- há 1 dia
Israel and its Arab neighbours are at war again on the streets of the city; while Israel emerges victorious, its control over territory earmarked for a Palestinian state creates the dilemma plaguing the Holy Land.
Categoria
📚
AprendizadoTranscrição
00:00.
00:00.
00:00.
00:10.
00:11.
00:13.
00:13.
00:13.
00:13The chosen city.
00:16The holy city.
00:19That's its blessing.
00:21But it also gives it its danger and its ugliness, too.
00:28Because it means that people believe that they must possess it, absolutely.
00:37The Palestinian-Israeli conflict that we are experiencing today,
00:41you've seen it experienced in Jerusalem for thousands of years.
00:47For the Jews, Jerusalem is where Solomon built the holy temple.
00:52For Christians, this is the place where Jesus was crucified.
00:57For Muslims, Jerusalem is where the prophet Muhammad made the night journey.
01:03People are said to have conquered the world.
01:05They've swept through the city.
01:08No other individual changed the landscape in the way that Herod the Great did.
01:15Saladin was determined to take on the Christians and throw them out of Jerusalem.
01:20At a time of Ottoman Islamic rule, the British badly wanted to control the Holy Land.
01:26The main case of the Arabs is against the British government's policy in Palestine.
01:35We are the only people in the world homeless and safe-less.
01:40For Israelis, the creation of the State of Israel is seen as a miracle.
01:45And, of course, for the Palestinians, it's a great disaster.
01:50The history of Jerusalem, a very complicated story.
01:54And if you don't know it in its complexity, it's very hard to understand what's going on there today.
02:02The past is never dead.
02:04And if there is a city in the world to which that applies, it's Jerusalem.
02:10This is being referred to as a city in the world.
02:11And if it's theıyorsun they尘 so that there is the one somewhere in this world has well!
02:20The park Pablo is called a các person to remain dead and it stays our policy.
02:21The цеійсь FENSE
02:21And with all the рос tryell, twelve pack of the parts, usä hek weit ab говорит us,
02:34The enemy is the only one that doesn't have the problem in�,
02:3818 anos passaram desde a 1948-Arab-Israeli War.
02:43Depois de um período de calma,
02:45tensões estão se tornam novamente no Middle East.
02:48A jovem de Israel é difícil de encontrar estabilidade
02:52as a região toda a região vozes no brinco de um novo conflito.
02:56Israel é ainda um país muito jovem.
02:58A ideia de aceitar Israel como parte do Middle East é foreign.
03:05Israel e seus neighbors Arab, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon,
03:11estavam em estado de conflito desde 1948.
03:16O Middle East era Arab por at least 2,000 anos,
03:21e de repente os imigrantes vêm de Eastern Europe,
03:25e eles construíam suas próprias comunidades aqui.
03:30E era o novo island dos foreigners
03:34no meio do Middle East.
03:37At this time,
03:39a situação de refugio palestinante do 1948 não resolveu.
03:44There eram três tipos de refugios palestinantes na época.
03:48West Bank, Gaza,
03:50e depois os palestinantes que estavam vivendo dentro de Israel
03:54e os palestinantes que estavam vivendo depois da 1948.
03:59Many palestinantes ainda estão querendo ir para o seu casamento.
04:02Eles ainda estão carregando as casas para o seu casamento.
04:05Em Heifa, em Jaffa e, of course, em Jerusalém.
04:10Jerusalém, em vez, foi dividido
04:12entre Israel e Jordan,
04:15que foi o resultado da guerra em 1948.
04:21Jerusalém was a Berlin-like, divided city.
04:24Em most of the areas,
04:26it wasn't a wall.
04:27It was mounds of concertina, barbed wire.
04:31And when Jordan occupied the old city of Jerusalem,
04:35the Jews were not allowed in the city,
04:37and the old community of the Jews
04:39were essentially kicked out of their houses.
04:43While Jordan restricts Jews
04:46from accessing their holy sites,
04:48the king of Jordan desires peace with Israel.
04:52King Hussein was a very smart, shrewd man,
04:57and he understood the red lines
05:01of the different power dynamics in the region.
05:04At the same time,
05:06maintaining his close relationships
05:09with England and with Israel.
05:13He was a very British, westernized figure.
05:16He had all the sort of manners and charm
05:19of the traditional English gentleman.
05:23But there were lots of skepticism
05:25and distrust towards him
05:27from lots of Arabs as a friend to the Jews.
05:30So in the 1960s,
05:33he was really in a very weak position
05:35in the Arab world.
05:37King Hussein is also the grandson
05:39of the leader who captured Jerusalem
05:41during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
05:45Abdullah, the Hashemite king of Jordan,
05:48achieved something quite significant
05:50when he took the West Bank
05:51and half of Jerusalem,
05:53which rightfully was land
05:55that belonged to the Palestinian state.
05:59But it's a dangerous thing
06:01to play with Jerusalem,
06:02and he paid a high price.
