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00:00:20On March 22nd, 1933, a mere 51 days after Hitler became Chancellor and a full six years prior to
00:00:28the start of World War II, Dachau concentration camp opened its gates and closed them forever
00:00:35on those who lost their lives there. It was the first in a system that would explode by the end
00:00:41of the war to include more than 1,500 camps and would be responsible for the unprecedented
00:00:47annihilation of six million Jewish men, women, and children. But the depth of bigotry and hatred
00:00:54perpetrated by the Nazi regime went even deeper. An additional five million individuals targeted
00:01:01for their race, religion, sexuality, physical and mental disability, and political and moral
00:01:08beliefs were also murdered systematically in the death and labor camps throughout Germany
00:01:13and the occupied territories.
00:01:17Because, see, I was Polish. And they were Nazi, you know. And if you don't watch, watch it. They'll kill
00:01:29you.
00:01:31I was a breach birth. And during this procedure, my right hip became defective. Now I had two strikes
00:01:42against me, born to Jehovah's Witnesses, which were under ban by Hitler. And I also had a physical defect.
00:01:56The thing that, as a child, that I remember the most is suffering of all the people, hunger, disease,
00:02:08and being stripped of everything, everything in our life, being homeless, not knowing where to go. It was difficult.
00:02:20But they took me my name and they took me the number to tattoo me. I have to not be
00:02:28ashamed of it.
00:02:47I have to be ashamed of it.
00:02:58The opening of Dachau was celebrated in the German media.
00:03:03Although officials described Dachau as the first concentration camp for political prisoners who opposed Hitler's rise to power,
00:03:11the long-term Nazi agenda was chillingly foreshadowed in the development of a classification chart designed to organize prisoners
00:03:19according to their perceived offenses.
00:03:22The Red Triangle was worn by political prisoners, including Social Democrats, Communists, foreigners in occupied territories, and POWs.
00:03:34Over three million Soviet POWs, separate from the 11 million civilians who perished,
00:03:40were marked with an inverted red triangle and executed in the camps.
00:03:45Over 30 nationalities were ultimately imprisoned.
00:03:48A letter identifying the various ethnic groups was stitched into the center.
00:03:53Three million Polish citizens, marked with the letter P, met their deaths in the camps.
00:03:58Victims of Hitler's chilling decree to his generals to kill, without pity or mercy,
00:04:04all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language.
00:04:14That's where the Germans came.
00:04:18We kids were playing on the street or somewhere by the house.
00:04:23And they picked us up, put us on a truck, and then freight train, and took us to Germany.
00:04:30That's where I ended up in South Brooklyn.
00:04:35And later, I heard that they killed my father, mother, and a brother.
00:04:42The workers had to wear overalls, and they had a tag on there with the country they were from.
00:04:52Like, we had, my father, mother, and older sisters wore the OST, the East Slavic countries.
00:05:05And then they had P for Polish people, F for French, and different criminals, even had criminals there.
00:05:15The green triangle was worn by habitual criminals, many of whom served as inmate trustees,
00:05:22who were used as enforcers by the SS guards in the camps in exchange for favorable treatment.
00:05:29The blue triangle was reserved for foreign forced laborers and German emigrants,
00:05:34who had committed a betrayal to the fatherland by choosing to live abroad.
00:05:39In 1935, the Reich Ministry of the Interior issued a warrant for emigrants to be arrested and sent to Dachau.
00:05:47The purple triangle marked the Jehovah's Witnesses, also known as Bible scholars.
00:05:53Outspoken in their belief that ultimate authority lies only with God, their Creator,
00:05:58and committed to nonviolence, they were targeted for their refusal to participate in the ideology of Hitler,
00:06:05or serve in the military.
00:06:08And Jehovah's Witnesses do not look upon people as saviors,
00:06:14but only to our Creator and His Son, Jesus Christ.
00:06:21And so the battle lines were drawn between the Hitler regime and Jehovah's Witnesses.
00:06:29We could not go along with the ideology like the Hitler salute, which meant Heil Hitler,
00:06:37meaning that salvation only could come from Hitler.
00:06:43And we know that salvation only can come through Jesus Christ, from our Creator.
00:06:51And so therefore, we were persecuted.
00:06:56The pink triangle was worn by homosexual men.
00:07:00Often regarded with disdain by even their fellow prisoners,
00:07:03gays could not risk making contact with each other, leaving them vulnerable and without the support of a social network.
00:07:11They were severely beaten and tortured by the guards, and often sexually abused.
00:07:17Due to this harsh treatment, the death rate for homosexuals in the camps stood at 60% overall.
00:07:24And most died early during their imprisonment.
00:07:29The Black Triangle was reserved for people the Nazis deemed asocial.
00:07:34It was primarily used to justify the incarceration and eventual execution of an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 Roma
00:07:43and Sinti, also known as Gypsies.
00:07:46Considered vagrants, beggars, prostitutes, and a plague threatening the purity of the German race,
00:07:52they were condemned to sterilization, ostracization from society, and ultimately imprisonment and death.
00:08:01By order of the Reichsfuhrer SS and Chief of German Police,
00:08:06the work-shy and notably anti-social gypsies or half-breed gypsies in Bergenland
00:08:11are to be placed in police preventive custody at once.
00:08:16Wives and other female relatives of gypsies and half-breeds are also to be placed in preventive custody.
00:08:22Drawing from previous experience, it is feared that they will otherwise become criminals,
00:08:27or prostitutes, and thereby endanger the community.
00:08:43My father, Karl Horvath Wacker, was 1941 from the Gestapo from the Gestapo,
00:08:52without warning, and came to the Rosauerland.
00:08:57From there he was sent to Dachau to Dachau.
00:09:17But Hitler's campaign of death extended beyond the chart.
00:09:21His goals included the cleansing of the German people of imperfect specimen in order to create a master race.
