissinger writes

00:18:44To the mother

00:18:45An old friend of his

00:18:46From Fert

00:18:47Who had survived

00:18:48A concentration camp

00:18:49And he writes

00:18:50To warn her

00:18:51Of

00:18:53What

00:18:54Her son

00:18:55Will now be like

00:18:56I feel it necessary

00:18:58To write to you

00:18:59I think a completely

00:19:01Erroneous picture

00:19:02Exists in the United States

00:19:04Of the former inmates

00:19:05Of the concentration camps

00:19:07Kissinger writes

00:19:08He has not only suffered

00:19:10But he has lived

00:19:11In an anarchic world

00:19:12In which is survival

00:19:13Of the fittest

00:19:13In which there is no order

00:19:15There is no structure

00:19:17Or sense of society

00:19:20Concentration camps

00:19:21Were not only mills of death

00:19:23They were also

00:19:24No testing grounds

00:19:25It's a warning

00:19:26That morality

00:19:28Has its limits

00:19:28And that

00:19:30This was about power

00:19:31And strength

00:19:31And survival

00:19:33Above all else

00:19:35The intellectuals

00:19:36The idealists

00:19:37The men of high morals

00:19:39Had no chance

00:19:40It was a necessity

00:19:42To follow through

00:19:43With a singleness

00:19:44Of purpose

00:19:45Inconceivable

00:19:46To you sheltered people

00:19:47In the States

00:19:54The problem now

00:19:56Is future peace

00:19:57That is your job

00:19:59In Germany

00:20:00You'll see ruins

00:20:03You'll see flowers

00:20:05You'll see some mighty

00:20:06Pretty scenery

00:20:08Don't let it fool you

00:20:10You are in enemy country

00:20:12Be alert

00:20:14Suspicious of everyone

00:20:15Take no chances

00:20:19Germany in 1945

00:20:21Was in a state of collapse

00:20:22Proven war criminals

00:20:24Must answer for their crimes

00:20:30As a member of the

00:20:32Counterintelligence Corps

00:20:33Kissinger had to find out

00:20:36Who were the Nazis

00:20:38So Kissinger went from

00:20:40Fighting Germans

00:20:44To try to understand them

00:20:45Somewhere in this Germany

00:20:47Are stormtroopers

00:20:48By the thousands

00:20:49Out of sight

00:20:51Part of the mob

00:20:52But still watching you

00:20:54And hating you

00:20:56Trust none of them

00:20:59At a very young age

00:21:01My father was given

00:21:02Enormous authority

00:21:04Over an area

00:21:05Around Hanover

00:21:06To apprehend

00:21:08High-ranking Nazis

00:21:14My job was

00:21:16To arrest

00:21:17All Nazis

00:21:18Above a certain level

00:21:22At that time

00:21:24Of course

00:21:24Every one claimed

00:21:25That he hadn't been

00:21:26A Nazi

00:21:27For someone so young

00:21:28It's a lot of responsibility

00:21:29And he carries out

00:21:32The job effectively

00:21:32It's a rather

00:21:34Extraordinary thought

00:21:36That the young

00:21:3822, 23 year old

00:21:40Henry Kissinger

00:21:41Is in this position

00:21:42Of power

00:21:43Over the very people

00:21:46Who had been

00:21:47Murdering his relatives

00:21:49The very people

00:21:49Who had driven

00:21:50His family

00:21:51Across the Atlantic

00:21:53There's no vengeance

00:21:54In Kissinger

00:21:55He is not

00:21:58Searching for

00:21:59Some kind of

00:22:00Feeling of

00:22:01Righteous vindication

00:22:02He is not

00:22:04A black and white

00:22:05Person

00:22:06He lives in

00:22:07The grey area

00:22:08In between

00:22:16There Harvard

00:22:18Thy sons

00:22:19To thy jubilee throng

00:22:23And with blessings

00:22:25Surrender the oar

00:22:28Kissinger enters

00:22:29Harvard

00:22:29On the GI Bill

00:22:31Alongside millions

00:22:31Of other

00:22:32New college students

00:22:33Who had served

00:22:34In the military

00:22:35And Kissinger

00:22:37Is determined

00:22:38To take his own

00:22:39Experiences

00:22:40And hit the ground

00:22:41Running

00:22:45He was the

00:22:46Proverbial young

00:22:47Man in a hurry

00:22:49He tried many

00:22:50Different subjects

00:22:51For a while

00:22:52He was on track

00:22:53To be a

00:22:54Chemistry

00:22:55Professor

00:22:56He also

00:22:57Flirted with

00:22:58Going to law

00:22:59School

00:23:01But ultimately

00:23:02His fascination

00:23:03With history

00:23:04And government

00:23:05Prevailed

00:23:05The old regime

00:23:06In France

00:23:07With tyrannical

00:23:08Oppressive

00:23:08Insofar as one

00:23:09Can learn anything

00:23:10In preparation

00:23:11For a high

00:23:12Governmental position

00:23:12I think a study

00:23:14Of history

00:23:15Is the best

00:23:15Preparation

00:23:17He was definitely

00:23:18Someone who was

00:23:19Determined to conquer

00:23:21Academia through

00:23:22Sheer hard work

00:23:23And labor

00:23:23Not someone who

00:23:25Joined college

00:23:26Activities

00:23:26Joined college

00:23:27Clubs

00:23:28He was very rigorous

00:23:31He was very rigorous

00:23:31About just using all

00:23:32Of his time

00:23:33For his studies

00:23:35He is the guy

00:23:36Who's in the library

00:23:3724-7

00:23:39Squirreled away

00:23:40In his dorm

00:23:41Reading

00:23:42From dawn to dusk

00:23:44And so

00:23:44Most of his

00:23:45Harvard contemporaries

00:23:46Barely remember him

00:23:48He manages to sneak

00:23:50In a dog

00:23:50And I think that's

00:23:51Pretty much his only

00:23:52Friend there

00:23:52By all accounts

00:23:53And then Kissinger

00:23:55Writes his undergraduate

00:23:57Thesis

00:23:58The meaning of history

00:23:59The meaning of history

00:24:00The meaning of history

00:24:02Yes the famous

00:24:03Meaning of history

00:24:07An extraordinarily

00:24:08Detailed

00:24:09And philosophical

00:24:11Thesis which grapples

00:24:13With the big questions

00:24:14Of human life

00:24:15Human meaning

00:24:16The meaning of history

00:24:19It was the longest

00:24:21Senior thesis

00:24:22In Harvard history

00:24:25It was so long

00:24:27That Harvard

00:24:27Had to introduce a rule

00:24:29That dissertations

00:24:30Had to be

00:24:30You know

00:24:30Within a certain

00:24:31Word limit

00:24:32The meaning of history

00:24:33Is extraordinary

00:24:35But undisciplined

00:24:36Unedited

00:24:37And confusing

00:24:40I have read it

00:24:41If you ask me

00:24:43If I understand it

00:24:44I would bet

00:24:46I'm on a punt

00:24:46That question

00:24:47But it produces

00:24:48A summa cum laude

00:24:49Degree

00:24:50And admission

00:24:51To the graduate program

00:24:52In government

00:24:52And history

00:24:55He spends many

00:24:56Many years

00:24:56At Harvard

00:24:57And he's just

00:24:59This very frustrated

00:25:01Young PhD graduate

00:25:02Who is kind of

00:25:04Trying to find

00:25:05A place for himself

00:25:05So what he does

00:25:07Is he kind of

00:25:08Invents a place

00:25:09For himself

00:25:10He studies the policies

00:25:12Of European statesmen

00:25:13After the fall of Napoleon

00:25:14And their attempts

00:25:16To bring about

00:25:17Order and stability

00:25:18He does see it

00:25:19As an analogy

00:25:20For the world

00:25:21Of the Cold War

00:25:22And of nuclear weapons

00:25:23In which states

00:25:24Have to balance

00:25:24Against each other

00:25:25Undergirded by a fear

00:25:27Of what war is like

00:25:32The central problem

00:25:34Of the Cold War

00:25:36Was like

00:25:36A kind of chess game

00:25:37There were two superpowers

00:25:39The United States

00:25:40And the Soviet Union

00:25:42All the rest of the world

00:25:43Was a chessboard

00:25:44All the other pieces

00:25:46Could be moved

00:25:46About that chessboard

00:25:49Diplomacy showed

00:25:50A way in which

00:25:51At least temporary peace

00:25:52Could be achieved

00:25:54It was not just

00:25:56Accepting the world

