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Explore the history, origin and establishment of the state of Israel in the immediate post-war period.
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00:00História não é uma ciência exacta, não é sete em pedaços.
00:17Às tempos passam, o conhecimento do passado é refazido e evolui.
00:22Mas, por definição, existem ideias têm correntes e são difíceis de mudançar.
00:33E são difíceis de mudançar.
00:42Eu acredito que todos os homens são criados.
00:47Para entender as realidades do mundo, você às vezes tem que se desenhar e decifir os fatos
00:57por olharem de outra maneira.
01:00Posteria fez a criação de Israel a consequência direta da holocaust.
01:21E ainda...
01:24Mais 8, 1945.
01:40In 2005, Germany lay under the rubble,
01:43crushed by the magnitude of its crimes.
01:51Auschwitz, Birkenau, Sobibor, Treblinka.
01:55The list of atrocities committed was immense.
02:00Six million Jews were brutally exterminated.
02:07The survivors of this tragedy endured.
02:10They lived through the deportations, the death marches.
02:22They lost everything and had nowhere to go.
02:27Their fate depended on the great victors of the conflict.
02:33But in the immediate post-war period,
02:36providing the Jewish people with a homeland was not the priority.
02:39At the time, the Allies were overwhelmed by countless challenges.
02:49The most urgent task was to re-establish lines of communication,
03:06to manage the masses of German prisoners,
03:08and, above all, to re-patriate the tens of millions of people displaced by the conflict.
03:20The logistics worked wonders.
03:21Within a few months, deportees, resistance fighters, forced laborers,
03:26civilians who had fled the fighting and demobilized soldiers found their way back home.
03:31Others were not so lucky.
03:31In the autumn of 1945, nearly 70,000 survivors of the Holocaust were still waiting for the world to find a solution to their predicament.
03:49Gathered in displaced persons camps, they came from Poland, Ukraine, and Hungary, and refused to return to those bloody lands that were the site of so many massacres.
04:05Many sought to emigrate, to rebuild their lives, but lands of asylum were scarce, and even Palestine, the cradle of their ancestors, refused to open its arms to them.
04:17And for good reason, the English, who governed the territory, were opposed to their coming.
04:30The reason?
04:31As a strategic crossroads, Palestine was the heart of the British Empire in the Middle East.
04:39Just a stone's throw from the Suez Canal, Haifa was where the pipeline that transported precious Iraqi oil ended.
04:47And in Iraq, as in Transjordan and Egypt, there were monarchs that London wanted to protect.
04:54Their influence in the region depended on it.
05:01Thus, after encouraging Jewish immigration, the British promised the Arabs to limit visas to 1,250 per month.
05:09Present on the territory since time immemorial, the Palestinians, both Christian and Muslim, regarded the Jews as invaders, settlers.
05:27For them, the tragic fate of the Holocaust survivors could not serve as a pretext for the invasion of their country.
05:33On the other hand, for the 500,000 Jews already settled in Palestine, the mass arrival of Holocaust survivors was of paramount importance.
05:54Entrepreneurs and builders, since the arrival of the first pioneers, they continued to prosper.
06:05Their farms, the so-called kibbutz, created against all odds from the desert, increased in number.
06:12Within just a few years, the city of Tel Aviv became a modern metropolis with 200,000 inhabitants.
06:27Zionists from the outset, they aspired to found a state as vast as in the days of Kings David and Solomon.
06:33In other words, although they were in the minority, they laid claim to the whole of Palestine.
06:47However, this goal came up against a major problem.
06:51There were twice as many Arabs as Jews, and the extermination of the Jews in Europe deprived them of the main source of immigrants on which they were counting to force out the Arab population.
07:01So, as long as the British restricted the conditions of immigration, their state project was doomed to fail.
07:21One man rejected this inevitability, David Ben-Gurion.
07:25At the head of the Jewish agency, a kind of embryonic government, his whole life was focused on a single goal, a single idea, a single passion.
07:36To give his people a state, so that the Jews would finally have a land of their own.
07:41On the 16th of October 1945, during a visit to Germany, the representative of the Jews of Palestine took action.
07:53That it was the Jewish people who made Palestine.
08:12That was Palestine who made the Jewish people.
08:16That no other people in the world made Palestine.
08:19He was a pragmatist, and he knew that the survivors were a tool for the Zionist cause, and he was ready to do anything to populate his future state.
08:30Quickly, the displaced persons camps were transformed into recruitment centers.
08:43To prepare the prospective recruits, Zionist militants gave Hebrew lessons to the youngest.
08:47Or lessons in history and geography.
09:00The adults were introduced to the rudiments of agriculture.