00:09:28Starting in 1939, in hospitals and mental institutes across Germany,
00:09:34thousands of individuals were being sterilized and quietly executed
00:09:38for physical and mental disabilities under the Aktion T4 Euthanasia Program.
00:09:44Although this program was officially halted in 1941,
00:09:48it continued unofficially until the end of 1945.
00:09:53During this time, at least 200,000 people lost their lives by lethal injection,
00:09:59starvation, or in the gas chamber.
00:10:05My mother could not have the normal prenatal care,
00:10:09because she used Jewish doctors, which disappeared.
00:10:16And so we only had a midwife, and that's why I was, when we had that breech birth, I had
00:10:24that defect.
00:10:25As we were ordered to come in front of the department, which was called the
00:10:31Kribbelfürsorge, meaning the Kribbel Department.
00:10:37We again were ordered to come to a hospital nearby Heidelberg in Schlierbach.
00:10:47And we were, or I was now examined by the Nazi doctors.
00:10:54And during that examination, the doctors said,
00:10:58Oh, my mother was sitting outside in the hallway.
00:11:02She could overhear the conversation.
00:11:05Oh, after lunch, we give him a needle and put him away.
00:11:09In German,
00:11:11Ach, nach dem Essen,
00:11:13give him eine Spritze.
00:11:16To such effect.
00:11:18Of course, that did not go over very good with my mom,
00:11:25because she was like a tiger.
00:11:29And you know what tigers do when their young ones are in danger?
00:11:33They grab them and put them in a safe place.
00:11:35Well, that's what my mom did.
00:11:40As dark naked as I was, when they went to lunch,
00:11:44she took me out of there, wanted to go out.
00:11:48And there was that nun, because now, you see, in Germany,
00:11:55all the hospitals now were, nuns were used as orderlies and so on.
00:12:02And there was that orderly on the exit.
00:12:06And she said, I can't let you go.
00:12:09And then my mom said, look, you don't know me,
00:12:14and you don't want to get to know me.
00:12:17And so while she went for help,
00:12:20we went outside, down to the Nager River,
00:12:22into the high reeds she put my clothes on,
00:12:25and then we took the dram and went back to Mannheim.
00:12:29Hitler's plans for Nazi superiority included dominion over their neighbors.
00:12:34And in September of 1939, tensions over Poland exploded into war.
00:12:41In disregard of her own pledged word,
00:12:44in disregard of the world's opinion,
00:12:46on the 1st of September, 1939, they attacked the Polish state.
00:12:50Here, Germany, in her first armed aggression,
00:12:54began the war, began the death,
00:12:57began the pain that was to end on her own soil.
00:12:59The Polish people who saw their children die,
00:13:03their cities destroyed,
00:13:05their men killed or carried into captivity,
00:13:07the Polish people will not forget.
00:13:10As Nazi troops swept through Poland and across Europe,
00:13:14they carried with them the horrors of Hitler's final solution
00:13:17for the Jewish people,
00:13:18as well as the noxious policies embodied by the Dachau chart
00:13:23and Hitler's T4 program.
00:13:27What became millions began with individuals,
00:13:31each targeted specifically,
00:13:33each story uniquely theirs.
00:13:37Pastor Martin Niemöller speaks out against the Nazi party.
00:13:42He is arrested and sent first to Sachsenhausen
00:13:44before being transferred to Dachau concentration camp.
00:13:51Theresia Seibel, a Sinti woman,
00:13:53is forcibly sterilized after the birth of her twins,
00:13:56Rita and Rolanda,
00:13:58who were subjected to Nazi medical experimentation.
00:14:01Rolanda dies from the procedures.
00:14:07Willem Arandois, the leader of a gay resistance group,
00:14:11tried to protect the identities of targeted individuals
00:14:14by bombing the Amsterdam Population Register
00:14:17in an effort to destroy the Nazi records.
00:14:20He is later executed.
00:14:24Work and death camps were soon overrun
00:14:27with prisoners facing daily executions,
00:14:29torture and starvation.
00:14:32The trains never stopped running.
00:14:35The dead were replaced every day.
00:14:42My name is Veronica Young,
00:14:44and I was born in Poland.
00:14:49I cannot tell you city now or town
00:14:53or wherever it is.
00:14:55I forgot.
00:14:56It was eleven of us,
00:14:59but seven died, only four left.
00:15:04And they took, my father was a tailor,
00:15:08and the communists took everything from him
00:15:12and sent him to Siberia
00:15:15and put us in orphanage.
00:15:17It was a very, very good orphanage.
00:15:21I was eight years there.
00:15:24Very good orphanage.
00:15:25I was telling my husband that they were so good.
00:15:31They watched the boys.
00:15:33They're not supposed to touch the girls.
00:15:36They're not supposed to come close to the girls.
00:15:39But we worked on the field, in the kitchen,
00:15:44without cleaning, without, and play sports.
00:15:49I played soccer or football, swim.
00:15:54I had all kinds of medals when they took away from me,
00:15:58when they took me to concentration camp.
00:16:00We came on a train,
00:16:04and there was thousands and thousands,
00:16:07young and old, all kinds.
00:16:10I was in Suburban concentration camp.
00:16:16Four years.
00:16:19They rounded up people in towns and villages
00:16:23and took them with them
00:16:24because they wanted to,
00:16:26kept replacing people in Germany in the work field
00:16:30because all their German men were in the armies.
00:16:33So they had to,
00:16:35so they had to replenish the workers.
00:16:40And as they rounded up the villages,
00:16:42they took men and women and children, families.
00:16:45And then we marched from our area to the Polish border,
00:16:51which was like my older sister said,
00:16:54about 350 miles on foot.
00:16:56And then we were put on the trains.
00:17:01And onward to a destiny we did not know.
00:17:05Well, everybody got off,
00:17:07and we were all kind of herded to,
00:17:10and tagged, you know,
00:17:14and given orders to go wherever they want us to go.
