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The film returns to the origins of the creation of the State of Israel (from 1896 to 1948) and highlights the responsibility of the Western World.
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00:17The state of Israel had been proclaimed, and the people rejoiced in their new nation,
00:21a haven of refuge for the displaced and persecuted members of the Jewish faith from all over the
00:26world. Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations, and her flag was raised at
00:33Lake Success. Again, the United Nations had, through peaceful mediation, resolved an international
00:38dispute, which had been a threat to world peace.
00:46Herzl was writing his ideas about Zionism in the late 19th century, and the backdrop to his books
00:56and vision is the rise of anti-Semitism in Central and Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and his own
01:08frustration from not being fully assimilated into Western European culture. And his solution
01:16was to create, instead of a German romantic national movement, where the Jews would not be accepted,
01:24he understood that, to create a Jewish romantic national movement.
01:32You cannot say it was a monolithic thing. There were different reactions. The richer Jews that were
01:38the Western Jews, mostly they were opposed to the idea of Zionism, because they were well assimilated in
01:46their own countries, they were well rooted there, and they considered that bringing up such a subject
01:52was very dangerous, because it meant that they are not citizens of these countries anymore, that they have to go
01:59somewhere else. But the Dreyfus affair was the one that shocked them, and they started to feel that no
02:04matter what we do, no matter how assimilated we get, we are still rejected, we are still not accepted, so
02:10we have to
02:11find our own place, our own country to go to.
02:14The true Jews, the true Jews, the true Jews, the true Jews, the true institutions, organizations,
02:19the masses, were against Zionism.
02:45They had different ideas. They didn't choose Palestine immediately. They thought about places like Uganda, Argentina,
02:52the United States, Azerbaijan, but we also have to understand that they were pushed by Christian Zionists
03:01to not to give up on Palestine. And these were very powerful evangelical people, both in the United States,
03:09especially in Britain, who really wanted to see the return of the Jews to Palestine.
03:16Pionniers and refugees from countries of oppression, where Jews are free to be anything but Jews, young and old.
03:27They are going now to a land which accepts them as its own, and not merely as strangers to be
03:34tolerated.
03:35They will drill wells and bring the hidden water, the most precious treasure, out of the depths of the earth.
03:43That leads us to, in the mythological mythological and judeo-christian,
03:49to images very strong, which speak to everyone, at all in Europe and in North America,
03:55to be the fact that we oppose a Jew, an agricultural farmer, an Arab, a tribe tribe, etc.
04:04And so we oppose the world civilized to the barbarian and to the primitive world.
04:09And that leads us to the stereotype of Abel and Cain.
04:13Abel, the sedentary farmer, and Cain, the nomad, who, in addition, will kill Abel.
04:20The Christian Zionists' evangelical dogma is very clear.
04:26It believes that the return of the Jews to Palestine signifies the end of time, the second coming of the
04:32Messiah, the resurrection of the dead.
04:35So for them, the return of the Jews is the first indication that God's will is going to be implemented,
04:43finally.
04:44And in this respect, they always wanted the Jews to come back, or allegedly come back, to an ancient homeland,
04:51where, supposedly, the Jews used to live as a nation, even had a state.
04:56Which, of course, is all fabrication of history, but that doesn't matter because all national movements fabricate their history.
05:04So in this respect, Zionism was not unique.
05:07This is the land which God promised to Abraham.
05:17Once, while the Jews lived in this land, it was the center of a great civilization.
05:24Through the ages, the Jews made pilgrimages to all these places, filled with holy memories, to add their prayers to
05:34those of their ancestors,
05:36that the scattered children of Israel be gathered again into the shelter of their own homeland.
05:42This is perhaps the most important thing.
05:45How to transform a mythological religion into a mythological history or political history?
05:54Why do I insist on that?
05:56For example, in the Declaration of Independence of Israel in 1947-1948,
06:03we put the myth that the Jewish people were exiled by the Romans in the first century of our era.
06:15I decided to look for books and research on the exile.
06:20And there was no exile.
06:23There was no exile.
06:25There was no exile.
06:25The Jews were not exiled.
06:26The Judaism started to come to Rome, etc.
06:32But the Jews were never exiled.
06:35Except that for the Zionism,
06:38there was this idea of return based on the idea of exile.
06:45What Zionism did was two things.
06:48One is to transform Judaism from a religion into nationalism.
06:54And this is why at the beginning of Zionism, very few Jews agreed to do that.
06:59And secondly, they wanted to transform the Jews from people who live in a unique way, a segregated way, into
07:09a modern nation.
07:11The crystallization of national ideas with an imagination racist is the right time of the 10th century.
07:20Everyone became sick of the nationalism at that time.
07:24This is something that went to the First World War.
07:27We can't understand the First World War without the national ideas.
07:31We can't respond everywhere.
07:35We can't understand the Zionism.
07:37Because the Zionism is also an imitation of all other nationalism in Europe.
08:03The Zionism was going to remain a dream until it gained the support of a great power.
08:09And in that sense, the first support came from great financial power.
08:15One thinks about the support that the Montefiores or the Rothschilds gave for the early Aliyot between 1882 and the
08:23outbreak of the First World War
08:25to sustain a colonization scheme and to encourage the settlement of Jews, mostly from Eastern Europe or from Russia, within
08:34the frontiers of what was still an Ottoman territory in Palestine.
