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Tension reaches a climax in the epic battle between Saracen leader Saladin and England's Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade, with the fate of the holy city hanging in the balance.
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00:13The chosen city.
00:16The holy city.
00:19That's its blessing.
00:21But it also gives it its danger and its ugliness, too.
00:28Because it means that people believe that they must possess it, absolutely.
00:37The Palestinian-Israeli conflict that we are experiencing today,
00:41you've seen it experienced in Jerusalem for thousands of years.
00:47For the Jews, Jerusalem is where Solomon built the holy temple.
00:52For Christians, this is the place where Jesus was crucified.
00:57For Muslims, Jerusalem is where the prophet Muhammad made the night journey.
01:03People are said to have conquered the world.
01:05They've swept through the city.
01:08No other individual changed the landscape in the way that Herod the Great did.
01:15Saladin was determined to take on the Christians and throw them out of Jerusalem.
01:20At a time of Ottoman Islamic rule, the British badly wanted to control the Holy Land.
01:26The main case of the Arabs is against the British government policy in Palestine.
01:35We are the only people in the world homeless and place-less.
01:40For Israelis, the creation of the state of Israel is seen as a miracle.
01:45And of course, for the Palestinians, it's a great disaster.
01:50The history of Jerusalem, a very complicated story.
01:54And if you don't know it in its complexity, it's very hard to understand what's going on there today.
02:02The past is never dead.
02:04And if there is a city in the world to which that applies, it's Jerusalem.
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02:23A CIDADE NO BRASIL
03:09A CIDADE NO BRASIL
03:23A CIDADE NO BRASIL
03:25When the Prophet Muhammad essentially emerged in Mecca, telling his tribesmen that he is a prophet sent from God.
03:37Gradually, he built around himself a group of followers that became stronger and stronger over time.
03:43Until in 629, he was able to conquer Mecca and control most of Western Arabia.
03:51Jerusalem is caught in the middle of these two faiths.
03:55Jerusalem is a holy city for Christians.
03:58This is the place where Jesus died, where he walked the Via Dolorosa.
04:04He was crucified outside of the city.
04:07In many medieval Christian maps, Jerusalem is actually portrayed as being right at the center of the world.
04:14You have Africa to the south, Asia to the north, Europe to the west.
04:18They literally imagined Jerusalem to be the navel of the world.
04:23For Muslims, it's the site of the Prophet's night journey and his ascent to heaven.
04:28From the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Prophet ascended on a horse with wings to heaven, where he
04:35visits with several prophets.
04:36He receives the commandment of how Muslims should pray.
04:40That's just very symbolic and significant for Muslims.
04:44And it showcases how important Jerusalem is to Muslim worship, but also Muslim identity.
04:57Muslim leaders ruled Jerusalem from 638 until the First Crusade in 1099 A.D.
05:06Jerusalem is the focal point of the First Crusade.
05:09The aim is to recover Christ's city from the hands of the Muslims.
05:16And Jerusalem fell in 1099.
05:20And the Crusaders were able to control a huge part of Syria and Palestine, and they established the Kingdom of
05:28Jerusalem.
05:30And essentially, they banned the Muslims from living in the city.
05:38Of course, the Muslims of the region wanted to throw out the Westerners.
05:41And so, this is what prompted the rise of Saladin to take back Jerusalem from the Christians who had taken
05:52it from the Muslims.
05:55Saladin was a Kurd, an ethnic Kurd, who was born in the city of Tikrit.
06:11Saladin was a Kurdish, an ethnic Kurdish, an ethnic Kurdish, an ethnic Kurdish, an ethnic Kurdish, an ethnic Kurdish, an
06:20ethnic Kurdish, an ethnic Kurdish.
06:28He's famous for his generosity.
06:30In fact, his administrators say, we've got to hide money from him.
06:30a parte da sua carreira, lutando contra outros muslims.
06:34Ele dizia, ideally, eu não quero lutar contra você.
