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When King Herod claims Jerusalem from the Hasmoneans, he angers Cleopatra, who wants to reclaim Judea. Despite this conflict, Herod the Great manages to modernise the ancient city, revolutionising the city of God forever.
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00:00.
00:10Jerusalém é a cidade universal,
00:13a cidade cafratada,
00:16a cidade to verdade.
00:19É suactora é a felicidade,
00:22mas também a falsidade de aheadinhos seus problemas e seu bisev Roberto.
00:28Porque significa que as pessoas pensam que eles precisam posses isso, absolutamente.
00:37A palestinante e-Israelite conflitos que nós estamos vivendo hoje,
00:41você tem visto isso em Jerusalém por milhares de milhares.
00:47Para os jovens, Jerusalém é onde Solomon construiu o templo.
00:52Para os cristãos, isso é o lugar onde Jesus foi cruzado.
00:57Para os jovens, Jerusalém é onde o Prophet Muhammad fez a noite.
01:02As pessoas que são saides de conquistar o mundo, eles foram derrotados por essa cidade.
01:08Não outro individual mudou a terra como Herod o Great did.
01:15Saladin foi decidido tomar os cristãos e levaram a Jerusalém.
01:20At a time of Ottoman e Islamic rule,
01:23os britânicos gostaram de controlar a terra da Igreja.
01:27O principal dos Estados Unidos é contra a política britânica do governo de palestino.
01:35Nós somos a única pessoas do mundo que são homens e semelhantes.
01:40Para os israelis, a criação do Estado de Israel é visto como um miracle.
01:45E, claro, para os palestinos, é um grande desastre.
01:50A história de Jerusalém é uma história muito complicada.
01:54E se você não conhece ela em sua complexidade,
01:57é muito difícil entender o que está acontecendo aqui hoje.
02:02O passado nunca é morto.
02:04E se há uma cidade no mundo para que isso se aplica,
02:07é Jerusalém.
02:09O passado nunca é morto.
02:10O passado nunca é morto.
02:12O passado nunca é morto.
02:24O passado nunca é morto.
02:25O passado nunca é morto.
02:27O passado nunca é morto.
02:29O passado nunca é morto.
02:29O passado nunca é morto.
02:29O passado nunca é morto.
02:30O passado nunca é morto.
02:30O passado nunca é morto.
02:30O passado nunca é morto.
02:37O passado nunca é morto.
02:43It's been 900 years since Solomon's death
02:48And the world has undergone a dramatic transformation
02:53The previous centuries have seen the growth of these empires
02:57That just try to swallow as much land around them as possible
03:01In 39 BC there are two great powers in the world
03:04There's the Roman Republic
03:07Which is now controlling much of the Mediterranean
03:11And there is the Parthian Empire
03:14A huge empire that controls everything
03:17From the borders of Syria and Iraq
03:19All the way to the borders of India
03:21The Parthians were the descendants of the ancient Persians
03:25To the east of the area of Syria-Palestine
03:28And when you look at a map
03:29What you can see is that the sort of natural meeting place of conflict
03:33Between these two powers is the land where Jerusalem sits
03:38Jerusalem is now ruled by the Hasmoneans
03:42A revered Jewish dynasty
03:45The Hasmonean dynasty was the Jewish dynasty
03:49That was established by a group of Jewish conservative rebels
03:53That overthrew Greek rule in Jerusalem and in Israel
03:59That revolt in 167 BC is commemorated by the modern Jewish holiday of Hanukkah
04:06Over the course of time the Hasmoneans expanded the size of their kingdom
04:12By conquering other peoples around them who were not Jewish
04:18They ruled a big kingdom for about 150 years
04:23But now the Hasmoneans are faced with a new enemy
04:26One backed by the full might of the Roman Empire
04:33A native of Palestine who longs to claim the holy city for himself
04:38Herod
04:41I think Herod would have been one of those people
04:44That would have been terrifying to be both friends or enemies with
04:51If you were his enemy he was ruthless, implacable
04:54He held a grudge, he was scheming