06:12To the old city of Jerusalem,
06:14King Abdullah went for the Friday prayers.
06:16Among his own people,
06:18he walked unguarded and unafraid.
06:20But there were those who hated him.
06:22And as the king entered the mosque
06:24to pray,
06:24a young fanatic killed the one man
06:27who might have brought peace
06:28to the Middle East.
06:33So Abdullah was assassinated
06:36by a Palestinian
06:37who viewed Abdullah
06:38as disloyal to the Palestinian cause,
06:41which was a Palestinian independent state.
06:43And King Hussein
06:45was with him
06:46as his grandson
06:47when he was assassinated
06:49in Jerusalem.
06:51Suddenly I saw someone rush
06:54from behind a door
06:56to the right side
06:57with a revolver in his hand.
07:00And before anyone could do anything,
07:02he fired a shot.
07:04My grandfather was hit and fell.
07:07It was a shock.
07:09I tried to rush for the man.
07:13And he turned and fired.
07:15I received a bullet
07:17that ripped off
07:17a medal of my chest.
07:20There's a story
07:21that King Abdullah,
07:23before he was assassinated,
07:25pinned a medal
07:26on Prince Hussein's chest.
07:29And it was that medal
07:30that saved his life.
07:34As King Hussein and Jordan
07:36search for stability,
07:37the rest of the Arab world
07:39follows the lead
07:40of a very different kind of ruler.
07:44The most powerful regime
07:46in the Arab world
07:47was Egypt.
07:50President Nasser
07:51was essentially,
07:52almost for lots of Arabs,
07:54someone who is equivalent
07:56to the Prophet Muhammad.
07:57He was extremely influential.
07:59He could, by just a word,
08:01topple a regime.
08:04Gamal Abdel Nasser
08:05was the leader of Egypt
08:07since 1956.
08:11He was over six foot tall.
08:13He was incredibly handsome.
08:14He was decisive.
08:16He was a superb speaker
08:18who could wow
08:19giant crowds.
08:21And he inspired
08:23tens of millions of Arabs
08:24throughout the region,
08:25saying that a new dawn
08:27for the Arab world
08:28was coming.
08:30There was a sense
08:31that finally somebody
08:33is standing up
08:34and defying imperialism,
08:36especially the 160-something
08:38of 1,000 Palestinians
08:39who were left in Israel.
08:41Nasser gave them
08:42a sense of pride.
08:44He was offering them
08:46a glimpse of hope
08:48and that I am coming
08:49to your aid.
08:50Fear not.
08:53In Israel,
08:54when we looked at Nasser,
08:56he terrified us
08:57because the Israelis
08:59were quite confident
09:01that they can face
09:03any challenge
09:04from the Arab world
09:05as long as the Arab world
09:06is not united.
09:09Nasser wants to be
09:10the one who is going
09:11to unify
09:12all these different Arab states
09:14that are slowly coming
09:15from under the influence
09:17of the British mandate.
09:19And to do that,
09:20he needed to turn
09:21to Israel as the enemy.
09:25The most fundamental,
09:27common denominator
09:28in the Arab world
09:29at the time
09:31was the hatred
09:32toward Israel.
09:33So Nasser used this
09:36in order to gain popularity.
09:40He wants to give
09:42his audience excitement.
09:44He wants to move them.
09:45But does he really
09:47want to fight a war?
09:49Nasser didn't really
09:51want to go to war.
09:52He was afraid
09:53of a defeat.
09:54King Hussein
09:55didn't want a war.
09:57The Israelis
09:58didn't want a war.
10:00But then
10:01something very drastic
10:03happened.
10:06Hostilities are mounting
10:07across the Middle East.
10:08But while every country
10:10wants to avoid
10:10an outright war,
10:11a faction of
10:13Palestinian Arabs
10:14are done waiting
10:15for their own
10:15independent state.
10:18On the Palestinian side,
10:20there was a rising
10:21organization
10:22that was formed
10:23in the earlier part
10:24of the 1960s
10:25that came to be known
10:26as a PLO
10:27that was meant
10:28to bring
10:29under its umbrella
10:30the diverse
10:31Palestinian movements
10:33that were taking
10:34matters to their
10:35own hands.
10:35The PLO
10:36is using
10:37the territory
10:38around Israel
10:39to sort of launch
10:40these small
10:41military campaigns.
10:43I think terrorism
10:44is horrible.
10:45I don't think
10:45it's helped
10:46the Palestinian cause.
10:47But this is a history
10:48that Palestinians
10:49understood well.
10:51Israel took
10:52this land by force
10:53and it can only
10:54be returned
10:54by force.
10:55And that was
10:56the justification
10:56for the terrorism
10:57and the violence.
11:02In November 1966,
11:05they laid a mine
11:06and an Israeli command
11:07car was destroyed
11:09and three Israeli soldiers
11:11were killed.