00:25:58As it is

00:25:59But understanding

00:26:01The realities of power

00:26:02And manipulating power

00:26:04In order to achieve

00:26:05The ultimate goal

00:26:07Which was peace

00:26:08And stability

00:26:09It's about building

00:26:11The right balance

00:26:12Of power

00:26:12So that war

00:26:14Is impossible

00:26:16Victory is impossible

00:26:17Because then

00:26:18Only through that

00:26:20Would you prevent

00:26:21Another war

00:26:28Machine guns

00:26:29Chatter a song of death

00:26:30And rockets hiss down

00:26:31With terrifying accuracy

00:26:32Onto the reds below

00:26:33Shortly after

00:26:35Kissinger's graduation

00:26:36The Korean war

00:26:37Breaks out

00:26:38And the Korean war

00:26:40Is really the pearl harbor

00:26:41Of the Cold War

00:26:44It was the moment

00:26:45When Americans

00:26:47Could no longer ignore

00:26:49Stalin's ambitions

00:26:50To expand communism

00:26:52Beyond the Soviet Union

00:26:57The democratic peoples

00:26:58Must fight

00:26:59And continue to fight

00:27:01Until the grim red shadow

00:27:02That shrouds the world

00:27:03Is dispelled

00:27:06We have a rising cold war

00:27:08That now has become

00:27:09A hot war

00:27:11And I think what the Korean war

00:27:12Does is it creates

00:27:14For the next 50 years

00:27:15In the United States

00:27:16An axiom

00:27:17That if you ever give

00:27:19The communists

00:27:19A little bit of space

00:27:20They will seize it

00:27:21And seize more

00:27:28And so the United States

00:27:29Has to be ever ready

00:27:30Has to be prepared

00:27:32For apocalypse

00:27:33At any moment

00:27:34Today every state

00:27:36Every city and town

00:27:38Is within striking range

00:27:40Of a determined enemy

00:27:41It's difficult for us today

00:27:43To understand

00:27:44How scared people were

00:27:45In the 50s and early 60s

00:27:47About the prospects

00:27:48Of nuclear war

00:27:52Remember

00:27:53These were the most powerful weapons

00:27:54Ever designed in the world

00:27:59And every military technology

00:28:02Every weapon

00:28:02That had ever been produced

00:28:04In human history

00:28:06Had been used

00:28:07And nuclear weapons

00:28:09Had been used

00:28:10Twice

00:28:17Even the pigeons take part

00:28:19As New York holds

00:28:20Its biggest civil defense drill

00:28:22The US strategy

00:28:24Which was called

00:28:24Massive retaliation

00:28:26Was that

00:28:27If the Soviets

00:28:28Use a single nuclear weapon

00:28:30Against an American interest

00:28:32The United States

00:28:33Will hurl

00:28:34Hundreds of nuclear missiles

00:28:35All the way to Moscow

00:28:38Times Square waits

00:28:40Millions wonder

00:28:41Suppose it were real

00:28:43But

00:28:44If

00:28:45The Soviet Union

00:28:46Did something

00:28:47In a second tier

00:28:48European country

00:28:49Would we really

00:28:51Sacrifice

00:28:52New York

00:28:52And Washington

00:28:53By retaliating

00:28:55Against them

00:28:55Kissinger's thought

00:28:57Was no

00:28:57And everybody

00:28:58Knows it

00:28:59Kissinger understood

00:29:01That there was

00:29:02Something absurd

00:29:03About a strategy

00:29:05Which gave you

00:29:06A choice between

00:29:06Capitulation or Armageddon

00:29:09And it was also true

00:29:10And it was also true

00:29:10That there must be

00:29:11Some limited use

00:29:12For nuclear weapons

00:29:14What is the role

00:29:15Of nuclear weapons

00:29:16What is the significance

00:29:18Of conventional forces

00:29:20He talked to the experts

00:29:22Pick their brains

00:29:24And then wrote his own book

00:29:25And that book became

00:29:27Nuclear weapons

00:29:28And foreign policy

00:29:29It was the book

00:29:30That made him famous

00:29:33Henry Kissinger

00:29:35Henry Kissinger

00:29:36Henry Kissinger

00:29:36Is the author

00:29:37Of the bestseller

00:29:38Nuclear weapons

00:29:39And foreign policy

00:29:40Kissinger is offering

00:29:42The possibly radical argument

00:29:44That the United States

00:29:46Should be willing

00:29:47To use nuclear weapons

00:29:48In smaller wars

00:29:50You think American strategy

00:29:51Should be re-evaluated

00:29:52To restore war

00:29:54As a usable instrument

00:29:56Of policy

00:29:58American strategy

00:29:59Has to face the fact

00:30:00That it may be

00:30:01Confronted with war

00:30:02And that if Soviet aggression

00:30:04Confronts us with war

00:30:05And we are unwilling

00:30:06To resist

00:30:06It will mean

00:30:08The end of our freedom

00:30:09Suddenly makes him

00:30:10A hugely important

00:30:11Public intellectual

00:30:12He gets invited on television

00:30:13He can write op-eds

00:30:14In the New York Times

00:30:15He is now recognised

00:30:17As an important person

00:30:19In the conversations

00:30:21About the Cold War

00:30:22Dr Kissinger

00:30:23Do you believe it's true

00:30:24That we have no

00:30:25Coherent strategy

00:30:26I have no doubt

00:30:28That our military services

00:30:31Have a plan

00:30:32For every conceivable

00:30:33Contingency

00:30:34But I have the uneasy feeling

00:30:36That these plans

00:30:37Are not the same

00:30:38In each service

00:30:43He's a very ambitious person

00:30:45But he's also ambitious

00:30:47For his ideas

00:30:48He wants to have

00:30:50An impact on history

00:30:51And he realises that

00:30:53In order to do that

00:30:55He must cultivate relationships

00:30:57With power

00:31:01So he begins to use

00:31:04The sort of cachet

00:31:05And prestige of Harvard

00:31:07To build relationships

00:31:09For himself

00:31:09Beyond university

00:31:11Now

00:31:12If you're a policy intellectual

00:31:14You're pretty stupid

00:31:16If you don't get

00:31:17Expert

00:31:18About what's going to become

00:31:19The dominant

00:31:20Divisive foreign policy issue

00:31:22Of the later 1960s

00:31:24And that is

00:31:25The war in Vietnam

00:31:36We do not want an expanding struggle

00:31:39With consequences

00:31:40That no one can perceive

00:31:42Nor will we bluster

00:31:44Or bully

00:31:45Or flaunt our power

00:31:48But we will not surrender

00:31:52And we will not retreat

00:31:55The United States

00:31:57Had been getting

00:31:58Steadily more involved

00:32:00In Vietnam

00:32:01During the Kennedy administration

00:32:03But it was under

00:32:04Lyndon Johnson

00:32:05After Kennedy's assassination

00:32:07That US involvement

00:32:08Escalated

00:32:09And large numbers

00:32:10Of US troops

00:32:12Began to be committed

00:32:14Retreat does not bring safety

00:32:16And weakness

00:32:18Does not bring peace

00:32:21The escalation really

00:32:24Dates from 65

00:32:25And that's the year

00:32:26That Kissinger first visits

00:32:28Vietnam

00:32:30Why did he go?

00:32:31Well

00:32:32I think Kissinger

00:32:33Was genuinely interested

00:32:35In the problem

00:32:36That was evolving

00:32:37In Vietnam

00:32:39I first heard of him

00:32:41When we were all called

00:32:43Into the political counselor's office

00:32:46In the embassy in Saigon

00:32:47And he told us

00:32:48Dr. Kissinger

00:32:49Was coming soon

00:32:50And I was asked

00:32:52To take him up

00:32:53To the northern part

00:32:55Of the country

00:32:56And so we took him

00:32:57To some remote places

00:32:59In Vietnam

00:33:01I wouldn't say

00:33:02It was exactly fearless

00:33:03I can tell you

00:33:03One phobia

00:33:04He absolutely had

00:33:05And that was flying

00:33:07I remember one time

00:33:09He walks up to the pilot

00:33:11And he says

00:33:11Good morning

00:33:12Pilot

00:33:13He says

00:33:14Can this plane

00:33:15Really get over

00:33:16Those mountains?