06:36Você deveria vir ao meu lado.
06:38Nós precisamos de essa força para tomar os cristãos,
06:41lutar contra os cristãos, lutar contra os cristãos,
06:42e recuperar para o islam.
06:45Mas muitos escolher a guerra.
06:48Então, uma das tensões em Saladin's vida
06:51é a tensão entre dizer que eu sou o herói do sunni-islam,
06:54e o fato de que ele spends muito tempo
06:56a guerra contra os cristãos dos sunni-islam,
06:58em criar esse imperio.
07:02Ele disse ao seu filho depois,
07:05não se acostumou a matar, não se sentem a matar,
07:07não acredito em matar,
07:09porque o sangue nunca dorme.
07:22Ele dizia que ele faz um guerreiro de chão.
07:30Ele era um menudo de trás.
07:31Ele era um general, um guerreiro de chão.
07:33Ele era um guerreiro de chão.
07:34Ele era um guerreiro chamado de chão.
07:37Saladin uses both diplomacy and violence to forge his empire and as he prepares to finally
07:44attack Jerusalem, the Crusader Kingdom is in turmoil.
07:49The politics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem are horrendously complicated.
07:53We have different factions, we have vendettas, we have warring families.
07:57It's a little bit like The Godfather, an episode of Game of Thrones and even an Easter
08:02mast all rolled into one.
08:06And a new ruler has just emerged on the throne, Guy of Lusignan.
08:16Guy of Lusignan comes from a noble family in the west of France, in the Duchy of Aquitaine.
08:22He's a bit of a swashbuckling character, we know he is daring and attractive, good looking.
08:26Here you have this brash, young warrior, but way too inexperienced to be a proper king, becoming
08:36ruler of the entire Kingdom of Jerusalem.
08:40When Saladin amasses his forces in Northern Palestine, King Guy's inexperience is quickly
08:46put to the test.
08:51Saladin was very shrewd in sort of provoking the Christians to come out of the safety of
08:56Jerusalem, to meet them further north.
09:02Guy of Lusignan felt like this was his chance to strike at Saladin's army once and for all.
09:09If he could win, it would be a huge victory, if not, it could be disastrous.
09:18King Guy has rallied his army outside the walls of Jerusalem and marched north.
09:26But while he has less experience than the great Muslim leader, King Guy believes his army is
09:32invincible, as long as they fight beneath the true cross.
09:41When the Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099, they discovered the relic of the true cross.
09:47It's a small piece of wood that people said this is from where Jesus was crucified.
09:55The true cross was supposed to have miracle powers that would give soldiers and anyone who carried that
10:02into battle the power to win over the enemies.
10:11As the Crusaders set out, Saladin is very well prepared.
10:16He has a huge army.
10:18He has a lot of water.
10:19He has a lot of military supplies.
10:21And he also takes the precaution of spoiling the wells that are on the route.
10:26This was July, so very hot in Northern Palestine, very dry.
10:31Saladin ordered his men to burn the dry grass.
10:36And the wind was blowing westward.
10:38So all the smoke and the heat went in the direction of the Crusader army.
10:43Thus causing them to choke, to swelter, to suffer even more.
10:47To add and to compound to the chaos, they're beating their drums really loudly.
11:06Another gun is exposed to Charlie.
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11:09disaster.
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11:10The Republic was destroyed during the prisoners refused to open.
11:11To help him to flee.
11:11How about this in the murders?
11:12And forty-year men of the ambassadors they have ridden.
11:16Through air from war estaba Jonah's to machine-wide.
11:41A CIDADE NO BRASIL
11:51Saladin has King Gi brought before him.
11:55And King Gi, of course, is certain that he's going to be killed.
12:00But Saladin doesn't do that.
12:09Saladin has the true cross.
12:11He says that to him it's a worthless piece of wood.
12:14But he's well aware that it's something that the Christians really want back.
12:18So I don't think you can equate it with any loss of money because it surpasses any money you can
12:24imagine.
