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00:28The
00:29problems of our world can't be solved piecemeal. Only a deep change will make
00:35it possible to live in harmony with nature, with one another, and most
00:41importantly, within ourselves. Fortunately, that change is happening.
01:04Nonviolence, to me, is the source of power. And the power is actually in each person.
01:26One thing we have in common as individuals, as human beings, is the power to show love.
01:36The basis of nonviolence is love. And first of all, in order to have love, you have to have a
01:46heart.
01:48And each person has a heart. My point is, when you step out of the shower, you're fully armed.
02:19It seems like every one of us has this big library of humanity and nonviolence inside him.
02:31To be able to meet the human being inside you and to discuss with him about yourself.
02:40Nonviolence is to be an artist of your humanity. To bring the best of you, not just by solving problems,
02:50but also by living, by experiencing, by practicing. It's about your humanity is my weapon.
03:01And I have to be able to bring you to that place.
03:08To me, one of the core principles of nonviolence, this core worldview of nonviolence,
03:17is this unwavering faith in humanity and in the goodness of people.
03:30No matter how much harm someone may have committed, that the possibility of transformation
03:38and the possibility of resilience is always there.
03:43My brother was very violently murdered by Israeli soldiers.
03:50One year after, my mother was receiving a phone call from a very religious Jewish Israeli father
04:00that his son was kidnapped and killed by Hamas, telling us that there is a group of parents, Israeli parents,
04:09who have lost someone of their family members and they are willing to come and pay consolances.
04:18I was born in 1972 and that meeting happened in 2001.
04:23That was the first time in my life that I saw an Israeli crying.
04:31And then my mother was crying with the same color of tears with a Jewish mother in my home.
04:39That touched me deep.
04:42Because I told myself, if these people who paid the highest price can stand for my right and can understand,
04:50what does it mean to lose someone?
04:53So everyone can.
04:57I realized that justice is this step when we decide to give up being the victim of the victimizers
05:09and not to be in this prison of hatred and victimhood.
05:28The work of forgiveness, the work of letting go, the work of healing through our own traumas,
05:33I think is so important in nonviolence.
05:37I think oftentimes, even when we think of nonviolent movements, we think of how do we fix those people out
05:43there.
05:44And there's a time and a place for that, absolutely.
05:47There's a lot of things out there that do need to be changed.
05:50And at the same time, I think a lot of the work of nonviolence is about owning the ways in
05:55which we contribute to harm
05:57and the ways in which we contribute to systems of violence.
06:17We didn't respect you.
06:19We polluted your earth.
06:21We've hurt you in so many ways.
06:24And we've come to say that we are sorry.
06:28We are at your service.
06:29And we beg for your forgiveness.
06:57We lose sight of the fact that we ourselves are beings that want to be in good relationships with each
07:02other.
07:02And sometimes it's easy for us to be hateful and to be angry at everyone.
07:07But it's always possible to reach the core of who we are.
07:12I just recognize that there's no one that I can't learn something from.
07:16As we try to make a difference, it's important that in our certainty, we don't eliminate those who disagree with
07:23us.
07:23And I love nonviolence because it is a way that you can show up boldly and passionately and try new
07:30things.
07:34Nonviolence makes me look for a solution that is win-win, a solution that's not zero-sum.
07:41A solution that recognizes, too, if we don't figure out how to share this planet with people of different or
07:47similar truth claims,
07:49that we could also have a lose-lose.
07:55We are continually inviting people to really work with the two hands of nonviolence.
08:04That Barbara Deming, the late feminist writer, talked about, an activist,
08:08the two hands of nonviolence being on the one hand,
08:11I will not cooperate with your injustice.
08:19But I'm open to you as a human being.
08:25I think this is the job description of the 21st century.
08:33Nonviolence has been with us as long as we've been human.
08:36It's a legacy we can all claim.
08:38And if we do, we can repair and transform the world.
08:42So why don't we hear more about it?
08:45There had been no systematic studies on the comparative effectiveness of nonviolent and violent struggle.
08:55There have been plenty of studies comparing the effectiveness of different types of violent struggle.
09:00But nobody had ever studied the empirical comparison between nonviolent and violent methods of struggle by civilian actors.
09:09Very few people actually look at the full range of strategic options, including nonviolent ones, and compare them against the
09:17violent ones.
09:18And this is something that my whole life's work now is seeking to remedy.
