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O documentário é um registro histórico representando a famosa expedição que mapeou o Rio da Dúvida, realizada pelo Marechal Cândido Rondon na companhia do ex-presidente Theodore Roosevelt. Juntos, numa caravana de dezenove pessoas entre cientistas, engenheiros, médicos, foram os responsáveis pelo mapeamento da região do atual Rio Roosevelt, na Amazônia, em uma das missões mais arriscadas até hoje.
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00:26A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:51O Rondon, desde o início, sempre foi um cara com juízo, cauteloso.
00:58Ele media os riscos, porque ele sabia que a Amazônia não perdoa.
01:39A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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03:40AMBASSione
03:41A CIDADE NO BRASIL
03:41A CIDADE NO BRASIL
03:43A CIDADE NO BRASIL
03:45A CIDADE NO BRASIL
03:51e você podia fazer as coisas que você queria fazer, e você viu muitas outras coisas que precisavam de fazer,
03:56mas você não tinha o poder anymore.
03:59Ele foi a terceira pessoa, a terceira candidata da Progressive Party.
04:04Agora, a Progressive Party foi a terceira parte, e terceira parte da América do sistema tem um tempo muito difícil
04:11de fazer nenhuma tração.
04:13É muito difícil de criar um novo partido.
04:15A última vez que foi feito foi com o Republican Party, antes da Civil War.
04:19E também, ele morreu de outros problemas.
04:21Eu mei, ele morreu de progressives, que foram realmente mais perto da Democratic Party do que eles eram do que
04:27o Republican Party, onde ele morreu de.
04:29E então ele morreu de contra o Republican, Taft, e contra Wilson, que seus progressives views eram, em algumas vezes,
04:42mais credível.
04:53A CIDADE NOVA
04:54Roosevelt vinha da eleção em 1912.
04:59Ele escrevia his autobiografia.
05:02Ele foi convidado para vir ao South Francisco para dar lectures.
05:06Ele agreed para fazer isso.
05:09Ele estava um pouco nervoso sobre esta jornada,
05:13porque ele era o homem que tomou o Panamá Canal Zone
05:17e ele era o homem do Big Stick
05:19e ele era o padre do Roosevelt corollary
05:23para o Monroe Doctrine
05:24que basicamente disse
05:26se não querem os países europeus
05:27com a meddão em South America
05:29nós americanos vão ter que polícia South America
05:31e espantar os americanos
05:34quando eles misbeviam
05:35Então, há uma grande grande
05:39anger
05:39sobre Roosevelt's imperialist
05:43jingoistic high-handedness
05:44Ele também queria ver
05:46seu son Kermit, seu segundo son
05:48que estava trabalhando em São Paulo
05:50para uma construção de uma empresa
05:52ele não tinha visto Kermit
05:54por um ano e meio
05:57também queria ver
05:58ele só queria voltar
05:59para a limelight
06:09He also wanted
06:11some sort of an adventure
06:13and so he
06:14and a few others
06:17planned
06:17a moderately
06:19strenuous
06:20set of adventures
06:21hunting
06:22and
06:23collecting specimens
06:25for the American Museum
06:26of Natural History
06:27and just
06:29pure
06:29adventure
06:30from
06:31the middle
06:33of South America
06:34all the way up
06:35through Brazil
06:36When
06:37Roosevelt got
06:38to Brazil
06:39he was met
06:41by the
06:42Minister of Education
06:43who said
06:46well you can
06:47do whatever
06:48you had in mind
06:49but
06:50there's a man here
06:52named
06:52Colonel
06:53Candido Rondon
06:54who is
06:55an extraordinary
06:56explorer
06:59Como a proclamação
07:01da república
07:02um dos
07:02dos
07:03dos
07:03dos diagnósticos
07:05mais
07:05mais importantes
07:06feitos logo assim
07:07que o novo regime
07:08foi implementado
07:10era exatamente
07:10da necessidade
07:11de integração
07:13das áreas ao norte
07:14dos chamados
07:15sertões do noroeste
07:16do Brasil
07:17isso incluía
07:18basicamente
07:19os estados de Goiás
07:20de Mato Grosso
07:22e do Amazonas
07:23porque pra se ter uma ideia
07:25não se tinham
07:25ligações terrestres
07:27entre a parte
07:28sudeste do território
07:29e esses sertões
07:30do noroeste
07:31era preciso contornar
07:32por vias
07:32fluviais
07:33o sul do Brasil
07:34então além
07:36das ferrovias
07:37o telégrafo
07:38foi pensado
07:39exatamente
07:39como uma dessas
07:40vias de expansão
07:42e de incorporação
07:43ferrovias
07:44e telégrafos
07:45foram os ícones
07:46mais importantes
07:47exatamente
07:47pra
07:48essa integração
07:49dos territórios
07:50ao noroeste
07:59do Brasil
07:59isso engloba
08:01isso que nós conhecemos
08:02como Comissão Rondon
08:04um dos maiores ícones
08:06se não o maior ícone
08:07exatamente
08:07da extensão
08:08da linha telegráfica
08:09até o norte
08:10do Brasil
08:11eu acho que
08:13o Rondon
08:14desde
08:14os cinco
08:16ou seis anos
08:18queria
08:20ligar
08:22aquele mundo
08:23matogrossense
08:25com
08:26o metrópole
08:27fazer
08:29o Mato Grosso
08:31virar
08:32parte
08:33verdadeira
08:34do Brasil
08:34claro que ele
08:37nasceu
08:37num ambiente
08:38em que falava
08:39português
08:41apoiava
08:42Dom Pedro II
08:43mas as
08:45ligações
08:46que hoje
08:48em dia
08:49os brasileiros
08:50compartem
08:51até nos
08:52lugares mais
08:54remotos
08:54de Roraima
08:56ou em Tabatinga
08:58naquela época
