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GI JEWS tells the story of the 550,000 Jewish Americans who fought in World War II. In their own words veterans bring their war experiences to life: how they fought for their nation, struggled with anti-Semitism, and emerged transformed.
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00:00:04it was in 1937 I was 13 years old we had a baseball team there's a bunch of kids in
00:00:12a
00:00:12sandlot we called ourselves the Spartans growing up there in Seagate in Cody Island we had the
00:00:20beach we had the ocean barefoot all summer long while on May 4th the German airship Hindenburg
00:00:29came across from Germany and it came right over the ball field that we were playing on it had a
00:00:36big
00:00:37swastika on the tail so we picked up bricks and rocks and threw it at it it was that swastika
00:00:44we
00:00:45could connect with what was happening in Germany with Hitler Seagate at that point was largely
00:00:51Jewish everybody knew about the Germans the extent of their viciousness that was another matter that was
00:01:31another matter
00:01:43more than half a million Jewish Americans served in the U.S. armed forces during World War II
00:01:50as Americans and as Jews we realized that we had to protect what we have in this country
00:01:56liberty liberty freedom of religion and speech and as Jews we did what they thought we couldn't do
00:02:06they were rich and poor urban and rural religious and secular most were the children of immigrants who
00:02:17had escaped persecution in Europe and were welcomed onto America's shores now they would return to battle
00:02:26the hatred that their parents had fled they would endure anti-semitic slurs from their fellow servicemen and be
00:02:34forced to prove that they were also true Americans my fellow soldiers wanted to know how on earth did you
00:02:43wind up in the infantry on the front lines you're Jewish I said because I wanted to be there
00:02:51like all Americans they fought against fascism but they also fought a more personal fight to save their
00:02:58brethren in Europe we went to war to destroy the Nazis and that was a mission for all of us
00:03:06we went to war
00:03:07to save the world they would come home changed and would continue the fight for equality and tolerance in
00:03:16America hundreds of thousands of Jews returned to the United States and change the people around them
00:03:26it was a transformative moment in the history of the United States and the history of American Jews
00:03:36we were there for a reason to reclaim who we were and not to forget who we were and where
00:03:47we came from
00:03:47that's why we went in the 1930s four million Jews lived in America half of them in New York City
00:04:09I came from
00:04:12Williamsburg in Brooklyn families were clustered together in tenements like my my aunt Jenny was on
00:04:20the third floor my grandmother was across the hall you know in those days most of Brooklyn could have
00:04:26been a suburb of Kiev you know I was born in Jerzkovic Poland when I was four years old we
00:04:35came to the States
00:04:36this country the land of milk and honey Jews in the United States were free to practice their religion and
00:04:46inside their communities they lived a rich and open Jewish life but outside their neighborhoods they
00:04:54discovered an American society that was often hostile and suspicious I grew up in the Bronx in my
00:05:05neighbor was very Jewish so we felt very secure there however when I started going to junior high
00:05:10school I had a walk from 180th Street on 89th Street and the very first year I was accosted by
00:05:17an Italian
00:05:18gentleman who took my money and I could hear the words you gike whatever there was a great deal of
00:05:26anti-semitism in the 1930s a lot of large companies would not employ Jews they were a whole
00:05:34neighborhoods where they could not live many schools limited the number of Jewish students who could
00:05:41attend and lots of hotels country clubs did not admit Jews at all I grew up in Tulsa Oklahoma and
00:05:54I was
00:05:54the only Jew in the school I remember in the third grade suddenly the children weren't playing with me
00:06:00and I didn't know why and I asked one of the kids he said well the teacher said you're a
00:06:05Jew we're not
00:06:05supposed to play with you that was a very anti-semitic period
00:06:14in January 1933 Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power in Germany from the beginning their
00:06:23ideology was steeped in racial hatred and anti-semitism German Jews were segregated from the rest of
00:06:30society their businesses marked with a Jewish star and in 1935 the Nuremberg laws defined Jews as a
00:06:40separate race and stripped them of their citizenship I grew up in Munich there was a general boycott of
00:06:48Jews but most Jewish stores were closed when I was 16 years old I was kicked out of school all
00:06:58the Jewish
00:06:58kids were kicked out my father was a teacher Hitler came to power and my father lost his position my
00:07:13mother
00:07:14decided her children would have no future in Germany and we emigrated in 1938 just before the persecution turned deadly
00:07:36on November 9th 1938 Hitler's campaign against the Jews escalated into violence
00:07:44the Nazis burned more than 200 synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses in what would
00:07:51become known as Kristallnacht the night of broken glass thousands of Jews fled Germany afraid for their lives
00:08:03one day my brother Isaac at 16 and I at 14 he left Germany and little did I know if
00:08:16anybody would have told me
00:08:17you'll return you'll return as an American soldier I would have stopped this dreaming
00:08:33on September 1st 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany almost
00:08:44immediately Hitler's forces began to round up Poland's 3.2 million Jews and force them into ghettos in the next
00:08:54two years Hitler seized most of the
00:08:56Europe marching relentlessly through the low countries into France Denmark and Norway and deep into the Soviet Union
00:09:06there the Nazis massacred hundreds of thousands of Jewish men women and children the first mass killings
00:09:14of Jews in German occupied territories
00:09:22the rumors were in the Jewish community Jews were being slaughtered and you know and it was something had to
00:09:30be done about it
00:09:33but most Americans did not want to go to war until December 1941 when everything changed
00:09:41when everything changed me and my friends played basketball on December 7 1941 and as we're walking back home all
00:09:53of a sudden extra read all about it Pearl Harbor bombed and we looked at each other and we said
00:10:00where the hell is this
00:10:01Pearl Harbor that was Pearl Harbor that was the beginning the next day America entered the war
00:10:09the day after Pearl Harbor I got in line there were two lines as far as you could see people
00:10:15they're listening that is Texas Texas is that way a great feeling of patriotism Texas draft is a bad word
00:10:23you enlist you drafted you don't say that
00:10:29well I've seen all the footage of crystal lock what the Nazis were doing and so I thought I wanted
00:10:37to get in there and do something about it
00:10:40they wouldn't take me without my parents signature so I got my father to sign and my mother wasn't that
00:10:47anxious to have me do it