08:39That support was good for bringing Jews to Palestine, but not in sufficient numbers to give them a critical demographic
08:47mass.
08:47For that, you really needed to have the support of a large political power.
08:52The headquarter of the Zionist movement during the First World War was in Berlin.
08:57But because of the war, the leaders of the Zionist movement decided, rightly, they were always very good in anticipating
09:05big events.
09:07They had a feeling that Germany was going to lose.
09:11So they transferred the headquarters from Germany to London.
09:17And a new figure became very important in the Zionist movement, Chaim Weizmann, who was a kind of a war
09:24hero in Britain
09:25because he invented the TNT and helped Britain to win the war in a way.
09:31So he became very influential.
09:34And his friends in the Zionist movement made it very clear that the Zionist movement would look for Britain as
09:42the superpower that would help implement the Zionist ideology.
09:48During the First World War, the Great Britain and its allies were faced with different battles of battle,
09:58such as the Arab Peninsula and the Near-Orient.
10:07To establish their imperialist objectives, the Britannians used several strategies and several intrigues of the palais
10:15which were in general, three contradictory promises.
10:19First of all, the accord Hussein-McMahon.
10:22In exchange of the alliance with the Britannians,
10:26the Hashemite would have been the destination of a future Arab kingdom not better defined
10:32at the end of the First World War.
10:35Second secret negotiations are the famous Corsa-Expico
10:39which is based on a provisional sharing,
10:42there is also not better defined, two forms of influence
10:46in the post-war between France and Angleterre and the Near-Orient.
10:53Finally, it is the Balfour Declaration where, in general,
10:58the Secretary of State for foreign affairs, Lord Balfour,
11:02declare the support of the Angleterre to the creation of a Jewish national office.
11:09The British were looking for more funds for the war effort.
11:15And so there, the claims of the Zionist movement that they would be able to help fund the war effort
11:24was very attractive.
11:25That's the context in which the Balfour Declaration, or letter,
11:30which is what it is from a legal point of view, was put forward.
11:36And it was a letter from Lord Balfour to Lord Rothschild,
11:41basically a commitment of the British government to the Zionists
11:46to have a Jewish home in Palestine.
11:49The wording of the letter is actually very interesting.
11:53The letter gives Britain's support for a Jewish home in Palestine,
12:00not a Jewish homeland.
12:01That is one thing to allow immigration of Jews into Palestine,
12:06and it's a quite different proposition to create a country for those immigrants
12:13at the expense of the native populations.
12:16The second clause, without prejudice, to the civil and religious rights
12:23of the native Palestinian Arab population, they're just called non-Jews.
12:29And what's interesting there is the omission of the word political rights,
12:33so that the religious rights were to be protected, but not the political rights.
12:42And that was a careful omission on the part of the drafters.
12:48I mean, this was a document that was drafted by a number of different people
12:52in the name of Lord Balfour.
12:55There were some misconceptions in Britain about Zionism,
12:59which really helped the Zionist movement.
13:01One was a total confusion about the Bolshevik movement and Zionism.
13:05Because there were so many Jews in the Bolshevik movement,
13:09the British government believed that if it supports the idea of colonizing Palestine for the Jews,
13:15it will create a good relationship with the Jews in the Bolshevik movement,
13:19which of course was ridiculous, because the Bolshevik Jews were anti-Zionist, not pro-Zionist.
13:25And the second one is probably less ridiculous, but a bit premature.
13:28They believed the Jews had a lot of influence in the United States.
13:33And again, it was a bit weird, because in 1917, the American Jews were still not Zionist.
13:39They did not support the idea of Zionism, which is also a bit anti-Semitic, of course,
13:43to assume that the Jews controlled both the new Soviet Union and the United States.
13:49But this was always Zionism, always benefited from anti-Semitism, Christian Zionism, and strategic interests.
14:10It's not a coincidence that the final British breakthrough on the Ottoman lines in southern Palestine,
14:16that it's precisely at that moment that they articulate a new policy towards Palestine,
14:21recognizing a Jewish national home.
14:23It looks as though Britain was promising Palestine to the Zionist movement.
14:28Instead, it was the British taking advantage of the Zionist movement to take Palestine for themselves,
14:33make it a low-cost colony for the British,
14:35and give the British a kind of chain of command that would link Egypt, Palestine, Iraq,
14:40and the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean world.
14:43Now, the important thing is that the other countries imperialists or colonialists
14:52support this to have a place, to change the Proche-Orient.
14:59It is to think about the imagination of the 17th century,
15:04that the Proche-Orient will become a land in the hands of the Occidentals.
15:10Sur le plan juridique, the Declaration n'engage que la Grande-Bretagne
15:14et aucun des autres partenaires de l'Alliance.
15:19Il faudra attendre 1922 pour que la Déclaration Balfour soit intégrée,
15:28en quelque sorte, dans la charte du mandat sur la Palestine
15:31et devienne un texte de droit international.
15:43À la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale,
15:46la création de la Société des Nations est un grand projet d'espoir
15:50et de volonté de promouvoir la paix.
15:54La Société des Nations contient au moins deux nouveautés très importantes.
16:01La première porte sur la question de la transparence
16:04et donc contraire au niveau des traités et des accords internationaux
16:08la pratique qui avait prévalu jusque-là.