00:17:18And we were put in, and we arrived,
00:17:21they put us on a train to go to Bubbekin,
00:17:26and there they put us in barracks,
00:17:32and there were quite a few people there already.
00:17:34And we were in a barracks that were family barracks.
00:17:39They had various barracks,
00:17:40just for the men and for the women,
00:17:43and then families, you know, like single people.
00:17:46And so we were put into a barracks of families,
00:17:51and very, very tightly together.
00:17:55I mean, the beds were all together,
00:17:56and no room, you know,
00:17:58it was like not a hotel or anything.
00:18:00And that's where we ended up.
00:18:06And we stayed in Bubbekin almost over a year and a half.
00:18:11Well, the train was just standing there.
00:18:15And of course, from the wagons,
00:18:17of course, of course, the legs,
00:18:19which we took off from the Rosauerland.
00:18:22The old women,
00:18:24who had about 70, 80 kg,
00:18:27had suddenly only more than 40 kg.
00:18:29And there was a skin, right?
00:18:31The legs were hidden underneath the legs.
00:18:34There were also,
00:18:36during the trip to Auschwitz,
00:18:39children,
00:18:40also,
00:18:41children.
00:18:42And these children
00:18:43have the old women
00:18:45from the Rosauerlande
00:18:47and the new死亡者
00:18:50also,
00:18:50the only死亡者
00:18:51of all,
00:18:53and have them
00:18:54just before the door,
00:18:55when it opened,
00:18:56from outside the door,
00:18:57there hingestaffled.
00:19:00And as the door
00:19:02finally from outside
00:19:03opened up,
00:19:05and we had still
00:19:07a dream
00:19:08that our vehicle,
00:19:11also this wagon,
00:19:13on the ground,
00:19:14on the floor,
00:19:15on the floor,
00:19:16on the floor,
00:19:17on the floor,
00:19:18and there were all the children
00:19:20down,
00:19:21and even deeper,
00:19:22in the cave.
00:19:24And the young woman
00:19:26wanted to go down,
00:19:27she had to go down,
00:19:30and she had to go down,
00:19:30and the child came,
00:19:33and the child was dead,
00:19:34and she fell down,
00:19:37and the SS was very fast,
00:19:41because young boys
00:19:42were standing up,
00:19:43to help,
00:19:45and the children
00:19:46who were dead,
00:19:49but they wanted to help,
00:19:51and they wanted to help,
00:19:54and they killed themselves.
00:19:55And they told us,
00:19:57and they told us,
00:19:57and that you know where you are,
00:19:59you pigs,
00:20:00you pigs,
00:20:01here will already
00:20:01laugh.
00:20:03None of a people laughed,
00:20:05we had no reason to laugh.
00:20:08Of course,
00:20:09there were French people,
00:20:11and from Kosovo,
00:20:13and from Poland,
00:20:15and from Tschechien.
00:20:18In Auschwitz,
00:20:20there were the whole world at home.
00:20:22There were,
00:20:23there were,
00:20:24there were people there.
00:20:25From the whole earth,
00:20:27there were people there.
00:20:30Starvation and sickness
00:20:32ran rampant through the camps,
00:20:34where daily life
00:20:35was a struggle to survive.
00:20:40Horrible.
00:20:41Horrible.
00:20:43Just horrible.
00:20:44That's all I can remember.
00:20:47You know,
00:20:47I was young,
00:20:49and a lot of things,
00:20:50I didn't understand
00:20:51what's going on.
00:20:55But I remember,
00:20:56we had no food.
00:20:58I did not have a,
00:21:00a child's life,
00:21:03for the first ten years of my life.
00:21:05It was like all crises,
00:21:09of war,
00:21:10of hunger,
00:21:11of losing my mother,
00:21:13and starvation,
00:21:15a slow starvation.
00:21:17And,
00:21:17and the children,
00:21:18I mean,
00:21:19we did not,
00:21:19we did not have fun playing.
00:21:21We were all suffering.
00:21:23suffering.
00:21:24We were suffering from,
00:21:25lice bites,
00:21:27and worms,
00:21:28and hunger.
00:21:29And so,
00:21:30that was about the,
00:21:32um,
00:21:33that was our,
00:21:33that,
00:21:34that was,
00:21:34that was our life,
00:21:35as a little child.
00:21:36And,
00:21:37I never knew,
00:21:39that it had in,
00:21:41such a deep,
00:21:42traumatic effect on me,
00:21:43until I,
00:21:44was away from it.
00:21:46Well,
00:21:47I remember,
00:21:48um,
00:21:49sick people,
00:21:50and,
00:21:50and,
00:21:51people,
00:21:52you know,
00:21:53every day somebody died,
00:21:54in the,
00:21:54in the camp.
00:21:56And,
00:21:56um,
00:21:58from,
00:21:58from hunger and disease,
00:21:59because,
00:22:00uh,
00:22:01what they would do,
00:22:02is,
00:22:03if they saw someone,
00:22:04that was not workable anymore,
00:22:07they would,
00:22:08uh,
00:22:08come and remove,
00:22:09you in the night.
00:22:11If you were a really sick person,
00:22:13um,
00:22:14we would,
00:22:14my sisters and I,
00:22:16used to lay in bed,
00:22:17and if we heard the,
00:22:18German motors go by,
00:22:21we'd say,
00:22:21oh, please don't let us stop at our barracks,
00:22:23don't let them stop at our barracks,
00:22:25because we never knew.
00:22:26And they did everything in the night,
00:22:27so that nobody,
00:22:29um,
00:22:29you know,
00:22:30tort,
00:22:30you know,
00:22:31scare us like that.