00:10:51baseball star Hank Greenberg joined the service a few days after Pearl Harbor a hero to Jews throughout the nation
00:10:59he had endured anti-semitic slurs his entire career and famously refused to play ball on Yom Kippur the holiest
00:11:08day of the Jewish year
00:11:11Greenberg Greenberg's the home run king of the American League Greenberg later said I didn't pay too
00:11:18much attention to Hitler at first or any of the political goings-on at the time but I came to
00:11:24feel
00:11:25that if I as a Jew hit a home run I was hitting one against Hitler
00:11:33you're in the army now you're not behind the plow you'll never get rich while digging a ditch you're in
00:11:40the army now
00:11:41we had to understand the all embracing quality of that war it's like nothing ever since my older brother
00:11:50was a naval officer six of my older first cousins were in the military including my cousin Anna who was
00:12:00a whack woman's army corps that was typical while many Jewish men enlisted many more were drafted in all one
00:12:13half of Jewish men old enough to serve would join the fight
00:12:17you got a letter from the government when you open the envelope I remember saying greeting like you're going to
00:12:24a wedding or a bar mitzvah but it was greetings and then you go on you would report for a
00:12:29physical
00:12:29exam I heard my mother talking to my father I heard her say can't you do something does Alan have
00:12:35to go when I heard that I got so I said mom if you say that once while I'm running
00:12:40away from I'm believing
00:12:44when I went into the service we sang the songs over there over there send the word over there that
00:12:53the
00:12:53X are coming the X are coming the X are coming everywhere 10,000 Jewish women signed up as well
00:13:06disregarding their parents warning that it was no life for a nice Jewish girl they would serve as wasps in
00:13:15the Air Force waves in the Navy wax in the army and as nurses overseas I wanted to be a
00:13:23nurse in the army my
00:13:25sister Dorothy and I quit her jobs and if my mother knew that we even thought of going into a
00:13:31Goyesha army a Gentile army I don't know what you'd have done
00:13:39the first taste of military life for the Jewish enlisted men and women was in training camps scattered across the
00:13:46United States
00:13:5516 million Americans came to basic training for eight weeks 10 hours a day the Jewish servicemen prepared
00:14:03for combat surrounded by men from every part of the country my basic training was in camp crowd of Missouri
00:14:12I
00:14:13remember this night we went to bed and across the barracks I hear this voice Rana Rana yes it was
00:14:22one of
00:14:22these anti-semitic blondies from Louisiana and he said he was you I says yes as a matter of fact
00:14:35why do you
00:14:35ask and then for the strange thing he said I'm from Louisiana you know a Jew named Goldfarb I says
00:14:46no there are
00:14:46many Jews I don't know many Jews I don't know you don't know Goldfarb I said no he said well
00:14:51you're not a bad guy that was this
00:14:54last thing he said and that was it
00:15:00in the early 1940s many Americans who lived outside major cities had never seen a Jew before they met one
00:15:08in uniform
00:15:09they had heard only the negative stereotypes that Jews were unpatriotic and shirked their military duty
00:15:18they didn't think much of us actually they didn't think there were any Jews in service
00:15:22I'm seventh generation in my family to wear an American uniform my great great grandfather served
00:15:30during the Civil War Jews came from every background some were recent immigrants and some had been in the
00:15:38United States for generations they were Zionists socialists and even pacifists Jews in the military
00:15:49represented a very broad spectrum of Jewish life you had Jews who were orthodox and observant kept kosher on the
00:16:00other hand you had a whole spectrum of Jews who were much more easygoing I never had a cheeseburger
00:16:10until I got the basic training Jews generally weren't allowed to mix milk and beet so these kids eating
00:16:18cheeseburgers and and I ordered one and tasted I said this is good why have the Jews denied me this
00:16:26wonderful thing called cheeseburgers we were orthodox but in the army you couldn't observe everything they
00:16:35tried to cater to the Jewish G.I.s you know they sent us some food sometimes like for Passover
00:16:42they used to
00:16:42send some matzahs big filter fish sometimes far from home many servicemen and women took comfort in their
00:16:53religious traditions the Jewish welfare board sent supplies including candles for the Sabbath and
00:17:01tens of thousands of miniature prayer books Isaac Ashkenazi he was very observant being orthodox he
00:17:11prayed a couple of times a day and Carl Fishman and I would just look at him and in wonder
00:17:17you know I
00:17:18say when when's the when's the next shoe gonna fall and when is he putting us at risk we thought
00:17:24about
00:17:24this many Jewish G.I.s feared harassment or insults from their fellow servicemen as New York City native
00:17:34Ed Koch would write later the entire world seemed Jewish to me growing up suddenly being Jewish was not
00:17:42the norm anti-semitism revealed itself directly to me for the first time and I did not like what it
00:17:49felt
00:17:49like it wasn't only Hitler it was here in America my bed partner in the barracks I was in the
00:17:58upper bunk
00:17:59and he was in the lower bunk and we came very friendly at Passover I said to him that I'm
00:18:05going home to
00:18:06Chicago and he said you're Jewish says yes why didn't say anything and for the rest of the time that
00:18:19we
00:18:19were in the barracks which was approximately six months never spoke to me once I was so shocked and
00:18:26surprised that I didn't know what to say and we never talked again a lot of the women in the
00:18:36wax they were kind of tough I wasn't happy they're being Jewish because sometimes the way they talked
00:18:45against the Jews so I didn't advertise the fact that I was Jewish I put a picture up the wall
00:18:56or we won
00:18:57some sectional basketball tournament back home it was proud of it and it was myself a Catholic buddy of
00:19:06mine and three black kids we all have our arms around each other and the southern boys are walking
00:19:13by and I hear you got your arms around that nigger and then every day on the bulletin board the
00:19:22red
00:19:22letters Moskin the nigger lover and then the next day it was Moskin the kike I was a young soldier
00:19:32we're the good guys we're going over to fight the Nazis the bad guys and then I got guys so
00:19:38to speak
00:19:38on my side talking like that about blacks and Jews it was something that I didn't expect to me it's
00:19:45it's
00:19:46shameful many Jewish servicemen from the north had never witnessed racial segregation until they came to
00:19:54basic training now they saw it all around them in the whites only signs near the bases in the south
00:20:02and
00:20:03in the fact that African Americans served in separate units the US military had been segregated by race since
00:20:11the Civil War but now with more Jewish men serving than ever before it would have to address the religious
00:20:18hatred within its ranks suddenly you have several hundred thousand Jews in the military and you needed