16:11Le deuxième élément très important est la question
16:15de l'autodétermination du peuple libre.
16:18Et cela ne sera pas sans conséquence, notamment sur le développement
16:24du mandat britannique en Palestine et de son issue.
16:27La Britannique et la France ont été les nouveaux russes du Nord-Ouest
16:31après la défaite de l'Empire ottoman.
16:33Ils ont voulu diviser entre eux les provinces ottomanes du monde arabe.
16:39Il y avait deux problèmes pour eux.
16:40Il y avait un mouvement national arabe
16:42qui voulait créer une république arabe unifiée
16:45all over the Arab world.
16:47And this is something Britain and France could not allow.
16:50They were afraid of a united Arab force.
16:53And they had a problem with the Americans
16:55until Wilson disappeared,
16:57that the Americans demanded that the right of self-determination
17:00for people would be respected.
17:02So they find the compromise, the mandate system.
17:05They convinced the Americans and some local Arab leaders
17:09that it would be better to divide the Arab world into states
17:12rather than to have one united Arab republic.
17:16So they forced upon them a map, a new map,
17:19the map more or less than we know today
17:22of Syria, Iraq, Jordan and so on.
17:27Mandates were, as framed by the League of Nations,
17:30meant to be projects of limited duration.
17:33But as conceived by the imperial powers,
17:35they were meant to be a part of the extension
17:37of the imperial network through a new form of imperialism,
17:42a new notion of colonialism.
18:05The mandate idea was a European power would help the local country
18:11to become independent within 25 years.
18:14And after 25 years, there will be democratic elections,
18:18and the people would decide what kind of a state they want.
18:22Now, if you take the Balfour Declaration out of the charter,
18:26it means that the people of Palestine, after 25 years,
18:29had the right to decide what kind of a Palestine they would have.
18:33The Jews in 1917 were 10% of the population.
18:36So it's very clear what a democratic choice
18:39of the people of Palestine would be.
18:59It is nearly 16 years since he recruited me
19:06to the Zionist movement.
19:10Haim Wiseman was very instrumental in convincing Louis George at that time
19:16to have Samuel, who was a committed Zionist,
19:21to be the first High Commissioner.
19:22The importance of choosing somebody like Samuel in those circumstances
19:26is that it was up to him to make the Balfour Declaration mean
19:31whatever it was going to mean.
19:33Everything he did on the ground, like the immigration laws
19:37and the land transfer laws and the settling,
19:40would transform this country into a Jewish state in the end.
19:47We need to understand one thing with this Zionist process.
19:52Between 1880 and 1924, 1923-1924, there were 2,5 millions of Jews,
20:01that!*rex corrective people, which progressives and thenenomists.
20:05fight the country around Trans Nicholas in the mid-West or run them to Ukraine,
20:09whenенных people are there, at all over the edge of the time,
20:14you go to Germany then don't be the most piracy
20:16but there are the biggest numbers typically there are the biggest numbers in the Southening
20:24in the West.
20:26The Virginia that Catholics have put down,
20:27if you came to London and they went to buy them
20:27and they are getting to printer data to sensitive呀.
20:30And they arrived at the end of San Francisco.
20:31That's to say, the present sionist for the Jews is very weak.
20:35Now, why in 1924?
20:37Because in 1924, there is a wave anti-Juif and anti-immigratory in the États-Unis.
20:43And Johnson's law decides that we cut the migration.
20:47And there is more migration and colonization here, on this land of Palestine.
20:54Everything will be transformed from 1933
20:57because of the attack of Hitler in the power, which this time is a relatively massive immigration,
21:04it's about 40,000 or 50,000 people per year, to Palestine.
21:10And there you have a feeling that the numbers of the population,
21:14the numbers of the population, are radically changing in favor of the sionist movement.
21:21And the Palestinians began a series of an anti-colonialist struggle
21:26against both Britain and the Zionist movement.
21:29The first wave of struggle was 1919, already two years after the Balfour Recreation,
21:34then 1920, 21, 29, of course, was the more major attempt to struggle against this idea
21:42that Palestinians have no say in the future.
21:46And at least 1929 events convinced the British that they have to start consulting the Palestinians.
21:55And when they start to consult the Palestinians and the Zionists at the same time,
22:00they have no way out of it.
22:02And I think that already in 1929, it was very clear,
22:06Britain cannot solve the problem that it has created.
22:09The main case of the Arabs is against the British government's policy in Palestine,
22:16a policy which, if continued, will surely have, as a result,
22:21the replacement of the Arabs by the Jews.
22:25This policy is not only contrary to the pledge given by his Britannic Majesty's government
22:32to the late King Hussein in the year 1915 for the establishment of a completely independent state,
22:41but is also not in accordance with the fourth point of President Wilson's 14 points,
22:49calling for the self-determination of all people.
22:52The Arabs, who decided on a general and a complete strike
22:57until the total and immediate stoppage of Jewish emigration is brought about
23:02and until the government introduces an essential change in its present policy.
23:09In Jerusalem, the state of tension continues.
23:11Terrorism has caused a number of deaths already,
23:14and at Arab meetings, agitators whip up the old race animosity.
23:18British police search wayfarers for arms.