09:05For all, the learning of folk songs and dances forged a community with a common destiny.
09:10As the weeks went by, the number of volunteers for the promised land grew.
09:18But they still needed visas.
09:20Ben-Gurion hoped to obtain them.
09:24In the spring of 1946, the old leader mobilized international opinion.
09:36The objective was to criticize the inflexibility of the English.
09:43No less than 100,000 visas were required for all those Jews wishing to immigrate.
09:52All the networks of the Jewish world were mobilized.
09:56In Europe and especially in the United States, Britain's most faithful ally.
10:00The Zionist message was clear.
10:04The British migration policy must be fought.
10:09With a Jewish community of five million people, the American Zionist movement was the most powerful, active and wealthy in the world.
10:25Like Ben-Gurion, its supporters fought ardently for the creation of a Hebrew state.
10:35Following the example of Nahum Goldman, one of the founders of the world's Jewish Congress.
10:39If there would have been the Jewish state in Palestine, then Hitler appeared on the horizon and came to power.
10:48A state and a country which would have opened its gates to all the Jews who had to come...
10:54But however strong the argument, state rationale had no use for such considerations.
10:59For Secretary of State George Marshall, supporting the Zionists meant risking the United States access to oil in the Middle East.
11:10Moreover, in this immediate post-war period when communism was on the rise, he didn't want to alienate his British allies.
11:20President Harry Truman was undecided.
11:27He was a fervent Christian and his compassion for the Jews was sincere.
11:32More than any other head of state, he was sensitive to the tragedy of the Holocaust.
11:37Despite the reluctance of his advisers, he declared himself in favor of the 100,000 visas demanded by Ben-Gurion.
11:44Stung by this, the English reacted without delay.
12:00Ruined by the war, the country was struggling to recover.
12:06A former major world power, England was living with restrictions and shortages.
12:14The country had no money left, and survived thanks only to the financial help of the United States.
12:25Despite this dependence, Ernest Bevin, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, did not want his migration policy to be challenged.
12:34Outraged by the interference, he curtly replied to Truman that he should welcome the survivors in the United States himself.
12:40Very quickly, the divergence between the two countries spread around the chancelleries.
12:51Nikolai Novikov, a Soviet diplomat, alerted the Kremlin.
12:57The US request to allow 100,000 Jews into Palestine could undermine US-British relations.
13:03Joseph Stalin seized this chance.
13:10The opportunity was too good to miss, so he took advantage of it.
13:17Aggravating the dispute between the two countries could destabilize England and open the doors to the Middle East,
13:21a region from which the Soviet Union had always been excluded.
13:29He was a cunning man and advanced his pawns.
13:35Overnight, Moscow allowed Jews from countries occupied by the Red Army to cross the borders.
13:42In Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Romania, a human river began to flow.
13:57In a hurry to flee the anti-Semitism that continued to rage in these countries,
14:02thousands of families placed themselves under the protection of the Allies.
14:05Their destination, Germany, and its displaced persons camps.
14:12Very quickly, the British and the Americans were overwhelmed by the number of refugees.
14:17David Wall, an American Zionist, rejoiced.
14:23The Soviet government increased the number of displaced persons from 70,000 to 250,000.
14:29This population is invaluable for increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine.
14:43Meanwhile, all over Europe, illegal immigration networks were multiplying.
14:50Hundreds of Jews, in a hurry to reach the Promised Land, set out on their adventure.
14:59In the Balkans, people smugglers sent by Ben-Gurion were there to guide them.
15:12An exhausting journey, through trails and mountain roads,
15:16before reaching the small and inconspicuous ports of the Mediterranean.
15:19Crowded into makeshift vessels, despite the deplorable conditions,
15:35the immigrants savored the end of their wanderings and the dawn of a new life.
15:38It was a short-lived reprieve.
15:46It was a short-lived reprieve.
16:00In most cases, as they approached the Palestinian coast,
16:03they were arrested by the Royal Navy.
16:13British soldiers, whose feet I would have kissed because they had liberated me in Germany,
16:18were making their way onto our boat with clubs.
16:20Prisoners of the British, the passengers were then taken under guard to a camp in Atlit near Haifa.
16:37For them, the promise of paradise turned into hell.
16:40London remained indifferent, and Ernest Bevin warned,
16:50The Jews of Europe should not overemphasize their racial situation.
16:56If they try to elbow their way in,
16:59they cannot be surprised if there's a resurgence of anti-Semitism across Europe.
17:03It was the spark that would set the world alight.
17:18The Jews of Palestine were appalled and began to rebel.
17:22Yesterday's peaceful civilians were transformed into fighters.