00:20:30these soldiers to assist and support one another and not to hate one another the military understood that
00:20:39it was in their interest to tamp down religious prejudice and to promote religious cooperation to smooth over
00:20:50religious differences the military launched a campaign promoting the three fighting faiths reminding
00:20:57the men that they were all in this war together from synagogues across the nation more than half of
00:21:05America's 2,000 rabbis volunteered as chaplains 311 received commissions David Max Eichhorn a 36 year old rabbi from
00:21:16Pennsylvania arrived at Camp Croft in South Carolina in July 1942 my grandfather said it was his patriotic duty he
00:21:28was an American first then a soldier and then a Jew he really felt he had a place and a
00:21:34calling
00:21:36really all the chaplains administered any type of religious solace to anyone of any faith they were
00:21:43all working to help prepare the men to go overseas and possibly never come back
00:21:52millions of young men and women boarded troop ships to go off to war they were issued dog tags stamped
00:21:58with
00:21:59their name their serial number and also their religion so they could receive appropriate last rites and burial p for
00:22:08Protestant c for Catholic h for Hebrew for Jews serving in Europe the h put them at greater risk they
00:22:20had heard
00:22:20rumors that the Germans mistreated or even murdered Jewish prisoners of war my parents said to me if
00:22:29you're captured get rid of your dog tags my father that first time I ever saw him cry I got
00:22:37a special pass to come
00:22:38from Fort Belvoir and I went straight to his office he said what are you doing here so he knew
00:22:45that
00:22:45something was up and I said I'm going overseas and that was it
00:23:07in January 1942 when the first American troops arrived overseas Hitler and the Axis powers Italy and Japan were
00:23:17winning the war the Nazis had conquered large parts of the Soviet Union and defeated the British in the deserts
00:23:24of North Africa
00:23:29Jewish GIs landed in the midst of unimaginable violence and destruction
00:23:35I learned it was just a matter of kill or be killed so that's what you go into combat with
00:23:43either you kill the enemy or
00:23:46they're gonna kill you I was a United States Army nurse my job was operating room to give anesthesia you
00:23:55always had a patient in front of you when they carry one out they bring one in someone just didn't
00:24:02make it
00:24:04it was it was it was rough and they cried the kids cried
00:24:16I became a bombardier I saw many planes blow up in front of me so I don't care what they
00:24:24say everybody
00:24:25had a religion when they fought in combat when the flack came up and the fighters came in I said
00:24:34if
00:24:34there's anybody up there look over me being Jewish and Judaism was a important part of virtually every
00:24:45Jews experienced during World War II and it didn't matter if they were religious or not they identified
00:24:51as Jews because they were fighting a people that were trying to destroy the Jewish people from the
00:24:56face of the face of the earth in December 1942 the New York Times reported it is believed the two
00:25:06million
00:25:06European Jews have perished and that five million are in danger of extermination 160,000 German Jews had been
00:25:16deported to death camps the Times wrote more than 600,000 had been murdered in Poland most of the Jews
00:25:25in Eastern Europe
00:25:26had been massacred forced into ghettos or sent to concentration camps
00:25:36Sergeant Dalia Pobiansky served in the Office of Personnel Records in Fort Sill Oklahoma with a group of
00:25:43servicemen deemed unfit for combat they all had some kind of you know they either had glasses they had
00:25:49asthma Archie was from Oklahoma he had one eye that wasn't good and there was chatter all the time but
00:25:57suddenly I heard Archie saying well you know you have to say something good about Hitler you know he
00:26:02got rid of all the Jews and I said well they didn't get this one or something like that that
00:26:08room got so
00:26:09quiet and everybody was you know digging something out of their desk drawer or whatever and it just stayed
00:26:16quiet until it must have been about an hour before it was time to go to lunch again but nobody
00:26:21said
00:26:21anything to me afterwards but they got the point that's for sure for many Jewish Americans assigned
00:26:30to the European theater England was the first stop for two years the Nazis had been attacking Britain from
00:26:44the air bombing its cities into rubble to escape the bombing three million children had been evacuated
00:26:52from the cities to live in the countryside in the homes of strangers B Abrams a WAC was stationed at
00:27:02Ruffham Air Base in rural England her official job in the service was clerical work but she also
00:27:08wanted to help as a Jew in England there are a lot of Jewish children the parents sent them out
00:27:18into the
00:27:19country to keep them safe from the bombing in London as Hanukkah approached she and some other soldiers
00:27:27invited a group of displaced Jewish children to celebrate the holiday we collected all the food we could get we
00:27:35they gave him a party and they loved it we all we prayed it's good to have a belief
00:27:45in London Judah Nadege the senior rabbi chaplain in Europe told the age-old Hanukkah story to a group of
00:27:54Jewish orphans it was the story of the Maccabees a small band of Jewish fighters who defeated an entire army
00:28:02they stood up to a
00:28:04powerful enemy and one saving Judaism for centuries to come we have a lot of echoes of the Hanukkah story
00:28:14in
00:28:15World War two with American Jewish soldiers playing the the Maccabees of that era you see that the Jewish
00:28:22soldiers that's kind of the spiritual warriors I went into the Air Corps to become a bombardier
00:28:29navigator I put up 54 missions I was motivated I was angry I think the German arrogance the German
00:28:39brutality I felt a strong affinity my parents were from Europe I was the first generation American or
00:28:49maybe the last generation Europe I used to write on my bombs Hitler here's a gift for you and we
00:28:56dropped the
00:28:57bombs on them I was a gift from us Jews and gave me some satisfaction it's a terrible thing it
00:29:10was a
00:29:10terrible thing but when you're fighting an enemy that is so brutal and so inhuman you have to do it
00:29:17I
00:29:19was angry at the Germans for making me do that
00:29:27the German Jewish GIs who would escape the Nazis just a few years earlier were now American servicemen and
00:29:35they returned to Europe to fight for them the war against Hitler was profoundly personal getting out of
00:29:44Germany and then back again in Europe it was my great chance to get even not just against the
00:29:52Nazis but with anti-semitism all together our mission was psychological warfare as natives of Germany they
00:30:04knew the language and culture of the enemy better than anyone else and the US military began to recruit
00:30:10them for counterintelligence Henry Kissinger was drafted in 1943 and was serving as a rifleman in the 84th
00:30:20infantry division one day he was on duty cleaning the latrine when his commanding officer pulled him
00:30:26aside the commanding general said soldier explain this situation map to me so I did and he turned to his