11:14Following this incident,
11:16Israel took
11:17what we call
11:18an act of retaliation
11:20against the Jordanians
11:22because it was
11:23near the Jordanian-Israeli border
11:25in the West Bank.
11:29There was a battle
11:31with Jordanian soldiers.
11:34About 30 or 40
11:36Jordanian soldiers
11:37were killed.
11:39And it was a major issue
11:40because the Jordanians
11:43saw the Israeli victory
11:45and they started asking
11:46where is Nasser?
11:48He promised to be
11:49our protector
11:49but he doesn't do anything.
11:52So this incident
11:55led Nasser
11:56to react militarily.
12:00In response
12:01to mounting pressure,
12:02President Nasser
12:03blocks Israel's access
12:05to the Straits of Tehran,
12:07preventing Israel
12:08from receiving
12:08valuable oil shipments.
12:12Nasser thought
12:13that he could employ
12:13new tactics
12:14by closing
12:16the Straits of Tehran
12:18where 90% of
12:21oil at the time
12:21was coming in.
12:22He could pressure
12:23the Israelis
12:24into caving.
12:25And so
12:25his assessment
12:27at the time
12:28was war would not happen.
12:30There's no way
12:30the Israelis
12:31would declare war.
12:33From the Israeli
12:34perspective,
12:35we declared
12:35that if he closes
12:37the Straits,
12:38we go to war.
12:39Then suddenly
12:40he closed them.
12:41And here
12:42we have a crisis.
12:46with conflict
12:47seemingly inevitable,
12:49Nasser recognizes
12:51it's time
12:51to finally unite
12:52the Arab Middle East
12:54under his command.
12:56Nasser started
12:57to build
12:58an alliance
12:59with lots of regimes
13:00in order to make sure
13:01he has everything ready
13:03for that epic battle.
13:06If Nasser says
13:08get in line,
13:10you got to pay
13:10attention to that.
13:13King Hussein
13:13did not want a war,
13:15but he had no choice
13:17but to
13:18side with Nasser.
13:19He is a descendant
13:20of the Prophet.
13:21He's a defender
13:22of Arab
13:23Muslim
13:24causes.
13:25He cannot
13:26sit
13:27on the sidelines.
13:29So he was
13:30pushed into this war
13:31whether he wanted
13:32it or not.
13:34The most significant
13:35development of the week
13:37in terms of Arab unity
13:38came on Tuesday.
13:40King Hussein of Jordan,
13:41usually called
13:42a Western stooge
13:43and a CIA agent
13:44by President Nasser's
13:46propaganda services,
13:47flew to Cairo
13:48to sign a five-year
13:49mutual defense pact
13:51with Egypt.
13:52On May 30,
13:54Nasser reached his goal
13:56which was
13:57to command
13:57the Arab world.
14:01Once an Arab
14:02United command
14:03had been established
14:05and the Arab generals
14:06started to
14:07coordinate
14:08their acts,
14:09then we felt
14:11that the situation
14:12is really,
14:13really dangerous
14:14and many Israelis
14:16started to be afraid
14:18for the fate
14:18of the country.
14:20Don't forget
14:21that this is barely
14:2220, 22 years
14:24after the Holocaust.
14:26There are armies
14:28gathering
14:29on our borders.
14:30The fear
14:31was genuine.
14:35The people
14:36also,
14:36as a way
14:37of Israel,
14:40went on
14:41the suburbs,
14:42on the superpowers
14:43and took
14:45the house
14:46and took
14:49and took
14:50and took
14:50and took
14:52and took
14:52and took
14:53and took
14:53and took
14:53the war.
14:56The Israeli government
14:57is just as fearful.
15:00Traditionally,
15:01in Israel,
15:02the Prime Minister
15:03was also
15:04the Minister of Defense.
15:07Our Prime Minister
15:08in 1967
15:09was Levi Eshkol,
15:11who was a very good
15:12finance minister,
15:13but he had no background
15:15in military issues.
15:19Once the crisis started,
15:21it was clear
15:22that Eshkol
15:24is not the leader
15:25that you want
15:26in a war.
15:27And all eyes
15:28turned to
15:29the charismatic
15:30Moshe Dayan.
15:34Dayan was
15:35one of the
15:36most complex
15:38and enigmatic
15:39figures in
15:40Israeli history
15:41full of
15:42contradictions.
15:44He was a rogue
15:45and a hero
15:47at the same time.
15:48It was said
15:49that he had
15:49a hundred
15:50ideas an hour,
15:52and out of those,
15:5399 would be
15:55dangerous
15:55and one
15:56would be brilliant.
15:59He lost his eye
16:00in the Second World War.
16:02Then his patch
16:04became a symbol.
16:05so here
16:07you have
16:07a legend born.
16:09Today,
16:10Israeli armor
16:11is facing
16:12a group
16:12of Arab countries
16:13united
16:13by defense
16:14agreements
16:14and in a
16:15far stronger
16:16position
16:16to sweep
16:17Israel
16:17into the sea.