00:33:21Henry was holding

00:33:23On to the curtains

00:33:24Of that airplane

00:33:25For dear life

00:33:28The reports

00:33:30That he wrote

00:33:31From that

00:33:33And later trips

00:33:34To Vietnam

00:33:35In the mid-60s

00:33:36Are extraordinary

00:33:37Because he understood

00:33:39Very quickly

00:33:41Why the United States

00:33:43Effort

00:33:43To prop up

00:33:44South Vietnam

00:33:45Was failing

00:33:47He recognizes

00:33:48That the United States

00:33:49Is likely not able

00:33:51To prevail

00:33:51In the amount of time

00:33:53That public opinion

00:33:55Would be supportive

00:33:56Of the war effort

00:33:56And he from

00:33:57A very early point

00:33:59Believes that

00:33:59The United States

00:34:00Has to find

00:34:01Some type of

00:34:01Negotiated solution

00:34:03I concluded then

00:34:04That there was

00:34:05No way of winning

00:34:06The war

00:34:06In the manner

00:34:07In which

00:34:08It was being conducted

00:34:09So I felt

00:34:10From that moment on

00:34:12That we had to find

00:34:13A negotiated

00:34:14Way out

00:34:15But I also felt

00:34:16That having committed

00:34:18That many forces

00:34:19We couldn't simply

00:34:20Walk away

00:34:23Professor Henry A. Kissinger

00:34:25Of Harvard

00:34:26He's been an advisor

00:34:27To the United States

00:34:28Government

00:34:29Under four presidents

00:34:30And has recently

00:34:31Returned from Vietnam

00:34:33Professor Kissinger

00:34:34I find American intervention

00:34:35In Vietnam

00:34:36As immoral

00:34:37As Nazi

00:34:39And Italian intervention

00:34:42In Spain

00:34:43Before the last war

00:34:44Why don't you

00:34:48I don't find

00:34:49The intervention

00:34:51In Vietnam

00:34:52Immoral

00:34:53Because our purpose

00:34:54Is to give

00:34:55The people

00:34:56Of South Vietnam

00:34:57A free choice

00:34:58The Nazi intervention

00:35:00Was to deprive

00:35:02The people

00:35:03Of a free choice

00:35:04And I would have thought

00:35:06That people in Britain

00:35:07Should know the difference

00:35:08Between American motivations

00:35:10And fascist motivations

00:35:18I bring with me

00:35:19The love of your families

00:35:21And the affection

00:35:22Of your friends

00:35:24I bring with me also

00:35:26The gratitude

00:35:27Of the nation

00:35:28That you serve

00:35:29So honourably

00:35:30And so loyally

00:35:31And so well

00:35:35By 1968

00:35:36What Kissinger

00:35:39Had spotted

00:35:39In 1965

00:35:41Was becoming obvious

00:35:42Even to President

00:35:43Lyndon Johnson

00:35:47The war in Vietnam

00:35:49Was proving

00:35:50Extremely hard

00:35:51To win

00:35:53Americans risk

00:35:54And sometimes give

00:35:55All that they have

00:35:56Half a world

00:35:57Away from home

00:35:58In order to try

00:35:59To figure out

00:36:00A graceful exit

00:36:02From Southeast Asia

00:36:03A negotiation

00:36:04Had to happen

00:36:06Good evening

00:36:07My fellow Americans

00:36:09Tonight I want

00:36:11To speak to you

00:36:12Of peace in Vietnam

00:36:14And Southeast Asia

00:36:16Then in 1968

00:36:18I shall not seek

00:36:21And I will not accept

00:36:23The nomination of my party

00:36:26For another term

00:36:27As your president

00:36:28President Johnson

00:36:29Declared he would not

00:36:31Run for re-election

00:36:32He was going to

00:36:33Devote himself

00:36:34To finding a solution

00:36:36And he was coming close

00:36:37The diplomatic deadlock

00:36:39Over a site

00:36:39For the peace talks

00:36:40Was finally broken

00:36:41The North Vietnamese

00:36:42Had revealed

00:36:43A willingness to talk

00:36:44But only on their terms

00:36:47In Paris

00:36:48Politics and diplomacy

00:36:50Eventually assembled

00:36:51All parties

00:36:52To try to find

00:36:53Peace in Vietnam

00:36:54The Johnson administration

00:36:55Opened secret negotiations

00:36:57In Paris

00:36:59The American public

00:37:00Wanted to win

00:37:02But they wanted

00:37:02To get out

00:37:03And the clock

00:37:04Is ticking

00:37:08Kissinger saw

00:37:09That there was

00:37:09A chance

00:37:10To claim power

00:37:11And he went

00:37:13To Paris in September

00:37:14And he heard

00:37:15Over there

00:37:16That there may be

00:37:18This bombing halt

00:37:19Coming

00:37:20This was the golden

00:37:21Moment to say

00:37:23If I don't walk

00:37:25Through that door

00:37:26Now

00:37:26And Nixon gets

00:37:27It's elected

00:37:28It's going to be

00:37:29Four years

00:37:29Or eight years

00:37:30And I'm going to be

00:37:31A Harvard professor

00:37:32Again

00:37:32No matter how smart

00:37:33I am

00:37:33This is my shot

00:37:35And this was

00:37:36And this was

00:37:36Despite the fact

00:37:37That Kissinger

00:37:38And Nixon

00:37:39Did not know

00:37:39Each other

00:37:40And Kissinger

00:37:41Had said

00:37:41Throughout that summer

00:37:42That Nixon

00:37:43Would be a disaster

00:37:44If he got elected

00:37:45President

00:37:45Henry Kissinger

00:37:46Had steered clear

00:37:48Of Richard Nixon

00:37:49Throughout his career

00:37:51As a policy intellectual

00:37:52Declining invitations

00:37:54To meet with Nixon

00:37:55Because he really

00:37:56Had a pretty low opinion

00:37:58Of Nixon

00:37:59But Kissinger

00:38:00Quickly made contact

00:38:02With the Nixon campaign

00:38:04And he passed on

00:38:05The status of the talks

00:38:06Through his contact

00:38:07Richard Allen

00:38:09Henry Kissinger

00:38:10Volunteered information

00:38:12To us

00:38:12Through a spy

00:38:13He had

00:38:14A former student

00:38:15That he had

00:38:16In the Paris peace talks

00:38:17He called me

00:38:19From pay phones

00:38:19And we spoke in German

00:38:21And he offloaded

00:38:23Mostly every night

00:38:24What had happened

00:38:25That day in Paris

00:38:27So he sends

00:38:28Two different messages

00:38:29To Nixon

00:38:30On two different days

00:38:31In September

00:38:31Saying

00:38:33There's this bombing

00:38:34Halt coming

00:38:34I just want you to know

00:38:35Think about what

00:38:36Your position is going to be

00:38:39Kissinger told

00:38:39The Nixon campaign

00:38:40You know

00:38:41They're getting closer

00:38:42To a deal

00:38:42And Nixon's people

00:38:43Told the South Vietnamese

00:38:44Government that

00:38:45It would get better terms

00:38:47If Nixon was

00:38:48In the White House

00:38:50This was the moment

00:38:51In which

00:38:52That distance

00:38:53Between

00:38:53Self-interest

00:38:54And national interest

00:38:56At least in his mind

00:38:57Collapsed into each other

00:39:00From that point forward

00:39:01There was no daylight

00:39:02Between the interests

00:39:04Of Henry Kissinger

00:39:05And the interests

00:39:06Of the United States

00:39:07At least in Henry Kissinger's mind

00:39:19Having lost a close one

00:39:20Eight years ago

00:39:21And having won a close one

00:39:23This year

00:39:23Here I can say this

00:39:24Winning's a lot more fun

00:39:28After the election

00:39:29Nixon invites Kissinger

00:39:31To come to

00:39:32The Pierre Hotel

00:39:33In New York City

00:39:36The Henry Kissinger

00:39:38Who goes to the Pierre Hotel

00:39:39After Richard Nixon's

00:39:41Election victory

00:39:42Is a player

00:39:44But a bit player

00:39:45Nixon had a general

00:39:47Disdain for academics

00:39:48But he wanted and needed

00:39:50A kind of authority

00:39:51That Henry gave him

00:39:53In academic terms

00:39:55Kissinger had met Nixon

00:39:57Just once before

00:39:58And they have one of those

00:40:00Awkward conversations

00:40:01Which were Richard Nixon's

00:40:03Signature dish

00:40:05And that's why

00:40:06Nixon's decision

00:40:08To offer Kissinger

00:40:09The job of national security advisor

00:40:11Came as such a surprise

00:40:13To Kissinger

00:40:14That he didn't realize

00:40:15Nixon had offered him the job

00:40:16Nixon is just so awkward

00:40:18With people

00:40:19That he had neglected

00:40:21To actually make the offer

00:40:24So Kissinger comes away

00:40:25From the meeting with Nixon

00:40:26And he gets a phone call

00:40:28From John Mitchell

00:40:29Who's the campaign manager

00:40:33And Mitchell says

00:40:35So how do you like the new job

00:40:37And Kissinger says

00:40:39Well what job

00:40:41No job was actually offered

00:40:43And Mitchell goes

00:40:45Oh for Christ's sake

00:40:46He messed it up again

00:40:51President elect Nixon

00:40:52Made his first major

00:40:53Foreign policy appointment today

00:40:55He named Harvard professor

00:40:56Henry Kissinger

00:40:57To be a special assistant

00:40:58For national security affairs

00:41:00Dr. Kissinger is a man

00:41:02Who is known to all people

00:41:04Who are interested

00:41:05In foreign policy

00:41:06Is perhaps one of the major scholars