00:22:32And,
00:22:33um,
00:22:34so,
00:22:35um,
00:22:36they removed people,
00:22:37sick people,
00:22:37and I remember seeing,
00:22:39uh,
00:22:39little children,
00:22:41uh,
00:22:41that were,
00:22:42that had died,
00:22:43worms coming out of their noses,
00:22:45and bodies,
00:22:46you know,
00:22:46and lice covered up,
00:22:47and we were all,
00:22:49over a period of time,
00:22:51we were infested with lice,
00:22:53and I had,
00:22:54I had lots of worms,
00:22:56and,
00:22:56um,
00:22:57my little baby brother as well.
00:22:58When people were sick,
00:23:02they didn't care what is what,
00:23:04they killed them,
00:23:05or shot them,
00:23:07one or the other,
00:23:08I don't know.
00:23:09I seen it,
00:23:12and it was really horrible thing to see it.
00:23:19Scared to death.
00:23:24There are only those who had a corn Dog loose,
00:23:26however,
00:23:27as the little 다음 team came his nose,
00:23:30as our base was raised,
00:23:32of course for about two months.
00:23:4330 years,
00:23:44as the summer team come in my house,
00:23:45so we believed,
00:23:46made it very thickly,
00:23:47very thickly thin loose boxes.
00:23:50My little brother was weak, had Tiffus, Bauch-Tiffus, Kopf-Tiffus,
00:23:55and all the diseases he received.
00:23:58He came then in the死-to-all, and we couldn't visit him.
00:24:05My mother always pushed me into it.
00:24:08It was no matter whether it was a child from the Capo or two people,
00:24:13she took it in the car.
00:24:14She became also terry.
00:24:19My little brother was right up there on the car.
00:24:24Neben him were the other cousins, very sick and full of scents.
00:24:32He was so weak.
00:24:35My mother said to me, if you want to see him, you have to go now.
00:24:40Look, don't see anyone, you are the only one.
00:24:44You walk over.
00:24:45When it rained, the earth is deeper.
00:24:50And some places higher.
00:24:52And I did it.
00:24:55And I called my little brother, and I called my little brother, and he said, I'm here, I'm here.
00:25:01And then I climbed up and we didn't see each other, and we didn't see each other, but when we
00:25:09heard, we heard each other, and the others said, you have to be even louder.
00:25:14And I said, I'll never come back home.
00:25:19I'll never come back home.
00:25:28But don't forget me.
00:25:36Those who survived were subject to harsh physical labor under inhumane conditions.
00:25:42Toiling at everything from mining to making uniforms, a complete disregard for human life made replacing workers easy.
00:25:51Fresh prisoners were brought into her place dead and dying.
00:25:55With over 2,000 German companies profiting from the slave labor workforce.
00:26:02The Slavs are to work for us.
00:26:05And so far as we do not need them, they may die.
00:26:09Every day, at 4 a.m., the siren would go off.
00:26:13This is to wake everyone up.
00:26:16And then they would have roll call at 6 a.m.
00:26:21This is when the parents would be set up to and taken to their various work areas.
00:26:27But from 4 to 6, we had breakfast.
00:26:31And that was only a piece of bread, like three-ounce piece of bread for everyone in my family.
00:26:37And black coffee for my parents.
00:26:41I think my little baby brother got a cup of milk for the whole day.
00:26:45That was his entire portion of milk.
00:26:49And the rest of the time, mother would try to mix it with water so that he would have a
00:26:54little more, you know, to drink.
00:26:57And they went to work 11, 12 hours.
00:27:01We were left with strangers there in the barracks.
00:27:06And we waited.
00:27:08We waited for our parents every day for them to return.
00:27:12And it always made me feel afraid to have my parents leave every day.
00:27:18And I think the thing that bothered me the most was being hungry all the time.
00:27:27I never got satisfied with food.
00:27:32And it was like a slow starvation of two years of slow starvation.
00:27:37And I used to dream about food, and I couldn't eat it in my dream.
00:27:44But it was very torturous to be hungry and to go without food for two years, almost two years, two
00:27:51and a half years.
00:27:53My father would always, and mother would always, save a piece of their bread.
00:27:57So when they came home from work, and they would always hand us a little piece of bread.
00:28:03They could not eat the whole thing because they knew we would be hungry and crying for food.
00:28:09And I remember that about my parents.
00:28:13They always shared their food.
00:28:16When I got there, I was working on a factory.
00:28:22It's a, I forgot what kind of factory it was.
00:28:26But anyway, making things.
00:28:30And then the big shot found out that I can sew.
00:28:36While they saw me, I saw when I was sitting on a window in a room, and I was sewing.
00:28:46And he came and punched me on the back.
00:28:50I was scared to death.
00:28:53And he said, come here.
00:28:56So I went there.
00:28:58He said, you can sew.
00:29:01I said, yes.
00:29:04And he gave me a big bulk of material in the machine, in the padden.
00:29:11He said, make uniforms.
00:29:15And that's what I was doing.
00:29:17Well, we couldn't interrupt too much.
00:29:21Because that's all we did, work.
00:29:24And when we got in a room, we couldn't even talk to one another.
00:29:30There's always somebody in the hallway watching you and listening to you.
00:29:36So we couldn't interrupt too much or say anything too much.
00:29:44We were then, as we were saying, we came to Ravensbrück in a women's house.
00:29:52And they were worse than the men in Auschwitz, these women, these women.
00:30:04And as we arrived, our car was in the woods, also stayed in the woods.
00:30:11And the flowers were in the wagon.
00:30:15And my mother said, there must be water.
00:30:18Look, wherever there is water, then you can drink.
00:30:23But there was no water.
00:30:25Draußen stood the SS, Binz and Rabel and some of them, who I don't know the name.
00:30:33And they closed us through a small door, where left and right was a caravan, where people were already in
00:30:42the room.
00:30:43They couldn't get out of the room.
00:30:46It was a campfire.
00:30:48And so we marched through a couple of times.
00:30:54They brought us in a caravan.
00:30:57It took about a half a minute.
00:30:59And they told us, we should go to the mouth.