04:57And even if you were his friend
04:59You never knew where you stood
05:04He's part monster, part hero
05:08His name means hero in Greek
05:10So he was always going for that role
05:14He deserves the reputation for cruelty that he gets
05:18Because he wants what he wants
05:20And he's willing to do and kill
05:22Whomever he needs to to get what he wants
05:28Herod the Great's grandfather
05:30On his father's side
05:32Was forcibly converted to Judaism
05:35And Herod's mother was an Arab woman
05:38She was not Jewish
05:42Because he is this fascinating hybrid
05:44Herod isn't regarded as a full Jew by all the Jews
05:49And for the Hasmonean royal dynasty of course
05:53He's an upstart
06:03The Hasmoneans call him a half-breed
06:07And I think this eats at him
06:26I think Herod the Great realizes that the only way
06:30He's ever going to be able to be accepted
06:33As really Jewish
06:35Is if he takes Jerusalem
06:38And sets himself up on the throne of David
06:44He understands that the key to the crown of Judea
06:49To the throne of Jerusalem
06:51Is Rome
06:55The Romans want to control the entire Mediterranean
07:01And they need an ally
07:02They need a client king in Jerusalem
07:07Herod was trained in Rome
07:09His classmates were the students
07:12Who later on grew to be the Caesars
07:14So he really was very well versed in political intrigue
07:19And his alliances helped to advance his position and his career
07:24And the Romans are extremely arrogant
07:26And they think they can appoint anyone they like king of anywhere
07:29Not unlike certain other great powers today
07:36So they decide that Herod is going to be their person
07:41And they say to him
07:42We'll provide an army
07:43You take Jerusalem
07:45And you will be king of Judea
07:56And off he goes
08:00But because Herod is aware
08:02That he has what many Jews would call a mixed blood ancestry
08:06Proving his Jewishness
08:08Is a motivation for many of the actions that he takes
08:13And one of those things
08:15Is he could marry in to the Hasmonean family
08:20He can make a claim to the throne
08:23By marrying let's say a Jewish princess
08:28Herod uses the threat of his army
08:31To force a Hasmonean princess
08:32Into a ketubah
08:34A Jewish marriage contract
08:37And he chooses Mariamne
08:40Who's young, beautiful, cultured
08:43Generally loved by everybody
08:47Herod's relationship with Mariamne
08:49Would have made really good reality television
08:54On the one hand
08:55Herod deeply loved Mariamne
08:57And expressed his love
08:58In grandiose gestures
09:03On the other hand
09:04She constantly berated him
09:07About his lowly status
09:08And he always felt
09:09A sense of inferiority around her
09:14It's a very Jerusalem story
09:16Because it contains both love and hate
09:18As Jerusalem always does
09:22You have this young, ruthless, self-made king
09:26You have this princess
09:29Of the grandest royalist family
09:33It's like a Kardashian marrying Windsor
09:38So he marries in to the Hasmonean dynasty
09:42And Mariamne knows that Herod is only marrying her
09:47For political purposes
09:49But she also fears
09:50That he's going to begin getting rid of her relatives
09:54Killing all Hasmonean heirs
09:57To the Jewish throne
09:59And he's got so many Roman troops with him
10:03That this shouldn't be that difficult
10:08With 40,000 Roman soldiers under his command
10:11Herod sets his sights on Jerusalem
10:15Intent on forcing the Jewish people
10:17To accept him as their king
10:26Herod the Great is determined to prove
10:28He is a true Jewish king
10:31After making a deal with the Romans
10:34He descends on Jerusalem
10:46There was a bloody massacre
10:47Heaps of corpses lying around the city
10:50The slaughter of a lot of innocent civilians
10:52You know, men, women, children
10:55Herod's harshest actions
10:57Are saved for the royal family
11:00There is a political tradition
11:02That when you take a city
11:04You would take the king
11:08And you would allow them to live