23:20Under police protection, Jewish families are moved from the old quarters of Jerusalem
23:23to districts where they are less likely to be molested,
23:26and the British soldier in his tin hat helps too.
23:37In Palestine, the situation remains extremely tense.
23:40The grave disorders are happening in many areas of the territory
23:43and the terrorist attacks are increasing.
23:51In order to establish the order,
23:53new police officers come to Japan.
23:56The result was disastrous for the Palestinians because
24:07most of their leaders were killed by the British or exiled.
24:12And when 48 would come, they would be without proper leadership.
24:15From a Zionist perspective,
24:17they understood that if they want to take Palestine,
24:20they have to do it by force,
24:21and they will have to transfer the Palestinians.
24:24This is the time when the leader of the Zionist movement, David Ben-Gurion,
24:28talks openly about the need to expel the Palestinians
24:32if you want to create a Jewish state.
24:33And for that, you need military force.
24:36Questions have been asked in Parliament about the arming of Jewish supernumeraries.
24:40Well, here is a detachment of men who have been trained to reinforce the military
24:43in the protection of their homes.
24:46Trenches have been dug around the Jewish colonies.
24:48Police and supernumeraries are ready to man them at a moment's notice.
24:54The Arabs convicted of crimes or offenses against authority
24:57are kept in concentration camps behind barbed wire.
25:00Strictly guarded, they are put to breaking stones for road making.
25:03In the unhappy state of Palestine, these camps are inevitable.
25:07After the abandonment of rebellion, justice may be tempered with mercy.
25:11In 1938, 15-20% of the British army in the world
25:15were in Palestine to destroy the palestinian revolt.
25:19It is to say that at the moment of Munich,
25:21a British soldier on the 5th of the British army
25:23was in Palestine,
25:25which is all inacceptable.
25:28And from the moment where we are in a war in Europe,
25:32the British people get the situation in Palestine
25:35by the Libre Blanc of 1939,
25:39which limits and then interdits
25:41the Jewish immigration in Palestine.
25:50For the Zionist movement,
25:52the white paper was an existential threat.
25:55Ben-Gurion,
25:57recognized in the Britain
25:58was facing up against a future conflict with the Nazis,
26:01promised to support the British war against the Nazis
26:04as if there was no white paper.
26:07But he promised the Zionist movement
26:08he would fight the white paper
26:10as if there were no war against the Nazis.
26:13More radical members of the Jewish community in Palestine
26:17took this as a soft line by Ben-Gurion.
26:20They believed that Britain's posture
26:22had changed fundamentally
26:23from being a state supporting the creation
26:28of Jewish ambitions to statehood
26:30to becoming an illegitimate colonial occupier,
26:33denying the Zionist movement
26:35its right to national self-determination
26:37in its biblical homeland, Eretz Israel.
26:39And this is where we see the break-off
26:41of the Stern Gang or the Etzel,
26:46the Lehi movements,
26:48which advocated using terror tactics
26:50to drive the British out of Palestine
26:52as an illegitimate colonial occupier.
26:55These underground terrorist organizations
26:58were, of course, an offshoot of the Haganah.
27:02That was itself another underground military organization.
27:06It was the nucleus of the later Israeli army.
27:10Among their leaders were somebody like Shamir,
27:14who later became prime minister and Begin,
27:17and they were wanted by the British army as terrorists.
27:20They were the extreme right-wing factions
27:24of the Zionist organizations
27:27who belonged to the faction of Jabotinsky,
27:31who believed in the end
27:33that there was no place for Arabs and Jews
27:37because they could see,
27:38everybody could see with their own eyes
27:40that this country was inhabited.
27:42It was not an empty land
27:44like the propaganda that was used
27:46from the end of the 19th century,
27:48the very well-known cliché,
27:51a land without people
27:52for a people without a land.
27:54When they went there,
27:55they saw with their own eyes
27:57that that was totally untrue.
27:59And Jabotinsky would say it.
28:00There is no place for both of us.
28:02It's either us or them.
28:03And we are coming here as conquerors.
28:05We are colonialist conquerors.
28:07And it has been a natural thing
28:10throughout the whole of history
28:11that when people are conquered,
28:12the original inhabitants will definitely resist.
28:20The freedom of the Méditerranée
28:22is indispensable
28:23to the safety of the maritime routes
28:24which rely on the Great Britain
28:26to its empire colonial.
28:33In the Méditerranée oriental,
28:35England must defend the Palestinian coast
28:38and the population placed
28:40under its protectorate,
28:42as well as the port of Haifa,
28:44terminus of the pipeline
28:46who amène to Mossoul
28:47the oil indispensable
28:48to its needs of its national defense.
28:50De 1941 à 1943,
28:55la Palestine est une base arrière
28:57de l'armée britannique au Proche-Orient
28:59et elle se développe économiquement
29:01dans tous ces secteurs
29:02parce qu'il faut ravitailler,
29:04habiller d'un million de soldats britanniques
29:06qui se battent dans le désert égyptien.
29:10C'est aussi le cas, évidemment,
29:10en Égypte, en Irak,
29:11toute la région travaille
29:13pour l'armée britannique.
29:18Ensuite, au printemps 1942,
29:21les Allemands et les Italiens
29:22sont chassés complètement d'Afrique du Nord
29:23par la prise de Tunis.