09:25It all started really with the Tiananmen Square episode when those students were massacred.
09:34It hurt me very much.
09:41My colleagues and I in the nonviolence field, we'd noticed that they were making certain tactical errors that could easily
09:48have been adjusted.
09:48But in those days there was no internet.
09:51We couldn't just ring them up.
09:53So we thought, well, you know, I hope it'll work out for the best.
09:56And it worked out for the worst.
10:02We're trying to help people practice nonviolence more safely and more effectively.
10:08So behind that we're also trying to build a nonviolent culture in which the general public, not necessarily activists, will
10:16understand what nonviolence is and know that they have a big array of resources embedded in that power, which we
10:25could deploy to basically build a better world.
10:33In South Sudan, we have teams around the country who are working in what are called protection of civilian sites.
10:40Two of our colleagues happened to be right where this was starting.
10:44They had gone in that day to organize.
10:46They were going to do some work with a group of women.
10:49And when this all started.
10:50A large crowd of people banging against the perimeter gate.
10:53You could hear stones coming over after a couple of minutes.
10:58And then ultimately gunshots.
11:02We were trying to encourage people to move with us.
11:05It became unsafe to keep going.
11:07If you keep running, you're going to get shot in the back.
11:10There were around nine children and four women who were also just looking around, no?
11:15Like, didn't really know what to do.
11:18So we just encouraged them to go in a tent with us.
11:21And you could hear the gunshots.
11:23You could smell the gunpowder.
11:24You could hear the casings falling on the ground.
11:28There were at least three to four attempts of just trying to get us out.
11:34People with weapons coming in saying, like, you guys go, you guys go.
11:38I always said, like, we're not leaving.
11:41After a long time, the women, they perceived it as safe.
11:44They immediately came out.
11:46So we came out with them.
11:47They were able to present this particular approach and hold on to it.
11:52And at one point really have, like, a few-minute conversation with somebody explaining their position,
11:57that that's what it was that created that space.
12:00And so in the end of what was a very terrible day, at least these 14 women and children were
12:05safe.
12:10If we had a gun in those instances and we were, you know, like, an armed peacekeeper, we probably would
12:15have been killed.
12:17You can be assertive without being aggressive.
12:20Being confronted by people with sticks, axes, pistols, automatic rifles.
12:28We have different tools. We have different weapons, if you will.
12:35Nonviolence is a powerful thing.
12:36It's underappreciated and underestimated, but it can have a transformative effect, you know.
12:44It can change the stakes.
12:52When we talk about unarmed civilian protection,
12:55the use of unarmed strategies and tools implemented by civilians to increase security and to decrease violence,
13:06it is a pragmatic, practical approach to the realities of violence that is having direct impact.
13:13It's saving lives.
13:14This is not us being, you know, peace activists who are very idealistic
13:18and we hope unicorns and rainbows will rule the world one day.
13:22This is hard work.
13:23There's nothing easy about it, but it works.
13:37The way that one fights a struggle really does help to determine the way the country will look in the
13:42aftermath.
13:44Nonviolent campaigns are about ten times likelier to usher in democratic institutions within five years after the end of the
13:53conflict,
13:53compared with violent insurgencies.
13:57They're also four times more likely to usher in these institutions even when they fail.
14:02So nonviolent campaigns are creating a type of oppositional activity or political space that couldn't have occurred in their absence.
14:16From 1900 to 2006, campaigns that relied on mass nonviolent struggle were twice as effective as the violent ones.
14:26They were also becoming more effective over time.
14:29So since about the 1960s, nonviolent resistance has become a much more powerful force for change than violent resistance,
14:37and it's also becoming far more frequent.
14:42One of the big myths that's busted through our data is that nonviolent resistance takes longer to achieve results than
14:49violent insurgency.
14:50In fact, what we find is strikingly the opposite, that nonviolent campaigns, fully mobilized, typically take about three years to
14:59run their course,
15:00whereas violent insurgencies take about nine to ten years.
15:05From 2010 to 2014, we see more new onsets of mass nonviolent action around the world than we saw in
15:13the entire decade of the 1990s.
15:37Nonviolent resistance is more powerful and effective and becoming the choice du jour, so to speak,
15:44whereas violent resistance is going out of style in a major way.
15:48Well, we see.
15:49Well, we see what we've done today.
16:15I really want to say to you.