00:41:07In America

00:41:08And the world today

00:41:09In this area

00:41:10The relationship between

00:41:12Nixon and Kissinger

00:41:13Is fascinating

00:41:14And it becomes

00:41:15A bizarre marriage

00:41:17There's a wariness

00:41:19They have of each other

00:41:20Early on

00:41:21But I think

00:41:22They each see

00:41:23Quite a bit

00:41:24Of themselves

00:41:25In the other

00:41:25President elect

00:41:27And I have had

00:41:28Many extensive conversations

00:41:31Over the past week

00:41:32It quickly became clear

00:41:34To Nixon

00:41:36That Kissinger was an asset

00:41:38First of all

00:41:39He understood Nixon

00:41:41I enthusiastically

00:41:43Accept this assignment

00:41:44And I shall serve

00:41:47The president elect

00:41:48With all my energy

00:41:49And dedication

00:41:51Kissinger got inside his head

00:41:53Super quickly

00:41:54And very quickly

00:41:55Began to understand

00:41:56How to talk to this

00:41:57Lonely, difficult

00:41:59Mistrustful man

00:42:00Dr. Kissinger

00:42:01Is keenly aware

00:42:02Of the necessity

00:42:03Not to set himself

00:42:05Up as a wall

00:42:07Between the president

00:42:08And the secretary of state

00:42:09Or the secretary of defense

00:42:13Nixon wants to bring

00:42:15Foreign policy

00:42:15Into the white house

00:42:16In this he finds

00:42:18A perfect partner

00:42:19In Henry Kissinger

00:42:20I don't think

00:42:20One could have

00:42:21Expected this

00:42:22But Kissinger

00:42:24Turned out to be

00:42:24A very savvy

00:42:26Bureaucratic player

00:42:27He was very good

00:42:28At maneuvering

00:42:29And counter maneuvering

00:42:31And he liked

00:42:32The secrecy as well

00:42:34Kissinger meets alone

00:42:35With the president

00:42:36Every day

00:42:36Sometimes for as long

00:42:37As an hour and a half

00:42:38Nixon and Kissinger

00:42:40Turned the national security council

00:42:42Into basically

00:42:43The main hub

00:42:45Of foreign policy

00:42:47I had joined the NSC

00:42:48Under the Johnson administration

00:42:50It was a very loosely run

00:42:52Operation

00:42:53Very small

00:42:54There were only 11 or 12 of us

00:42:56That was not true at all

00:42:58Under Kissinger

00:43:00These are the senior people

00:43:01From his national security council staff

00:43:03Of about 40 persons

00:43:06Kissinger's NSC staff

00:43:08Was a much more concentrated

00:43:10Power structure

00:43:13Than anything that we had seen before

00:43:16Kissinger made very clear

00:43:17That he did not want yes men

00:43:19He wanted candid advice

00:43:21Disagreement if necessary

00:43:23Argue your case

00:43:24If you lose the battle

00:43:26Then faithfully carry out the policy

00:43:29He enjoyed

00:43:31Thinking and arguing issues through

00:43:33Find out whether it's possible

00:43:35On Thursday

00:43:35And then we'll make it

00:43:37Depend on the other day

00:43:38I think he enjoyed

00:43:40Having a few of us

00:43:41Maybe not too many

00:43:43But a few of us

00:43:44Who did not agree

00:43:45With him or the president

00:43:48Politically

00:43:48And I suspect he liked it

00:43:50Because he won every argument

00:43:53In part because he was very smart

00:43:55And in part because

00:43:56Let me see

00:43:57Oh yes I worked for him

00:43:59Kissinger admits to being a perfectionist

00:44:01Not an easy man to work for

00:44:03He was a demanding perfectionist

00:44:06With his staff

00:44:07Nothing could ever be right

00:44:10There was also a joke

00:44:11That if Henry didn't yell at you

00:44:12He didn't love you

00:44:14He speaks at his staff

00:44:15With pride

00:44:16And a kind of affection

00:44:17They call him Henry

00:44:19And regard him too with warmth

00:44:21Assaulted with a degree of apprehension

00:44:22For he has a sharp temper

00:44:24We were graded

00:44:25We were told we had done a B plus

00:44:27Or maybe an A minus

00:44:30If we were really lucky

00:44:31But always of course

00:44:32You had to go back

00:44:33Because the only real A

00:44:34Was Henry's own rendition

00:44:38Kissinger

00:44:38He stretched my patience

00:44:40He stretched my nerves

00:44:45He is regularly late to meetings

00:44:48His staff despairs good naturedly of that

00:44:51I would quit about once a week

00:44:53He was a mentor

00:44:55And a tormentor

00:44:58We worked murderous hours

00:45:00We were often seven in the morning

00:45:03Till eight or nine at night

00:45:04And it took a toll on families

00:45:07It took a toll on our physical stamina

00:45:12But Kissinger demanded to be the guiding light

00:45:16The North Star of the Nixon foreign policy

00:45:20And that meant the policy in Vietnam

00:45:43Kissinger and Nixon enter the White House

00:45:45At a time when the United States

00:45:46Is in a very, very difficult place in Vietnam

00:45:52In 1969

00:45:53Tens of thousands of Americans

00:45:56Had already been lost

00:45:57We were losing about 200 a day

00:46:03We were heading toward 535,000 troops

00:46:07In Vietnam

00:46:09It was a hellish situation

00:46:13We inherited a nightmare

00:46:14It was shaking our domestic stability

00:46:18It was the consuming concern

00:46:20Of the intellectual community

00:46:25We made up our mind from the beginning

00:46:27That we were going to try to disengage from Vietnam

00:46:34That the war should end was unquestioned

00:46:37The question was how

00:46:39The question was when

00:46:41The question was under what circumstances

00:46:43With what honor or sense of honor

00:46:45I want to end this war

00:46:47The American people want to end this war

00:46:50The people of South Vietnam want to end this war

00:46:53Very soon, the enormous sentiment against the war

00:46:57That had haunted and driven Lyndon Johnson out of power

00:47:01Was going to be turned on Richard Nixon

00:47:04They knew that

00:47:05What do we want?

00:47:06When do we get us?

00:47:09Now!

00:47:09What the Vietnam War did to many Americans

00:47:12Was shake their faith

00:47:14That their country was decent and honorable

00:47:17Because it seemed like the United States

00:47:20Was fighting a war in a distant country

00:47:22In an extremely brutal way

00:47:25Using chemical weapons like napalm

00:47:28Destroying villages

00:47:31Massacring civilians

00:47:32And Nixon understood

00:47:33You had to change course

00:47:36How are you doing, President, in your efforts to end the Vietnam War?

00:47:41Once the enemy recognizes that it is not going to win its objecting

00:47:45By waiting aside

00:47:46Then the enemy will negotiate

00:47:49And we will end this war before the end of 1970

00:47:52That is the objective we have

00:47:53Nixon had to show that there is hope

00:47:55There's light at the end of the tunnel

00:47:57And we're going to get out

00:47:58But with honor

00:48:01Ending the Vietnam War had been the principal goal of Nixon's first term

00:48:10Not only in order to bring peace

00:48:12But in order to end our domestic divisions

00:48:18And I wanted to create conditions

00:48:20Which would unify the country again

00:48:22By having an honorable end to the war in Vietnam

00:48:28Foremost in my father's mind

00:48:30Was finding a way to end the Vietnam War

00:48:32Without a collapse of America's influence in the world

00:48:36Without a betrayal of millions of people

00:48:42Who had relied on us

00:48:45Whose lives hung in the balance

00:48:50Melvin Laird, Secretary of Defense

00:48:52Arrived in Saigon today

00:48:53For a first-hand look at the progress of Vietnamization

00:48:56Which he said was irreversible

00:48:59The secret plan that Nixon had to end the war

00:49:01That wasn't so secret or really a plan

00:49:04Was Vietnamization

00:49:08Vietnamization is the brainchild of Melvin Laird

00:49:11The Secretary of Defense

00:49:12You cannot guarantee the will and the desire of any country

00:49:16But you can give them the tools to do the job

00:49:20The basic idea is that we should begin a policy as quickly as we can

00:49:27Of pouring money and training into the military in South Vietnam

00:49:33And that they'll be able to replace American troops

00:49:3720% of these young men are farmer's sons

00:49:40Out of the rice paddies and flying solo in a matter of weeks

00:49:43And that's what the 300 South Vietnamese are doing here

00:49:46Learning to fly choppers for combat

00:49:49So over a period of time

00:49:51We felt that we could gradually withdraw American troops

00:49:54Which would maintain domestic support at home

00:49:58And buy time for the other prong

00:50:00Which was secret negotiations

00:50:04The fact is that there were some public exchanges in Paris

00:50:08But there were essentially propaganda battles

00:50:11But the real negotiations were secret

00:50:13Have you talked about Vietnam?