00:30:38aid and said take that man's name and then I became part of the counterintelligence in which we were
00:30:48supposed to find spies and security risks but that sounds very dramatic except I didn't really know what
00:30:58a spy looked like and what a spy was was likely to do as the war raged on 20,000
00:31:07American women
00:31:08were sent overseas to take over non-combat jobs and free the men to fight Mimi Rivkin was serving
00:31:18in Calcutta as a photo lab technician when she met a pilot named Mike he was darling Mike I was
00:31:27very fond of
00:31:28him I can tell you that he was a nice guy and he was darling and he you know and
00:31:34I really liked him Mike and
00:31:37Mimi dated until Mike's tour of duty came to an end the fact that Mimi was Jewish never came up
00:31:43when he
00:31:45went home he didn't say anything he just he was being discharged from the army and I thought that's it
00:31:52but his friends kept telling me you're gonna hear from him you're gonna hear from him you know I sure
00:31:59heard from
00:32:00him he went to see my parents he learned that they were Jewish I didn't really know that he had
00:32:08planned
00:32:08to marry me I got a letter from him sort of a dear John or dear Mary letter you know
00:32:14that you're kind
00:32:17and my kind or don't mix and that sort of thing it told me that you know I don't I'm
00:32:24not interested in
00:32:25marrying a Jew so that was the end of that little romance
00:32:37most Jewish servicemen hope to serve in the European theater to do their part against Hitler
00:32:44but some were assigned to the Pacific theater instead among them was Norman Mailer the grandson
00:32:51of a rabbi and an aspiring novelist he had been drafted just after his graduation from Harvard
00:32:58Norman Mailer was trying to write the great American war novel but he found himself in the Pacific rather
00:33:04than in Europe and as he wrote home the real battle was being fought in Europe he was in this
00:33:10peripheral
00:33:10place he felt the center of the battle was in Europe
00:33:17Mailer wrote nearly every day to his wife B who was serving as a wave in the Navy in the
00:33:24Pacific he
00:33:25would find plenty of material for his novel about the brutality of war it is not that the violence is
00:33:32horrible he wrote it's also natural so much a part of life that you are never surprised and never shocked
00:33:42it is this which frightens me
00:33:54Harry Corey an 18 year old soldier from an observant Jewish family in Boston had been sent to the Philippines
00:34:01early in the war he was on the Bataan Peninsula when American troops were forced to surrender to
00:34:07the Japanese army and was taken on what became known as the Bataan Death March the Japanese gathered us
00:34:15together and put us started us on a march we didn't know where just that we were marching the man
00:34:23had to go
00:34:23off the side of the side of the road or something to urinate and he didn't get permission he got
00:34:29shot
00:34:30or bayoneted or he got his head cut chopped off the slightest infraction the men got killed
00:34:39the Bataan Death March was a terrible event 20,000 Americans were captured on Bataan and marched I think it
00:34:50was 60 miles
00:34:51to their prison camp was a tremendous effort of will to survive anybody that survived that one boy is a
00:35:02hero I was put
00:35:04on the burial detail I was burying about 150 bodies a day they're all POWs all American soldiers I have
00:35:16to
00:35:17admit that I lost a lot of my religion because I saw too many of the guys that were in
00:35:26combat praying
00:35:27while they were in combat get killed so that's when I lost a lot of my religion from Egypt British
00:35:37and
00:35:37American planes launched the first phase of a broad and well-timed attack the Allies first victory on the
00:35:45continent of Europe was the successful invasion of Sicily in July 1943 as the Nazis retreated rabbi
00:35:54chaplains working hard to sustain the servicemen's faith traveled across Sicily's mountainous terrain to
00:36:01hold services for all of the Jewish men on October 9th hundreds of Jewish GIs gathered to observe Yom Kippur
00:36:08the day of atonement praying and fasting all day I remember Yom Kippur in Catania Sicily and we took over
00:36:19the movie theater and we filled it up with soldiers wall-to-wall soldiers and instead of Yom Likas they
00:36:26had steel helmets and I've never had a service like that such an intense beautiful service that's really praying well
00:36:36I'm
00:36:36it was wonderful I'm there praying with my Thomas my prayer show on so I said Jackie what are you
00:36:42doing you're supposed to be flying so I put this I put that on the chair I rushed out and
00:36:49my crew was going to the plane on this mission and it was a rough mission
00:36:58I remember weeping coming back and I heard twice in my life I cried that time when my mother died
00:37:08it was a terrible thing to be flying on Yom Kippur and bombing can you imagine
00:37:17one week later in Rome the Nazi SS troops rounded up more than 1,000 Jews and deported them to
00:37:26Auschwitz
00:37:31Sam Kessler was a radio operator part of a tight-knit crew flying a B-24 bomber called the Pale
00:37:39Ale
00:37:41on the very first mission we lined up to go to the plane there was a Catholic priest in front
00:37:49of the plane to give last rites and nine people marched up there and I realized that I was the
00:37:55only Jewish flyer there and I remained behind they went up and he blessed them we flew the mission and
00:38:05we came back safely
00:38:07and I decided that if they were safe I would be safe too the second time I marched right up
00:38:14with them
00:38:15he blessed me and I certainly accepted that for the next 10 missions we were very very successful
00:38:27on the morning of Kessler's 11th mission the weather was bad he was flying over Belgium toward Nuremberg
00:38:34when something went wrong with his plane
00:38:39all of a sudden I heard a crack
00:38:42the pilot Bob Gordon was trying to keep the plane as level as he possibly could
00:38:49and I'm pounding away SOS SOS SOS
00:38:54he ordered me to bail out and I waved to him to come follow me
00:39:01I never saw him again
00:39:04I had the luck to pull my ripcord and the next thing I knew I blacked out
00:39:12when I woke up I was floating in the air
00:39:16all I saw was church steeples church steeples and church steeples
00:39:20I slammed into the side of the steeple my parachute caught the top of the steeple and I hung there
00:39:29I prayed the cottage
00:39:32cottage was designed for people who were gone
00:39:35in my particular case I knew I was going to die
00:39:38I was positive of course
00:39:44and about 20 minutes later
00:39:49would you believe that church steeples have trap doors
00:39:55two men with a ladder
00:39:57villagers got me down
00:40:01and that's why I'm still here
00:40:07by june 1944
00:40:10the allies had gained ground against the nazis in italy
00:40:13but hitler still controlled most of the european continent
00:40:18allied leaders now readied the troops for the most ambitious operation of the war
00:40:23d-day the invasion of occupied france from the sea
00:40:28more than 160 000 british canadian and american men would be placed into harm's way
00:40:33making it the most dangerous battle of the war
00:40:38right before d-day i was in england training for the invasion they told us two out of three of
00:40:47you