12:24So it's vital to have it as a good bargaining tool.
12:28And it will be used in negotiations between Muslims and Crusaders for decades to come.
12:35But Saladin decides to free Guido Lusignan, perhaps signaling to the Crusaders that he is magnanimous and he's someone that
12:42the Crusaders can trust and negotiate with.
12:51Once Saladin has crushed the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, the way to Jerusalem is open.
12:57Saladin waited a few days before he moved into the city because he wanted the symbolism of a specific day.
13:05And that is the 2nd of October, 1187.
13:08It happened to be the anniversary of the Prophet Muhammad's night journey into Jerusalem.
13:13But at the moment that Saladin emerges victorious at the Battle of the Horns of Hattin, anyone living in the
13:19city of Jerusalem must have feared for their lives.
13:21Because throughout the period of the Crusades, there had been a number of sieges, battles, and even mass slaughters.
13:28So there was definitely fear of retribution and that any transfer of the city from one power to the other
13:34would be accompanied by mass bloodshed.
13:37The classic story is the first Crusaders of 1099 burst into the city and they did an astoundingly terrible thing
13:45to the Muslims.
13:46They killed every man, woman, and child in an orgy of destruction.
13:51They beheaded them. They cut their hands off.
13:54They literally rode with their horses deep in blood up their legs.
13:59So it was one of the great crimes of religious fanaticism in all of history.
14:03An unforgivable moment.
14:09But Saladin didn't go in and slaughter all of the Christians who were in there.
14:15He was a noble warrior.
14:17And so he allowed all of the Christians to live.
14:23The Saladin decides that Christians would be allowed to leave on payment of a ransom.
14:28And anyone who can't pay would be enslaved.
14:32But some of the churchmen walk out carrying enormous amounts of sort of valuable objects.
14:37Jeweled objects, precious objects that are clearly worth a lot of money.
14:42Those church leaders were only interested in taking as much as they could carry with them as possible.
14:48And they left the poor in the city as prisoners to Saladin.
14:52And that made Saladin very, very angry.
14:55So Saladin just let them go.
14:58Essentially gave up on collecting any ransom for them.
15:04But Saladin's main priority after finally conquering Jerusalem is to reclaim the Haram al-Sharif with the Al-Aqsa Mosque
15:13at its center.
15:14Now he had to transform the entire Haram back into an Islamic space and repair everything that was damaged in
15:22one way or another by the crusaders or due to crusader use.
15:27The rock upon which the prophet ascended to heaven has been covered with marble and is stripped off.
15:34There's various images of Christian religious figures on the walls.
15:38They're removed or covered.
15:40And most symbolically of all perhaps, there's a big cross on top of where the dome of the rock is.
15:46And people climb up and they pull it down.
15:48You might think the Berlin Wall, a toppling of a statue of Saddam Hussein.
15:52It's a big sign that Islam has recovered Jerusalem.
15:57Saladin, he himself got down on his hands and knees and cleaned the Temple Mount with rose water to purify
16:04it again as an Islamic shrine.
16:10While Saladin focuses on Jerusalem, the crusaders have regrouped under the command of King Guy.
16:19Saladin allowed King Guy to go freely on the condition that he sail across the sea, meaning he goes back
16:24to France from whence he came.
16:27Guy is not so naive.
16:30He recognizes that he still has another card to play.
16:35He goes to this little island about two miles offshore and comes back and says, I've been overseas.
16:41In allowing him to live, Saladin unwittingly allowed King Guy to reconstitute his army.
16:49And King Guy is about to be joined by one of history's most ferocious warriors.
17:00Saladin has finally reclaimed Jerusalem as a Muslim city.
17:05But in focusing all of his attentions on the holy city, he has overlooked a crucial threat.
17:13Saladin didn't kill every Christian in Jerusalem.
17:17He allowed all of the Christians to go back to the port through which they came in.
17:23And the major port city at the time was Akko.