00:31:05And one said, today go to the house.
00:31:08We were very many, so we were taken away from, to be sterilized.
00:31:14We waited for a hour, there was no one out.
00:31:17Suddenly the man came from there out.
00:31:22And it was very bad.
00:31:25What happened now?
00:31:27And he said, we went to the house, or not?
00:31:31And he said, the wind is falling out.
00:31:36You come to the house again.
00:31:38You don't have any fear.
00:31:40How do I have any fear, if all the others are dead?
00:31:45Where the blood of the nose, of the nose, of the neck, of the neck, of the neck, of the
00:31:49neck, will I not speak?
00:31:50I said to say that the traces of blood of the neck that were still on the back of the
00:31:55neck.
00:31:57The children are sterilized.
00:32:05for those inside the camp the war raging beyond the walls was far removed from their daily plight
00:32:11of suffering and sickness but for those outside trying to survive and evade arrest
00:32:17every day was filled with terror and brushes with death
00:32:23in 1943 we were bombed out by the allies and since manheim was bombed out to 80 percent
00:32:34with incendiary devices with phosphobombs we were the only ones in the house which were in
00:32:41downstairs in the in the basement because my parents didn't want to go to the bunker which
00:32:48was only about five houses away because they were looked after them after them because they
00:32:54were jehovah's witnesses so now they came in they bombed our house and we were sitting in the basement
00:33:08and of course phosphor is very dangerous to the point if it's a jelly-like liquid and if it
00:33:18is ignited it takes away the oxygen and you suffocate you have to realize as a child
00:33:28you hear the roar of those four mud bombers and it is a sound like
00:33:38boom and you hear the sirens going off and you know they dropped leaflets before a day before
00:33:48they're coming and bombing your town that something will happen and everyone is talking about it and
00:33:56you as a child you overheard the conversations that put something into you the fear and so
00:34:05so that night when we were bombed out you could hear the roar of those four mud bombers coming
00:34:17and the next thing you hear were the bombs and they were like and if you heard the explosion you
00:34:26were
00:34:26fortunate if you did not hear the explosion you were dead my father did not vote for hitler in 1933
00:34:36the
00:34:37whole town came in front of his heart who lives in this house a traitor and a spy and if
00:34:45they would
00:34:46found him that day they would have lynched him and so he knew that jehovah's witnesses were now in great
00:34:55danger also a neighbor of his mr book which was one of jehovah's witnesses he was arrested a little bit
00:35:09later on and sent to buchenwald concentration camp from the 25 000 jehovah's witnesses
00:35:17about 10 000 were incarcerated
00:35:21due to the maltreatment and so on about 2 000 lost their lives
00:35:29yet at the same time they could get out of the concentration camps could get out of prison just by
00:35:37signing a piece of paper which said i'm no longer one of jehovah's witnesses i will support the nazi
00:35:46regime etc etc sign it and they would have been able to go out but only a few of those
00:35:552000 did
00:35:59headless persecution along religious lines was not limited to any one faith
00:36:04in article 24 of the party's program the nazis propagated liberty for all religious denominations
00:36:11in the state so far as they are not a danger to the moral feelings of the german race
00:36:18clergy who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the fuhrer
00:36:21or spoke out in protest were arrested and sent to the concentration camps
00:36:26by 1941 2762 christian clergy had been consolidated in dachau where over 1 000 of them ultimately lost their lives
00:36:40in 1941 due to vatican intervention priests were allowed a place of worship in one of their barracks
00:36:47it wasn't the only special allowance offered to prisoners several camps also included prison bands
00:36:53but often such allowances came with a more sinister agenda
00:37:03on 29 july 1937 renowned musician wilhelm heckmann was arrested under paragraph 175 of the criminal code
00:37:12for the crime of homosexuality and imprisoned first in dachau before being transferred
00:37:18to mauthausen concentration camp in austria considered one of the most brutal labor camps
00:37:25in the system he was forced to work in the wiener graben quarry where sick and exhausted men
00:37:31were tortured by guards who forced them to run up the stairs of death carrying large stones
00:37:41in 1940 due to his musical talent wilhelm was allowed to start up a musical group that was used to
00:37:48perform
00:37:48for high-ranking officials while this spared wilhelm from certain death in the quarry his beloved talent
00:37:55was often put to grim use in july of 1942 escaped prisoner hans bonarovitz was led to his execution
00:38:04while wilhelm's band was forced to lead the procession death was a daily occurrence for the prisoners
00:38:10at mauthausen one of the last camps to be liberated by the allied troops i'm lieutenant senior grade jack h
00:38:18taylor u.s navy hollywood california believe it or not this is the first time i've ever been in the
00:38:23movies
00:38:24i've been working overseas in occupied countries in the balkans for 18 months
00:38:31in october 44 i was the first allied officer to drop into austria
00:38:39i was captured december 1st by the gestapo severely beaten
00:38:45even though i was in uniform severely beaten and
00:38:48considered as a non-prisoner of war i was taken to vienna prison where i was held for four months
00:38:56when the russians neared vienna i was taken to this mauthausen concentration logger
00:39:02an extermination camp the worst in germany where we have been starving and and beaten
00:39:12and killed fortunately my turn hadn't come
00:39:20two american officers at least have been executed here here is the insignia of one a u.s naval officer
00:39:27and here is his dog tag here is the army officer executed by gas in this locker
00:39:38uh there were how many ways to react five or six ways by gas by shooting by beating that is
00:39:46beating
00:39:46with clubs uh by exposure that is standing out in the snow naked for 48 hours and having cold water
00:39:57thrown on them thrown on them in the middle of winter starvation dogs and pushing over a hundred foot cliff
00:40:08this this is all true has been seen and is now being recorded