08:59não existiam
09:00essas obras
09:01de construção
09:02de infraestrutura
09:03e de transporte
09:04estavam atreladas
09:04à própria produção
09:06do conhecimento
09:06no sentido
09:07de serem
09:07resultado
09:08dessa indução
09:09estatal
09:10então em todas
09:12elas
09:12a ciência
09:13era um componente
09:14muito importante
09:16no seu
09:17dia a dia
09:17no seu
09:18projeto
09:18no seu
09:19desenvolvimento
09:20e no seu
09:20resultado
09:21o Rodon sempre
09:22viajou com cientistas
09:23antropólogos
09:26etnólogos
09:27zoólogos
09:28bótanos
09:30geólogos
09:31todo tipo
09:32de cientista
09:34a maioria
09:35deles brasileiros
09:36mas alguns
09:37estrangeiros
09:38entraram
09:40no grupo
09:41também
09:41na verdade
09:42a gente pode
09:43pensar
09:43que isso
09:44tem
09:44relação
09:45com uma
09:45visão
09:46de toda
09:47a geração
09:48do Rondon
09:49que incluía
09:50não só
09:51cientistas
09:52e cientistas
09:53de atuação
09:53como o próprio
09:54Rondon
09:54apesar de ser
09:55militar
09:55a sua formação
09:56era científica
09:57mas também
09:58homens de estado
09:59que compartilhavam
10:00em certo sentido
10:01uma visão
10:02do que a gente
10:02chama de
10:03positivismo
10:03difuso
10:04ou seja
10:05uma visão
10:05de que a ciência
10:06deveria ser útil
10:07e benemérita
10:08ela deveria visar
10:10o bem comum
10:11então era ao mesmo
10:12tempo
10:12uma filosofia
10:13uma visão
10:14de mundo
10:14e uma determinada
10:16maneira de atuar
10:17na política
10:17e essa maneira
10:19de atuar
10:19na política
10:20ela tinha
10:20um sentido
10:21de tentar
10:22acompanhar
10:23o momento
10:24que a sociedade
10:25estava vivendo
10:26então eles acreditavam
10:27que a sociedade
10:28tinha que se transformar
10:29e queria naturalmente
10:30se transformar
10:31chegar à sociedade
10:32positiva
10:33só que essa
10:34transformação
10:35ela não podia ser
10:36baseada
10:38na violência
10:39ou em algum tipo
10:40de golpe
10:40de Estado
10:41esse tipo
10:41de coisa
10:42tinha que ser
10:42uma transformação
10:44paulatina
10:45e que viria
10:46pela educação
10:48pelo desejo
10:49das pessoas
10:50foi uma
10:53mistura
10:53de patriotismo
10:55e paixão
10:58patriotismo
10:59no sentido
11:00de que
11:00eu vou fortalecer
11:02o Brasil
11:03através do conhecimento
11:04vamos conhecer melhor
11:07nosso próprio país
11:08e a paixão
11:09de um menino
11:12que desde os cinco anos
11:15andava
11:16pelos campos
11:18alagados
11:19do Pantanal
11:22fascinado
11:23pelas estrelas
11:25pelos pássaros
11:26pelos macacos
11:28pelos caimanes
11:38Rondon
11:39Rondon coletou
11:40centenas
11:41milhares
11:42de amostras
11:43da fauna
11:44da flora
11:45que
11:46retornava
11:47das expedições
11:48trazendo uma quantidade
11:50em carro de boi
11:52em carro de boi
11:53no lombo de cavalo
11:55entende?
11:56Rondon
11:57tem um lado científico
11:59muito importante
12:01e uma contribuição
12:02importante
12:03ao conhecimento
12:04da Amazônia brasileira
12:05não só a geografia
12:07mas também
12:07o lado científico
12:09da biologia
12:11da diversidade
12:16a ideia era
12:18mostrar
12:19para
12:20Roosevelt
12:21e os outros
12:22norte-americanos
12:24as maravilhas
12:26da Amazônia
12:27os perigos
12:28da Amazônia
12:28sem que eles
12:30corram risco
12:32de morrer
12:34porque Rondon
12:35quando é chamado
12:36para
12:37ciceronear
12:40Roosevelt
12:41o governo
12:42chama e fala
12:43olha
12:43ele quer caçar
12:44leve-o
12:45a uma caçada
12:46e o Rondon
12:47fala
12:47peraí
12:48eu não sou
12:49agente
12:51acompanhante
12:52então
12:53Rondon
12:54transforma
12:56o que seria
12:57uma mera
12:58entrada
12:59amazônica
13:00para matar
13:01onças
13:01para caçar
13:02para pegar jacaré
13:04ou matá-los
13:05em uma expedição
13:06científica
13:07porque
13:08ele inventa isso
13:09não
13:10ele tinha
13:11ele vivia um problema
13:12tinha um rio
13:13que as cabeceiras
13:15estavam ali
13:16próximo
13:18que não se sabia
13:20onde desembocava
13:22esse rio
13:22onde está
13:23esse rio
13:23onde ele sai
13:24ele sai do Amazonas
13:26sai em outros rios
13:27e era chamado
13:29então
13:29o rio da dúvida
13:30exatamente por isso
13:32então
13:32Rondon
13:34expõe tudo isso
13:35fala
13:36façamos
13:37uma expedição
13:38científica
13:39no intuito
13:40de verificar
13:41aonde sai
13:43o rio da dúvida
13:50mas eu acho
13:51um key
13:51foi que
13:52o governo
13:53do Brasil
13:54disse
13:54se você
13:55join
13:55Col. Rondon
13:57nós vamos
13:58chamar o rio
13:59de você
14:01e
14:02e
14:02instante
14:03Roosevelt
14:04disse
14:04sim
14:04eu vou fazer
14:06isso
14:06e ele disse
14:07minha última chance
14:08de ser um
14:08garoto
14:09e ele
14:10threw
14:10himself
14:11into
14:11isso
14:12em
14:12retrospect
14:13ele provavelmente
14:15deve ter
14:15pensado
14:15mais
14:16caro
14:16mais
14:16mais
14:17porque
14:17ele
14:18tornou
14:18para ser
14:19um
14:20de
14:20mais
14:20dificuldade
14:21de
14:22vida
14:22e
14:22provavelmente
14:23cortou
14:23sua
14:24vida
14:24então
14:24ele
14:25saiu
14:26de
14:26essa
14:27aventura
14:28sem
14:28pensar
14:29mas
14:29era
14:30rio
14:30ele
14:31não
14:31conhece
14:32Rondon
14:32antes
14:34Rondon
14:34é
14:35pequeno
14:35compact
14:36hum
14:38determined
14:39Determined, mild-mannered person.