00:50:17I won't discuss any of this upset

00:50:21Here's the way it would work

00:50:22We had to make a cover

00:50:24Tending we're still in Washington

00:50:25So I would leave the office

00:50:28And say to my compatriots

00:50:30I'm going to take the weekend off

00:50:32And then I would join Kissinger

00:50:34We fly into the middle of France

00:50:36And we were met by a military attaché

00:50:38Who would sneak us into a safe house

00:50:42In the safe house we used code names

00:50:45So that the housekeeper wouldn't know who we were

00:50:48I was Major Larkin

00:50:49I remember

00:50:50I couldn't even be a lieutenant colonel

00:50:52It was one humiliation after another

00:51:00If the negotiations were secret

00:51:02Then Henry would have much more flexibility

00:51:06And how to negotiate with them

00:51:08So first point was that they were secret

00:51:10Not only from other governments

00:51:12But from the State Department

00:51:13And the rest of the American government

00:51:15We cut the State Department

00:51:17Out of an awful lot of stuff

00:51:19And it was Henry versus them

00:51:21And he just didn't want them to be involved

00:51:24Or get any credit

00:51:26Kissinger always feared

00:51:27To a certain extent

00:51:28That the State Department

00:51:29Could undermine his control of foreign policy

00:51:32And he made it a point of his role

00:51:36As National Security Advisor

00:51:37To try to gather in the authority

00:51:41Of foreign policy to himself

00:51:44And this gave Kissinger just tremendous power

00:51:47Because really he was the only person

00:51:49That was fully in the loop

00:51:50The North Vietnamese

00:51:52Want the complete withdrawal

00:51:53Of American forces

00:51:55In effect

00:51:56They want a type of American surrender

00:51:58And the North Vietnamese leaders

00:52:00Were far more unified

00:52:01And determined

00:52:02To forcibly reunify their country

00:52:06At almost any cost

00:52:07Than Nixon and Kissinger

00:52:09Truly appreciated

00:52:12Henry Kissinger always had

00:52:14Considerable and usually

00:52:16Quite well-placed faith

00:52:18In his ability

00:52:19To negotiate

00:52:20So his assumption was

00:52:22That if he could get in the room

00:52:23With a well-empowered

00:52:26North Vietnamese representative

00:52:28He could find some

00:52:30Room for manoeuvre

00:52:31But they were also

00:52:32The hardest negotiations

00:52:34Kissinger ever experienced

00:52:36It was our misfortune

00:52:38That Lee Docteau's assignment

00:52:40Was to break the spirit

00:52:41Of the American people

00:52:43For the war

00:52:44And that he was engaged

00:52:45In a campaign

00:52:46Of psychological warfare

00:52:47So what he attempted

00:52:48To do to us

00:52:49Was extremely painful

00:52:52The North Vietnamese negotiators

00:52:54Drive Kissinger insane

00:52:56Because he tries to come up

00:52:59With every conceivable formula

00:53:01And variation of language

00:53:02That would be enough

00:53:04To achieve some kind of deal

00:53:06But they just simply refused

00:53:10We would sit across the table

00:53:12And it would be Henry

00:53:13And an interpreter

00:53:13And me

00:53:14And I would look at them

00:53:16Very carefully

00:53:17And they were not

00:53:19In the slightest cowed

00:53:20As far as I could tell

00:53:22But after all

00:53:23They had defeated the French

00:53:24They'd been holding off

00:53:25The Chinese for 2,000 years

00:53:26And it was hard to convince them

00:53:29The problem was

00:53:30That his negotiating position

00:53:31Was weakened by the fact

00:53:34That the US began withdrawing troops

00:53:36Even before he began negotiating

00:53:41We were going to San Clemente

00:53:43The White House in California

00:53:45And I wrote a memo to Kissinger

00:53:47Saying the problem here

00:53:49Is that if we are Vietnamizing

00:53:53Then the first tranche of troops

00:53:55That come home

00:53:56Are like salted peanuts

00:53:57And the taste for further withdrawal

00:53:59Of American forces

00:54:00Is going to come overwhelming

00:54:02The North Vietnamese are not idiots

00:54:04And they know that

00:54:05If they simply wait us out

00:54:08Then we're going to be withdrawing

00:54:09While they're not

00:54:10So we've got a problem

00:54:12And therefore we need to cut

00:54:13The best deal we can now

00:54:15Well, Henry took the conclusion

00:54:18Off my memo

00:54:19Made it his own memo to Nixon

00:54:22And then said that we have to

00:54:24Threaten them all the more

00:54:25With measures of great force

00:54:26In order to make up

00:54:28For the weakness of our position

00:54:29On mutual withdrawal

00:54:35How would you characterize

00:54:38Nixon administration's policy

00:54:40Towards Cambodia?