00:40:47are not coming back i wrote to my sister ethel get the telegram before my parents and break it to
00:40:56them gently because i'm not coming home
00:41:01i decided to draw a huge star david on the back of my army field jacket
00:41:08i wrote the bronx new york around the star david
00:41:13i had to let the germans know where i was coming from
00:41:18my fellow soldiers couldn't believe that i was going to do that
00:41:22guys in the outfit said the germans are going to cut your so-and-so's off when they see that
00:41:43we landed about 6 40 on omar beach
00:41:53in landing the man that i was covering came off the runway first and he got machine gun i was
00:42:02right
00:42:02behind him everybody in that boat was killed except for two of us
00:42:11about 30 of our guys were hiding behind two tanks to survive i decided being jewish i better go straight
00:42:20in i didn't want to look like a coward i wanted the fellas to see that i was
00:42:27didn't have the fear i'm not going to take cover my object was to reach the sea wall that was
00:42:35the only
00:42:35protection on the beach to the machine guns firing
00:42:41and finally i got hit shell came in and blew this uh cheek right off and uh broke the upper
00:42:51jaw
00:42:53my best buddy from the boat he was laying face down in the two inches or three inches of water
00:42:59and uh he uh could see his high school ring on his hand
00:43:07there was my best buddy dead i prayed this shema during that day out loud
00:43:28that was the only prayer i said on the beach
00:43:34it was a horrible day it was the the long the longest day
00:43:41you're lucky you two lived through all night i did get wounded five times
00:43:49everybody understood the enormity of that event we went to synagogue that night there was a
00:43:59actually a kind of an emergency service i mean that's how important that was
00:44:07this was the beginning of the end d-day was the harbinger it was also the what's coming next
00:44:19d-day was successful placing an enormous allied army in northern europe but the losses were devastating
00:44:28rabbi chaplains held services for the jewish dead
00:44:32the surviving men gathered together to honor the friends they had lost
00:44:37you make friends you lose them and then it becomes very hard archie stein with his name sounded jewish
00:44:46and they picked on him he happened to be a lutheran from acon minnesota
00:44:51and he was my best friend and unfortunately he was killed in action
00:44:57my brother buck he was a tank commander and he was a very very good soldier
00:45:04his tank was hit head on and he didn't survive jews are not looked upon as fighting
00:45:14someone who was in the same tank as my brother said the men loved him he was a terrific commander
00:45:22and they called him the fighting jew the fighting jew he was proud of being a jew
00:45:34fighting for his country
00:45:44in combat together our lives depended on each other religion was was far in the back
00:45:54in the back maybe they were uh biased at some point but the army knocks that out of you because
00:46:02what
00:46:03you find out about a person is his character what his values are not what his religion is
00:46:10jews were largely perceived as as the other prior to world war ii but during the war and these
00:46:16relationships that develop amongst these individuals really helps americans begin to perceive jews as
00:46:22americans
00:46:26on august 25th 1944 american troops marched in triumph down the champs elysees
00:46:34after four long years of nazi control the city of paris was free
00:46:40the streets filled with victorious american soldiers and joyful french men and women
00:46:48but the few remaining jews stayed in hiding still afraid captain maury's paper arrived in paris soon
00:46:57after liberation with a personal mission to discover if any of his french relatives had survived i had a list
00:47:05from the family back home of about 10 names of relatives that never got to america
00:47:12they stayed in france i see a man is leaning on a lamppost and he's reading a yiddish newspaper
00:47:20and i get up close to him and i said best i eat my god the paper comes down he
00:47:27looks at me he says
00:47:28you guys yiddish i said yes i speak jewish he says leave me your list and i'll make some investigation
00:47:38we have a jewish underground we find out who's dead who's alive where they live within a week i actually
00:47:48found my relatives that were not killed ladies the men were all gone but i found two aunts and four
00:47:55cousins
00:47:58uh constante
00:48:03fabi chaplain david max eichhorn had landed in france a few weeks after d-day attached to an infantry unit
00:48:09he stayed with his men in the thick of combat driving a jeep marked with a jewish star
00:48:17he talks about how he'd be driving down the road in his jeep and you know nazi planes with swastikas
00:48:23on them would come strafing down the road and they'd have to dive out of the jeep he went through
00:48:29occupied france as we were liberating one of their missions as as a chaplain was to find jews
00:48:38and they would go to the synagogues most of which had been completely desecrated
00:48:43by the nazis manure was put into the synagogues and the buildings were destroyed and just used
00:48:51for all sorts of horrific things as he would go from town to town he would be presented at times
00:48:59with
00:49:00torahs that the townsfolk had saved from the nazis
00:49:06rabbi eichhorn held services for the gi's reading from the desecrated torah scrolls
00:49:12the jews most sacred text
00:49:16the more they see and hear about what has happened to the jewish communities of europe
00:49:20he wrote our men are more intensely and proudly jewish than i have ever known
00:49:28in september 1944 american troops crossed the siegfried line a massive nazi fortification 400
00:49:36miles long the jewish servicemen had finally entered hitler's germany
00:49:43among them was private sai lewin who had fled the nazis as a teenager only 10 years before
00:49:51he drove along the front lines in a truck outfitted with loudspeakers trying to persuade the germans
00:49:57to surrender
00:49:59my very first mission i was afraid that when i would start talking to them
00:50:06my voice would give me away that really i'm very much afraid
00:50:12but then you close my eyes and i just bellowed into it deutsche soldaten
00:50:21you know and once that was out that was out
00:50:26as i would say to the germans we're all in this war together let's be done give up now
00:50:34little did they know when they put down their weapons that the american soldier they were
00:50:39surrendering to was in fact a german jew i'm a little guy there i would always stand on the highest
00:50:48part
00:50:49of my truck to seem taller than i really am i felt tall and then of course these nazis surrender
00:50:59but i
00:51:00i felt elated i felt elated
00:51:09the first german city to fall to american forces was aachen on germany's western border
00:51:17there on october 29th with nazi artillery still exploding in the distance
00:51:22a group of american jewish gis held a service that was broadcast around the world
00:51:28the national broadcasting company in cooperation with the american jewish committee brings you
00:51:33now a special broadcast of historic significance with the first jewish religious service broadcast
00:51:39from germany since the advent of hitler