29:24Et à ce moment-là,
29:26donc, la Seconde Guerre mondiale
29:27s'éloigne du Proche-Orient.
29:31Et là encore,
29:32vous avez des attitudes distinctes
29:34des mouvements sionistes.
29:35Le sionisme filier continue de collaborer
29:38avec les britanniques,
29:40en créant éventuellement une brigade juive
29:42qui se battrait du côté
29:43de l'armée britannique.
29:45Mais la droite sioniste
29:46commence en 1944,
29:48une campagne d'attentat
29:50contre les britanniques
29:53en Palestine.
29:54Et on peut dire qu'à la fois,
29:56les sionistes officiels collaborent
29:58et participent à l'effort de guerre
30:00contre l'Allemagne nazie,
30:01mais en revanche,
30:04les Arguns bloquent
30:05des milliers de soldats britanniques
30:07en Palestine
30:07qui devraient se battre
30:09contre l'Allemagne nazie.
30:16Le Lens-Pierre
30:17Le Lens-Pierre
30:17Le Lens-Pierre
30:29It was in the spring of 1945,
30:32but we'll never forget it.
30:34We saw liberty.
30:37It was the doors opening up
30:39for the first time in many years.
30:45you heard those voices in a dozen different languages saying we have waited so long for you
30:51to come the leadership of the zionist movement understood that britain and france are declining
31:00and that if they want this colonialist project of zionism to succeed they need not not only do
31:08they have to fight britain because they don't have the same interest they need someone else
31:11to take over as a supporter and that's when they started to understand the importance of the
31:17american zionist community jewish community and also the christian zionist community in america
31:23the lives of five million jews have proved to the world what the jewish problem means
31:29you don't have today to preach zionism or to read herzl and pinsker and hessen and adam
31:35you just have to say five million jews massacred in europe because of the homelessness of the
31:41jewish people yet certainly the right to demand that the world shouldn't wait for a second
31:47blessing of this kind till it will implement the principle this was recognized even formally
31:53and internationally to give palestine to the jewish people as a real national home
32:19mr ben gurian's house in tel aviv was the scene of the recent meeting of the jewish agency executive
32:24among the leaders of official zionism dr moshe sneer formerly chief of the hagana and mrs gilda myerson
32:32head of the political bureau
32:36mr ben gurian chairman of the executive leads them into his study for the meeting
32:40although condemning terrorism the executive decided not to participate in any government
32:45or army campaign against the terrorists these attacks sapped the will of the british to try and
32:51continue to impose their authority on a palestine over which they were increasingly losing control
32:57the coasts were flooded with ships of displaced jews from europe organized by the zionist agents to try
33:04and bring survivors of the holocaust to palestine to raise their numbers and the british were no longer
33:10in a position to drive back these ships of europe's miserable and dispossessed which gave them a very bad
33:17reputation in the international community here they were turning back the survivors of the holocaust
33:22at the gates of palestine and in the end the british found that they had no solution to the rival
33:28and
33:28incompatible nationalism palestinian and jewish and they handed over the dossier to the new united nations
33:34the successor to the league of nations
33:43the league of nations comes to an end formed after the first world war to preserve world peace
33:49it failed to prevent the second world war
33:52veteran paul boncour of france and 83 year old british lord cecil who helped to draft the covenant
33:58of the league as the former world organization votes itself out of existence placing its hope in the united nations
34:05la toute nouvelle organisation des nations unies va s'emparer du problème dans la palestine
34:10l'unscope va faire deux propositions la première celle d'un seul état un état fédéral composé de plusieurs cantons
34:21notamment des cantons arabes palestiniens et juifs proposition qui ne retiendra pas la majorité des votes alors que la deuxième
34:31proposition est présentée comme la solution voter à une majorité qui sera justement la création de deux états à savoir
34:41un état palestinien et un état juif sur une majorité du territoire de la palestine historique et 1% de
34:51ces
34:51ce territoire consacré à jérusalem et sa conurbation avec bethlehem sous un statut international
34:58what is interesting about this report which they decided to take to the general assembly and to adopt it as
35:06a peace plan that first of all and i think that's the most important fact about it they knew that
35:11this was totally rejected by the palestiniens and the arab world and they didn't care they said we'll go on
35:16with the peace plan although the major party is against it which they
35:21the united nations will never do again it will never do such a stupid thing again but they want this
35:25is the power of the of america
35:28that definitely in that year was particularly pro-zionist the united states delegation supports the basic principles of the unanimous
35:36recommendations and the majority plan which provides for petition and immigration
35:41we refer to assistance through the united nations in meeting economic and financial problems and the problem of internal law
35:50and order during the transition period
35:53if it hadn't been for the political lobbying and the delay of the vote it's not at all clear that
35:59the partition proposal would have won over the binational federal state and then the arabs who had basically backed away
36:07from every proposal because they saw each proposal as a compromise to their indigenous rights
36:15uh as the native population uh as the native population and they made an attempt to raise the legality of
36:22partition to the international court of justice um and that that was that attempt was run was defeated again through
36:31double dealings and backdoor pressure on states to vote for partition
36:36of all those who approved the project of partage of the palestine in two states independent
36:44no one really wanted to address the legal or juridic of the question
36:54no one really wanted to address the question
36:55of the way he was prepared and conceived
36:57of the way he was prepared and conceived
36:59by the intrigue made around him
37:01by the intrigues made around him
37:02and by the machines who come up to his eyes
37:06and who have served
37:09to present his opinion
37:11public opinion
37:12as a project
37:14only humanitar
37:15this project
37:17was the most important
37:20that
37:21if we look at partition
37:23the proposal of partition
37:25from a legal point of view
37:26of course the u.n. itself
37:28the u.n. general assembly
37:30was well aware
37:32that it did not have the legal authority
37:35to partition territory anywhere
37:38uh... resolution one one eight one was exactly that
37:41a resolution a proposal
37:43because the general assembly had no legal authority
37:47to order partition of territory or any kind of territorial change
37:52in order to get the two-third majority
37:55you need to convince countries to vote for
37:58and again america became very useful here
38:01uh... for instance liberia which was the only
38:03african independent country
38:06was promised a lot of money from the united states in order to vote for
38:10the partition plan
38:11the americans
38:13exerted similar pressure on
38:14countries in central america
38:16and south america
38:17remember these are the days when the united states
38:19has a lot of influence
38:20in the
38:21in central and south america
38:25um...