00:40:14you got that uniform you have this uniform uh i came here in uniform but it was taken away from
00:40:20me
00:40:20and this was substituted with my number and usa i have been condemned to death as another american
00:40:29also in this camp but fortunately the 11th armored division has come through and saved us some time
00:40:41on the jagged western front allied forces jab from the north and south against nancy counter thrusts in
00:40:47the middle salient here in the north mud sets the pace for the american ninth army pushing deeper into
00:40:53germany and winter rules the battlefield by the end of 1944 the tides of war were turning the allies
00:41:03advanced cut off supply lines and stretched german resources even thinner in the camps this meant that
00:41:09inhumane conditions grew even more unimaginable the nazis consolidated the prisoners into larger
00:41:16more central camps via rail transport and long death marches many prisoners poorly clothed
00:41:24insufficiently fed and ill never made it to their intended destinations
00:41:30what they get us all together and start walking us to lipstick or lipstick
00:41:38that's where the journey started it i don't know how many months it took it it's about 900 miles isn't
00:41:51it
00:41:52long long long ways and i never forget just turn around one drop dead another got shot another it was
00:42:04just
00:42:04horrible nobody had shoes don't give you any shoes i mean we were like animals you just go and that's
00:42:16it
00:42:17and one time uh it was raining and they put us in a barn with lots of straw and whatever
00:42:26there was
00:42:27and somebody said fire you're talking about scared and boy we got out out there
00:42:36we were running like crazy out there it was hard i tell you when i got to the camp
00:42:50i was nearly dead i had boils all over me i had no hair examine all my on my face
00:43:03and i was there maybe just 15 days i don't know how long but not very long
00:43:12and they didn't know what to do with me now we knew that we were under surveillance and that we
00:43:21had to
00:43:22make a decision a decision was made that we now go to my grandparents mother's side where there was
00:43:30a big house in the valley and a little cabin in the woods there in that cabin in the woods
00:43:37uh how we were now how we were now but then also my grandparents had to leave the big house
00:43:44because
00:43:45so many refugees from the towns came and needed quarters because they were bombed out
00:43:52and so in that little cabin we were about six people at times no running water no electricity
00:44:04the outhouse was about 100 yards away and the well where we can pick up the water was about 200
00:44:13yards away
00:44:15every drop of water which we need needed to be picked up and cooked on a wood stove
00:44:23we only had kerosene lamps or candles and that was it and of course
00:44:30towards the end of the war everything was rationed and everything was in very short supply
00:44:38and so we made the best of it but it was not easy for a young person
00:44:46because i could not go down and play with the other children because questions could be asked
00:44:55who are you where are your parents what are you doing here and so on so we were kind of
00:45:06separated from the rest of the people just to survive yes the winter of 44 it was especially hard it
00:45:16was
00:45:17very cold and of course i did not have new shoes and the shoes had holes
00:45:22and so some of my toes froze they were brown already and my grandma
00:45:32used an old remedy which she received from others of her family
00:45:39she ripped the bedsheet apart in strips rubbed it around my toes put kerosene on
00:45:46and that healed it within two weeks my toes were back normal and of course that was also a very
00:45:57traumatic experience it it was cold i think whenever i get cold i think back to those days
00:46:10before we were shipped to dresden my mother was removed from the camp because she had gotten um she had
00:46:16gotten ill with tb so without us knowing they came and and removed her so we did not know what
00:46:23happened to
00:46:23my mother for um let's see about a year and a half and then also my little brother also came
00:46:32down with tb
00:46:33but then um when we were shipped to dresden it was uh we arrived there on christmas eve of 1944
00:46:41and um
00:46:43we were there in it until february 13th they told us early february that we were going to be shipped
00:46:51to
00:46:52chimneys this time they were so kind and told us that we were going to go to chimneys what they
00:46:58what their
00:46:59plan was to um to um you know to do to kill all the the evidence that they had of
00:47:06these poor people
00:47:07who haven't become so thin and sickly and and so they you know what are you going to do with
00:47:12all these
00:47:12useless bodies that can't work for us anymore you know february 13th the british air force came and bombed
00:47:21dresden two times that night and then the next morning the americans came and bombed dresden again
00:47:27but the first bombings did did dresden in and really burned it up and it was a great inferno and
00:47:36my two older sisters when we talked about that they said they could they can still smell the flesh
00:47:43of the burning flesh of people today when we when we when we talked about our experiences there
00:47:50and um it was i guess it was like choking choking people the fumes and the smoke of the bombs
00:47:59and the fire and
00:48:01everything and um it was a real real chaos black blackout also we're coming nach bergen-pelsen the
00:48:11richtung einmal ansagen bergen-pelsen illigt noch zehn kilometer weg es gibt aber keine hauptstraße wo
00:48:20dieser laster durchfahren kann dann hat es geheißen alles runter von den lastwagen es schneide genau genau gerade
00:48:28frisch und es war kalt und es war düster schon und ja sie haben uns einfach dadurch geschliffen weil es
00:48:38keinen keinen weg mehr für die räder gegeben hat und haltet euch fest ans g-werk haben sie gesagt sonst
00:48:46bleibt
00:48:47sie alle da liegen der nicht gehen konnte wurde sofort erschossen zum glück hat meine mama ihre decke
00:48:54erwischt noch und die die wir auch und so war es auch aber dann haben wir das alles aller erblickt
00:49:02und von
00:49:03der weiten habe ich gesehen zwischen den stacheldraht da schauen mich ja gesichter an die liegen und als wir
00:49:13dann drinnen waren sah ich die viele leichen berge also in diesen abteilen waren zwei große leichen berge
00:49:22der eine könnte so groß wie dieser raum sein geld irrsinnig lang irrsinnig hoch auch so hoch wie dieser also