16:19Nasser
16:20and his allies
16:22thought that
16:23this would be
16:24a decisive victory.
16:26It would
16:27enable us
16:28to defeat
16:29the Israeli forces
16:30and move
16:31in to claim
16:32more land
16:33from the Israelis.
16:41But Diane's
16:42philosophy is
16:43you hit him
16:44first,
16:45you hit him
16:45hard,
16:46and you hit him
16:46right in the mouth.
16:47And if you can
16:48knock him out,
16:48you've already won.
16:51Diane's opening
16:52salvo will launch
16:53what becomes
16:54known as
16:54the Six-Day War.
17:09War threatens
17:10the entire
17:11Middle East
17:12and Israel
17:13finds itself
17:14surrounded
17:15by enemies.
17:18Nasser
17:19had been
17:19broadcasting
17:20that they
17:22were going
17:22to throw
17:23Israel
17:23into the sea
17:24and that
17:25they were
17:26ready to
17:26attack.
17:28And at a
17:28particular date,
17:30Diane said,
17:31we've heard
17:31enough of this.
17:33We should
17:34attack first.
17:35First strike
17:36was a strike
17:38by the Israeli
17:38Air Force
17:39and the
17:40essence of
17:41this plan
17:42was to
17:43surprise
17:43the Egyptian
17:44Air Force
17:45by dropping
17:46bombs
17:47so that
17:48the Egyptian
17:48aircraft
17:49won't be able
17:50to take off.
17:53In 1967,
17:55it was my
17:56seventh year
17:57of service
17:58in the Air Force.
18:01The old Air Force
18:02actually took off
18:04with no
18:05one word
18:06on the radio.
18:09Nothing.
18:12They managed
18:13to maintain
18:13the secrecy
18:14and to
18:15get their
18:16planes off
18:16the ground
18:17and to fly
18:18extremely low
18:19so that they
18:20were not
18:20detected by
18:21radar.
18:22They swing
18:24the planes
18:24out over
18:25the water
18:26and then bring
18:27them in
18:28from the
18:29west.
18:31We flew
18:32over the
18:33Mediterranean
18:34Sea
18:34at about
18:35100 feet
18:36until
18:37the delta
18:38of the Nile.
18:40We pulled
18:41up
18:41at around
18:426,000 feet
18:43we turned
18:44around
18:4535-40 degrees
18:47of diving
18:49to make sure
18:50that the bombs
18:51hit the center
18:52of the runway.
18:59We made
19:00three passes
19:02with 30mm guns
19:04and we were
19:05shooting planes
19:06like sitting ducks
19:07on the runways.
19:14there was about
19:15400 Egyptian
19:18and Syrian
19:18jets
19:19being destroyed
19:20in this way
19:22and they
19:23burned beautifully.
19:25on the day
19:27the first day
19:28they flew
19:28all the
19:29military
19:32and the
19:33Nizakh
19:33and the
19:34Nizakh
19:34and also
19:36this
19:36process
19:38from
19:46Mas Nasser ainda acredita que ele pode alcançar a vitória,
19:50se as pessoas não perderam a fé.
19:54Então, as mídias as mídias começaram a transmitir a versão da guerra,
20:00que não foi realista.
20:03Nasser controlou as airwaves via radio.
20:06Ele poderia enviar sua mensagem a quase toda a população ao redor.
20:12E a propaganda machine naquela época estava dizendo,
20:16''Você, Israel aeropuens falling do céu como flores.''
20:23Nasser propagou a propaganda em todo o Middle East,
20:27Moshah Dayan lançou a segunda onda de sua ataque
20:30no Egipto-controlled Sinai.
20:32Now, Israel completely controlled the skies
20:36and that rendered all the armies,
20:38the army of Syria, the army of Egypt
20:40and even the army of Jordan,
20:42very weakly defended.
20:43The goal was to occupy the Sinai
20:47and destroy the Egyptian army.
20:50As the Israeli army started to advance toward Gaza,
20:54the first encounter with Egyptian forces
20:56was extremely bloody
20:57and Israel lost several battalions.
21:01The casualties was extremely disheartening
21:03and this could have fueled lots of acts of vengeance
21:06on the part of Israeli soldiers.
21:10What the Israeli army did moving into Sinai,
21:13they created what they call a box fire.
21:17Basically, soldiers standing on this side of the box,
21:20soldiers standing on this side of the box
21:22and then shooting everybody that stands
21:24right in the middle of that box
21:25or in the way of that box.
21:27So, they showed no mercy
21:30to the Egyptian soldiers.
21:33I know that there were cases like this.
21:37There were prisoners
21:38they didn't know what to do with
21:40because they had to move on.
21:42and there were cases
21:45where they shot prisoners
21:46compared to what the Egyptian
21:50and other Arab armies did
21:52to Israeli prisoners.
21:54It wasn't so bad.
21:57Each side remembers
21:59the atrocities inflicted upon us.