38:26and the zionist lobby itself worked quite well
38:28the diplomats work quite well
38:30and they got the two-third majority
38:32on the twenty-ninth of november in 1947
38:37soviet union
38:38yes
38:40united kingdom
38:42abstain
38:43the united states
38:46yes
38:48uruguay
38:50yes
38:51venezuela
38:53yes
38:53yemen
38:55no
38:56when we look at the votes at the venus
38:58the clivage is particularly not
39:00between those who are favoring to the united states
39:03and who are in general
39:05countries of Christian culture
39:06and those who refuse them
39:09who are non-christian countries
39:11except some sud-american states
39:13who are opposed to the sharing plan
39:16the resolution
39:19of the duck committee for Palestine
39:22was adopted by 33 votes
39:2613 against
39:2710 abstinences
39:28I believe
39:29the route towards the decision of 1947
39:32was composed of some wrong
39:34conscience
39:35if you want
39:36between 1945 and 1948
39:38it depends on the conscience of all the occident
39:42the fact
39:43the fact
39:44the fact
39:44the fact
39:46the fact
39:46the fact
39:48that
39:49of the Jews
39:49during the Second World War
39:51that is something
39:53and the second
39:54the fact
39:54what are we going to do
39:55with all the refugees
39:57from Poland
39:57from Hungary
39:58from Germany
40:00the United States
40:01the United States
40:01does not want to
40:02the rest of the country
40:04neither France
40:05nor Great Britain
40:09in Jerusalem
40:10in Jerusalem
40:11the Israelis
40:11give free
40:12their legitimate joy
40:13they make with exuberance
40:15the decision
40:16taken by the United Nations
40:17to separate the Palestine
40:18into a Jewish state
40:19and an Arab state
40:21without entirely
40:22the aspirations
40:23of the Sionists
40:24this solution
40:25is unfortunately
40:27unfulfilled success
40:31the reaction
40:31the Jewish side
40:32to the partition plan
40:33was
40:34mixed
40:36on the one hand
40:37there was a great joy
40:38of the international recognition
40:41on the other hand
40:42there was a sense
40:43that this was not a viable
40:45Jewish state
40:45because
40:46according to the map
40:48half of the population
40:49in the future
40:50Jewish state
40:50would be Arab
40:51and so the whole idea
40:52of a Jewish democratic state
40:54would be defeated
40:55Ben-Gurion says
40:56on the one hand
40:58we don't have to worry
40:58because a lot of Jews
40:59will come to our state
41:01once it's independent
41:02so the demographic balance
41:04would change by immigration
41:05and then he said
41:07there will be other means
41:08we can use
41:08but he doesn't specify
41:11how to deal with it
41:13For the Arab world
41:15the partition resolution
41:16was their first major failure
41:20in international diplomacy
41:21since achieving independence
41:23and it would then lead them
41:24to the next mistake
41:26or the next failure
41:27which would be
41:27in their inability
41:28to frame
41:29a kind of joint
41:31military solution
41:32to the conflict
41:33that was developing
41:34in Palestine
41:34In Palestine
41:35the situation
41:36was abruptly dramatized
41:37the Arab population
41:38was violently
41:39offended by the decision
41:39of the UN
41:40threatening to share
41:41the Palestine
41:42between Jewish and Arab
41:43suddenly the troubles
41:44have exploded
41:45and the incendies
41:46have ravaged the Jewish
41:47quarters of Jerusalem
41:48in Jerusalem
41:49In Jerusalem
41:49the Jewish and Arab tension
41:50is accentuated every day
41:51the hotel Semiramis
41:53the general general
41:54of Arab forces
41:55has been dynamited
41:56by the elements
41:57of the Jewish terrorist group
41:58in Ghana
41:59the insecurity reign
42:00in the Jewish sectors
42:02every center
42:03tries to ensure
42:04its own defense
42:04and every village
42:06even every firm
42:07transforms its inhabitants
42:08men or women
42:09into possible combatants
42:11Arabes and Jewish
42:12have taken
42:12terror and hatred
42:15in the United States
42:15It's two different pictures
42:17One is a community
42:18that has a strong leadership
42:20totally energized
42:22and organized
42:23towards the right moment
42:25knowing that it may
42:26have to fight
42:27an Arab army
42:28but also
42:29have to kick out
42:30the Palestinians
42:30and a Palestinian
42:33leadership
42:34doesn't know what to do
42:35in fact in January
42:361948
42:37the Palestinian leadership
42:38I'm not talking now
42:39just political leaders
42:41the elite
42:41left
42:4270,000 Palestinians
42:44all of the members
42:45of the social
42:46economic
42:46and political elite
42:47left Palestine
42:49they left
42:50thinking that they will
42:51come back after a few months
42:52you know
42:53but they left
42:53so they left the population
42:55without leadership