11:10You would exile them
11:13Herod the Great, however
11:15Isn't your typical noble king
11:18He's ruthless
11:20And he's paranoid
11:21And so when he takes the city
11:24He begins executing
11:26All of his potential rivals
11:28Including the former Hasmonean leader
11:33Hyrcanus, the Hasmonean ruler
11:35Is Mariamne's uncle
11:38But Herod only cares about claiming his prize
11:44He takes Jerusalem
11:46And he declares himself
11:47King of Judea
11:49And then he sets about
11:51Making himself the most successful king
11:54Not just of Judea
11:57But of the whole Mediterranean
12:03Herod is not alone in his ambitions
12:07A powerful rival looms
12:09In one of the most ancient kingdoms
12:11On the planet
12:14Egypt at this time
12:15Is no longer a superpower
12:17It's far from its former glory
12:20Previous rulers
12:21Incompetent rulers
12:22Civil wars
12:23Had shrunk the kingdom
12:24Down to a rump of itself
12:26Now it's almost a Roman client state
12:32It's lost its power
12:37But there's one person
12:39Who doesn't like it that way
12:46Cleopatra wants to see Egypt
12:49Rise once again
12:52When you look at Roman descriptions
12:54Of Cleopatra
12:58They're all in a negative light
12:59Because basically all of these guys
13:01Were anyway misogynists
13:05The word unscrupulous
13:06Is used a lot
13:08Which I think is very, very unfair
13:09Because the scruples
13:11That she was having to work around
13:12Weren't hers
13:14And you see how incredibly frustrating
13:16This must have been
13:18For an intelligent, energetic woman
13:22Cleopatra is a woman
13:23Who sees herself
13:24As being a bigger player
13:26Than what a male-dominated world
13:28Would want to make her be
13:33Women don't have a lot of power
13:34In this patriarchal culture
13:36But there are ways
13:37In which they can gain power
13:41Cleopatra has partnered
13:43With one of the most powerful
13:44And influential men in the world
13:46Mark Antony
13:47And together
13:49They want to rule the world
13:54Mark Antony
13:56Who is one of the powerful generals
13:58Controlling Rome
14:02Mark Antony meets
14:03And falls in love
14:05With Cleopatra
14:06And establishes
14:07His base of operations
14:08In Alexandria
14:10In Egypt
14:12He's a bit of what we today
14:14Call a player
14:16He was master of horse
14:18Cavalry commander
14:19For Julius Caesar
14:22Mark Antony
14:23And Herod the Great
14:25They're old war buddies
14:26And Herod the Great
14:28Actually saved
14:29Mark Antony's skin
14:30On one occasion
14:31So
14:31They owe each other
14:33Quite a bit
14:34Mark Antony and Herod
14:36Had had a very intimate relationship
14:39That of course Cleopatra knew of
14:41And was very very jealous
14:45And Cleopatra
14:46Wants
14:47What Herod the Great
14:48Has
14:49Jerusalem
14:51Cleopatra wants Jerusalem
14:53Under Egyptian control
14:54Because it gives her
14:55Another kind of a gateway
14:56To the east
14:58She's able to trade with them
15:00All of these trade routes
15:02Coming in from the far east
15:04Go down into what is now
15:05Modern Syria
15:06Modern Lebanon
15:07And Israel
15:08And they all kind of
15:10Meet together
15:11So if you want to take goods
15:14Either east or west
15:16Jerusalem is an incredibly
15:18Important place to be
15:21But above all
15:22Jerusalem of course
15:23Was part of Judea
15:25And Judea
15:26Had once been part of Egypt
15:28Back in the 3rd century BC
15:30And so
15:31Cleopatra viewed
15:32The territory that Herod
15:34Had been given
15:34As her birthright
15:37It was her job
15:38Her mission
15:39As the divinely ordained
15:42Monarch of Egypt
15:43To reunite
15:44And to re-ennex
15:46The lost territories
15:47Which includes
15:48Jerusalem
15:50The problem is
15:52Is that she can't go
15:53To Herod's buddy
15:54Her lover
15:56Mark Antony
15:57And ask him
15:58To give her
15:59Herod's holdings
16:03So
16:04Who does she turn to
16:06Who else
16:08Hates Herod the Great
16:09The Hasmoneans
16:13So Cleopatra
16:15Enters into a conspiracy
16:16To overthrow Herod
16:18With his own wife