22:04Neither side remembers
22:06the atrocities that we've perpetuated.
22:10But the Israeli army used
22:12a massive force
22:14and during the first
22:15six, seven hours of the war
22:18the Egyptian army collapsed.
22:21King Hussein
22:22and President Nasser
22:24at the time
22:25were shocked
22:26and overwhelmed.
22:29And Nasser started believing
22:32that he's losing the war
22:33when he realized
22:33he lost Sinai.
22:36And so, he orders
22:38the Jordanians
22:39to begin shelling
22:41Jerusalem.
22:43And this is Nasser's
22:45first big move
22:46of the war.
22:53King Hussein
22:54found himself
22:56in a situation
22:57where he didn't want
22:58to go to war
22:59but now he had
23:00an Egyptian general
23:01commanding his forces.
23:03and then Ami
23:05started shelling
23:06West Jerusalem,
23:07Jewish Jerusalem.
23:21The shelling is meant
23:23to target Jews
23:23in West Jerusalem
23:24but it's the Palestinian Arabs
23:27living in the area
23:28that are left defenceless.
23:29We didn't have a shelter
23:31so my mother decided
23:33that the kids
23:34that we should stay
23:35and not move
23:37from under the dining table.
23:40I was seven years old
23:42at that time.
23:43I hear until now
23:44very vividly
23:45the bombs
23:46the aeroplanes
23:48the clashes.
23:51Citizens were killed
23:53Palestinian
23:54and Israeli.
23:56Everything stopped
23:57in Jerusalem.
23:58It started in the morning
23:59continued through
24:00the afternoon
24:01and towards the evening
24:03it was clear
24:04that Jordanians
24:05mean war.
24:07The war for the Middle East
24:08has come directly
24:09to Jerusalem.
24:12The battle
24:13for Jerusalem
24:14has begun.
24:15The Egyptian
24:16President Nasser
24:18is now in command
24:18of the Jordanian army
24:20and has given orders
24:21to shell
24:22West Jerusalem.
24:24Moshe Dayan
24:25looks to retaliate.
24:26He sets his sights
24:27on one of the most
24:28strategic locations
24:29in the city
24:31Ammunition Hill.
24:37Ammunition Hill
24:38is a big hill
24:39overlooking Jerusalem.
24:42The problem
24:43with taking Ammunition Hill
24:44is that the Jordanians
24:46know that this
24:47is an important
24:48strategic place
24:50as well
24:50and so
24:52they're going
24:53to defend it
24:54and it is already
24:55heavily armed.
24:58The Paratroopers
24:59were considered
24:59to be the best
25:00soldiers
25:01in the Israeli military.
25:04When you tell them
25:05to go to fight
25:06they don't ask questions
25:08they go to fight.
25:13It became
25:15legendary fight
25:16for the Israelis.
25:18About 35 to 40
25:21Israeli soldiers
25:22were killed
25:23in this fight.
25:24About 70
25:25Jordanian soldiers.
25:27The Paratroopers
25:28were told
25:29to occupy
25:30this stronghold
25:32and it was
25:33a clear victory.
25:38One Samunition Hill
25:39is under Israeli control.
25:41The Israeli army
25:42brings their fight
25:43deeper into Jerusalem.
25:45But it's the
25:46Palestinian Arabs
25:47that are left vulnerable.
25:51They see
25:52contrary to what
25:53they were hearing
25:54on the radio
25:54at the time
25:55you know
25:56we will defeat
25:57the Israeli
25:58presence
25:59and then all of a sudden
26:00it's completely
26:01the entire opposite.
26:03People start
26:04getting frantic
26:04and again
26:05another wave
26:06of refugees
26:07started marching
26:09towards Jordan.
26:11By the morning
26:12of June 6th
26:13the rest of the world
26:14finally wakes up
26:15to what's happening
26:16in the Holy City.
26:19The U.S.,
26:20the U.N.,
26:21European powers
26:22all had to find
26:24some way
26:24to lower the temperature
26:26and prevent
26:27the conflict
26:28from getting worse.
26:29A special session
26:30of the Security Council
26:31called to discuss
26:32the Mid-East crisis.
26:34Secretary General
26:35Utham
26:35urges a cooling
26:36off period.
26:37The U.S.
26:38supports the idea
26:39Russia does not.
26:40Soviet Ambassador
26:41Fedorenko
26:41gives solid support
26:42to the United Arab
26:43Republic
26:44accusing the U.S.
26:45of playing
26:46partisan politics
26:47and of backing Israel.
26:49The United States
26:50becomes much more
26:51interested in the
26:52Middle East
26:52around the mid-1940s
26:54to secure oil access.
26:55But with World War II
26:57and the ascendance
26:58of communism
26:59you have a Cold War
27:00in the Middle East
27:01emerge
27:02and you see
27:02the United States
27:03playing a much
27:04more pivotal role.