16:15Well, thank you.
16:15Okay.
16:34I do dimly perceive that whilst everything around me is ever-changing, ever-dying, there
16:42lies underlying all that change, a living power that is changeless, that holds all together,
16:51that creates, dissolves, and recreates.
16:59Nonviolence is as old as the hills. That's a direct quote from Gandhi.
17:08What Gandhi did that was different was to give it a local habitation and a name.
17:16So he had this contest in 1908 and they came up with the word satyagraha, which means clinging to truth.
17:23But in ancient India there had been a term called ahimsa, which means the absence of an intention to harm.
17:30Or it really means the creative power that's generated when you have controlled any intention to harm.
17:39Now that term translated literally into English, which happened sometime in the late 1920s, became nonviolent.
17:48So that shows you, we've had a word for violence since Latin language,
17:54but we haven't had a word for nonviolence before 1920.
17:58So that shows you how far behind the curve we have been.
18:02And it also shows you why we overlook the thing, even when it's right in front of our noses.
18:16What kind of self-concept as a species do we have?
18:28We humans, we think of ourselves traditionally, at least in Western society, as driven by selfishness and competition.
18:36And we aggressively pursue these goals.
18:39And that needs to be reflected in our society.
18:43Our society should reflect these competitive tendencies.
18:45That's sort of the capitalist system.
18:47That's how it operates.
18:49And sort of unbridled competition is a good thing for society.
18:53And it's sort of interesting how in 2008 when that whole system collapsed financially
18:59and we saw that unbridled competition is not going to fix the job that we wanted to do,
19:05how people started to think differently.
19:07That gave us an opening to start talking about empathy and cooperation in a different way.
19:14Protests are spreading from cyberspace to streets all around the country.
19:1850 cities now, from Salt Lake City to Topeka to Knoxville.
19:31We've been telling ourselves the same old story, at least since the Industrial Revolution,
19:36that we're all separate physical beings whose needs are in competition.
19:43But based on scientific breakthroughs that started a century ago and whose significance is now catching on,
19:50scientists, academics and activists are calling this the old story
19:54and giving us an entirely different and more realistic vision for the future.
20:04Cooperation is actually very widespread in the animal kingdom.
20:08There's actually very few animals who survive without some form of cooperation.
20:13This whole notion that deep down we are bad and we need to work very hard to be good,
20:18that's an idea that's sort of out of the window now.
20:26The new story is building on that.
20:30It's saying we're not inherently separate.
20:33As the scientific research continues to expand,
20:38you know, in the areas of quantum physics and so on,
20:40they're learning more and more, the science community,
20:43about how interconnected all of the life is.
20:48In 1986, a group of scientists from around the world convened
20:53and they issued the Seville Statement.
20:58They said there's nothing in our DNA that says that we're predisposed to violence.
21:04It's also scientifically incorrect to say that we're separate.
21:08That's just not true.
21:09And the more you can realize how connected life is,
21:12it makes it even more important to engage in these nonviolent practices.
21:18And it also helps you understand why it's so effective.
21:21There is something that connects all of us.
21:23So when we're helping other people, we are helping ourselves.
21:28Cooperation is just as much a part of us as competition.
21:33And every disaster proves that.
21:37Often in evolution, the cooperative mode was driven by disasters.
21:44In our trainings, we get the question a lot that,
21:47well, isn't violence just part of human nature?
21:50And I used to struggle with that question until I heard a guy named Paul Chappelle speak.
21:55Paul Chappelle is a graduate of the Military Academy at West Point
21:59and is now a peace activist.
22:01And he once told me that every study that has ever been conducted on violence
22:06shows that violence is traumatic.
22:17Even if you're not a direct participant in it,
22:19just witnessing violence can cause PTSD, trauma, depression, anxiety,
22:24all these permanent disorders.
22:33And yet not a single person has ever been traumatized by an act of love
22:37or an act of compassion.
22:44He says that to him, that is evidence that violence is not part of our human nature.
22:52The things that fulfill us as human beings, that bring us closer to our potential,
22:59love and understanding and community,
23:01that those things are our truest nature as human beings.
23:09If you start from the assumption that everybody has a good core in their nature,
23:15that we're all deeply interconnected,
23:17that there is no problem which cannot be resolved to the benefit of all parties.
23:23If you start with those assumptions, and even if you don't believe them,
23:28you take them on as a hypothesis, as assumptions,
23:32and you test them and you find out that it works.