14:47Fundamentally different from Roosevelt.
14:48Roosevelt is larger than life and bombastic.
14:52And he's always the biggest presence in any room that he's ever in.
14:58And his ego is an admirable one, but it's huge.
15:03And here's Rondon, who has a very different style.
15:08I think it's, in first of all, a process of two great figures, maduras.
15:14One had been president for eight years, two terms, and the United States.
15:18And Rondon had at least 10 years ago.
15:22He started in 1896 and had almost 18 years of experience in Amazon.
15:29But they were experienced in life.
15:33Figures that had been increased in their offices.
15:37I think, at a little bit, they're going to understand themselves.
15:49A presença de um grupo de americanos, incluindo o ex-presidente, tornou a expedição algo atípica.
16:02A expedição começou com, se não me engano, sete ou oito americanos participando.
16:12E alguns deles sem experiência prévia de campo.
16:20Outros com experiência de campo, mas em lugares diferentes.
16:26Todos eles chegaram no Brasil, na Amazônia e no Pantanal, antes, na fase inicial da expedição, como novatos.
16:38Deve ter sido muito difícil para os americanos que estão acostumados a uma temperatura mais fresca,
16:46sem dúvida, inclusive de gelo, e a matar animais na África, saltando do caminhão e alguém apontando.
16:54Está ali o leão, atira nele.
16:58From the beginning, it was supposed to be a zoological collecting expedition.
17:03And George Cherry and Leo Miller were supposed to join Roosevelt on a trip that would go up the Paraguay
17:12River.
17:12And they were to float and float along and observe nature and collect specimens, make stops and spend some time
17:20to collect specimens in different areas.
17:24That was a lot of the attraction to Theodore Roosevelt, who enjoyed hunting.
17:29And in many ways, he flipped back and forth between the two.
17:33His initial interest was in collecting specimens as a boy.
17:36And he learned how to shoot at an early age and learned taxidermy at an early age so that he
17:42could collect specimens.
17:43The hunting for sport came later, came afterwards, but the two really go together.
17:49The skills are mutually beneficial.
17:54You need to be a good hunter.
17:55At that time, you needed to be a good hunter to be a good collector.
18:12O Chapadão é uma região mais ou menos alta em relação ao resto da Amazônia, com uma vegetação de savana
18:23brasileira, isto é, de cerrado ou de cerradão.
18:27É claro que tem ondulações também ali, mas não é uma planície, não.
18:33Tem ondulações o Chapadão.
18:35Mas é uma coisa que você pode pegar um carro de boi e atravessar, tirando as pedras do meio do
18:41caminho.
18:42Não é? Você não tem grandes árvores para evitar, né?
18:45As árvores são retorcidas, tem essa vegetação própria de Chapadão.
18:50Então é muito diferente.
18:52Quando você sai de um Chapadão ou de um cerrado e bate com a mata, você vê assim o que
18:58é uma mata, a diferença.
19:00E então, saindo da Mata Grossa, resulta ser um ordeal.
19:04E aí, por que o tempo que eles estão lá, eles estão tirando o errado coisas.
19:07Eles tiveram que jettisonar os boats que eles tinham especialmente designado para essa jornada.
19:13Eles têm mortos, eles têm mortos, eles têm desertos.
19:16E então, eles estão chegando ao Rio de Doutes e estão realmente exaustados em todas as formas, mentiras e físicas.
19:25Eles têm mortos, eles têm mortos, eles têm mortos, eles têm mortos.
19:53Eles eram malnourished, eles eram sick, eles eram exaustados, físicamente e mentais exaustados.
20:03Mas, naquela época, eles não tinham turnedido.
20:06O prédio de Rondon e o prédio de Roosevelt prohibitiam isso.
20:10E, certamente, quando eles começaram a ir embora do rio e os canos de derrubar,
20:14eles absolutamente não tinham turnedido.
20:23Você vê, todas as imagens amazônicas são aéreas, de um modo geral,
20:28e você tem impressão, quando você está no ar, está voando,
20:33que é tudo uma planície suave.
20:38Não é verdade.
20:39Você tem chapadões grandes, você tem quênios, você tem as cabeceiras dos rios,
20:49que são cheias de montanhas, montes, morros.
20:53Então, você tem uma atividade geográfica intensa ali dentro.
20:59Mas, até hoje, as pessoas falam, meu Deus, como é cheio de morros,
21:05como é difícil caminhar, como é difícil realmente.
21:08A Amazônia, e isso talvez seja uma das grandes coisas que proteja até hoje a Amazônia,
21:16é a dificuldade da penetração, de atravessar grandes rios, etc.
21:21Roosevelt estava desenhando as suas experiências no Oeste americano
21:26e as suas experiências na África Oeste,
21:31para o guiárdio, para o ver com essa grande aventura na Amazônia.
21:38O que ele encontrou na Amazônia foi algo completamente diferente.
21:41Muito raras pessoas já viram uma onça assim andando no meio do mato, muito raramente.
21:47Então, não existe onça assim, para você ficar temível.
21:51Não tem ursos, não tem nenhuma profusão, quantidade grande de animais na Amazônia.