00:54:41Well, you know

00:54:42There's been the charges

00:54:43And they did

00:54:48What's important to know

00:54:49About Cambodia

00:54:50Was that it was in the middle

00:54:52Of the war

00:54:53To the west was Thailand

00:54:55Which was the equivalent

00:54:56Of the air base

00:54:58For the American war

00:54:59To the north is Laos

00:55:01And to the east, of course

00:55:03Is Vietnam

00:55:03It's right in the middle

00:55:05And it's neutral

00:55:06Run by a very charismatic leader

00:55:09Named Prince Nordam Sihanak

00:55:25Kissinger believes that Cambodia

00:55:26Is a real problem

00:55:28For the United States

00:55:28In Vietnam

00:55:29Because even though

00:55:30The Cambodian leader

00:55:31And others

00:55:32Are trying to play neutral

00:55:33The north Vietnamese

00:55:34Are sending supplies

00:55:35Through Cambodia

00:55:37That's just a fact

00:55:39U.S. bombing race

00:55:41In north Vietnam

00:55:41Forced the creation

00:55:43Of a primitive method

00:55:44For keeping supply lines open

00:55:46Nixon and Kissinger

00:55:47Came up with the idea

00:55:48Well, we'll start bombing Cambodia

00:55:53Kissinger thought

00:55:54If the north Vietnamese supply lines

00:55:57If the north Vietnamese supply lines

00:55:58Could be broken

00:55:59If the flow of men and material

00:56:02Could be disrupted

00:56:04Then the north Vietnamese

00:56:06Would be greatly weakened

00:56:09The north Vietnamese

00:56:11Were the ones

00:56:12Who spread the war

00:56:13They were sitting in Cambodia

00:56:15Along the border

00:56:16For two years

00:56:18Coming across the border

00:56:19Killing Americans and south Vietnamese

00:56:22And returning to safe havens

00:56:27And so the bombing

00:56:28Was to not let them

00:56:30Have safe havens

00:56:31So we are not talking

00:56:33About an attack

00:56:34On a neutral country

00:56:35We are talking

00:56:36About the attack

00:56:37On territory occupied

00:56:40By an enemy force

00:56:42That is killing Americans

00:56:44From that territory

00:56:46But the real reason

00:56:48For the bombing

00:56:48Was to put into place

00:56:50What Nixon and Kissinger

00:56:51Had come to call

00:56:52The madman theory

00:56:53This was the idea

00:56:55That Nixon was so crazy

00:56:58So unhinged

00:56:59That he might do anything

00:57:00And it was supposed

00:57:01To project to north Vietnam

00:57:03A sense of fear

00:57:05And certainly

00:57:05And force them back

00:57:06To the bargaining table

00:57:14So Operation Menu

00:57:16Is launched

00:57:17In which sorties

00:57:19Secretly bombed

00:57:20The problematic area

00:57:21Where the Ho Chi Minh Trail

00:57:23Is located

00:57:24Technically there was

00:57:25No sanction for this

00:57:27In the U.S. Congress

00:57:28Of any kind

00:57:29And you're coming

00:57:31At a time

00:57:31When there's enormous pressure

00:57:33To wind down the war

00:57:34Enormous pressure

00:57:36To limit the war

00:57:38Not to extend it

00:57:39Not to expand it

00:57:41In any way

00:57:43It was very clear

00:57:45For everybody

00:57:46Including Kissinger

00:57:48Himself

00:57:48That if the American public

00:57:51Learned

00:57:52That they were bombing

00:57:53Cambodia

00:57:54That there was going to be

00:57:55An explosion

00:57:56In the United States

00:57:57And so

00:57:58That's why they went secret

00:58:02Because they knew damn well

00:58:03They couldn't get it

00:58:04Any other way

00:58:07Kissinger was intimately involved

00:58:09In choosing the bombing sites

00:58:11He came up with

00:58:13Basically a dual bookkeeping

00:58:15System in which

00:58:16Bombs that were

00:58:17Supposed to be dropped

00:58:18Along the border

00:58:20Within South Vietnam

00:58:21Were actually

00:58:22Dropped in Cambodia

00:58:25There's descriptions of him

00:58:26In an office

00:58:27In the basement

00:58:28Of the White House

00:58:29With his maps

00:58:30Picking out the bombing sites

00:58:32And working in this

00:58:33Very clandestine manner

00:58:40This had the effect

00:58:41Of really kind of

00:58:42Pushing the White House

00:58:44Deep into paranoia

00:58:46Into a sense

00:58:47That there were enemies

00:58:49All around

00:58:50We were told

00:58:51That this is so sensitive

00:58:53That it must be done

00:58:55With the absolute

00:58:56Minimum number

00:58:57Of people

00:58:58Being exposed to it

00:58:59At one point

00:59:01Dr. Kissinger

00:59:01Even suggested

00:59:02That why don't we do it

00:59:04Using sky spot radar

00:59:05Even the crews

00:59:07Won't know

00:59:07Where they're dropping

00:59:09Mel Laird

00:59:10Nixon's secretary of defense

00:59:12Was opposed

00:59:13To the secret bombing

00:59:14Of Cambodia

00:59:15The manner in which

00:59:16They wanted to carry out

00:59:18That bombing

00:59:19I thought

00:59:20Would lead to trouble

00:59:21He thought

00:59:22There was no way

00:59:23That congress

00:59:24Wouldn't eventually find out

00:59:25And I told

00:59:26The national security council

00:59:27The president

00:59:28The presidential advisor

00:59:30For national security

00:59:31And the secretary of state

00:59:33That their proposal

00:59:34To keep it secret

00:59:35Just would not work

00:59:38It was monumentally stupid

00:59:39To think that they could

00:59:40Actually get away

00:59:41With doing this in secret

00:59:42At some point

00:59:43Someone

00:59:43Some low level

00:59:44Air force official

00:59:45Would hand the books

00:59:47To a reporter

00:59:48Which is what happened

00:59:50There's an article

00:59:52That appears in the New York Times

00:59:53By William Beecher

00:59:55If you blinked

00:59:56You might have missed it

00:59:57But Kissinger and Nixon

00:59:59Don't miss it

01:00:00And that really sets

01:00:02Nixon and Kissinger

01:00:03Off enraged

01:00:05Like how did he get that news

01:00:06Who told him

01:00:08And so that's the point

01:00:09At which they make

01:00:10A very fateful decision

01:00:11To start wiretapping

01:00:13People in the government

01:00:14As well as wiretapping

01:00:16Certain reporters

01:00:20Nixon and Kissinger

01:00:22Were paranoid about leaks

01:00:23They wanted not only

01:00:25To control policy

01:00:26But they wanted to control

01:00:27The narrative about policy

01:00:29They wanted to decide

01:00:30When the public

01:00:31Could find out

01:00:32When the congress

01:00:33Could find out

01:00:34When other members

01:00:35Of the administration

01:00:36Could find out

01:00:37Kissinger had brought

01:00:38To Washington

01:00:39A large number of officials

01:00:40In his national security

01:00:42Consul staff

01:00:43Who were known

01:00:44To politically lean more

01:00:46Toward the democrats

01:00:47And this immediately

01:00:48Raised the suspicion

01:00:50That they leak this

01:00:51In order to undermine

01:00:52The policy of the administration

01:00:54Kissinger was convinced

01:00:55There were people

01:00:56In his own staff

01:00:57Mort Halperin

01:00:58Tony Lake

01:00:58Roger Morris

01:00:59You name it

01:00:59That were deliberately

01:01:02Undermining their policy

01:01:03That if they had an argument

01:01:05Behind closed doors

01:01:06That these guys

01:01:07Were going public with it

01:01:09Actually it was a major

01:01:10Subject for discussion

01:01:11But

01:01:12Nixon and Kissinger

01:01:13Were both conspiratorial

01:01:15Conspiratorial themselves

01:01:16And if you're

01:01:18Conspiratorial yourself

01:01:19You tend to suspect

01:01:21Everybody else

01:01:22Of being conspiratorial too

01:01:24I do think that

01:01:26Nixon and Kissinger

01:01:27And I think it's important

01:01:28To think about them together

01:01:29They fed on one another's paranoia

01:01:33They fed on one another's need

01:01:35For secrecy

01:01:36And they saw enemies

01:01:38In a very stark light

01:01:41And so

01:01:42There was always

01:01:44A sort of us

01:01:45Versus them

01:01:48I was on vacation

01:01:50On Martha's Vineyard

01:01:52When Seymour Hersh called me

01:01:53And he said

01:01:55I'm running a story tomorrow

01:01:56That your phone was tapped

01:01:58And they've been listening

01:01:59To your telephone

01:02:03And I was really pissed

01:02:04And I threw rocks at Seagulls

01:02:07For a while

01:02:08I don't find out

01:02:09About the wiretap

01:02:10For four years

01:02:11But my home was wiretap

01:02:13My family was wiretap

01:02:14The kids' conversations

01:02:16My wife's conversations

01:02:17With her mother

01:02:19I've got the wiretap logs now

01:02:25Neighbor talks to Mrs. Smith

01:02:26Mrs. Smith said

01:02:27They would be leaving

01:02:28In ten minutes

01:02:28For the weekend

01:02:29Destination not given

01:02:30And wanted the neighbor

01:02:31To hold the papers for her

01:02:33Mrs. Smith calls Hazel

01:02:34The maid

01:02:35And asks if she is

01:02:36Coming over tomorrow

01:02:36Hazel said

01:02:37She would be there

01:02:38This is outrageous

01:02:41I mean what's the government

01:02:42Doing listening

01:02:43To our phone calls

01:02:44And even if they were

01:02:47Looking for national security

01:02:48Not having the decency

01:02:49And the smarts

01:02:50To say we don't need this

01:02:52Unless they thought

01:02:53Maybe we were passing

01:02:54Secret signals

01:02:55To the neighbor

01:02:56Or Hazel

01:03:00It's a faithful decision

01:03:02To wiretap

01:03:03Because it begins

01:03:05A policy

01:03:06Of distrust

01:03:08Of your own people

01:03:10You know

01:03:11Even if they're your friends

01:03:12Even if the people

01:03:13On your staff

01:03:14Came on your staff

01:03:16As many did

01:03:16For Kissinger

01:03:17Because they think

01:03:19That Henry Kissinger

01:03:20Is going to bring peace

01:03:22And they're there to help

01:03:23They're there to pitch in

01:03:24And make that happen

01:03:25And now

01:03:27He's going to start

01:03:28Treating them