17:28The city of Akko, or modern-day Akko, on the northern coast of present-day Israel,
17:34was an entry point for the maritime trade that flourished across the Mediterranean.
17:39It was the actual economic and political capital of the crusader project in the Middle East.
17:45It was very important for them because the port of Akko is huge.
17:50The city is large.
17:53King Guy has not got many men, but he knows that he has to give them a target, something to
17:58fight for.
17:59And he decides to attack the city of Acre.
18:03If they could capture it, they could defend the coastland and mount a charge on Jerusalem.
18:08Without Acre, they really had very little hope of doing it.
18:13Learning of the attack, Saladin marches the full might of his army to Akko.
18:18But what Saladin is not counting on is European crusaders on ships coming towards him in droves.
18:32With one of those soldiers being one of the most ferocious warriors of all time.
18:47King Richard I of England may very well be the polar opposite of Saladin.
18:55He kills and leaves the dead bodies around so that other people are afraid of him.
19:04He's fearless, he's incredibly energetic, he's efficient, and he's a flamboyant character.
19:12He has the irony of being a bad son, a bad brother, an absent king, but a brilliant military strategist.
19:22Richard was much more a kind of person who would react on the basis of instinct rather than thinking.
19:28This is why he's called Lion-Hearted.
19:31He fights brutally and ruthlessly.
19:35When King Richard arrives in Palestine, there was a very, very powerful figure.
19:42King Guy essentially became a footnote.
19:45Nobody bothered about who he was, what he was doing, because it didn't matter.
19:52Both Saladin and King Richard believe that Jerusalem belongs to their faith.
20:07The Crusades are often remembered with this romantic glow, with all the chivalry and the bravery of all the knights.
20:15But it was the least romantic event of those times.
20:21How do you sell an ugly war?
20:24You have to tell stories of how noble it is.
20:29You tell people the city where Jesus was raised from the dead.
20:34It was being defiled by Muslims.
20:37After the fall of Jerusalem, the people in the West are told that Saladin is the son of Satan.
20:42That struck at the heart of every Christian.
20:45Because they could say, hey, I might not understand economics, and I might not understand politics,
20:51but you start messing with Jesus, and now I'm going to go fight.
20:55The third crusade was carried out mostly by men who had grown up on stories of the first crusade.
21:03They had grown up on these stories of daring and commitment to the cause and service to God,
21:11service that was heroic and larger than life.
21:18And also, if you went on one of these crusades, you could have an indulgence.
21:23And indulgences are something that forgives your sins on earth.
21:26And so for many, this became an important piece of why they went on crusades.
21:31It was like, let's go take back the Holy Land, the land that Jesus walked on,
21:35and secondarily, I can get all of my sins forgiven.
21:41Richard descends on Akko with 8,000 soldiers.
21:47He seizes control of King Yi's army and launches the third crusade.
21:57Richard the Lionheart is an impatient man.
22:01He is not just going to hold a city under siege and wait for the people to starve out.
22:07So what he does is he swings around the backside of the city and busts in.
22:15And by doing this, he's able to drive Saladin's forces out of the city.
22:22Saladin makes a number of desperate efforts to break into Akko to relieve the siege.
22:27He's leading from the front, but he is unable to break through into Akko.
22:44The result of the Battle of Akko is that Richard the Lionheart does something that no one else has been
22:51able to do.
22:52He hands Saladin his first loss at the hands of crusaders.
23:02Saladin is forced to retreat.
23:06And now the crusaders, after almost being wiped out of the Holy Land,
23:11are now reconstituted, re-energized, reinvigorated,
23:15and now they're ready to re-capture Jerusalem.
23:31King Richard has won a crushing victory at the port city of Akko.
23:36And Saladin has no choice but to negotiate a surrender.
23:41Saladin agrees to return the true cross, the crusaders' great talisman, to them.
23:46He will pay an enormous financial sum.
23:49They will release large numbers of prisoners.