21:57Mas é mais perigoso você sofrer pelas consequências e sequelas de picadas de insetos do que
22:07por um ataque de onça ou até por um bote de uma cobra.
22:16Só que Rondon não achava aquela opção arriscada.
22:24Um desafio sim, mas arriscada não.
22:27Ele media os riscos e não fazia coisas arriscadas.
22:32Porque ele sabia que a Amazônia não perdoa.
22:42Nesses momentos de pedrais, de corredeiras, é praticamente hoje, nos tempos atuais, impossível
22:52você usar motor, porque tem muitas pedras, bate muito, então ali tudo é na força humana.
23:01Os camaradas, esses homens extraordinários, e Roosevelt fala sobre eles com grande respeito.
23:09Não é o seu mundo, mas é mais perto do que ele quer viver do que o que ele cresceu.
23:13E Roosevelt não é possível.
23:14Roosevelt nos fez uma changingia de decadência na Amazônia e que ele precisava de
23:20Luciano, especialmente os privilégios classeses de poder viver do mundo.
23:26E para ter uma aventura, e fazer um pouco de vista, e fazer um tipo de loucnessio.
23:30Então esse é um plano de filosofia.
23:32E agora ele se vê esses homens e percebeu que não é tão tão facil, às vezes...
23:37Não é fácil para essas boas.
23:39Ele fala sobre quando eles vão ficar no meu dia para ôno,
23:43e os camaradas vão tomar machetes e cortando um pedaço de ground
23:47para que eles pudessem ter tentas e que eles saibam em action.
23:52Há no laziness, há no self-indulgence, há no whining.
23:56E que eles são perfectos físicos, que cada músculo é perfectamente desenvolvedo para esse trabalho.
24:02E eu acho que há um grande, fundamental admirável.
24:06E Roosevelt é bom para eles no caminho.
24:08Ele fazia que eles são que eles apreciam eles, que eles não são apenas o crew,
24:12eles não são apenas o outfitter.
24:21O nosso caboclo, né? O nosso caboclo.
24:24Primeiro, ele é um homem acostumado às lides do sertão,
24:30muito próximo à vida dos índios.
24:34Essas pessoas que vivem falando, os índios, povo indolente,
24:41não sabem do que estão falando.
24:45A mão dos ribeirinhos é calosa,
24:50porque é um homem que trabalha de manhã à noite para tirar o sustento dele e da família.
24:56E esses homens estão acostumados a trabalhar de sol a sol.
25:17A primeira forma de maio à frente,
25:19a primeira forma de maio à frente,
25:20o que são chamados de fixos de stations,
25:22onde você tem Rondon e o seu cano,
25:25or dugout with his theodolite
25:28and his compass
25:29and you have an assistant
25:31in the other canoe
25:32who goes down a few, maybe 500 yards
25:36lands on the shore
25:38and sets up a pole
25:39siding pole
25:40and Rondon back there
25:42takes a siding on it
25:44gets the bearing
25:45compares the distance
25:46and then Kermit would go off
25:49and another 500 yards
25:51would stop again
25:52and do the same thing
25:54well, it's not exactly clear what happened
25:58there are two versions
25:59one is the version that
26:01Theodore Roosevelt wrote about
26:03in his Scribner magazine article
26:06and the other was
26:08the paddler who survived
26:09the overturning of the canoe
26:11Jow
26:12but according to Theodore Roosevelt
26:15the story was that
26:16Rondon had told everybody to stop
26:18while he and his assistant explored
26:21they'd come to a set of rapids
26:23that looked pretty dangerous
26:24and Rondon wanted to make sure
26:26that they could get through
26:27but he wanted to reconnoiter first
26:29so he went down
26:30the left side of the river
26:32there was an island in the center
26:33so there were two sets of rapids
26:36and he told his people
26:39when Kermit returns
26:40tell them to wait here
26:41until they get back
26:42well, Kermit decided
26:43to take his canoe down
26:45to explore the right-hand channel
26:46and according to his father
26:49he got very near the edge
26:51and then the water took him over
26:53and the boat
26:54the canoe overturned
26:55Simplicia was drowned
26:57and Jow and Kermit
26:59managed to crawl to shore
27:01but later on
27:03Jow told his commander
27:05Rondon
27:06that Kermit had insisted
27:08on exploring the right-hand channel
27:11and I told him
27:12paddle through
27:13they tried to run the rapids
27:15and the canoe turned over
27:17because I think
27:18the interpretations
27:19are different
27:19and it's not clear to me
27:21what happened
27:23you know
27:23I want to be
27:24you know
27:25I'm a family member
27:26I want to be faithful
27:27to the family
27:28and I want to believe
27:29that Kermit
27:30wasn't totally irresponsible
27:32there
27:33Simplicia
27:34Kermit
27:35and a dog
27:35were in a boat
27:36and Kermit decided
27:38to paddle
27:39when he'd been told
27:39not to
27:40now you've got to
27:41keep in mind
27:41that Kermit
27:42was what
27:4322 or something
27:4424
27:45he was
27:46a kid
27:47basically
27:48and you know
27:49he'd do what kids do
27:50and take a little risk
27:51and he knew
27:54I'm sure
27:55that he was responsible
27:58for this
27:59but
28:01you know
28:01it was an accident
28:08and my impression
28:09is that Kermit
28:10was very impatient
28:11to get through
28:12with this trip
28:13he was wanting
28:14to get married
28:15and I think
28:17he just decided
28:18Rondon was too cautious
28:19I think
28:21he just
28:21was reckless
28:22and
28:23caused the death
28:24of Simplicio
28:25by his recklessness
28:28now I think
28:29this was all
28:29hushed up
28:30afterwards
28:33Theodore Roosevelt
28:34in his account
28:34speaks of
28:35one mourns
28:37for someone
28:38lost in an expedition
28:39but then this is
28:40what can happen
28:41but a bad thing
28:42happened
28:43because of
28:43his recklessness
28:44and then
28:46the question was
28:47now what
28:48well
28:48they're in the journey
28:49there's no turning back
28:50there's no helicopter
28:51to take them out
28:52they have to finish it
28:53any hour lost
28:55any minute lost
28:56I mean
28:57from the moment
28:58they started
28:59descending that river
29:00their enemy
29:01was time
29:02time meant everything
29:03the more time
29:04they wasted
29:05every portage
29:06meant more days
29:08in the field
29:08more of a chance
29:09of starvation
29:10more of a chance
29:11of being discovered
29:12by the hostile tribes
29:14that lived in that area
29:21if they were not
29:22with Rondon
29:23and with the people
29:25who were working
29:26with Indians
29:27they would have
29:28been in despair
29:29I think
29:30I think
29:31I think
29:31a expedition
29:31of this
29:31made by Americans
29:33in that occasion
29:34would have
29:35not been
29:35in despair
29:36because
29:37since that
29:38time
29:39one of the most
29:40known
29:40of the
29:41indigenous people
29:42indígenas, Cinta Larga e outros povos naquela época, eram índios sem contato.