23:50Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has designed 50% of the U.S. nuclear arsenal,
23:55and some of us troop out there on occasion and engage in nonviolent action.
24:03One time, a group of us went out and we said we were going to lay in the street in
24:06front of the south gate
24:08and not get up when they order us to, as a symbol of our non-cooperation.
24:13After a while, a police officer comes over and says,
24:17OK, now I want you to get up, you're under arrest.
24:19And I actually told him, oh, I'm sorry, I can't do that today.
24:23So he grabs my arm and is kind of trying to tug me and pull me up.
24:28His commanding officer across the street says,
24:33don't fool around with that guy, just break his wrist.
24:38And so just automatically he starts to break my wrist.
24:45And something came to me at that point.
24:49In addition to the pain I was feeling in my wrist, I just kind of leaned up a little bit.
24:54Didn't get up, but I leaned up and I said, you don't have to do that.
25:00You don't have to break my wrist.
25:03And the guy was now suddenly very confused and he continued to try to twist my...
25:09Then he let go.
25:12So this guy has given my wrist back to me.
25:14So I feel like I want to give him something.
25:17So I get up and I walk with him.
25:21And we're walking along to the police van.
25:24And he turns to me, really, he turns to me and he says,
25:28thank you so much for telling me I didn't have to break your wrist.
25:34I didn't want to break your wrist.
25:36But I got an order and that's what I do.
25:38But you broke the spell.
25:40And I said, well, I said, great.
25:46And we ended up having a wonderful half hour conversation about our lives.
25:52Those kinds of moments have shown me what's possible.
25:57What we have been calling the nonviolent moment or the nonviolent effect
26:02actually has a physiological component, a physiological pathway.
26:08So let's say that you are threatening me and I do the nonviolent conversion
26:15in my mind or my heart or wherever that goes on.
26:20And I act towards you with respect on the one hand,
26:24but with refusal to comply with your unjust command on the other hand.
26:30I am now in a very different mental state from what you expected.
26:34My mental state is actually being mapped in your brain.
26:38You have in your own brain some cells that control your own muscles,
26:43but that also when you're just watching the actions of others,
26:47fire up as if by watching the actions of other people,
26:50you are seeing your own actions reflected by a mirror.
26:54And what you need to do is to suppress your immediate tendency to react
26:58and to be aggressive yourself.
27:00But if you're able to suppress that into a calm demeanor,
27:04then inevitably you're going to have to induce in the other person
27:08some form of mirroring of your calm demeanor,
27:11which will probably dampen the aggression level of that individual.
27:15I believe that in the Western world we get a lot of things wrong.
27:18We are so focused on the individual.
27:22There is this idea of the self that is detached.
27:24Whereas in Eastern philosophies, there is this notion of connectedness.
27:29And I think that what mirror neurons do when we do interact like this,
27:32I'm no longer Mark, you're no longer Dalai Lama.
27:35We are us in this interaction.
27:38I think that's an important concept to remember, to propagate.
27:42And this could actually increase our potential for empathy.
27:47Wonderful.
27:56Now I usually sort of believe basic human nature is gentleness,
28:03compassionate.
28:05So it seems now you are supporting that.
28:08Oh yeah.
28:09There are disciplines that a person can practice daily
28:15that help you deal with the strong emotions
28:19that are going to come up in a serious conflict.
28:23When you're dealing with your own fear and your own anger,
28:27it's really pretty easy to deal with somebody else's fear and anger
28:32that they're throwing at you.
28:34We come out of the tradition of Dr. Bernard Lafayette
28:37and the leaders of the Nashville Lunch Counter sit-ins,
28:40who trained under the Reverend James Lawson
28:42for months and months and months before they took their first step.
28:45We also come from the tradition of Gandhi, who with his 78 followers,
28:50lived in an ashram and trained and disciplined themselves and strategized
28:54and went through a 15-year process of self-purification
28:57before embarking on the Salt March.
29:00Non-violent people, they don't recognize the necessity of fierce discipline and training
29:06and strategizing and planning and recruiting
29:11and doing the kinds of things that you do to have a movement.
29:17That can't happen spontaneously.
29:19It has to be done systematically.
29:36Most activists have no training in how to wage peace.
29:39Most people have no training in how to wage peace.
29:42Most people are not taught basic peace skills.