00:49:33übereinander mit kopf und körper wie x oder y lohn liegende menschen wo ihre haupte schon ab also
00:49:46abgetrennt wand die unten auf der erde lagen und ich und klein burli also dann schon länger drin waren den
00:49:54kopf endlich zu der figur hingebracht haben wo er gefehlt hat also es war nicht nur schöne anblicke aber
00:50:03zum burli gesagt du musst das beste daraus machen weil sonst kommen wir da nie mehr raus
00:50:21das war in europe has ended the hour for which the world has been six years waiting has come
00:50:29unconditionally and finally our german enemy has surrendered to russia to britain and her commonwealth
00:50:34america to the millions who fought with their hearts and souls to the french the dutch the belgians
00:50:41the norwegians and danes to the checks and poles and yugoslavs the greeks to the people of all free
00:50:47nations though the war was over life for the survivors was difficult the world rallied to the aid of many
00:50:55victims but resources were totally overwhelmed many were left to fend for themselves crippled by the loss
00:51:03of their health homes families and communities over the years that followed thousands more would die
00:51:10as a result of what happened to them in the camps the people who were who made it through the
00:51:18fires and
00:51:20the bombings were in in really really very weak state of physical you know and emotionally and the they the
00:51:31americans set up like camps to clean us up we were all so full of vermins and so i remember
00:51:41having my head shaved
00:51:42because i was like i had great big sores in my head from scratching the itching of the lice and
00:51:49so they cleaned up
00:51:58and they uh you know gave us some food to eat and then we were free to go so um
00:52:10for every in that area and my parents i don't know how they decided to go to merfelden but that's
00:52:16we walked to merfelden
00:52:18and uh because of the trains were all wrecked and everything and uh the horses were all burned up the
00:52:23animals the wagons
00:52:25um it was just horrible american troops came
00:52:31and pick up the girls to work and family overseas and there i stood with my hands like that
00:52:39i said please take me too i work for 20 people when i get better
00:52:46and they took me as a pity and they took me i didn't know there were 25 doctors
00:52:54and they took me and put me on the operating room right away
00:53:01and i just healed didn't work for them and then when they left they recommended me to work for american
00:53:10family
00:53:12right after the war my father had heard from some of the survivors in germany that they had some tb
00:53:22um sanatoriums in germany
00:53:25and that some of the people had had ended up in there
00:53:29so my father went looking for my mother in these very and there were like five sanatoriums
00:53:35and she wasn't the last one in the fifth one they so every weekend my father would try to go
00:53:41to a to one of the sanatoriums and um they they found my mother
00:53:48she lived till two years after that and um without any kind of medications or doctor's care or anything
00:53:56it was she just suffered it out and um as a little girl i i i try to do as
00:54:03best i could to take care of her
00:54:05and um i i can remember how hard it was for her uh to breathe and when she coughed she
00:54:13would cough up blood
00:54:14and then she swore up she had edema towards the end of it so she couldn't even get out of
00:54:20bed anymore
00:54:20and um but we were very careful and cautious and she had uh one set of silverware that was only
00:54:30hers
00:54:30and we had to separate that from the rest of us and i had to boil her fork and knife
00:54:36and spoon
00:54:37so that you know it wouldn't be um contaminating the other things so she was all isolated like that with
00:54:45uh that's the best we could do and there was um absolutely no no medicines for her and um i
00:54:52remember those days
00:54:53very uh very well i'll never forget them i remember the day she died and uh she was dying and
00:55:01she
00:55:01asked me to go um and get my aunt who had lived down the road about two miles from us
00:55:08and i ran as fast as i could
00:55:10and of course my aunt came right away and i don't know if mother was dead by the time we
00:55:15got back or not
00:55:16but she wouldn't let me go into the bedroom to see her and we kept her body in our house
00:55:24for a couple days
00:55:24and then the horse and buggy came and we took her to the cemetery
00:55:37also nach den Hochbeppeln der Alliierten uns die uns ein Leben geschenkt haben sind wir natürlich
00:55:46sehr viel zu Fuß gegangen dann hat uns einmal einen kohlenwagenzug mitgenommen oder einer der gerade
00:55:55seine Kartoffeln nach Hause bringt aber wir sind sehr viel zu Fuß gelaufen und es hat ziemlich
00:56:02lang gedauert bis wir endlich nach Linz und Mama hat damals war es hat wieder schwierig begonnen also ich
00:56:11musste auf die Straße gehen um zu betteln und das ist verboten heute in Wien ich habe es aber
00:56:17gemacht ich habe mich nicht geschämt ich bin auch zu den Alliierten gegangen von einer
00:56:23Demokationslinie in die andere und die haben mich reichlich bewirtet und haben mir auch Geld gegeben
00:56:29und wenn ich etwas kaufte dann an Geld Mama hat das gespart hat ein Pferd gekauft einen Wohnwagen
00:56:35gekauft wir sind das erste mal nach Pressbaum gefahren da ist meine Schwester 1947 dann geboren ein
00:56:45Nachkriegskind ja da waren wir aber schon zwei Jahre fast in der Freiheit und das Leben ging
00:56:52bis heute Zug um Zug und so geht es heute noch Zug um Zug
00:56:57das ist heute noch nicht so gut
00:57:00das ist heute noch nicht so gut
00:57:12ich bin
00:57:14ich bin
00:57:14in San Francisco für die letzte Konferenz Session ist
00:57:17Präsident Harry S. Truman
00:57:18er wurde mit Mr. Statinius mit den U.S. Delegaten
00:57:22und den Chiefen von den 49 anderen Delegaten
00:57:26As Mr. Truman arrives, 63 days of concerted international effort are climaxed by the signing of the United Nations Charter.
00:57:35Appearing before the last formal session of the United Nations Conference, President Truman congratulates the 280 delegates and expresses the
00:57:44world's hopes for the new international organization.
00:57:49The Charter of the United Nations, which you are now signing, is a solid structure upon which we can build
00:57:57for a better world.
00:58:00History will honor you for it.
00:58:03Between the victory in Europe and the final victory in Japan, in this most destructive of all wars, you have
00:58:13won a victory against war itself.