42:56which made it very easy
42:57for the Zionist movement
42:59to defeat the Palestinians
43:00and kick them out
43:01in 48
43:02The Palestinian community
43:03had risen in the 1930s
43:05against the British mandate
43:06and had been repressed
43:08with great violence
43:09and many have argued
43:10that in a sense
43:11the ability of the Arab community
43:13to mobilize militarily
43:14had been broken
43:15by 1939
43:17their bids
43:18to try and get arms
43:19and support
43:19from neighboring Arab countries
43:22were met
43:22with very little support indeed
43:25the Jewish community
43:27on the other hand
43:27had been building up
43:29its experience
43:30and its arms
43:31and particularly
43:32in the aftermath
43:33of the end
43:34of the Second World War
43:36where secret imports
43:38of arms
43:39had given an arsenal
43:40to the Jewish community
43:41that allowed them
43:42to build
43:42an armed force
43:44of some substance
43:44The definition of legal
43:46and illegal forces
43:47becomes daily
43:48more obscure
43:49Hagenah
43:50the force first legally raised
43:51for the defense
43:52of Jewish settlements
43:53appears to function
43:54hand in glove
43:55with Irgun Sveile-Umi
43:56the outlawed terrorist army
43:58Full scale training
44:00is underway
44:00in a score of camps
44:01throughout the country
44:04There is no shortage of arms
44:05nor ammunition
44:06though under the British mandate
44:08possession of arms
44:09calls for the death penalty
44:18The way the boundaries
44:19were drawn
44:20at the Arab and Jewish state
44:21were fraught
44:22with problems
44:23from the outset
44:24The boundaries
44:26didn't really reflect
44:27homogenous
44:28demographic communities
44:29There were
44:30large numbers of Arab
44:31living within
44:32the territory
44:33allocated to the Jewish state
44:35There were some Jewish communities
44:36living within territories
44:37allocated to the Arab state
44:39In that sense
44:40the only way you could
44:41really achieve
44:42a kind of partition
44:44that had homogeneity
44:46would be through
44:47the forced depopulation
44:50of alien communities
44:52from the territory
44:53of the new states
44:54and it comes far closer
44:55to the modern concept
44:56of ethnic cleansing
44:57the idea that
44:59through force of arms
45:00you will depopulate
45:02those
45:02who do not conform
45:03to your ethnicity
45:04or your community
45:06and make them live
45:07outside the boundaries
45:08of their own
45:09home and homeland
45:12You have hundreds of events
45:14of situations
45:15very different
45:16in the regions
45:18and in the moments
45:20in Palestine
45:22which is the difficulty
45:23to denounce
45:24if there were
45:25coordinated policies
45:26of expulsion
45:27but if we can
45:28talk about
45:29the conditions
45:29of expulsion
45:30it is indisputable
45:32that since the beginning
45:33the conditions
45:34of return
45:34were forbidden
45:35it is
45:35that the
45:36coordinated
45:38and voluntary
45:39decided
45:39by the
45:40Israeli government
45:41was to destroy
45:42the villages
45:43and the dynamite
45:44to destroy
45:44and to shoot
45:46on every person
45:49trying to return
45:50out of the 650 villages
45:52that were
45:54in what became
45:55Israel
45:56only 150 villages
45:58remained
45:58so about 500
46:00were expelled
46:01it's older
46:02in plan D
46:03which shows you
46:04it was systematic
46:05it was intentional
46:06it was also
46:07a bit chaotic
46:08like in every
46:09ethnic cleansing
46:10it gives
46:11creates an atmosphere
46:12it's not just always
46:13explicit orders
46:14that the soldiers
46:16on the ground
46:16know what they have to do
46:17and the British
46:19explain to them
46:20what they will do
46:21they will
46:21try and convince
46:22the population
46:23to leave without fight
46:26and the Zionist movement
46:27says fine
46:28if they leave
46:29without fight
46:30that's okay as well
46:31as long as they leave
46:34and so the British
46:36play a horrible role
46:37in helping
46:38the Zionist movement
46:39to empty
46:40the Palestinian towns
46:41from its
46:43native population
46:44Great Britain's
46:45battle-scarred mandate
46:45in Palestine
46:46ended on May 15th
46:481948
46:48here
46:50evacuating British troops
46:51salutes
46:51Sir Alan Cunningham
46:52the last foreign governor
46:53Israel was to see
46:56At Leda Airport
46:57General Cunningham
46:59bids goodbye
46:59to an assignment
47:00often fraught
47:01with bloody combat
47:02and homebound
47:03British troops
47:03are glad to pull out
47:04of what they called
47:05a sticky situation
47:07Two things happened
47:08one
47:09every British officer
47:11decided according
47:13to his own agenda
47:14who to give
47:15the authority
47:17most of them
47:18were pro-Zionists
47:19some of them