01:03:28Like they're enemies

01:03:29And when that happens

01:03:31Sort of the level

01:03:32Of paranoia

01:03:33Begins to grow

01:03:35Exponentially

01:03:37There was

01:03:39Secrecy, subterfuse

01:03:41And confusion

01:03:42And you learn

01:03:43That Kissinger's word

01:03:45Could not be trusted

01:03:46Whatever he told you

01:03:48You knew something else

01:03:49Was going on

01:03:50He played off

01:03:51Everybody against each other

01:03:54The truth

01:03:55As my Victorian grandmother

01:03:56Used to say

01:03:57Was not always in him

01:03:58Nice to see you

01:03:59You tell when the eyebrows

01:04:01Would come together

01:04:02And he'd be like this

01:04:02That he was being

01:04:03Perhaps a little devious

01:04:05But he was

01:04:07Very effective

01:04:08Mostly because of

01:04:09How smart he was

01:04:09And because he had

01:04:11Absolute certainty

01:04:12In his views

01:04:15He sought

01:04:16Celebrity status

01:04:17And he got

01:04:19Celebrity status

01:04:20There was something

01:04:21About him that was

01:04:22Different

01:04:30The first time

01:04:31I met Henry Kissinger

01:04:32Was at a party

01:04:33For Gloria Steinem

01:04:35And about halfway

01:04:36Through the dinner

01:04:37I looked up

01:04:38And saw this little guy

01:04:39Standing alone

01:04:40In a corner

01:04:41So I knew who he was

01:04:43Because I'd seen

01:04:43His picture

01:04:44So I walked over

01:04:45To him and I said

01:04:46Dr. Kissinger

01:04:47How are you

01:04:48I'm Sally Quinn

01:04:49From the Washington Post

01:04:50And I said

01:04:50Why are you hiding

01:04:51Over here in the corner

01:04:52And he looked at me

01:04:53And he said

01:04:54Well

01:04:54I'm really a secret swinger

01:04:58I said

01:04:59I'm too busy

01:05:01To do

01:05:02Any

01:05:03Public swinging

01:05:05And I don't want

01:05:06You to think

01:05:07That I don't do

01:05:08Any swinging

01:05:08So why don't

01:05:10You just assume

01:05:11I'm a secret swinger

01:05:12The next day

01:05:13He was inundated

01:05:14With calls

01:05:15From movie stars

01:05:16Kissinger is cutting

01:05:17Quite a swath

01:05:18On Washington's

01:05:19Social scene

01:05:19He likes to spend

01:05:21Well publicized evenings

01:05:22In the company

01:05:22Of such ladies

01:05:23As Jill St. John

01:05:24Or Shirley MacLaine

01:05:25Who add luster

01:05:26To his image

01:05:27As the playboy

01:05:28Of the western wing

01:05:29He was at

01:05:30Sausse restaurant

01:05:31Every night

01:05:32Every lunch

01:05:33With some babe

01:05:35It was incredible

01:05:36He became the sex symbol

01:05:38In Washington

01:05:38Others watched

01:05:40In bewilderment

01:05:42Trying to work out

01:05:43Why this somewhat

01:05:44Portly

01:05:45Overweight

01:05:45Bespectacled

01:05:46Harvard professor

01:05:48With a strong

01:05:49German accent

01:05:50Could possibly

01:05:51Be appealing

01:05:51To actresses

01:05:53Why the hell

01:05:54Do you think

01:05:54Kissinger was over the week

01:05:55That when I was

01:05:56Trying to call you

01:05:57Probably yeah

01:05:57Dumbate

01:05:58Why did he encourage

01:06:00The secret swinger

01:06:01Reputation

01:06:01I think he truly

01:06:03Was just having fun

01:06:04I mean

01:06:05You know

01:06:06When Marlo Thomas

01:06:07And Candace Bergen

01:06:09Are interested

01:06:10In going on a date

01:06:11With you

01:06:12And you're a 46-year-old

01:06:13Single man

01:06:15Who wouldn't

01:06:17Well listen

01:06:18I was not in the bedroom

01:06:19With him

01:06:19But

01:06:20I don't think

01:06:22That it was real romance

01:06:23But then he met Nancy

01:06:25And they were inseparable

01:06:27From then on

01:06:30She's a very

01:06:32Brilliant

01:06:32Warm

01:06:33And charismatic

01:06:35Person

01:06:36Very confident

01:06:37In her own right

01:06:38And her energy

01:06:40Her ability to live

01:06:42A big life

01:06:43Matched his

01:06:44And she also

01:06:47Doesn't lack

01:06:48For self-confidence

01:06:50So they just made

01:06:52For a very

01:06:53Fulfilling pair

01:06:55Nancy was the love

01:06:57Of his life

01:07:00You know

01:07:00My parents

01:07:01Divorced in 1962

01:07:03Shortly after

01:07:05My birth

01:07:06And he had met

01:07:08Nancy in 1968

01:07:10I think he was ready

01:07:11To marry her

01:07:12From the moment

01:07:13They met

01:07:14So all these other

01:07:16Detours were really

01:07:18Just that

01:07:24The reality was

01:07:26Henry Kissinger

01:07:27Was more a workaholic

01:07:29And a control freak

01:07:31Than he was a secret swinger

01:07:33But Kissinger understood

01:07:35That this gave him

01:07:36Not only

01:07:37Stardom

01:07:39But more importantly

01:07:40Some real influence

01:07:42Be popular

01:07:44With the journalists

01:07:45Can matter a lot

01:07:47Particularly when

01:07:48As invariably happens

01:07:49Washington politics

01:07:51Turns nasty

01:07:53Kissinger was a master

01:07:55Manipulator of the press

01:07:57This is at a time

01:07:58When diplomatic

01:07:59Correspondents

01:08:00Needed official sources

01:08:01Of information

01:08:02And Kissinger

01:08:04Knew how to

01:08:05Feed information

01:08:06To them

01:08:06Pretend to share secrets

01:08:08Flatter them

01:08:10He lied to them

01:08:11He deceived them

01:08:12He rewarded them

01:08:14He paid attention

01:08:15To them

01:08:16Ceaselessly

01:08:17He curried

01:08:19The press

01:08:20As no foreign policy

01:08:21Figure before him

01:08:23When he signed on

01:08:24Henry Kissinger

01:08:25The president

01:08:25Had no idea

01:08:26How effective

01:08:27He would turn out

01:08:28To be with the press corps

01:08:29His backgrounders

01:08:31The background briefings

01:08:33Became

01:08:34The most popular events

01:08:36For the Washington

01:08:37Press Corps

01:08:38That there had been

01:08:39In years

01:08:40How do you like

01:08:41Your reporting

01:08:41On the backgrounders

01:08:44I like the way

01:08:45My anonymity

01:08:46Is my

01:08:46My interest

01:08:49Kissinger was a charmer

01:08:50And he knew

01:08:51How to turn on the charm

01:08:53But Henry was

01:08:54Always using everybody

01:08:56That was his thing

01:08:57That's what he did

01:08:58So of course

01:08:59He was using the press

01:09:00I mean

01:09:01He was very cynical

01:09:03About the press

01:09:04I mean

01:09:05There were plenty

01:09:05Of people in Washington

01:09:06Who used people

01:09:07All the time

01:09:08But Henry

01:09:09Took it to such

01:09:10Another level

01:09:11Of expertise

01:09:14You can't come back

01:09:15There with us

01:09:16So when you're

01:09:17With Henry Kissinger

01:09:18You always had to

01:09:19Wait two things

01:09:21Your own morals

01:09:23Values and ethics

01:09:24And the fact

01:09:25That there was

01:09:26A really brilliant guy

01:09:27Who was fun to be around

01:09:28Had a good sense of humor

01:09:35On October 15th

01:09:36The first moratorium

01:09:37Against the war

01:09:38Turned out huge crowds

01:09:39In cities all across

01:09:41The nation

01:09:44In 1969

01:09:45There are massive

01:09:47Demonstrations

01:09:48Throughout the United States

01:09:49Calling for an end

01:09:50To the war in Vietnam

01:09:53We were seeing those protests

01:09:55From the outside

01:09:56And the inside

01:09:57Tony Lake and I

01:09:59Had at one point

01:10:00Stood outside

01:10:01On the south lawn

01:10:01Of the White House

01:10:02And watched our wives

01:10:04And children

01:10:04Demonstrating

01:10:05Down Pennsylvania Avenue

01:10:07Against the war

01:10:12And I can remember

01:10:14In the old

01:10:15Executive office building

01:10:16When I went up

01:10:17To the fifth or sixth floor

01:10:19There were American troops

01:10:21Sitting there

01:10:22With their backs to the walls

01:10:23And weapons

01:10:24In case the White House

01:10:26Was attacked

01:10:26By the demonstrations outside

01:10:29And I agreed with the demonstrators

01:10:31But there I was

01:10:37This has an enormous effect

01:10:38On Nixon

01:10:39Who does not want to admit

01:10:40It has an effect

01:10:41What he does do

01:10:43In response

01:10:44Is give

01:10:45The silent majority speech

01:10:48Good evening

01:10:48My fellow Americans

01:10:50Tonight I want to talk to you

01:10:52On a subject

01:10:53Of deep concern

01:10:54To all Americans

01:10:55And to many people

01:10:56In all parts of the world

01:10:57The war in Vietnam

01:10:59He has the kind of epiphany

01:11:01That everybody else has missed

01:11:03If there's an educated minority

01:11:05Implacably opposed to the war

01:11:10Doesn't that mean

01:11:11That there's a majority

01:11:12That doesn't feel that way

01:11:13To you

01:11:14The great silent majority

01:11:17Of my fellow Americans

01:11:19I ask for your support

01:11:21I pledged in my campaign

01:11:24For the presidency

01:11:25To end the war

01:11:26In a way

01:11:27That we could win the peace

01:11:29Nixon had

01:11:31His own innate disabilities

01:11:33As a politician

01:11:34What he also had though

01:11:37Was this ability

01:11:38To read the public

01:11:39And to sense

01:11:40What the moment called for

01:11:42North Vietnam

01:11:43Can not defeat

01:11:45Or humiliate

01:11:46The United States

01:11:49Only Americans

01:11:50Can do that

01:11:53Public reaction

01:11:54To the address

01:11:55Was crossed

01:11:56And some of those

01:11:57Regarded as a silent majority

01:11:59Broke their silence

01:12:00He's deluged

01:12:02With positive feedback

01:12:03To that speech

01:12:03And it helped him

01:12:05In the polls

01:12:06Which he of course

01:12:07Obsessively tracks

01:12:08And it helped him

01:12:09In the kind of feedback

01:12:10That he got

01:12:11From telegrams

01:12:12And calls

01:12:13To the White House

01:12:13The White House

01:12:15Says it received

01:12:16Thousands of letters