29:44And what if people were as well-trained in waging peace as soldiers are in waging war?
29:49And bringing the same level of discipline and strategic thinking
29:53to the mission of peace that the military brings to war.
29:58It ended up with 12 of us.
30:01We got up our courage, did additional non-violence training,
30:05and went down to a people's drug store in Arlington, Virginia.
30:10Sat down at the lunch counter.
30:14It was the most challenging two days of my life.
30:19People came up and spat at us in the face.
30:22People put lit cigarettes down our shirts.
30:26People called us every name in the book.
30:30We would try to respond in a loving, non-violent way,
30:34which was pretty challenging sometimes.
30:37Toward the end of the second day, I was meditating on loving your enemy.
30:44And I heard a guy come up from behind me and he says,
30:47if you don't get out of this door in two seconds,
30:50I'm going to stab this through your heart.
30:53And in his hand was a switchblade,
30:55which by that time was half an inch or so from my heart.
31:00And I had two seconds to decide,
31:02well, do I really believe in non-violence
31:05or is there any other way I should relate to this guy?
31:11And I just looked him in the eyes and I said,
31:15friend, do what you believe is right.
31:18But I'll still try to love you.
31:21I was 20 years old at the time.
31:23And it was kind of miraculous.
31:25This face that was contorted with hatred, his jaw began to drop
31:30and his hand that was shaking like this began to fall and he left the store.
31:35Some friendly media people got us out of there alive across the bridge back into Washington, D.C.
31:41And we literally shook for six days whether we had the courage to go and do it again.
31:47And on the sixth day, we got a phone call that the religious and community leaders had met
31:53and talked with the business leaders and got a commitment that the drug stores and the eating facilities would be
32:01open within 10 days.
32:05Seeing it firsthand, seeing the power of non-violence and feeling we really have the power to make history, to
32:14change history.
32:44We'll see you next time.
32:50Gandhi said, I have not the shadow of a doubt that any human being can do what I've done.
32:55In other words, every one of us can play a role.
32:58My name is Micah.
33:00And my name's Valerie.
33:01We're in seventh grade.
33:03The reason why we are here is because we want a future for our generation.
33:07Our evolutionary mandate is to move into the peaceful cooperation.
33:12Because we see now that we're destroying our own infrastructure, we're destroying the
33:17planet we depend on.
33:20Some would say, like Stephen Hawking, well we need to get off the planet and colonize elsewhere.
33:26And I say to that, if I were on the Galactic Council, I wouldn't give humans another planet
33:31before we clean this act up.
33:37My hope lies in creating something new.
33:42Where I would like to go looks very different from the places that we've been.
33:48I want to move beyond those systems.
33:51I want to actually create something that's aligned with my values.
33:56I want to create something that's aligned with life.
34:00I want to create something that's aligned with respect.
34:03And this balanced sense of well-being for all.
34:12In ancient India, the great sage Shankara had this model of the tapatreya.
34:17That there are three sources of suffering.
34:20From the environment.
34:22From other people.
34:24And finally and most importantly, within ourselves.
34:28So my teacher, Eknath Isra, he kind of turned that around and said, okay, we need to establish
34:33three harmonies then.
34:35Harmony one with the outer world, yes.
34:37Harmony two with other beings.
34:39Most important and actually starting point is the harmony within ourselves.
34:48So to do that first part, we recommend five steps.
34:57Avoid violent media.
35:00We have so many alternatives today.
35:06We need people to get involved in this work, which inspires our communities to understand
35:14that there are effective ways of dealing with conflicts.
35:20Take up a spiritual practice.
35:31Try to relate personally wherever you can.
35:37And from there, that harmonic energy can be radiated out into our relationship with other
35:44people.
35:45And then finally to the whole world.
35:51We're on the river with a couple hundred kayakers who have staged in front of the Fenneca.
35:57That's an ice breaking ship for Shell Oil.
35:59It's behind that tarp.
36:00Now these folks here today, very lively, chanting climate justice shall know we won't go.
36:06And they have banners also saying, save the Arctic and other sentiments.
36:10We shall overcome.
36:12We shall overcome.
36:13Every time I think it's going to take much longer.
36:15We shall overcome.
36:18Every time I question them, I'm getting stronger.
36:20We have just begun.
36:23We're going to make a change.
36:24We've got to push much farther.
36:25We shall overcome.