29:48A única coisa que eles sabiam do civilizado era, toda vez que esses homens brancos aparecem,
29:55traz morte, traz tiro, traz perda de terra, de família, roubo de mulheres, que roubavam
30:02muitas mulheres, enfim, era uma lástima, era uma lástima a presença dos brancos.
30:09É claro que a presença do Rondon e dos mateiros que conheciam índios sabiam como se posicionar
30:16em relação a deixar claro para os índios que eles não estavam invadindo nada, que estavam
30:22atravessando um rio.
30:24E efetivamente os índios não atacaram, provavelmente não eram tantos, digamos assim, uma expedição
30:30de alguns jovens que estavam acompanhando ali e olhando para ver o que é que eles iam
30:33fazer, e não tinham nenhum interesse em atacar.
30:37o cachorro, porque o cachorro foi para cima deles, né?
30:40E aí ninguém vai ser mordido por cachorro à toa.
30:43Quando o cachorro Lobo foi matado por um arro indiano, isso foi uma avaliação que os índios
30:51deram, de se deixar de longe do nosso território.
30:58Eu penso, eu penso, por experiência própria, que eles acompanharam para ver as intenções,
31:06o que que esses homens querem aqui, andando no rio.
31:11Esses homens em nenhum momento atiraram sobre eles, quer dizer, não fustigaram.
31:16Eles estão com um comportamento diferenciado, né?
31:20Se fossem equipes de bandeirantes, os sertaniças de antigamente, com certeza, no primeiro movimento
31:31já levavam um tiro de arcabuz, né?
31:34E já espantava todo mundo.
31:37Aquela frase famosa do Rondon, morrer se preciso for matar nunca, não é apenas uma frase.
31:50É um código de comportamento que ele, no campo, várias vezes teve que aderir a esse código,
32:05apesar do perigo mortal.
32:08E essa visão de mundo fez, então, com que em 1910 se criasse o Serviço de Proteção aos Índios
32:13e localização dos trabalhadores nacionais, né?
32:16Então, assim, escolas eram construídas ao redor das estações telegráficas,
32:21pequenas lavouras, pequenas criações de gado.
32:24Os índios eram lentamente inseridos às atividades econômicas e aos modos de vida
32:30da, então, sociedade tradicional, na perspectiva que era vista, então, como a ideal,
32:37que era aquela dos homens que vinham da capital federal do, então, Rio de Janeiro.
32:40Mas essa perspectiva pacifista e tutelar, ela é crucial para o entendimento da política
32:48indigenista do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios, que estava incorporado aos trabalhos da Comissão Rondon.
32:56Roosevelt's view was that may work for Rondon, and that may be okay in Brazil,
33:03but that's not how we do things in the United States.
33:06Roosevelt believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon people.
33:12He was relatively contemptuous of indigenous and native peoples.
33:18his view was that there's no place for indigenous peoples in the modern world
33:23unless they join us in our brand of civilization,
33:28and that they would have to be placed on reservations,
33:34forced to assimilate, forced to enter into private property
33:40and to be educated in the white man's way.
33:42And he said, in all of his books, whatever the justice of the case,
33:48it's our country now and they need to get out of the way.
33:51And he was never apologetic about that.
33:54He never lost any sleep over this.
33:56He assumed that this was the project of civilization
33:59and that only sentimentalists would disagree with this.
34:05Enquanto que os índios americanos não tinham cidadania.
34:09Pensa bem, não tinham cidadania americana.
34:12No Brasil, ao contrário, estava vindo aquela força imensa do Rondon
34:18e da carga positivista de que os índios têm territórios nativos
34:23que devem ser protegidos
34:25e que quem trabalhar com o Rondon é para se sacrificar em prol dos indígenas.
34:31Então é um contraste muito grande.
34:33O Rosívio deve ter se impressionado com o fato de que o Brasil estava conversando com os índios
34:38de um modo muito mais amistoso e amoroso.
34:43Não é só amistoso.
34:44É amoroso, reconhecendo e colocando a sua vida em sacrifício.
34:49Em toda a história, o Estado brasileiro nunca foi favorável aos povos indígenas.
34:54Isso vem desde 1500 até hoje.
34:58Nunca foi favorável e as conquistas efetuadas pelos povos indígenas foi através de muita luta.
35:06Não foi no sentido de o povo brasileiro, o governo brasileiro tenha reconhecido os direitos, etc.
35:16O Rondon gerou uma inflexão no tipo de tratamento que os indígenas recebiam no Brasil.
35:24O tratamento sempre foi violento.
35:27Algumas pessoas tiveram intenções mais pacíficas, como é o caso do José Bonifácio.
35:36Porém, sempre houve a guerra justa.
35:39Então, a violência é comum, tanto aos Estados Unidos quanto ao Brasil.
35:45Ela não é especificidade nossa.