16:19Mariamne
16:23The woman who witnessed
16:25His soldiers
16:26Topple her family's legacy
16:31Herod the Great
16:33Loves Mariamne
16:35But she's actively
16:37Plotting against him
16:41And behind it all
16:44Is Cleopatra
16:54Cleopatra longs
16:55To bring Jerusalem
16:56Back under Egyptian control
16:59So she enters into
17:00A conspiracy
17:01To overthrow Herod
17:03With his own wife
17:04Mariamne
17:07It begins with
17:08Tricking Herod
17:09To unwittingly
17:10Promote his replacement
17:11So there were
17:13Two big offices
17:14In Judea
17:16In this period
17:17One was the office
17:19Of king
17:19And one was the office
17:21Of high priest
17:22The Hasmoneans
17:24Had served both as kings
17:26And as high priests
17:28But Herod
17:29Because he was
17:31Only half Jewish
17:32Could not serve
17:34As a priest
17:35In the Jerusalem temple
17:38But Mariamne has a brother
17:40Named Jonathan
17:42Jonathan's a Hasmonean
17:44And he is therefore
17:47Eligible
17:47To be a high priest
17:51Mariamne convinces Herod
17:53To appoint
17:53Jonathan high priest
17:57Successfully completing
17:59Cleopatra's scheme
18:00To bring Jonathan
18:01One step away
18:02From the throne
18:03From what we know
18:04Mariamne's brother
18:06Jonathan
18:06Was a good looking
18:08Charismatic guy
18:09Certainly the kind of guy
18:11That the Jews
18:12Much rather would have had
18:14As a king
18:14Than Herod the Great
18:18There's a story
18:19Of a festival
18:20The Feast of Tabernacles
18:22Which was one of the major
18:23Pilgrimage festivals
18:24To the Jerusalem temple
18:25And he goes to officiate
18:27Over the sacrifices
18:27At the altar
18:28All of the people
18:30Start to cry out
18:31About what a wonderful
18:32Young man he is
18:34Crowds all
18:35Wow but look at
18:36How attractive this boy is
18:38Look at how regal he looks
18:39Look at how amazing he looks
18:40Oh the Hasmoneans are back
18:43So as Jonathan
18:44Is leading this event
18:45You better believe
18:46That Herod the Great
18:48Hears the commotion
18:49Hears how popular
18:51Jonathan is
18:52And Herod is
18:54Seething with jealousy
19:05So Herod invites his brother-in-law
19:08To come swimming with him
19:09At his palace in Jericho
19:13He was drowned in the pool
19:17It's an accident
19:18Nothing untoward
19:19But everybody knew
19:21What really had happened
19:23Herod had eliminated a rival
19:35Imagine if you're
19:36Mariamne
19:37You hate your husband
19:39You can't divorce him
19:41Because you're a woman
19:42And now he's killed
19:45Your brother
19:45You must be furious
19:48With this man
19:51Mariamne has not only
19:52Lost a brother
19:54But the conspiracy
19:56To overthrow Herod
19:57Is also ruined
20:00When the plot
20:01Against Herod the Great
20:02Involving Jonathan
20:04Fails
20:06Cleopatra is furious
20:13The Egyptian queen
20:15Works at convincing
20:16Mark Antony
20:17To turn on his close friend
20:21Cleopatra
20:22Uses her huge influence
20:25With Mark Antony
20:26To undermine Herod
20:27Whenever possible
20:29She tells tales
20:30About Herod's treatment
20:32Of his wife
20:33His treatment of the Jews
20:34In Jerusalem
20:35His ruthlessness
20:38But Mark Antony
20:40Aspires to run
20:40The whole Roman Empire
20:41His interest
20:43Is not to have
20:44His client kings
20:45Even of such a powerful monarch
20:47As Cleopatra
20:48His partner
20:48Mother of his children
20:49Fighting amongst themselves
20:53So Mark Antony
20:54Says
20:54Listen
20:55You have to play nice
20:56And so Cleopatra
20:58The cunning ruler
21:00That she is
21:01She says
21:01Okay
21:01I'll play nice
21:03I'll go up
21:04And visit Herod the Great
21:05And I'll show you
21:06How we can spend
21:07Time together
21:11So Cleopatra
21:13Travels to Jerusalem
21:15And publicly declares
21:17That this is a peace journey
21:20That she's going to make peace
21:22With Herod
21:23But what she secretly wants
21:26Is for Herod to die
21:28Herod has a wide network of spies
21:31And he quickly discovers
21:34The truth of Cleopatra's intentions