23:53And they will also surrender all the arms and ships that they have.
23:57But Saladin wants the Muslims who had been trapped in Akko to be returned to him safely.
24:02We're talking about almost 3,000.
24:07But Saladin is very slow at fulfilling the terms of surrender at Akko.
24:13Richard's army had traveled long and far.
24:15They were tired.
24:16Richard himself realizes that he can't stay in the Holy Land forever.
24:20So by stalling and by not paying the ransom,
24:23Saladin was, in a sense, not just buying time for himself,
24:26but also hoping that some of Richard's armies would simply turn and go home.
24:31Richard realizes that Saladin is prolonging the fulfillment of the terms of the surrender of Akko.
24:37And the longer this goes on, the more suspicious he gets.
24:45He flew into a fit of rage, something that he was known to do.
24:49He took the hostages and he marches them out to a promontory outside of the city of Akko.
24:55And in front of Saladin's eyes, he has them executed in cold blood.
25:00It's a terribly ruthless, brutal thing to do.
25:04It's something that utterly, of course, devastates Saladin, completely catches him unawares.
25:09He tries to rescue the people, but it's too late.
25:14He's devastated.
25:16His secretary said he cries as a mother bereft of his child.
25:21With Richard's merciless message sent, he turns his full attention to Jerusalem.
25:28Richard realized that his best bet to build an attack against Jerusalem is to march further south and try to
25:38take all the coastal cities.
25:39Because in this way, he can block Jerusalem from any kind of serious enforcement from the west.
25:47As Richard the Lionheart and his army moves down the coast, Saladin loses battle after battle after battle.
25:57This is Richard as a great lethal warrior, sort of scattering people in front of him.
26:02For Saladin, it's yet another setback, another humiliation.
26:07You can imagine a man who's used to winning victory after victory, now finding himself losing.
26:14And not only losing, but losing to this small ragtag army of crusaders.
26:21The best thing he can do is to retreat to safe ground and guard his most cherished possessions.
26:26And that's the city of Jerusalem.
26:30The crusade is all about recovering Jerusalem.
26:32But what really worries Richard is when you capture Jerusalem, what do you do with it?
26:38One of the challenges that Richard and his army faced was the fact that Jerusalem had these big defensive walls.
26:44And the only way to get through it was to attack it with their siege engines.
26:48It worked at Acre, but if they destroy the walls of Jerusalem, who's going to defend it?
26:53Richard recognizes that it may not be in the best interest to simply bust through the gates and tear down
26:59the city walls.
27:03So Richard surprises Saladin by wielding a new weapon, diplomacy.
27:11Richard sent a message to Saladin to ask him to surrender Jerusalem.
27:18And Saladin obviously refused.
27:22And in their correspondence, they're each making that claim to one another,
27:25citing their scriptures, explaining why the city of Jerusalem is so deeply important to each side.
27:32But it's a great example of how important the city is symbolically, physically, and emotionally to Christians and to Muslims.
27:41And their negotiations are some of the most fascinating negotiations that take place
27:46because they're exactly like a modern peace negotiations between the Israelis and the Palestinians, for example.
27:55They say, essentially, you think Jerusalem's yours, and we think Jerusalem's ours.
28:03Saladin declines to meet Richard in person.
28:05He says it's not proper that leaders should meet, and if we don't make an agreement, we may then fight
28:11again.
28:18So the person who tried to negotiate for peace was the brother of Saladin.
28:25The name of Saladin's brother is Al-Adil.
28:31Al-Adil is also known as Safedin to the Crusaders.
28:35By all accounts, he is equally skilled as Saladin, but he's his younger brother, so he had fewer opportunities to
28:41show that.
28:42Safedin is a man of courtesy, of culture.
28:46He enjoys talking with Richard about music, about singing, about hunting.
28:51It's part of a positive relationship that's formed between the two of them.
28:56And in the course of the negotiations, there is a radical solution put forward by Richard at one stage, and
29:02that involves his sister.