27:06For those of us
27:07who didn't really
27:07grow up in the Cold War
27:09it's hard to think
27:10of a time
27:10where a war
27:12in the Middle East
27:13could have led
27:13to nuclear annihilation.
27:16But at that time
27:17in 1967
27:19the two great
27:21superpowers
27:21the U.S.
27:22and the Soviet Union
27:23would use
27:24these regional struggles
27:26to advance
27:26their position.
27:28So the Cold War
27:29played a very
27:30important role
27:31in defining
27:34the alliances
27:35in the Middle East.
27:36It gave Israel
27:37a chance
27:38to present itself
27:39as a friendly ally
27:40of the United States
27:42of America.
27:43It made it clear
27:44to Nasser
27:46that
27:47his closeness
27:48with the Soviet Union
27:49was seen
27:50as an invitation
27:51for the Soviet Union
27:53to have
27:54influence
27:55and presence
27:56in the Middle East.
27:58So the United States
27:59started giving Israel
28:01tremendous powers
28:02both in terms
28:03of financial support
28:04but more importantly
28:06through weapons.
28:07And the Soviet Union
28:09didn't want
28:10to have a situation
28:11where the Israeli army
28:12was making
28:13like these really
28:14serious gains
28:15into Arab territory.
28:17There was always
28:18a fear
28:18that you weren't
28:19able to actually
28:20get the various
28:22parties to stop
28:23fighting
28:23that there could be
28:24this ladder
28:25of escalation
28:26and no one knew
28:27exactly
28:27when it would end.
28:29We believe
28:30that within
28:31the next
28:32few
28:32fateful days
28:35we can take
28:37a new
28:37road forward
28:39leading
28:40to justice
28:41and peace.
28:43Diane realizes
28:45that if the UN
28:46does what the UN
28:48typically does
28:49it is going
28:51to begin
28:51negotiations
28:52for a ceasefire.
28:54And so Diane
28:55figures he needs
28:57to do anything
28:58that he's going
28:59to do
29:00as quickly
29:00as he can
29:01before any
29:03final resolution
29:04is passed.
29:09It was clear
29:10to him
29:11that Jerusalem
29:11is the jewel
29:12in the crown
29:14and he knew
29:16that he's going
29:17to enter
29:17into the annals
29:18of history.
29:20If he could
29:21occupy the old city
29:22to return
29:23to the Wailing Wall
29:24the most sacred
29:26place for Jews.
29:28So Diane
29:29gives his soldiers
29:30the order
29:33attack the old
29:35city of Jerusalem.
29:38Following
29:39Moshe Diane's
29:40orders
29:42Israeli soldiers
29:44prepare to attack
29:45Jerusalem's old city
29:46and battle
29:48the Jordanians
29:49for control
29:50of Jerusalem's
29:51holiest sites.
29:53Israeli troops
29:54set up
29:55outside the
29:55Lion's Gate
29:58they're expecting
29:59this to be
30:00one of the
30:01fiercest battles
30:03of their lives.
30:06The Lion's Gate
30:07is one of the
30:07seven open gates
30:08of Jerusalem's
30:09old city
30:10and leads to
30:12the most sacred
30:12site for the
30:13Jewish people
30:14the Temple Mount.
30:16You know
30:17it was battle
30:18in a battle
30:19what you want
30:20is to kill
30:21your enemy
30:21and save
30:22your life.
30:27And the Israeli
30:29soldiers
30:29moved very
30:30quickly
30:31into the city
30:32through the
30:32Lion Gate.
30:41Intense fighting
30:42consumes the narrow
30:43streets of
30:43Jerusalem's old city.
30:51The Jordanian forces
30:53are quickly
30:54overwhelmed.
31:02The Israeli soldiers
31:04suddenly found
31:05them near the
31:06Temple Mount.
31:11and so
31:12Dian is just
31:13outside the
31:13old city
31:14and he's got
31:15a radio
31:16and finally
31:17he gets
31:18word back.
31:26They understood
31:27that they
31:29occupied the
31:30old city
31:30of Jerusalem.
31:33And at two
31:34o'clock in the
31:35afternoon
31:35Dian goes on
31:37camera and
31:37says the
31:38Jewish people
31:39have returned
31:40to our most
31:42sacred sites
31:43never to take
31:44leave of them
31:45again.
31:47Soldiers who
31:48were not
31:48religious
31:49went directly
31:50to the
31:51Western Wall
31:51to pray.
31:52There was a
31:52lot of
31:53feeling,
31:53a lot of
31:53emotion.
31:55We grew
31:55up on
31:56stories about
31:57King David
31:57and Jerusalem
31:58and the
31:59Temple and
32:00the Wailing
32:01Wall.
32:01But these
32:02were only
32:02stories and
32:03suddenly
32:03you are
32:04there.
32:07it was like
32:09an electrical
32:09shock passing
32:11through the
32:12nation when
32:13they said
32:13the Wailing
32:14Wall is
32:15ours again
32:17after 1,800
32:19years.