00:51:49lieutenant max fuchs who had been studying to become a cantor volunteered to sing that day
00:51:57so they asked me to do the service in nachem germany the gis wanted to do some praying you know
00:52:04and some singing so this was this was my part of the service
00:52:10it says the u.s is beginning to occupy germany in the middle of these tank barriers
00:52:15they held a jewish service and it was broadcast both over the air in germany and was also broadcast by
00:52:21nbc and it's just an extraordinary uh statement about the defeat of the nazis about overturning the
00:52:28horrible uh policies of germany against the jews the jewish chaplain spoke about peace on earth and
00:52:35things like that and part of the service it was a wonderful thing the use of service just
00:52:42means remembering remembering remembering all the gis that have fallen you say a prayer for those gis
00:53:03that's when it really hit me you know what was happening in europe was was doing that service
00:53:10things sort of hit you you know you get you get melancholy because you start to think about
00:53:19your family you know all the all the people that i knew you see i knew these people because i
00:53:26was 12
00:53:27years old when i came here from poland the cousins i knew the uncles i knew grandparents when i looked
00:53:35out
00:53:35and i saw so many jewish gis i wasn't the only one there wasn't one gi there that didn't have
00:53:43an extended
00:53:43family in europe somewhere lost they all they all perished
00:54:02as american forces marched through hitler's europe in the winter of 1944 rumors that the nazis
00:54:09were murdering jewish prisoners of war continued to spread hearing news that jewish soldiers in the
00:54:16soviet army had been singled out and shot some american officers encouraged their men to destroy their dog tags
00:54:26on december 16th deep in the ardenne forest in belgium the germans launched a massive assault on american
00:54:33forces what would become known as the battle of the bulge
00:54:40so this huge german onslaught came as an absolute surprise that was just the beginning of what became
00:54:50a very brutal battle you had a whole american you know regiments that were american prisoners by the
00:54:58score were taken there 19 000 americans died in the battle of the bulge and 15 000 more
00:55:07were captured the germans came at us in force pushed through on our flanks i threw away my dog tags
00:55:17which
00:55:17had my religion on it sergeant lester tanner and his unit were taken prisoner and in late january he and
00:55:26the other officers were moved to a prison camp called stalag 9a they announced that the jews had to form
00:55:35up
00:55:35in front of the barracks next morning and those who do not will be shot
00:55:41master sergeant roddy edmunds a protestant from knoxville tennessee was known for his strong
00:55:48leadership and deep moral conviction he was the commanding officer in charge of the 1275 american
00:55:57prisoners master sergeant roddy edmunds told his officers we will all be there in the morning in
00:56:05formation and i will be at the head the next morning we were lined up major siegmund strides over
00:56:15he says you can't all be jews roddy said to him we're all jews here you don't tell a gestapo
00:56:23man that
00:56:24you're not gonna listen to his order the german takes out his luga points it at roddy's forehead
00:56:32and he says you will order the jewish american soldiers to step forward or i will shoot you right now
00:56:46and he said to a major you can shoot me but if you do you're gonna have to shoot all
00:56:53of us
00:56:54because we know who you are and this war is almost over and you will be a war criminal
00:57:01and the major just spun around and went back to his barracks
00:57:06and roddy dismissed the men edmund saved nearly 200 jewish american men that day
00:57:15they would never forget the extraordinary risk he took on their behalf
00:57:23private morton brooks was also captured during the battle of the bulge
00:57:28he was taken to stalag 9b and imprisoned in separate jewish barracks under ss guard
00:57:35then they were told that 350 men would be moved to another camp
00:57:40because there weren't enough jews they also sent men who looked jewish or had jewish sounding names
00:57:47and those who were considered troublemakers
00:57:54we pulled into what we saw was burger we saw that it was one of the concentration camps
00:58:02striped outfits behind the barbed wire the people behind it were jewish
00:58:08then of course we knew that it wasn't the pow camp that was that was clear
00:58:14burga a sub camp of buchenwald was one of hundreds of slave labor camps where prisoners were deliberately
00:58:22worked to death each morning the men marked through the snow and worked 10 hours a day
00:58:29digging tunnels for the nazis underground ammunition factory
00:58:34the overseer in the mine shaft that i was in was a particularly brutal man he carried a
00:58:41rubber hose and a pickaxe handle and if he didn't think you were working hard enough he would
00:58:48use it on you there were some fellows who tried to escape and of course they were shot
00:58:57of the 350 american pow's who were sent to burga only 63 survived
00:59:06oh i used to dream about revenge
00:59:11and what i would do the cruelty was was unbelievable that was almost half my weight i was about 74
00:59:21pounds
00:59:25to go through a german concentration camp experience
00:59:30never i never entered my thoughts of course we didn't really know about those things at the time
00:59:39by early 1945 millions of americans had been sent into combat
00:59:45wherever servicemen went chaplains went with them offering spiritual comfort in the face of the horrors of war
00:59:55rabbi roland gitelson was stationed in the pacific the only jewish chaplain with the fifth marine division
01:00:02a committed pacifist before the war the fight against hitler's evil had changed his mind
01:00:09according to jewish law he wrote it was a war of obligation in such a war every jew must fight
01:00:22on february 20th rabbi gitelson went ashore with the marines in the invasion of iwo jima
01:00:29one of the bloodiest battles of the war
01:00:33afterwards he was asked to lead an interfaith service honoring the dead but some of the other
01:00:40chaplains objected to a jew presiding over a memorial for men of all religions
01:00:46reluctantly the head chaplain agreed to hold three separate services instead
01:00:55rabbi gitelson spoke at the jewish service
01:00:58reading the words he had originally written to honor all of the men
01:01:08here lie officers and men black and white rich and poor together here are protestants catholics and jews
01:01:22together among these men there is no discrimination no prejudices no hatred
01:01:33who ever of us lifts his hand in hate against a brother or who thinks himself superior to those who
01:01:40happen to be in the minority makes of this ceremony and the bloody sacrifice it commemorates
01:01:48an empty hollow mockery this was gitelson said the reason why these men died and if you the living don't
01:02:00carry on this vision of equality to eliminate these distinctions between men then you will be betraying
01:02:12the deaths of your fellow soldiers
01:02:17we here solemnly swear that this shall not be in vain
01:02:23out of this will come we promise the birth of a new freedom for the sons of men everywhere