00:58:17If we had had this charter a few years ago, and above all the will to use it, millions now
00:58:24dead would be alive.
00:58:27If we should falter in the future, in our will to use it, millions now living will surely die.
00:58:37If we should falter in the future, in our will to use it, millions now living will surely die.
00:58:47The same century that saw the Nazi Holocaust also saw genocides in Cambodia, East Timor, the Sudan, Kosovo, Rwanda, Democratic
00:58:58Republic of Congo, Armenia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina that has claimed the lives of over 5 million men, women, and children.
00:59:08The seeds of hatred and intolerance flourish when our collective eyes are turned away.
00:59:15What do we mean when we say, never again?
00:59:18Memorials are built not only as a testament to the past, but as a challenge to us for the future.
00:59:26Have we kept our promise?
00:59:28What have we learned?
00:59:32You know what I realize in life is that when people go through hardships like that and war zones, those
00:59:40who go through it will never forget.
00:59:41But people who have not gone through it, and they cannot learn from it, because history keeps repeating itself.
00:59:47There's always dictators coming into power, taking over, making, you know, hardships for people.
00:59:53So I don't know how we can make someone who has not gone through it realize how important it was
01:00:02for us to learn a lesson from that.
01:00:04I don't know.
01:00:05I don't see how people can really appreciate learning something from something as horrible and traumatic as wars are, you
01:00:19know.
01:00:20The people who, the people that I have met who have gone through the war, without having to explain to
01:00:28each other we know exactly how it is.
01:00:30But one who has never gone through it, it's hard for them to understand or even be interested in it.
01:00:39But I found out that people really don't learn from history or they don't seem to understand.
01:00:49So therefore, I would like to suggest and treat you, please, make sure when you see something is going on
01:01:01which is not right,
01:01:03stand on the side for what is right, then the side of what is wrong cannot be done.
01:01:11Even though this is sometimes very heavy to do, but it can be done.
01:01:21It made me stronger.
01:01:23I think that's why I live so long.
01:01:26I don't think that other people would live that long.
01:01:29I'm 84.
01:01:31And all the time I get up and go to bed, say, Lord, why I'm here?
01:01:39What purpose I'm here?
01:01:41I can talk to good.
01:01:43I can write to good or read to good.
01:01:48But I'm here to help other people, because American people should know how good they are in America, how blessed
01:02:01they are.
01:02:02So many people don't know how blessed they are.
01:02:06It hurts me so bad.
01:02:10I get so upset when I watch television and people are so stupid.
01:02:17I don't appreciate America.
01:02:37The roots of genocide may be found in ethnic cleansing, religious intolerance, political purges,
01:02:44or simple bigotry against color, sexuality, or gender.
01:02:49As a society, we cannot stand by and allow hatred to flourish.
01:02:54The lessons of history are not always easy to heed.
01:02:59To talk in public, that was my decision to do it, because my friends sent me some emails and things,
01:03:04and I couldn't believe it when I was reading that there were certain groups that said it never happened.
01:03:11World war never happened, or the treatment in world war never happened.
01:03:14And I said, wow, I've got to do something about that.
01:03:19And I said, if even my one little voice can say, yes, it did happen, that Hitler did do it.
01:03:26He was a very diabolical person, darkness, and how one man could do such a thing is unbelievable to me,
01:03:36even after living through that.
01:03:37I don't know how anybody can be so cruel and so hateful.
01:03:43And that's why I really wanted to start telling people about it, because it did happen.
01:04:07I think about those poor people who didn't make it, and I feel so grateful that my life was spared,
01:04:15and my family, some of my family, you know, and that's the reason I want to tell the story.
01:04:25Yes, I started out 15 years ago going to schools, universities, and other institutions, museums, etc.
01:04:37And, of course, that's where I tell my stories.
01:04:40And I believe it's a story which should be told, and especially so that the young people,
01:04:47especially so in this country, see how fortunate they are, what kind of liberties they have,
01:04:54what kind of freedom they have, and how well off they are.
01:05:00When I relate my story, especially so to young people,
01:05:04I would like to bring across that tolerance and conscience is the most important thing in one's life.
01:05:13In order to fight racism and hate, you have to have tolerance.
01:05:20You have to look upon the next person as your human brother and human sister.
01:05:28You have to help him when he is in need, and you have to be tolerant enough to say,
01:05:39because his skin is different than yours, that he is your brother or sister.
01:05:48Because if you cut yourself, what comes out is red.
01:05:52If he cuts himself, it's the same color.
01:05:57So, therefore, you cannot make a distinction.
01:06:02And to do what you have to do is you have to not to persecute anyone which is different than
01:06:14you are.
01:06:16Each and every one is here on this earth for a purpose.
01:06:19And so, therefore, be tolerant, be in a way that you can say to your creator,
01:06:32I have done what I supposed to do.
01:06:37And that's important to me.
01:07:03Because no group, no matter how small,
01:07:06no matter how different,
01:07:08no matter how forgotten,
01:07:10should ever be faced with extermination again.
01:07:19I'm Robert Wagerman.
01:07:21I'm 74 years old.
01:07:24I'm a survivor of the T4 program,
01:07:27and I'm also one of Jehovah's Witnesses.
01:07:33My name is Natalia Orlov-Klauer.
01:07:37I'm 70 years old.
01:07:39I'm Ukrainian and a Holocaust survivor.
01:07:49I'm a survivor of the T4 program,
01:07:52and I'm a survivor of the T4 program.
01:07:52I'm a survivor of the T4 program,
01:07:52from Auschwitz, Ravensbrück and Bergen-Belsen.
01:07:57I've been through and live today, thank God.
01:08:04I'm Veronica Young.
01:08:07I'm 84 years old.
01:08:09I'm Polish,
01:08:10and I'm a Holocaust survivor.
01:08:41I'm a survivor.
01:09:12I'm 34 year old.
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