32:21With victory
32:23all but certain,
32:25Israel spends
32:25the next three
32:26days ensuring
32:27control of the
32:28region.
32:31They consolidate
32:32their hold on
32:33the West Bank
32:34and soon
32:35occupy the
32:36entire
32:36Sinai Peninsula
32:37in the
32:38south.
32:40Finally,
32:41on the
32:41northern front,
32:42Israel battles
32:43Syria for
32:43control of
32:44the Golan
32:44Heights.
32:46And within
32:4648 hours,
32:48the Syrian
32:48Golan Heights
32:49were occupied
32:50by the
32:51Israeli army.
32:52And this
32:53is when the
32:53Arab defeat
32:54was complete.
33:00Egypt accepts
33:01the UN
33:02ceasefire
33:02joining
33:03Jordan.
33:04The United
33:04Nations
33:05arena
33:05remains in
33:06the world's
33:06spotlight
33:06because of
33:07the many
33:08questions
33:08raised by
33:09the short
33:09but decisive
33:10Middle East
33:10war.
33:15As a
33:16Palestinian,
33:17it's amazing
33:17how sad it is
33:19for me,
33:19but how
33:20probably
33:22happy
33:22Israeli
33:23people were
33:24at that
33:24time.
33:30Suddenly,
33:31this small
33:31state defeats
33:33three major
33:33Arab states
33:34in six
33:35days.
33:36This was
33:37considered
33:38one of the
33:39most brilliant
33:40victories in
33:41military history.
33:43The Israeli
33:44victory affects
33:45far more than
33:46just the
33:46Middle East.
33:48It sends
33:49shockwaves
33:50across the
33:50world.
33:51The main
33:52problem was
33:53for the
33:54Soviets
33:54because the
33:56USSR was
33:56the protector
33:57of Egypt
33:58and of
33:59Syria,
34:00and it
34:01was a
34:02devastating
34:02defeat.
34:04On the
34:05other side,
34:05America celebrates
34:06Israel's stunning
34:07victory,
34:08solidifying a
34:10relationship that
34:10continues today.
34:16later,
34:17Moshe Dayan
34:18became a
34:19minister of
34:20foreign affairs
34:21and he's
34:22remembered as
34:23a brilliant
34:25military
34:26leader.
34:27But the
34:28picture of
34:29Moshe Dayan
34:29standing in front
34:30of the
34:31Wailing Wall
34:31is what
34:32cemented Moshe
34:33Dayan's legacy
34:34in Israeli
34:35psychology.
34:38For King
34:39Hussein,
34:40the 67
34:41war was a
34:42disaster.
34:43It was a
34:44total disaster.
34:46King Hussein
34:47presented himself
34:48as the
34:49protector of
34:50Jerusalem,
34:51but he
34:52lost the
34:53Holy City
34:53and he
34:54also lost
34:55the West
34:55Bank.
34:56So both
34:57politically and
34:58religiously,
34:58he became
34:59derided in the
35:00Muslim world.
35:01Despite losing
35:02the war,
35:03King Hussein
35:04remains in
35:04power.
35:05He rules
35:06Jordan for
35:0747 years
35:08until his
35:08death in
35:091999.
35:10The loss
35:11of 1967
35:12also shattered
35:13the image of
35:14Nasser in
35:14the Arab
35:15world.
35:16Nasser sees
35:17for the first
35:18time that
35:18this was a
35:19complete
35:20miscalculation.
35:21King of
35:21Jordan is
35:22very angry.
35:23He lost
35:23all of the
35:24West Bank
35:24to Israel.
35:25Syrians,
35:26they lost
35:27the Golan
35:27Heights and
35:28the Egyptians
35:29who were in
35:30Gaza lost
35:31Gaza.
35:33Nasser
35:34offered to
35:34resign in
35:36a very
35:36tearful
35:37speech to
35:37the Arab
35:38masses.
35:40By 1970,
35:42Nasser would
35:42die of a
35:42hard tag.
35:45That crumbles
35:46the dream of
35:47Arab nationalism,
35:48this idea that
35:49you could really
35:50unify these
35:52different peoples
35:53and countries
35:54and armies
35:55together and
35:56get them to
35:57have a common
35:58vision and a
36:00shared sense of
36:00destiny.
36:01after 67,
36:03you have to
36:03acknowledge that
36:04this is a
36:06divided region
36:07and they were
36:07never able to
36:08really regain
36:09that sense of
36:10purpose again.
36:12With Nasser,
36:13we loved him,
36:14but the loss of
36:15Egypt,
36:16it was for him
36:17a mistake,
36:19but for me,
36:20it cost me my
36:21freedom.
36:22It destroyed
36:23our dreams.
36:26We lost our
36:27country completely.
36:29Even though war
36:31was declared in
36:31their name,
36:32the Palestinians
36:33were the ones
36:34who suffered
36:35the most.