29:05Joanna is Richard the Lionheart's sister, who happens to be the Queen of Sicily.
29:12And when her husband dies, Richard stops by Sicily on the way to the Holy Land and picks her up.
29:21Joanna is a bargaining chip.
29:23During this time period, it's important to realize that, much like the women of the Old Testament,
29:29the ways in which royal women are treated are about the ways in which marriages can achieve alliances.
29:35Richard proposes to offer his sister, Joanna, in marriage to Saladin's brother, Al-Adil.
29:43The agreement would give the Christians possession of the coastal lands.
29:46The Muslims would have gotten most of the hinterlands.
29:50And then the capital, Jerusalem, would have been jointly ruled by Joanna, Richard's sister, and Al-Adil, Saladin's brother.
29:59But it all hinges on Saladin agreeing to the compromise.
30:09Richard has proposed a radical partition of the Holy Land, where his sister, Joanna, will marry Saladin's brother, Al-Adil.
30:19So you would have all the crusaders' possessions and the Muslim possessions being joined by one royal household, Al-Adil
30:26and Juwan.
30:27Saladin vetted it with his advisors in the court, and they all said, OK.
30:33He sent word back to Richard that we have a deal.
30:37But before it can be finalized, the crusader camp learns about the agreement.
30:43Everyone was shocked by it.
30:45The only two people who really accepted it were Richard the Lionheart and Saladin himself.
30:52The Christians were all appalled by Richard's idea.
30:55People's absolute belief in the spiritual significance of Jerusalem inevitably raises the stakes when there is conflict.
31:04It just makes confrontation or discussion even that much sharper.
31:10In order to save face, Richard feels it's important to add, as part of his demands, the proviso that Al
31:17-Adil converts to Christianity.
31:19Saladin responds by saying, well, Joanna should convert to Islam.
31:23Neither side is really willing to give on that point.
31:27The treaty fell apart and no peace was made.
31:34It would have been, obviously, a transformative event if Al-Adil and Juwan had married.
31:41Because that proposal essentially floated a great idea, and that is coexistence.
31:48It would have been an inspiring moment.
31:50And it would have probably played a role today in the way Palestinians and Israelis negotiate over the fate of
31:57Jerusalem.
32:01With any hope of compromise gone, conflict is now inevitable.
32:07Both sides prepare for battle.
32:10Saladin's personally taking charge, being involved in moving stones to help prepare the walls to face the siege that they
32:18expect.
32:19But he's managed to refortify Jerusalem.
32:22He's polluted all the wells around the city as well.
32:24And he's very, very worried indeed.
32:27The loss of Acre was a big blow to his ego, and it was a big blow to his reputation.
32:32If he were to lose Jerusalem, everything would be lost.
32:39But just before the climactic battle, Richard receives an alarming message.
32:45Richard got negative news from England that his brother, John, is conspiring with Philip, the king of France, to become
32:54king of England.
32:57Richard is essentially pulled in two directions.
32:59Either he goes back to reclaim his throne from his brother, John, or he stays longer in the Holy Land
33:05to solidify his holdings, retake Jerusalem, and maintain its defenses.
33:09He can't do both at the same time.
33:13Ultimately, he recognizes that if he stays one moment longer, he will be out of a kingdom.
33:19So he decides to go back.
33:24It's a cause of great anger and disquiet amongst the troops.
33:28But as he sees it, it's the only realistic option.
33:32Richard retreats to Acre to begin the long voyage home, leaving the crusaders who remain in the Holy Land leaderless.
33:43So Saladin took advantage of that.
33:46And when Richard has to go back to England, Saladin realized that was the time to strike and to launch
33:52an attack.
33:57Saladin goes down to Jaffa and besieges it.
34:04When King Richard hears Jaffa is under siege, he decides he must immediately return to the Holy Land once more.