35:48Agora, sob o comando do Rondon e, indiretamente, dos positivistas, do apostolado,
35:56houve uma nova forma de encarar os indígenas e de encarar esse contato,
36:04principalmente por parte das autoridades da chamada Comissão Rondon.
36:10Rondon refuses to use violence against native peoples.
36:15When Roosevelt is quite comfortable with violence,
36:19Rondon tries to ratchet these tensions down rather than to ratchet them up.
36:25Roosevelt's instinct is always to ratchet up and have a confrontation with somebody.
36:29The problem was when the presence of Indians began to be felt.
36:35And Theodore Roosevelt got very concerned about his son always being out in the front.
36:39And certainly, when he would land on the shore, he was all by himself.
36:43He may have been armed, but still he was on his own.
36:46But that caused Theodore Roosevelt to be very concerned about his son
36:52and then demanding Rondon to change to a simpler way to survey the river.
36:57E houve tensão, a piorar, em algum sentido, a tensão entre os próprios chefes,
37:04entre o Roosevelt e o Rondon, houve muita tensão também entre o Rondon e os subordinados,
37:09que não gostavam exatamente desse espírito de aventura e de caçada
37:15que eles temiam acabar ocupando todo o tempo da Comissão.
37:21Então, alguns naturalistas, por exemplo, abandonaram a Comissão.
37:25Yeah, there were a lot of points of confrontation
37:28between two strong-willed men,
37:31each who were used to being obeyed.
37:35And they both respected each other.
37:38They also had the problem, they didn't have a common language.
37:41I think they had many quarrels,
37:43but it never got to the point of a break.
37:46The basic reason that they would all,
37:48they wouldn't survive, where would they go?
37:59Again, time was the enemy of this expedition,
38:03and it takes time to stop and to hunt for peccary,
38:07or to put out traps for fish,
38:11or find nets and put out nets for fish.
38:14Their survival depended on getting downriver
38:18as quickly and as efficiently as they could.
38:22The idea of the expedition finding its own food
38:27as they went down the river is, to my mind,
38:34it's a bad idea.
38:36It's, I wouldn't say, preposterous.
38:38They certainly were able to kill some game
38:42and capture some animals.
38:44You really need to know the land.
38:46You need to know the habitat intimately
38:49to be able to survive, to live off the land.
38:52They were ill-equipped to live off the land.
38:55It's not easy to catch in the Amazon.
38:57The fact that there is so many variety
39:00and few rebanions or manadas or groups large,
39:05who has more is the macacos.
39:07And it's the macacos prego,
39:08which you see more quantity.
39:10Sometimes you see a rebanhozinho of coati,
39:13which has 8, 10, 12, at least,
39:15and sometimes you see 30, 40.
39:18What you see is a lot of fruit,
39:20a acai that is giving,
39:21a bacaba,
39:23as other fruits that are flowering
39:25in this time in which they crossed.
39:30Julio was one of the comrades of the boatman.
39:34And he had retained his,
39:37he was a very overweight man, very strong.
39:40He had somehow retained his weight
39:41while others were getting thinner.
39:43And the suspicion got that maybe he's stealing food
39:47because how come?
39:49And then he was actually caught in the act
39:51by Sergeant Pachon.
39:53And he, Pachon severely rebuked,
39:57in fact, punched Julio in the mouth
40:00for stealing food.
40:02And Julio later on,
40:05to get even,
40:07looked for a rifle.
40:08And when he saw in his chance,
40:10he shot Pachon through the heart.
40:13He was an assistant to Rondon.
40:16He was an enlisted man,
40:19a very big, tall man,
40:21highly respected,
40:23and very close to Rondon.
40:25Remember,
40:26you can't forget
40:27the close relationship
40:29Rondon had with his men.
40:30They were like brothers.
40:32And it must have pained him
40:34more than we can imagine
40:35to see Pachon murdered like that.
40:42But I think there was,
40:43the build-up was
40:45the suspicion that
40:47Julio has been stealing food.
40:49And you know,
40:49when you're in a bad situation like that,
40:52the worst crime you can commit
40:53is to steal food from your friends.
40:55When it happened to the death,
40:58in the expediation,
41:00that is the death of the sergeant,
41:02Roosevelt would take and enforce it.
41:05It was like that it was proceeded
41:06in the United States.
41:07The immediate justice
41:08was done.
41:09Well, then there was a question.
41:12Rondon,
41:13he maintains
41:15the sense of justice
41:17that this man
41:19should be
41:22taken to the judge,
41:24to defend himself,
41:25etc., etc.
41:26It means to do the things
41:28according to the Brazilian laws.
41:32So, I see this
41:33as a very important act
41:37that shows
41:38one of the legalistic characteristics
41:41of Rondon.
41:43Again,
41:44Rondon's sense of duty
41:45was so strong
41:46that here was
41:48someone in the military,
41:50Julio was, I guess,
41:51in the army,
41:52or at least he was
41:54an employee
41:54of the Telegraph Commission.
41:56He had to be brought
41:57to justice.
41:59And Brazil had
42:00no capital punishment
42:01then,
42:02probably not either now.
42:04So,
42:05you can't kill him
42:06if you did find him,
42:07but what would you do
42:08with him?
42:08You'd have to bring him back.
42:10But the Roosevelt said,
42:11well,
42:11if we capture him
42:12and bring him back
42:13to justice,
42:14we will have to feed him.
42:16He'll be another burden.
42:17He'll have to be
42:18kept under control.
42:21So,
42:22it was,
42:23what do you do
42:23in a case like that?
42:25But it turned out
42:26that Julio simply
42:27disappeared into the jungle.
42:37Yeah,
42:38I mean,
42:38they were all terribly
42:39depressed by what
42:40they'd been through already.
42:42now they were facing
42:43this impossible obstacle,
42:46six falls or rapids
42:47that they had to get down.