21:38So of course
21:39Herod the Great
21:40Now knows
21:41That Cleopatra
21:42Is out to get him
21:52Cleopatra and Herod
21:54Are very deadly frenemies
22:02Because of their common patron
22:04Mark Antony
22:05They have to be
22:06Political friends
22:07But they are definitely enemies
22:11And now you've put
22:13The two fighting fish
22:15In the same jar
22:17And now somebody's gonna die
22:28Cleopatra has traveled to Jerusalem
22:30To meet with her rival Herod
22:33Both rulers claim
22:34This is a peaceful visit
22:35But they each secretly scheme
22:38To have the other killed
22:41The problem is
22:42Nobody wants to be the one
22:45To fire the first shot
22:47You always want to be the one
22:49Saying
22:50No I did this in self defense
22:51So what you end up with
22:54Is Herod the Great
22:55And Cleopatra
22:57Doing this odd dance
22:59Trying to find ways
23:01To harm each other
23:04There is a lot of back and forth
23:05And a lot of it is indirect
23:07They're both trying to manipulate
23:08Each other
23:10Cleopatra uses
23:11All of the weapons
23:13At her disposal
23:14And one of those weapons
23:16Is sex
23:17But Herod the Great
23:18Knows this trick
23:20And he knows
23:22That Mark Antony
23:23Is a jealous lover
23:24And so
23:25He avoids that trap
23:28As well
23:28So it ends up
23:31In this
23:32Odd stalemate
23:33None of their ploys
23:35To assassinate the other
23:37Ever come to fruition
23:39And Cleopatra goes home
23:41But while Herod and Cleopatra
23:44Are consumed by their rivalry
23:47Neither have any idea
23:48They're about to be dragged
23:50Into another
23:51Deadly power struggle
23:54You have to understand
23:55What's going on
23:56In this period
23:57Of the late
23:57Republican Rome
23:58After Julius Caesar died
24:01A series of
24:02Power struggles
24:03Broke out
24:04Between various
24:05Generals
24:06Mark Antony
24:08Allied with
24:09Julius Caesar's
24:10Very young heir
24:11Octavian
24:14And together
24:15They came to an agreement
24:16Where they would divide up
24:17The Roman world
24:19Mark Antony
24:20Got the east
24:21And Octavian
24:22Took the west
24:22And Octavian's
24:25An extraordinary phenomenon
24:26Because
24:27At the age of 19
24:28This completely unknown boy
24:31Inherits all Caesar's money
24:33And his name
24:34And he turns out
24:36To be
24:37Yes
24:37A political genius
24:39But also
24:40A ruthless young thug
24:43Octavian was horrible
24:45Octavian banishes his daughter
24:47He banishes his granddaughter
24:49He probably orders the execution of his grandson
24:52He murders countless senators and equestrians
24:56He makes a father and a son play dice
24:58And then kills them both
25:01Now Octavian wants
25:03To be the sole ruler
25:05Of Rome
25:06And so
25:07He needs to turn the people
25:09To his favor
25:10And one of the things he does
25:12Is he tries to use
25:14Cleopatra
25:15Against Mark Antony
25:17Why?
25:18Well
25:18Mark Antony was a man
25:20And he was a Roman
25:22Cleopatra
25:23Was
25:24An eastern queen
25:25And a woman
25:25So she becomes
25:27The focal point
25:28Of the negative propaganda
25:30That Octavian
25:31Starts to put out
25:33He says things like
25:36Cleopatra's
25:37A foreigner
25:38She's polluted
25:40The mind
25:41Of Mark Antony
25:41And he does this
25:43So effectively
25:44That the people
25:46Start turning
25:47Against Mark Antony
25:48And Cleopatra
25:52So
25:53What was once
25:54A power sharing agreement
25:57Becomes a battle
25:58Between the two
25:59They're going to vie
26:00For the sole
26:02Rule
26:03Of Rome
26:07Mark Antony
26:08Basically calls up
26:09All of his supporters
26:10And he says
26:11Come fight with me
26:12Against Octavian
26:13And Herod the Great
26:15Says
26:15Yeah
26:16No sorry
26:16I'm busy
26:19And that's because
26:20He hates Cleopatra
26:21And he sees
26:22That Octavian
26:23As the one
26:24Who's going to win
26:29Mark Antony
26:30And Cleopatra
26:31Are routed
26:32At the battle
26:32Of Actium
26:34They manage
26:35To flee
26:35Back to Egypt