47:19were pro-Arabs
47:20were trying to give it
47:22also to Arabs
47:23but the vast majority
47:24gave it to the Jews
47:25but even the pro-Arabs
47:27found out
47:28that there's no one
47:29to give it to
47:29there was not
47:31an established
47:32political structure
47:34as was on the Zionist side
47:36and therefore
47:37the mandatory state
47:39was more or less
47:40transferred
47:40to Zionist hands
47:43immediately
47:44immediately
47:44all the important
47:47centers of the state
47:49customs
47:50police
47:50telephone
47:52airports
47:54ports
47:55everything
47:56fell into
47:58Zionist hands
47:59instantly
47:59on May 14th 1948
48:01the new government
48:02headed by David Ben-Gurion
48:04is installed
48:04in Tel Aviv
48:05thus for the first time
48:06since the Roman legion
48:07destroyed Jerusalem
48:08in the year 70 AD
48:10the Jewish people
48:11have a nation
48:11of their own
48:15traversant Amman
48:16la capitale transjordanienne
48:18les armées irakiennes
48:19se sont mises en marche
48:20pour porter secours
48:21à leurs frères de race
48:22aux prises avec les juifs
48:24l'armée transjordanienne
48:25a franchi le Jourdain
48:27et a vu un jour
48:29se découper sur l'horizon
48:30les murailles
48:31de Jérusalem
48:32the Arabs
48:33went to war
48:34with Israel
48:35not as a unified
48:36body
48:37surrounding the Jewish state
48:38but as
48:39individual
48:40disorganized fronts
48:42the Israelis
48:44found
48:44very easy
48:45to contain
48:46and defeat
48:51I have come back
48:53to the United States
48:54with a message
48:55to the United States
48:57Jews
48:57and to all Americans
48:58who are interested
49:00in peace
49:01and more specifically
49:02in peace
49:03in the Holy Land
49:04we are convinced
49:06that if
49:07for instance
49:07the United States
49:08were to lift
49:09the embargo
49:10and the Jews
49:11got all the arms
49:13that are necessary
49:13for them
49:14this war
49:15will end
49:16very quickly
49:17the army
49:18that could have
49:19really tipped the balance
49:20against the Jewish state
49:22was the Jordanian army
49:23because it was the only
49:24Arab army
49:24that had military experience
49:26in the Second World War
49:27it was run
49:29by military
49:29by British officers
49:31so they had
49:31and it was quite
49:32well equipped
49:33in a way
49:34but the Jordanians
49:35had a secret agreement
49:37with the Jewish
49:37leadership
49:38that in return
49:39for not interfering
49:41properly
49:41in Palestine
49:43they would be allowed
49:44to annex
49:45parts of Palestine
49:47to Jordan
49:48In Palestine
49:48the army
49:49the Arab army
49:51and Jewish
49:51despite the intervention
49:52of the Egyptian aviation
49:54the Israeli forces
49:54have managed
49:56to occupy the main
49:57point of support
49:57of the desert
49:58in the south of Palestine
49:59and especially
50:00that of the Beersheba
50:01on the route
50:02of Egypt
50:03and Jerusalem
50:05a new time
50:07the spectacles
50:07pitoyables
50:08of the war
50:08are still on this earth
50:10which was the center
50:11of the great hope
50:12of the men
50:13and the world
50:14seeks
50:14a reasonable solution
50:16to the Palestinian problems
50:23The 1948 war
50:26so to speak
50:27ended
50:27with the partitioning
50:29of Palestine
50:30but very different
50:31partitioning
50:32from the one
50:33the United Nations
50:33hoped for
50:3480%
50:36of Palestine
50:3778%
50:38of Palestine
50:38became a Jewish state
50:40in those 78%
50:421 million Palestinians
50:44lost their homeland
50:46and became refugees
50:48outside of Palestine
50:49or outside of that
50:51area that became Israel
50:52another part
50:54was the West Bank
50:55that was annexed
50:56to Jordan
50:57and a smaller part
50:58the Gaza Strip
50:59was annexed
51:01not annexed
51:02controlled
51:02by Egypt
51:03Palestine
51:04Palestine
51:04as a
51:08as the hoped
51:10for country
51:11for the
51:12Palestinian people
51:13ceased to exist
51:15and it
51:16it was erased
51:17from the map
51:19the war
51:20is
51:23the war
51:23the war
51:23the war
51:26the war
51:26is
51:33the war
51:33is
51:34through the
51:35writing of the history
51:35of this war
51:36and its consequences
51:38but also the memory
51:39that the history of the official history
51:40has often been given
51:42that it will be found
51:43a terrain
51:44of the intent
51:44a part
51:45of the resolution
51:46of the conflict
51:46passes
51:47by the negotiation
51:50of this
51:51relationship
51:51of the past
51:51of this history
51:53and this memory
51:53a savant dosage
51:55that must be
51:57the part
51:58between what
51:58to remember
51:59and what to forget
52:02through the
52:02thats
52:02ordered
52:02the
52:02the
52:02the
52:02the
52:09what
52:11is
52:29corrected
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