01:12:17And postcards

01:12:17The vast majority

01:12:19Supporting the president

01:12:20On Vietnam

01:12:21In addition

01:12:22It gave him time

01:12:23It gave him the time

01:12:25He desperately needed

01:12:26To find some way out

01:12:29And Kissinger

01:12:30Had a plan

01:12:37The bombing campaign

01:12:39In Cambodia

01:12:40Was a secret

01:12:40Maybe to the American

01:12:42But certainly not

01:12:43To the Cambodians

01:12:46Cambodia was never

01:12:47In the foreground

01:12:48Of the Vietnam War

01:12:51Cambodia's suffering

01:12:52Was not

01:12:53In the public eye

01:12:54And therefore

01:12:55Allowed to continue

01:12:57Because

01:12:58Nobody knew about it

01:13:01American B-52s

01:13:03Ultimately dropped

01:13:05539,000 tons of bombs

01:13:08That is more than

01:13:10Japan during World War II

01:13:15The bombing

01:13:16Eviscerates the country

01:13:19And 2 million people

01:13:20End up in Phnom Penh

01:13:22As basically

01:13:23Internally displaced persons

01:13:25Some families

01:13:27Managed to cling together

01:13:28Somehow they survive

01:13:30And find a sort of peace

01:13:35The superbombing of Cambodia

01:13:37Sets in motion

01:13:39A set of events

01:13:41Which result in the overthrow

01:13:43Of Prince Siena

01:13:44And almost within a year

01:13:47A relatively stable place

01:13:49Has been turned into

01:13:51Hellhole

01:13:53We could not permit the Communists

01:13:56To act in Cambodia

01:13:57With total impunity

01:13:59Which they had occupied

01:14:00Before we did anything

01:14:01The situation that is confronting

01:14:05Both Nixon and Kissinger

01:14:06In April of 1970

01:14:09Was that Cambodia

01:14:11Was disintegrating politically

01:14:13Many children still go to school

01:14:16But many others carry guns

01:14:18The war in Cambodia

01:14:20Touches everyone

01:14:21And knows no age limits

01:14:23What they were now confronting

01:14:25Was not only are you going to have

01:14:27Communist troops

01:14:27Right on the border

01:14:29Of South Vietnam

01:14:30But that the whole country

01:14:31Is going to go communist

01:14:32And then any possibility

01:14:34Of an acceptable deal

01:14:35In South Vietnam

01:14:36You know would really begin

01:14:38To evaporate

01:14:42Kissinger argued

01:14:44That there was an opportunity

01:14:45Here to impact

01:14:47The course of the war

01:14:49The case he made

01:14:50To Nixon and to others

01:14:52Was air power

01:14:53Has its limits

01:14:54There's only so much

01:14:56You can do

01:14:56With a B-52

01:14:58You need to go in

01:14:59On the ground

01:15:04He managed I think

01:15:06To make his view

01:15:08Nixon's view

01:15:09In a very skillful way

01:15:11While leaving Nixon

01:15:13With the impression

01:15:14That Nixon had made the policy

01:15:16That it was Nixon's

01:15:17Brilliance

01:15:18And not Henry's

01:15:20From CBS News

01:15:22In Washington

01:15:23This special report

01:15:25Ladies and gentlemen

01:15:26The President

01:15:27Of the United States

01:15:29Good evening

01:15:30My fellow Americans

01:15:32President Nixon

01:15:33Went on air

01:15:34He stands in front

01:15:35Of a map

01:15:36And he says

01:15:38We are going in

01:15:39To Cambodia

01:15:41And we are going

01:15:43To go after

01:15:44The North Vietnamese

01:15:45Who they don't want

01:15:47In their country

01:15:48And sending the North Vietnamese

01:15:49Back to their country

01:15:50If North Vietnam

01:15:52Also occupied

01:15:54This whole band

01:15:56In Cambodia

01:15:57Or the entire country

01:15:58It would mean

01:16:00That South Vietnam

01:16:01Was completely outflanked

01:16:03And he explains

01:16:04You know

01:16:05There are North Vietnamese troops

01:16:06Clearly inside of Cambodia

01:16:08Violating Cambodia's neutrality

01:16:10And that those troops

01:16:13And that those troops and supplies

01:16:14Pose a direct threat

01:16:15To the United States

01:16:16We will be patient

01:16:18In working for peace

01:16:20We will be conciliatory

01:16:22At the conference table

01:16:23But we will not be humiliated

01:16:26The president wants a massive bombing campaign

01:16:30In Cambodia

01:16:31He doesn't want to hear anything

01:16:33It's an order

01:16:34It's to be done

01:16:35Anything that flies on

01:16:37Anything that moves

01:16:41In April of 1970

01:16:44Kissinger called in me

01:16:46And Roger Morris

01:16:48And then three others

01:16:49I believe

01:16:49At the meeting

01:16:51Kissinger said

01:16:52That we are going to

01:16:53Go into Cambodia

01:16:55And what do you think

01:16:57And then we argued

01:16:59That this was bad strategically

01:17:01Because Cambodia

01:17:02Is now in play

01:17:03Et cetera

01:17:03And domestically

01:17:04It was going to be

01:17:05A firestorm

01:17:05I'm so sorry

01:17:06I remember banging my fist

01:17:08On the desk

01:17:08To the point that

01:17:09Some of the papers

01:17:10Actually rose

01:17:11So I said

01:17:12If there's one goddamn trooper

01:17:14Across that line

01:17:15I'm out of here

01:17:16Because I felt it was just

01:17:18It was the last straw

01:17:19Of escalation

01:17:20We were working very hard

01:17:23Night and day

01:17:24Literally

01:17:25On a peace settlement

01:17:29The notion that we would

01:17:30At that point

01:17:31Escalate

01:17:33Very decidedly

01:17:34With an armed invasion

01:17:38Of American forces

01:17:39No I mean

01:17:40I just

01:17:40I thought it was intolerable

01:17:43I bore the brunt

01:17:44Of the argument

01:17:44And at the end of it

01:17:46Kissinger said

01:17:46And I can still hear his voice

01:17:48Well Tony

01:17:49I knew what you were

01:17:50Going to say

01:17:52And I thought to myself

01:17:54I can leave now

01:17:55I can send him

01:17:56A subscription

01:17:57To the new republic

01:17:59Or something

01:18:00And I can go

01:18:01And afterwards

01:18:02I said to Roger

01:18:03Okay this is it

01:18:04I've had it

01:18:04And he agreed

01:18:05And so we wrote

01:18:06A joint letter

01:18:07To him

01:18:08And handed it to Al Haig

01:18:10And said please give it to him

01:18:11On the day

01:18:13The invasion takes place

01:18:14Which he did

01:18:15And Kissinger was not pleased

01:18:21There are several thousand

01:18:23American troops

01:18:24Moving into Cambodia tonight

01:18:26The dimensions of the war

01:18:28Have certainly widened

01:18:30It's a gamble

01:18:32Both in terms of

01:18:33The reaction of the enemy

01:18:35And the reaction of

01:18:36American public opinion

01:18:40As usual

01:18:41When the United States

01:18:43Escalates in any way

01:18:45In the Vietnam War

01:18:46The anti-war movement

01:18:48Goes into action

01:18:50College campuses

01:18:51Erupted

01:18:59What in the hell

01:19:01Were we doing invading Cambodia

01:19:05Everybody was angry

01:19:06They were waiting for peace

01:19:08And Congress was furious

01:19:11Because this was done

01:19:12Without their consent

01:19:14The student population

01:19:16Went insane

01:19:18It led to an explosion

01:19:19Of unrest

01:19:20At universities

01:19:21Across the country

01:19:22Leading to the tragic

01:19:23Killing of students

01:19:25At Kent State

01:19:30National Guardsmen

01:19:31Opened fire

01:19:32With semi-automatic weapons

01:19:33Suddenly

01:19:34To have the National Guard

01:19:35Like shooting at students

01:19:36I mean this is

01:19:37Absolutely stunning

01:19:38After the shooting

01:19:39One young man

01:19:40Dipped a black flag

01:19:41Of revolution

01:19:41In the blood

01:19:42And waved it about

01:19:43You know

01:19:43And then you have

01:19:44Thousands and thousands

01:19:45Of students

01:19:45Coming to Washington

01:19:49Mr. Nixon

01:19:50Bore heavily

01:19:51His decision

01:19:51To send U.S. troops

01:19:53Into Cambodia

01:19:53And the awesome

01:19:54Explosive impact

01:19:55Of that decision

01:19:56Here at home

01:19:57It's hard to

01:19:58Exaggerate

01:19:59The anger

01:20:00A few of the demonstrators

01:20:02Confronted a cordon

01:20:03Of buses

01:20:03At Lafayette Square

01:20:04Protecting the White House

01:20:06And from the other side

01:20:07Police eventually

01:20:08Responded

01:20:09With tear gas

01:20:10It was a peaceful rally

01:20:11Peaceful until it was

01:20:13Attacked

01:20:13In a vicious

01:20:14And brutal manner

01:20:15Nixon came close

01:20:16To a nervous breakdown

01:20:18In the wake of Kent State

01:20:19This was the price

01:20:20We paid for opposing

01:20:22Nixon and his

01:20:22Genocidal policies

01:20:24And Kissinger felt

01:20:26Himself surrounded

01:20:27By protesters

01:20:28In his office

01:20:29In the blood

01:20:30Of our young people

01:20:31They certainly felt

01:20:33Very much under siege

01:20:35The biggest problem

01:20:38Domestically

01:20:39Was whether we could

01:20:42Finally unite the country

01:20:43In which those

01:20:45Who wanted peace

01:20:47Would have peace

01:20:49And those who wanted honor

01:20:51Could live with themselves

01:20:54I think Kissinger

01:20:56Harbored the notion

01:20:57That he could somehow

01:20:58Pull off what Nixon wanted

01:21:00Which was peace with honor

01:21:02But I think the quest

01:21:04For an end with honor

01:21:05Was really a prolongation

01:21:07Of the senseless waste

01:21:09And casualties

01:21:11That he did not pursue

01:21:13Ending the war in Vietnam

01:21:14As he might have

01:21:16With all of his gifts

01:21:17That he did not use

01:21:19His genius in that way

01:21:21I think is his

01:21:23His ultimate indictment

01:21:54And that he did not see

01:21:55He is near

01:21:55His 28th mile

01:21:56But his defense

01:21:59Who met snailes

01:21:59And there?

01:22:12The recruit

01:22:13Who met drool

01:22:13And he did not say

01:22:15His utilization

01:22:20Their

01:22:30Legenda Adriana Zanotto

Categoria

Transcrição

Comentários

Recomendado