36:28We shall overcome.
36:31Avoid commercial media.
36:35Learn about non-violence by reading about its rich history and taking a training.
36:41Take up a spiritual practice such as meditation.
36:46Find a personal connection with people around you.
36:50Find where your special skills meet the world's urgent needs and find a project to work on.
36:57We're in a time where it is no longer us versus them, but it's all of us are none.
37:01And everyone has something to contribute.
37:04So identifying what people want to give, be it time, money, ideas, other things, is a
37:11way that we can build how wide a non-violent movement can be.
37:23Non-violence can be practiced individually in our day-to-day interactions, but don't stop
37:30there.
37:30There are all these institutions that put non-violence into the picture.
37:35In the country, we have restorative justice in schools and in prisons.
37:39It's a way for someone to take accountability and be brought back into the community so that
37:46they can repair the harm that has been done.
37:48They're able to sit down with the people that had been harmed and somebody to kind of mediate
37:54that conversation.
37:57And everybody can come to some sort of middle ground.
38:00I use a lot of I statements.
38:02I try not to point the finger and say, you're doing this, or you make me feel a certain way.
38:07I try and say, I see it as, or I feel that it could go this way.
38:14It's really trying not to point the finger and make somebody feel cornered, because that's
38:19how conflict starts.
38:23Internationally even, we have civilian peacekeeping.
38:28Thanks to the work of Nonviolent Peace Force and some other groups like Meta Peace Teams and
38:34Christian Peacemaker Teams, Peace Brigades International.
38:37The United Nations is actually starting to take a serious look at unarmed civilian peacekeeping.
38:45Mel Duncan, I represent Nonviolent Peace Force U.S.
38:50We are here today to urge you to include unarmed civilian protection as a recommended activity
38:57within the state foreign operations and related programs budget for 2020, including in the
39:05following programs, Women, Peace and Security, Transition Initiatives, the Office of Reconciliation
39:13in South Sudan.
39:18The more that we apply nonviolence and the more that we use unarmed civilian protection
39:22in areas of violent conflict, the more that we see behavioral change, where decisions
39:28made at the interpersonal, at the inter- and intra-communal level, local governance levels
39:34and moving on up to larger decision making, start taking on the characteristics of nonviolence
39:40and characteristics of constructive change rather than destructive change.
39:48I request respectfully that we have a hearing in this committee where we bring the Attorney General
39:55people before us to tell us what we are doing with these camps on the southern border.
40:00We have to think big.
40:01Sojourner Truth didn't think small.
40:03Martin Luther King didn't.
40:04Gandhi didn't.
40:04They had big, bold ideas.
40:10I want our young people to not get cynical about having big, bold ideas and to really be willing
40:17to fight with love.
40:19We are united.
40:20We are called the United States of America for that reason.
40:23Together we are whole.
40:24Together we are one.
40:26Look to your left.
40:27Look to your right.
40:28Brothers and sisters is what I see.
40:30It's actually patriotic to fight for peace and to demilitarize, denuclearize,
40:37and to think about national security as economic security, domestic security,
40:43peace and justice.
40:44I mean these are not, they're not separated concepts.
40:49Governments have spent billions and billions of dollars
40:52getting violent science right in the past 400 years.
40:56And I think that it's time that we invest some time and energy into alternatives.
41:10We actually don't have 100 years to figure this out.
41:14We don't have that luxury of time.
41:15We have actually things on our plate in this moment on earth, like the climate crisis.
41:23That is a ticking clock on those of us who would like to see non-violence
41:29make some significant changes in this world.
41:34So what are we waiting for?
41:44Over the last book.
41:57You may be watching theaborate elections.
41:58Sometimes full time out the middle of our interactions in the morning when 120 meters
41:58are on a plane.
41:58You have to wait this time print out.
42:06Answeringcrizy!
42:07Check out!
42:07Don't take it!
42:08Dave!
42:12Make some money!
42:29I and some others are beginning to believe that not only is nonviolence a natural endowment
42:36for the human being, it is the defining endowment of the human being.
43:08I and some others are beginning to believe that not only is nonviolence a natural endowment for the human being,
43:36it is the defining endowment for the human being.
43:40A and some others are ligated, if you have unafructuring the human being.
43:41I and some others are beginning to believe that not only is nonviolence a natural endowment for the human being,
44:06it is the defining endowment for the human being.
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