42:49But,
42:50you had the competing
42:51problem of
42:53Rondon's idea,
42:54Rondon's idea
42:55on how to conduct
42:56an expedition
42:56and the Roosevelt's,
42:59their impatience,
43:00particularly the Sun's,
43:01to get through it.
43:03Very,
43:03I think the most
43:04desperate situation
43:05they faced
43:06was when they reached
43:06this long canyon
43:08and it took
43:09eight or nine days
43:10to get through
43:12and Theodore Roosevelt
43:13was disabled
43:14and the Sun
43:15determined to get his,
43:16save his father
43:17and the rest of them.
43:19He and Lira decide,
43:20let's take a chance
43:21to get the boats down.
43:32And he says
43:34to Rondon
43:34and anyone else
43:35who will listen,
43:36we can do this.
43:37the only way
43:38to do this
43:38is to stay in the river.
43:40It's suicide
43:42to go off the river
43:43and abandon the boat.
43:44So we will use ropes,
43:45we will find a way
43:46to line them down,
43:47we will work this out.
43:48There's got to be
43:48a logistical system
43:49we can do
43:50to get these boats through
43:52and to get my father through
43:54who maybe can walk around
43:56some of the rapids
43:57but he's not able
43:58to do any physical work.
44:00He's just a burden
44:00at this point.
44:01When Kermit
44:03put forth his idea
44:04that they could indeed
44:05get down
44:05on these really
44:06terrible rapids,
44:09I think he had an ally
44:12in the lieutenant,
44:13the Brazilian lieutenant,
44:15who supported him
44:16in this argument.
44:18And I suspect
44:18that Rondon's view,
44:20knowing a little
44:21about Rondon's character,
44:22saying,
44:22okay,
44:23if the kids want to try it,
44:24let them try.
44:25I think it's really
44:26a coming-of-age story.
44:27When he started
44:28the expedition,
44:29yes,
44:30he'd had experience.
44:30He'd been an engineer,
44:31he'd worked in tough areas
44:33of Brazil,
44:33he'd done things.
44:34But I still think,
44:36I think he was still
44:37a boy.
44:38When you get to that
44:39critical day
44:40on March 28th,
44:42I think,
44:42in a sense,
44:43he grew to become
44:44a man then.
44:45And so,
44:47Kermit's maturity
44:48in this situation
44:50is really remarkable.
44:51And in some ways,
44:53it redeems
44:54what had happened earlier.
44:56It might have failed.
44:58They might have lost
44:58the boats
44:59because they were
45:00at the base
45:01of these steep walls
45:03and they were like
45:03insects crawling
45:04against the wall.
45:06And Lord knows
45:07how they did it.
45:08But thank God
45:09they had the ropes
45:10and pulleys.
45:12Because his father
45:13is debilitated,
45:15Kermit grows up
45:16in a hurry
45:17and becomes a man
45:19almost instantly.
45:20He takes on
45:21a mature leadership role
45:22that you would not
45:23have expected probably
45:24if TR were
45:26in good health.
45:28What other 56-year-old
45:30would go into
45:32one of the least
45:33explored parts
45:34of the world
45:35where insects
45:36and disease
45:37and the danger
45:39of injury
45:39were so great
45:40who comes there
45:42nearly blind
45:43in one eye,
45:45suffering from
45:46rheumatism.
45:47In fact,
45:48he referred to himself
45:49earlier as
45:49a crippled old man
45:51because he was getting
45:53rheumatoid arthritis,
45:56gastric problem.
45:57He also had trouble
45:57with his heart too.
45:59He began to experience
46:01extreme shortness
46:02of breath.
46:03He would walk
46:04a few paces
46:05and he would collapse
46:06and he'd have to rest
46:07a bit.
46:08And his friends
46:09would have to help him
46:10to make the grade
46:12to go up a hill
46:13and so forth.
46:15And malaria,
46:17which would come back
46:18every so often.
46:20And then the leg injury.
46:21The leg injury
46:21was probably the worst thing.
46:23But this began
46:24the decline
46:26of Theodore Roosevelt's
46:27health
46:27for the rest of the trip.
46:30This injury
46:31on the 27th,
46:32banging his shin
46:32against a rock.
46:34Then the malaria
46:35coming in
46:37and the infection
46:39in the leg.
46:40I don't know
46:41if it completely
46:42sapped his determination
46:44to survive,
46:45but he was continually
46:46thinking all during
46:48this time,
46:48I can't be of help
46:50to the others.
46:51I'm holding them up.
46:53And my son
46:54is not going to get
46:56through this
46:56if I don't stop here
46:58and let them go on.
46:59I think at this point
47:00I've got to take out
47:01that hypodermic needle
47:04and inject myself
47:05with morphine
47:06and end it.
47:07It was the only time
47:08in his life
47:09when he declared
47:11that he needed to die.
47:13So if you think
47:15about Roosevelt,
47:15he broke many bones.
47:17He was thrown
47:18from horses.
47:19He was nearly assassinated
47:21in 1912
47:22during the Bull Moose campaign.
47:24And then after he was shot
47:26at point-blank range
47:27in October of 1912,
47:29he went on
47:29to give an 84-minute speech.
47:31So he's shot.
47:33And instead of going
47:34to the hospital,
47:35he gives the speech
47:36for 84 minutes,
47:37for more than an hour
47:38while he's bleeding
47:39and fainting away.
47:41And so when I think
47:42about that,
47:42I think,
47:44what would it take
47:45for Theodore Roosevelt
47:46to give up?
47:48He assumed
47:49that he was going
47:50to die
47:50and he needed to die.
47:52And he called in
47:53his son
47:54and Rondon
47:55to announce this
47:56and they said,
47:57no,
48:00we can't leave you here.
48:01We're not leaving you here.
48:02We're not doing it.
48:07Theodore Roosevelt
48:07The Cajazeera,
48:08if I'm not mistaken,
48:10was for a coincidence.
48:11Because the initial plan
48:13was to take
48:15another doctor.