01:02:38by april 1945 after four long years of fighting the allies had advanced deep into germany american troops
01:02:48triumphantly marched into nuremberg the symbolic center of the nazi regime
01:02:53it was there in the zeppelin stadium that hitler had held his massive rallies with huge crowds of germans
01:03:05cheering him on
01:03:08on april 21st rabbi david max eichhorn drove into the stadium carrying a portable ark and a small torah in
01:03:16his jeep at the very podium where hitler had stood the rabbi and a group of jewish gis began to
01:03:25pray
01:03:27my grandfather said how proud they were to give a different type of symbol to hitler to demonstrate
01:03:34that you know now we are here and you are no longer this is where the the american forces blew
01:03:40up
01:03:40the the large swastika that was on top of the stadium which he was there to witness
01:03:46they you know they relished it
01:03:58as the nazis retreated they began to abandon their vast network of concentration camps
01:04:05which stretched across all of occupied europe by january 1945 the soviet army had liberated the nazi
01:04:13death camps in poland including maidanic and auschwitz
01:04:20on april 4th 1945 american troops on patrol south of gotha germany came upon ordreff a sub-camp
01:04:29of buchenwald none of us were prepared for what we saw when we hit that camp as a jew i
01:04:36had heard
01:04:37stories but we were not prepared the prisoners they worked them to death they starved them and when
01:04:44they died they burned them i was not the only one who threw up i was not the only one
01:04:49who cried
01:04:51but it made us angry very very angry one week later allied commander general dwight d eisenhower visited
01:05:02ordreff shocked by what he saw eisenhower ordered all american units in the area to visit the camps
01:05:13we are told that the american soldier does not know what he is fighting for he said
01:05:19now at least he will know what he is fighting against
01:05:26alan moskin was an 18 year old soldier with the 71st infantry division
01:05:31when his unit discovered gunskirchen lager a sub camp of mauthausen concentration camp in austria
01:05:39all of a sudden the most overpowering nauseating stench it was a smell that got into your nostrils
01:05:47into your body it's a smell i can never ever forget i'm going to tell you entering that camp was
01:05:53the
01:05:53most horrific sight i've ever seen or ever hope to see the rest of my life the cheeks were all
01:06:00hollowed
01:06:01out eyes sunken back into the sockets of their head they all looked alike i remember seeing many
01:06:07chanting prayers looking skyward some were crawling my buddies they couldn't have been nicer to myself
01:06:15and another jewish fellow just pissed off as much as i was if not more they're going to kill every
01:06:21nazi
01:06:21sob they screamed and hollered my god these are civilians how can you treat people like this
01:06:29the horrified servicemen tried to help handing out rations to the desperate prisoners
01:06:36most of the survivors did not speak english and so when they could jewish gis spoke to them in yiddish
01:06:43the language shared by most european jews the lieutenant knew i was jewish and he said moskin
01:06:51say something in the yiddish so i said in german ish been now i nude
01:06:59that means that i am also a jew i remember this elderly man he came toward me and then he
01:07:06wrapped
01:07:06his arms around me yuda yuda americana yuda dunker you know american jew soldier thank you
01:07:15and then i felt tears on my cheek as he came up he was holding me tight and
01:07:21and i started to cry and i i'm not embarrassed to say that it was very emotional
01:07:29many more soldiers on patrol throughout germany would also bear witness to the camps
01:07:36henry kissinger was with a division that liberated alem a sub camp of bergen belson
01:07:43they knew they were free but they didn't know exactly i just told them they were free and what we
01:07:50would do
01:07:52years later kissinger discovered that his grandmother had passed through the same camp
01:07:57he had helped liberate the germans kept meticulous records so i found out that my grandmother died on a death
01:08:08march uh three days before the end of the war 13 members of our family died in concentration camps
01:08:20three sisters of my father
01:08:25my step-grandmother second cousins were also into auschwitz
01:08:35so i went to buchenwald where 20 000 survivors had been liberated by the american army
01:08:43and i got into the crematorium and the ovens they still had the ashes in them you know you can
01:08:52tell that
01:08:53that they were still burning bodies they were still burning bodies very recently and
01:09:04i broke down
01:09:08and i completely fell apart
01:09:12i went to the medical station
01:09:16and i told them i can't go on
01:09:21the war was over for me
01:09:25and within a few days
01:09:29i was on a hospital ship
01:09:39going home
01:09:47rabbi david max eichhorn arrived at dachau on april 30th the day after it was liberated
01:09:55we cried not merely tears of sorrow we cried tears of hate he wrote later combat hardened soldiers gentile
01:10:05and jew black and white cried tears of hate
01:10:25after six days of tending to the survivors at dachau rabbi eichhorn held a religious service for them
01:10:35today i come to you in a dual capacity as a soldier in the american army
01:10:42and as a representative of the jewish community of america
01:10:48we are proud to know that we have had a share in the destruction of the most cruel tyranny of
01:10:56all
01:10:56time we are proud to salute you who have been the bravest of the brave
01:11:05we know your tragedy we know your sorrows we know that upon you was centered the venomous hatred
01:11:22the torah eichhorn prayed with had been given to him in france salvaged from a desecrated synagogue
01:11:29and hidden from the nazis
01:11:48eichhorn would discover later that one of his own family members his namesake uncle max had been murdered
01:11:55at dachau nearly six million jews had been killed by nazi germany and its collaborators
01:12:07one thousand years of jewish life and culture in europe had all but been destroyed
01:12:25in the united states
01:12:31on may 7th 1945 germany surrendered to the allied forces
01:12:38just one week earlier adolf hitler had committed suicide in his bunker in berlin
01:12:43where he had been hiding for months
01:12:47although the war against the japanese still raged in the pacific
01:12:51the allies declared victory in europe it's vee day they're both yelling and screaming and running in
01:12:59the streets the vee day happened we were in pilsen czechoslovakia that's where they ordered all the good
01:13:07beer comes from so we had a good drink of beer
01:13:15while many celebrated some jewish servicemen were overwhelmed by the horrors they had witnessed
01:13:2326 year old sergeant j.d salinger the grandson of a rabbi from lithuania had survived d-day and the
01:13:31battle
01:13:31of the bulge and helped liberate the concentration camps throughout it all he had carried with him a
01:13:39collection of stories he had written during his service the first draft of the catcher in the rye
01:13:46now he spent vee day alone sitting on his bed holding a loaded pistol
01:13:54soon afterwards he checked himself into a hospital in nuremberg and was diagnosed with battle fatigue
01:14:03j.d salinger experienced firsthand many of the most horrific campaigns in europe