34:12And the garrison are on the point of surrender when Richard appears in a very sort of action figure way,
34:18jumps off his boat, wades ashore.
34:25He picks up any weapon he could find and begins battling against Saladin and his army.
34:42Richard is outnumbered three to one, but his ferocity is unmatched.
34:48You can have 20,000 soldiers, but you might be defeated by 200 of Richard's soldiers because they were really
34:57tough fighters.
35:23The way to imagine the end of the Battle of Jaffa is,
35:28is that scene from the end of Rocky, where they've just punched each other out, and they're both exhausted, and
35:37they both basically knock each other out and fall to the ground.
35:53Richard the Lionheart, it is said, writes a letter to Saladin that says,
36:08The Battle of Jaffa has depleted the Christian and Muslim armies, and kept King Richard away from England for over
36:19two years.
36:21Richard writes a letter to Saladin, saying that both our armies are exhausted, let's come to a resolution.
36:29Saladin writes back to him, saying, fine, but I cannot give you Jerusalem.
36:36The Muslims will never forgive me for that.
36:40After all is said and done, after all the bloodshed, we're going to have to agree to share the city
36:50of God.
36:50And that's what they settled on.
36:55An agreement is made. The Treaty of Jaffa.
37:00Saladin and Richard realized both that there is a limit to power and to war.
37:06The Treaty of Jaffa guaranteed that whatever the Muslims at that time had in their control would remain in Muslim
37:13hands,
37:13and whatever the Crusaders had in their control would remain in Crusaders hands.
37:20The Christians get Jaffa and Akko and the coast, and the Muslims keep Jerusalem and the inlands.
37:30The Treaty of Jaffa is the first official partition of Palestine in history.
37:39After the Treaty of Jaffa, Richard had to rush back to England to rescue his kingdom.
37:46But finally, in 1197, in the middle of a battle, he was hit by an arrow in his chest and
37:53was ultimately killed.
37:54So, Richard was a great king who lived by the sword and died by the sword.
38:03At the end of the Third Crusade, Saladin is able to return to Damascus, where he's given a hero's welcome.
38:14But he has spent years and years fighting. Physically and mentally, he's shattered.
38:20And just six or seven months after Richard has gone home, Saladin falls ill.
38:25And on the 4th of March, 1193, the great hero of the Near East dies.
38:36This was a man who united all of these Muslim groups and took back Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
38:47And now, what's going to happen to all these Muslim groups that Saladin united?
38:54His army is then passed on to his warring sons.
38:59And so his family descends into internal warfare.
39:03And when Saladin dies, Muslim unity dies with him.
39:09I don't think the struggle between Saladin and Richard was ever a personal struggle.
39:14It was always a struggle for what Jerusalem represents and what also their role as would-be liberators of Jerusalem
39:23entailed.
39:25With Saladin, the desire to conquer Jerusalem really did come from this deep conviction that to control Jerusalem, to control
39:36this holy site, to control the Dome of the Rock, would move Islam forward.
39:47The legacy of the Crusades in Jerusalem among the Arabs in general is a horrible, horrible legacy.
39:55We have the way a European would remember it as a chapter of medieval Europe.
40:00And there is also the way the Arab or the Muslim remembers it as a form of pre-modern colonial
40:07attack and occupation.
40:09Jerusalem is a site that believers have fought over, whether those believers have been Muslim or Christian for years, because
40:16they believe that holding that land is important to their faith.
40:23If you're a believer, you believe absolutely that your faith is the truth.
40:28So that's why, in the case of Jerusalem as holy city, people are absolutists.
40:35It's the only city on earth that exists on heaven and earth. It exists twice.
40:40And that gives it its special nature.
40:43But it also gives it its danger and its ugliness, too, because it means that people believe that they must
40:49possess it absolutely.
40:51And that's Jerusalem's tragedy.
40:56The British are half a world away, but their fascination with Jerusalem only begins with King Richard.
41:05It will be 725 years before they will get another chance to stake a claim to the holy city.
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