26:37But Octavian
26:38Is right behind them
26:39It becomes clear
26:41That Cleopatra
26:41Is going to end up
26:42Being paraded around
26:43In a Roman triumph
26:44Which was the last
26:46Thing that she wanted
26:47She says
26:48Over and over again
26:49I will not be triumphed
26:51Over
26:52And it means that
26:53She just can't
26:54Envision herself
26:56As a prisoner
26:57As anything other
26:58Than a queen
27:01Hoping to trick Octavian
27:04Cleopatra hides
27:05In her mausoleum
27:07And has her maidservant
27:09Spread the rumor
27:09That she has killed herself
27:14So the problem
27:15With Cleopatra
27:16Locking herself
27:17Up in the tomb
27:18Is that she didn't
27:19Tell Mark Antony
27:20And part of what
27:21You need to do
27:21Is tell your lover
27:23Where you're going to be
27:24Because he
27:26Of course
27:27Is defeated
27:28And thinking
27:29That he's lost
27:30Everything
27:33So Mark Antony
27:34Ends up committing
27:35Suicide
27:36By stabbing himself
27:37In the stomach
27:42When Cleopatra
27:43Finds out that
27:44Mark Antony
27:44Kills himself
27:46She ends up
27:47Dying by her own
27:48Hand as well
27:50And it's really
27:51A very sad story
27:52Which sort of
27:53Mirrors the
27:53Romeo and Juliet
27:54Story
27:55But maybe in a sense
27:57It's the way
27:58In which the tale
27:59Was always going
28:00To end for them
28:00Because they had
28:02Tried valiantly
28:03But failed
28:04To gain this power
28:05That really wasn't
28:06Theirs to gain
28:07In the first place
28:11Soon after the death
28:13Of his rival
28:14Herod travels
28:15To meet Octavian
28:16In person
28:17And beg for his life
28:20Remember Herod
28:21Was a friend
28:22Of Mark Antony
28:23So when Octavian
28:25Defeats Mark Antony
28:27Herod the Great
28:28Has got to go face
28:30Octavian
28:31And deal with him
28:37And Octavian says
28:39I understand
28:41You backed
28:41The wrong horse
28:44And Herod the Great
28:46Ever the shrewd
28:49Politician
28:49Says something
28:51Quite profound
28:54He doesn't pretend
28:55He was anything
28:56Other than a supporter
28:57Of Mark Antony
28:59He says
29:00As good
29:00Of a friend
29:01As I was
29:02To Antony
29:03I will be
29:04An even better
29:04Friend to you
29:05Octavian
29:11And Herod is
29:12So convincing
29:14That not only
29:15Does Octavian
29:16Reconfirm Herod
29:17Is king of Judea
29:19But he actually
29:20Increases the size
29:21Of his kingdom
29:27When Herod the Great
29:28Gets back to Jerusalem
29:29One would think
29:31That wow
29:32He's avoided
29:33This major disaster
29:35With Octavian
29:36Maybe everything
29:38Would be better
29:39When he gets home
29:40But that's certainly
29:41Not the case
29:44Because when he gets
29:46Back to Jerusalem
29:48Everything
29:49Is all the worse
29:58Herod has convinced
29:59Octavian
30:00To allow him
30:00To remain
30:01In control
30:01Of Jerusalem
30:04But when he returns
30:05To the holy city
30:07He finds the royal family
30:09In turmoil
30:11Mariamne
30:11And members
30:12Of her family
30:12Are sequestered
30:13Under armed guard
30:14While Herod is away
30:16And when Herod
30:17Comes back
30:18Some other members
30:19Of the family
30:20Start spreading
30:21Rumors
30:21That Mariamne
30:23Had had an affair
30:24With her guard
30:26Herod has the guard
30:27Killed
30:29And then turns
30:31His attention
30:31To his wife
30:33Herod and Mariamne
30:34Are wrestling together
30:36They're linked together
30:37In this terrifying
30:40Relationship
30:41Of love and hate
30:43But in the end
30:44He just can't
30:46Trust her
30:47And all the time
30:48She is plotting
30:49Within his own
30:51Household
30:52Even though she's
30:53The mother of his
30:54Children
30:54She's plotting
30:55To destroy him
30:57He felt that
30:59He had been betrayed
31:00And for a rational
31:02Person
31:03You'd say
31:03Well of course
31:04You don't kill someone
31:12But Herod the great
31:14But Herod the great
31:14Isn't a rational
31:15Person
31:17He's an obsessive
31:19Compulsive
31:20Madman
31:22Ultimately
31:23His fear