01:14:09if you look at his stories the shadow is so strong of the war particularly the short story he wrote
01:14:16in
01:14:16which the main protagonist is a jewish gi and the story ends with him committing suicide so it's this
01:14:24deep shadow over this notion of what it meant to be a jew after the war
01:14:35meanwhile in the pacific the allies continued to battle the japanese
01:14:43the united states dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki on august 14th japan formally agreed to an
01:14:55unconditional surrender and the allies declared victory over japan now finally world war ii had come to an
01:15:06end i recently came upon a letter that i had written from camp to my parents on the day the
01:15:17war ended
01:15:19the last sentence was underlined and said fred will be coming home soon my brother in the pacific would be
01:15:31coming home just multiply that by 15 million families who also had somebody saying and now charlie will be coming
01:15:41home
01:15:47the servicemen were joyfully reunited with their parents their siblings and their wives and girlfriends
01:15:55i saw my wife we didn't talk we sat in the back of the car to pick this up
01:16:00five to ten minutes without saying one word just staring at each other just staring no words were spoken
01:16:10and finally we broke down and hugged and kissed each other it was wonderful
01:16:20synagogues stayed open around the clock to accommodate all of the couples who wanted to marry
01:16:27some rabbis performed as many as eight weddings a day
01:16:39in the years after the war the returning servicemen would challenge america to live up to the values they
01:16:45had fought for so fiercely democracy equality and religious tolerance for all
01:16:55one of the things that happens to jewish soldiers after the war is that the military teaches you how
01:17:04to fight how to stand up for yourself and jewish servicemen in miami for example would put on their
01:17:12uniforms and go from hotel to hotel that had these signs of you know no jews no dogs and say
01:17:22we're jews you
01:17:24should not discriminate we served i think seeing what had happened to jews and knowing that people were
01:17:34trying to wipe us out completely i knew i had to do more about being a jew than just being
01:17:42a jew
01:17:44i had to be active in some way
01:17:51some jewish veterans chose to fight for a jewish homeland in israel
01:17:55they smuggled arms into palestine helped refugees emigrate from europe
01:18:00and even joined the israeli air force many american soldiers became stronger zionists after they
01:18:07witnessed what had happened in the holocaust they believed that israel was the solution they worked
01:18:12hard for it to become the jewish state in the years after the war in may 1948 the state of
01:18:19israel was
01:18:20established one-third of its citizens were survivors of the holocaust
01:18:28the united states now had the largest jewish community in the world numbering some 5 million
01:18:37it would be their responsibility to create a new jewish american culture and society
01:18:46in the next decade they broke ground on thousands of synagogues and supported hundreds of
01:18:52philanthropic organizations at home and abroad i joined the bernet breath right after the war i became
01:19:02active in united jewish appeal well i just think you had to remember you know where you came from
01:19:10in the 1950s judaism really becomes an american religion you can't talk about a christian country
01:19:23anymore now you talk about a judeo-christian country and discriminating against people who are jews or who
01:19:34are blacks makes us like the very nazis whom we defeated for some of the gis getting involved in civil
01:19:45rights was really an extension of what they had been fighting for in the war fighting for democracy or
01:19:54for equality all of this translated into fighting for civil rights i went on five freedom rides
01:20:03i spoke in many churches down south i went with martin luther king across the bridge in selma
01:20:10i'm not going to be part of a silent majority when people are being persecuted i want to help people
01:20:22the triumphs and horrors of world war ii had changed the jewish servicemen and women forever
01:20:29some would become the voices of their generation describing the war they had lived through with a
01:20:35critical eye norman mailer's novel the naked and the dead based on his service in the pacific would
01:20:43skyrocket its 25 year old author to fame jd salinger would draw on the pain of his own experience in
01:20:51the
01:20:51catcher in the rye which would become a great classic of american literature other jewish veterans
01:20:58of world war ii including herman woke leon urus and joseph heller would also write best-selling novels
01:21:06bringing a jewish perspective to the story of war
01:21:12cy lewin who would become a celebrated artist incorporated his memories of the war into his
01:21:18painting in 1951 albert einstein sent lewin a letter after seeing his drawings our time needs you and your
01:21:28work he wrote perhaps it makes people think i hated war much of my work consists of what i like
01:21:39to
01:21:40think of anti-war material max fuchs became a cantor in 1946 continuing the religious singing he
01:21:49loved so much he would always remember leading his fellow servicemen in prayer that victorious day in
01:21:57aachen germany after the war i went back to orthodoxy religious all over again after the war i was badly
01:22:09scarred badly scarred and no teeth i looked i looked uh terrible until i got my plastic surgery
01:22:19i thought god saved me for a reason to help people and do good in the world i became a
01:22:27doctor
01:22:27i helped a lot of people save people's lives dahlia pobyanski became actively involved with the
01:22:36league of women voters and the local democratic party and ran for mayor of stamford connecticut
01:22:42the greatest thing personally was i found that i could do things that i had no idea i was capable
01:22:50i think it has strengthened me in terms of what i knew i could do after the war there's nothing
01:22:57i was
01:22:57afraid to do after the war i had to decide what am i going to do now i thought i've
01:23:05done so much
01:23:06destruction i want to help people now i thought i'll become a rabbi i encourage jews to maintain their
01:23:16faith not to lose faith we have to improve mankind that's our mission i didn't talk about my service
01:23:27for 50 years but now they speak all over it's like a calling with me i want these young people
01:23:35to know
01:23:35what happened back then i've always felt proud to be a jew and i try to get along with all
01:23:41different
01:23:41people i always repeat what my angelo said you know we're more alike than different it doesn't matter
01:23:47whether you're jewish or catholic or black or white i do the best i can to try to get rid
01:23:53of the hate
01:23:54that's the only reason i talk about it i'm just telling how it affected me as a young american gi
01:24:01because i want the young people to know the truth i want to be sure that they have a better
01:24:07world
01:24:11i want the young people to know the truth i want to know the truth i want to know the
01:24:17truth
01:24:17gi jews is available on dvd to order visit shop.pbs.org or call 1-800-play-pbs
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