36:36They were the
36:36casualty of
36:38a very brutal
36:39war that
36:40made them
36:41again refugees,
36:43made them
36:44again stateless,
36:45driven into
36:46poverty,
36:47uncertainty,
36:48to this day.
36:54Israel has
36:55emerged victorious
36:56and claimed
36:58Jerusalem's
36:59old city.
37:00But Israel's
37:01victory also
37:02leads to a
37:03humanitarian
37:03crisis,
37:05as hundreds
37:06of thousands
37:06of Palestinian
37:07Arabs are
37:08displaced or
37:10forced to
37:10live under
37:11occupation.
37:12From the
37:12very beginning,
37:13there were a
37:14handful of
37:15people in
37:16Israel,
37:17particularly
37:18in Jerusalem,
37:20who said,
37:20give it all
37:21back.
37:22This is not
37:23something we
37:24need.
37:24We don't want
37:25to be occupiers.
37:27No one
37:27listened to
37:28them.
37:29When they
37:30first took
37:30over the
37:31old city,
37:32they literally
37:33brought bulldozers
37:34in that night,
37:35and over a
37:36thousand Arabs
37:37had their homes
37:38destroyed to
37:38build the
37:39plaza where
37:40people come
37:40and now pray.
37:42And nobody
37:43pays attention
37:43to the fact
37:44that there was
37:45this ethnic
37:45cleansing.
37:471967, I
37:49was a child.
37:50I lived it.
37:50I saw the
37:52agony and
37:54the transformation
37:55of my father's
37:56face.
37:57He became
37:57somebody else.
37:58My mother
37:59became somebody
38:00else.
38:01It has been
38:01very, very,
38:04very heavy
38:05on me,
38:06on my shoulders.
38:08It's that
38:09sense of just
38:10complete
38:10disempowerment.
38:12That's the
38:12heavy burden
38:13that Palestinians
38:14carry.
38:14and it's
38:1548,
38:16it's 67,
38:18it's today,
38:20it's happening
38:20today in East
38:21Jerusalem.
38:22This story
38:23hasn't ended.
38:25The whole
38:25of Palestine
38:26continues to be
38:28eaten up like
38:29cancerous disease,
38:31deleting,
38:32erasing,
38:34arresting,
38:35demolishing,
38:36and the world
38:38is silent again.
38:41but I'll tell
38:42you that the
38:42discourse on
38:43Palestine has
38:44shifted.
38:45Students from
38:46all religious
38:47backgrounds,
38:48including Jewish
38:48backgrounds,
38:49are embracing
38:49the Palestinian
38:50cause.
38:51In many ways,
38:53it links into
38:54the Black Lives
38:55Matter movement
38:55too, to sort
38:57of make it clear
38:58that one human
38:59shouldn't be
38:59privileged over the
39:00other simply
39:00because they were
39:01randomly born
39:02into a certain
39:03identity.
39:06My hope is
39:07that one day
39:08things will
39:09resolve themselves
39:09in Palestine,
39:11Israel,
39:11and we will be
39:12in a place
39:12where we live
39:13side by side
39:14and can visit
39:15Jerusalem together
39:16and learn from
39:17each other.
39:18At the end of
39:19the day,
39:19it's about real
39:19people living
39:20real lives,
39:21and that's where
39:22the focus ought
39:22to be.
39:23It's not,
39:23my God's better
39:24than your God.
39:25It's really about
39:25how are we
39:26treating each
39:26other on the
39:27ground.
39:29Jerusalem was
39:30supposed to be
39:31the city of
39:33peace,
39:33and of
39:35cooperation
39:36between all
39:38nations all
39:39over the world.
39:41This was supposed
39:42to be the basic
39:44idea of Jerusalem,
39:47but there is
39:48an enormous
39:50gap between
39:52reality and
39:54the vision.
39:56All great cities
39:58have passed.
39:59Very few have
40:01passed.
40:01It's a figure
40:02so centrally.
40:03in the narratives
40:04of the peoples
40:05in this region.
40:06How can you
40:07understand Judaism
40:08or Israel
40:09without a fundamental
40:11understanding of
40:12this Temple Mount?
40:13How can you
40:14understand Muslim
40:15sensitivities without
40:16understanding the
40:18Haram-a-Sharif,
40:19and for Christians,
40:21without understanding
40:23Jesus' ascension
40:24and then the
40:24resurrection?
40:25everybody had a
40:27presence.
40:28Everybody had a
40:30claim.
40:33King David was
40:34there.
40:36King Herod was
40:37there.
40:39Arabs were there.
40:41Romans were there.
40:44It's equivalent of a
40:46magical place, a place
40:48that is more alive in
40:50your head, more
40:51alive in your
40:52identity.
40:54Jerusalem in the
40:5521st century is
40:57still, as it always
40:59was, the center of
41:01the world.
41:02Jerusalem would
41:03always be the
41:03holy city, the
41:05house of one God,
41:08the capital of two
41:10peoples, and the
41:12temple of three
41:13faiths.
Comentários