31:25Suspicion
31:26Paranoia
31:26Hatred even
31:28Of her
31:28Was more powerful
31:30Than his love
31:37Mariamne
31:38Was not even
31:3825 years old
31:40At the time
31:40She had already
31:41Born him
31:42Five children
31:46Herod thought
31:48That this would
31:49Solve his problems
31:51Little did he know
31:52That this
31:54Would drive him
31:55To absolute
31:57Madness
32:09After
32:09Mariamne's death
32:11Herod
32:12Was so distraught
32:14He would wander around
32:15In his palace
32:16And talk to her
32:18As if she was still alive
32:19Like he saw her ghost
32:20In front of him
32:21Or something like that
32:22He goes mad
32:24With grief
32:27He howls all night
32:29Through his palace
32:30Corridors
32:32He particularly
32:33Had problems
32:34With the children
32:34That he had
32:35By Mariamne
32:36Because they were
32:37Actually better bred
32:38Than he was
32:41And this is the reason
32:43He kills
32:44Even his own
32:46Sons
32:46Herod's afraid
32:48That his sons
32:50Are going to
32:52Take his kingdom
32:52From him
32:55The tragedy
32:56Of Herod
32:57Is that
32:58He deeply loved
32:59His wives and children
33:00So it's this
33:02Tragic
33:03Character
33:04Who never quite
33:06Can feel secure enough
33:07And thus
33:08Is forced to kill
33:09Those closest to him
33:18Herod just sinks
33:20More and more
33:21And the madder
33:23He gets
33:24The more depressed
33:26He gets
33:29So Herod the Great
33:30Latches on
33:31To building projects
33:32Because he can build
33:34Buildings that will
33:35Outlive him
33:36He's trying to
33:38Build his way
33:39Out of depression
33:44He built a series
33:45Of fortified desert
33:47Palaces along
33:48The eastern frontier
33:49Including Masada
33:50Overlooking the Dead Sea
33:51He built
33:52Whole cities
33:53Like at Caesarea
33:55On the coast
33:56Where in addition
33:58To building
33:59A city
34:00He built
34:00The largest
34:01Artificial harbor
34:03That had ever
34:04Been constructed
34:04Up to that point
34:08And at Samaria
34:09The ancient capital
34:11Of the northern
34:11Kingdom of Israel
34:12He built another city
34:14King Herod is one of the
34:17Main figures
34:19That have dominated
34:20Palestinian geography
34:22And we owe to him
34:24The major monuments
34:25Of Palestine
34:26Prior to
34:29King Herod
34:30Jerusalem was
34:32Small
34:32Cramped
34:33Underdeveloped
34:35Underdeveloped
34:36And basically
34:37He knocks it all down
34:38And he starts again
34:40He builds extraordinary palaces
34:44Canals
34:45Fountains
34:46Fortresses
34:50But Herod
34:51Herod focuses
34:52Most on one
34:53Massive
34:53Undertaking
34:56Herod the Great
34:57Wants to try
34:57To appease
34:58The people
34:59In Jerusalem
35:00And he
35:01Knew
35:02That regardless
35:03Of how many
35:04Different structures
35:05He built
35:06It was the
35:07Temple in Jerusalem
35:08That was the
35:09Most important
35:10Building
35:10To his people
35:12So Herod
35:13Wants to put
35:14His stamp
35:15On the center
35:17Of Judaism
35:18And surpass
35:19Even Solomon
35:21Himself
35:22And the temple
35:24Is a bit of a wreck
35:25It's a bit of a ruin
35:26And so he decides
35:28He is going to
35:29Knock down
35:29The old temple
35:30And rebuild
35:31A new one
35:34He's trying to
35:35Reclaim
35:36That really
35:37Ancient sense
35:38Of being appointed
35:39By God
35:40And protecting
35:40God's chosen city
35:44He builds
35:46A massive
35:47Retaining wall
35:48Around the temple
35:49Fills it in
35:51So that there's
35:51A platform
35:52So a hundred
35:53Thousand people
35:54Can come in
35:55And celebrate
35:56Around the temple
35:57And then he
35:59Doubles the size
36:00Of the temple
36:01With colossal
36:03Ashlar stones
36:04Some of them
36:05Are so enormous
36:06They're two hundred
36:07Tons in size
36:10When you look
36:11At the western wall
36:12You're seeing
36:14A tiny fragment
36:16Of the retaining wall
36:18Of the esplanade
36:19The temple walls
36:21Went up
36:2260 feet
36:2380 feet higher
36:24That is what
36:26Herod builds
36:27He created