48:17And really,
48:18for me,
48:19Cajazeera
48:20is the
48:22hero
48:23desconhecido
48:24from the expedition.
48:25He's a great hero.
48:27His wisdom
48:28is impressive.
48:31And
48:32the way
48:33he dealt
48:35with
48:35a
48:37ex-president
48:37americano
48:38being
48:40a paciente
48:40dele
48:41exemplar.
48:43He was
48:44a cirurgia,
48:45but
48:46in the
48:46field
48:47psicológico
48:48he was
48:49even
48:49more
48:52astute,
48:53I would say.
48:55And
48:56he
48:58also
48:59with
49:02other患者患者
49:05He did
49:06say
49:06afterwards
49:07that he
49:08admired
49:08Cajazeera
49:09most of
49:10all,
49:11that he
49:12felt closer
49:13to him.
49:13But I think
49:14that's because
49:15of the
49:15doctor-patient
49:16relationship.
49:17I do believe
49:18the doctor
49:19saved his
49:19life
49:21by his
49:22patient
49:22treatment
49:23with the
49:24quinine
49:24and
49:26encouragement.
49:27I'm sure
49:28he encouraged
49:28him not to
49:29give up.
49:30And of
49:30course,
49:31later on,
49:32a few weeks
49:32after they
49:33got through
49:33the canyon,
49:35the infection
49:36of the leg
49:37had gotten
49:37to the point
49:38that they
49:38could no longer
49:39wait for an
49:40operation.
49:41So without
49:42anesthetic,
49:43the doctor
49:44had to
49:45lance this
49:46terrible
49:48infection.
49:49Most
49:49unsanitary,
49:51clothes
49:51completely
49:52damp,
49:53dressings
49:54that became
49:55damp the
49:55moment they
49:56were put
49:56on,
49:57the worry
49:58about
49:58falling into
49:59the water
49:59again.
50:00The strength
50:01of the people
50:02had declined.
50:03They didn't
50:03have enough
50:04food.
50:04And that
50:05certainly
50:06increases the
50:07chance that
50:08infection will
50:08get worse.
50:09He survived
50:11because he's
50:11Roosevelt,
50:12with the
50:13help of
50:14Dr.
50:15Gajazzara
50:16and Rondon
50:17and Kermit.
50:21When they
50:22found the
50:23stake in
50:24the riverbank
50:25with the
50:26letters J-A
50:27marking the
50:28territory,
50:29the patch
50:30of the
50:31Seranguedo,
50:32staking out
50:33his territory,
50:34they knew
50:35we're going
50:36to find
50:36people that
50:37can help
50:37us.
50:38They got
50:38guides,
50:39they got
50:39food,
50:41they got
50:42better
50:42boats,
50:43flat-bottom
50:44boats.
50:45Because they
50:46had met
50:46people who
50:48could help
50:48them,
50:49they all
50:50knew they
50:50had a
50:50chance
50:50to get
50:51through.
50:51So,
50:52April 15th
50:53is the
50:54key date
50:54of salvation.
50:57And they
50:58managed.
51:00They lost three
51:01men,
51:03but
51:04one
51:05lost in
51:06an accident
51:07and two
51:08in the
51:10case of
51:12Passion.
51:12Passion
51:13dies
51:13and
51:16Júlio
51:18died and
51:19probably
51:20died in
51:22the
51:22wilderness.
51:23Or
51:23he was
51:23attacked
51:24by
51:25horses
51:26or
51:27Indians.
51:29They started
51:30the
51:30descent with
51:3122 men
51:32and
51:3219 men.
51:32came up with
51:3319 men.
51:36Rondon had
51:37been there
51:37many times.
51:38He knew
51:39his way
51:39around.
51:40But the
51:40Americans
51:40were,
51:41I think,
51:43appalled
51:44by the
51:45capacity
51:46of the
51:46Brazilian
51:47rainforest
51:48to
51:49obscure
51:50the sun
51:51and to
51:52drench them
51:53over and
51:54over in a
51:54single day.
51:55Roosevelt said
51:55they would
51:56hang up their
51:56clothes to dry
51:57at night and
51:58they'd be wet
51:58in the morning
51:59when they put
51:59them back on.
52:00The foliage
52:01was so dense
52:02they couldn't
52:02see.
52:04In a sense,
52:05the foliage
52:05is kind of
52:06eating the river.
52:07It's just,
52:07so they don't
52:08get to see
52:09the sky
52:09very much.
52:10And then
52:11there's this
52:11moment where
52:13they're in a
52:14relatively more
52:15clear place
52:16and the skies
52:17open up
52:18and they see
52:18the Big Dipper
52:19and they
52:21realize it's
52:22a small world
52:22and this
52:24reminds us
52:24of home
52:25and the
52:27same sky
52:27was above
52:28them that
52:28they would
52:29have seen
52:29in Mexico
52:30or would
52:30have seen
52:30in Arizona.
52:55and this
52:56region
52:59like
53:00Amazon,
53:01the
53:01Amazon,
53:03the
53:03Amazon,
53:03Amazon,
53:04the
53:04Amazon,
53:06the
53:06desert,
53:06Essas desertos, essas solidões humanas, elas são propícias a criar mitos, heróis, bandidos, histórias fantásticas, etc.
53:54A expedição com Roosevelt projetou o Rondon de um cenário mundial, mais do que qualquer outra expedição dele.
54:05Pelo simples fato de ter um ex-presidente americano ao lado dele, um ex-presidente, aliás, que ganhou o Prêmio
54:16Nobel da Paz.
54:18Claro que o Rondon estava fazendo isso há 25 anos, antes da chegada do Teddy Roosevelt no Brasil,
54:27mas eu acho que o mundo não ficava tão atento às proezas anteriores do Cândido Rondon.
55:09A Cândido Rondon
55:39A Cândido Rondon
55:46Legenda Adriana Zanotto
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