36:29The Jerusalem
36:30We know today
36:31Which we call
36:32The temple mount
36:33In English
36:33Which the Muslims
36:35Call her
36:35Amar Ashif
36:36The dome of the rock
36:37And the Al-Aqsa
36:38Mosque
36:39Are built
36:39On Herod's
36:41Sacred precinct
36:50Herod has spent
36:51His life
36:52Building up
36:52His kingdom
36:54But the final
36:55Days of his rule
36:56Will threaten
36:57To tear it
36:57All down
37:10In his last days
37:12Herod suffered
37:14From some agonizing
37:15Illness
37:17We don't know
37:18What illness it was
37:20Scholars have
37:20Speculated
37:22Syphilis
37:23All sorts of
37:24Other things
37:25We don't know
37:27And of course
37:28As Herod was
37:30Suffering from
37:31Physical pains
37:32That made his
37:34Mental state
37:34All the worse
37:35And Herod would
37:36Order executions
37:37For dissenters
37:40So Herod's reign
37:41Was bloody
37:42Right up till
37:43The very end
37:44Of it
37:46At the age
37:47Of 70
37:48After a reign
37:49Of 33 years
37:51Herod the Great
37:52Dies
37:57Herod the Great
37:58Craved the praise
37:59Of his people
37:59But the praise
38:00Of his people
38:00Was never
38:01Enough
38:02To actually
38:03Satisfy him
38:05He left behind
38:06Him a greatly
38:06Restored city
38:07A beautiful
38:08Temple mount
38:09A more
38:10Prosperous country
38:11But he died
38:13In madness
38:14In grief
38:15In resentment
38:16And in rage
38:19None of Herod's
38:20Successors
38:21Are the same
38:22Man that Herod was
38:24None of them
38:24Are able to
38:25Observe the same
38:26Level of control
38:26That Herod had
38:28And so in the end
38:29The Romans
38:30Just annexed
38:33And they ruled
38:34It through brutal
38:35Procurators
38:36Who were extremely
38:36Corrupt
38:37And who gradually
38:38Tormented
38:39The Jews
38:40Into rebelling
38:42And to punish
38:43The Jewish people
38:44They destroyed
38:45Jerusalem entirely
38:46In 70 AD
38:48The temple
38:50Was destroyed
38:50All that's left
38:51Of it
38:52Are the stones
38:53Of the south
38:54Eastern
38:54And western
38:55Walls
38:56Which you can
38:56See today
38:59So
39:00All that Herod
39:02Had worked for
39:02The things
39:03That he
39:04Wanted most
39:05This physical
39:06Legacy
39:07Vanished
39:13Anytime
39:14Jerusalem
39:15Has someone
39:17Come along
39:18Who wants
39:19Everything
39:20To himself
39:21For some
39:23Reason
39:23Jerusalem
39:25Says
39:26That's not
39:27The way
39:27The city
39:28Of God
39:29Is going
39:29To be
39:31And that's
39:32Because
39:32As history
39:33Has shown
39:33Us
39:34The times
39:35When Jerusalem
39:36Is at peace
39:37Is when
39:38This city
39:39Is shared
39:40By its people
39:47The Jews
39:48Emerged
39:49Differently
39:50From the
39:51Destruction
39:51Of the
39:51Temple
39:52Of 70
39:52Instead
39:53Of praying
39:54At the
39:54Temple
39:55In Jerusalem
39:55They became
39:56Not linked
39:57To a
39:57Temple
39:58But in
39:59Fact
39:59Linked
39:59To the
40:00Torah
40:06The
40:06Christians
40:07Then a
40:08Small
40:08Jewish
40:09Sect
40:09Escaped
40:10From the
40:10Siege
40:11To become
40:11A separate
40:12Religion
40:13Separating
40:14For the
40:15First
40:15Time
40:15From the
40:16Mother
40:16Religion
40:17Of
40:17Judaism
40:20And
40:21Six
40:21Centuries
40:22Later
40:22Islam
40:23Muhammad
40:25When he
40:25Preached
40:26His new
40:27Last
40:27Revelation
40:28Of Islam
40:29He argued
40:30That the
40:31Destruction
40:31Of the
40:32Temple
40:32Marked
40:33The
40:34Withdrawal
40:34By God
40:35Of the
40:35Special
40:36Blessing
40:36Bestowed
40:37On the
40:37Jewish
40:38People
40:38Giving
40:40Room
40:40For
40:41Islam
40:45So in
40:46Many
40:46Ways
40:46Out of
40:47Herod's
40:47Temple
40:48And its
40:48Destruction
40:49Came
40:49The
40:50World
40:50We
40:50Know
40:50Today
40:53But this
40:54New
40:54World
40:54Is
40:54More
40:55Deeply
40:55Divided
40:55Than
40:59And
41:00Brings
41:00With
41:00It
41:00One
41:01Of
41:01The
41:01Deadliest
41:02Conflicts
41:02In
41:03Recorded
41:03History
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