17:26In hiding, they tried their hand with weapons.
17:35The time for submission had passed.
17:40It was now time to show that Jews would no longer bow to the dictates of the English.
17:45After a number of explosions caused by terrorists, fire broke out in the oil zone.
17:59Rough estimates already put the cost at over a quarter of a million pounds.
18:09Smoke rising from a street in Jerusalem indicates yet another vain attempt by the Jewish terrorist gang
18:14to intimidate authority.
18:17A bomb has destroyed the Goldsmith Club.
18:20The attack has made 14 deaths and many deaths.
18:23The country of Moïse has no longer known other law than the violence.
18:33In the summer of 1946, a wave of unprecedented attacks was directed against British national interests.
18:39Oil infrastructure, military facilities, communication routes.
18:49Everything was blown up.
19:00On July the 22nd, a new threshold was crossed.
19:03In Jerusalem, a group of guerrilla fighters struck the headquarters of the British administration.
19:13The British mandate in Palestine was hit in the heart.
19:20In the rubble of the King David Hotel, there were 91 dead and more than 40 injured.
19:25In total, nearly 250 of Her Majesty's soldiers lost their lives that summer.
19:44Their reaction was merciless.
19:46Street by street, house by house, the real or presumed culprits were hunted down.
19:54More than 3,000 sympathizers were imprisoned.
20:05The hard core of the Zionist movement was broken.
20:11At the docks, meanwhile, the drama of the illegal immigrant ships continues.
20:16The question of immigration is the immediate cause for the conflict in Palestine.
20:28Faced with the incessant flow of stowaways, the British redoubled their severity.
20:33For the unfortunate ones who undertook the crossing, the contact with the promised land was limited to a few minutes on the dock.
20:48Transferred to prison ships, in undignified conditions, they were deported to Cyprus, where a huge detention camp had recently been built especially for them.
20:57After having escaped the horror of the Nazi camps, they found themselves once again behind barbed wire, surrounded by watchtowers and armed guards.
21:17By locking up Jews after all they had suffered, Great Britain proved how determined it was not to yield.
21:33To break the deadlock, Ben-Gurion then played his trump card.
21:54In order to make the Zionist project more acceptable, he gave up the idea of claiming the whole of Palestine,
22:00and claimed only a part of it.
22:05Leaving the option for Arabs wishing to emancipate themselves to create their state on the rest of the land.
22:15The manoeuvre did not go unnoticed.
22:18On behalf of the Arab community, Jamal Husseini protested.
22:22For the last 30 years, alien immigrants have been forced upon us.
22:29Now, these immigrants, though still a minority, want to have a Jewish state in our country,
22:37in which we would become the minority.
22:39The Americans welcomed this concession.
22:46On the 4th of October 1946, for the first time, Harry Truman spoke out in favour of a Jewish state
22:54on a portion of Palestinian territory.
22:56For England, it was a stab in the back.
23:02Abandoned by the Americans, under pressure from the Arabs, in the grip of Zionist terrorism,
23:11its control over Palestine became an impossible mission.
23:13Especially since the Palestinian stalemate had bad press.
23:21It had involved over 100,000 soldiers, even though the war had been over for two years.
23:27And it swallowed up considerable sums of money, a luxury that the Crown could no longer afford.
23:32On the 17th of February 1947, during a session in the Commons, Bevin threw in the towel.
23:44With a heavy heart, he announced that he would have to take the matter to the fledgling United Nations.
23:54The Arabs of Palestine had lost their protector.
24:03In Moscow, Stalin was jubilant.
24:08The refugee situation had delivered on its potential.
24:11The Anglo-American front had been broken.
24:14The British mandate was on its last legs,
24:17and thanks to the support of its sister countries,
24:19the USSR was in a strong position to influence the debates at the United Nations.
24:28Stalin's plan to gain a foothold in the Middle East was taking shape.
24:33Two months later in New York, the representatives of some 50 countries took the stage.
24:36A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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26:24ACIDADE NO BRASIL
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26:30Não era uma surpresa, a U.S.S.R. declarou-se em favor da existência de um Estado de um Estado de Hebrido.
26:37Abba Iban foi impressionado.
26:42Isso foi uma oportunidade tremenda para nós.
26:45Em um instante, todos os nossos prejuízos e calculamentos sobre o resultado da discussão
26:49na União Unida foi transformada.
26:55Tudo se parecia terrível para o mundo Arab, mas o jogo ainda não foi perdido.
26:59In order to reach a compromise, a commission of inquiry was formed.
27:05It was headed by Emil Sandström, a Swedish diplomat.
27:09Its mission? To travel through Palestine, to hear from both sides
27:14and find a solution for Jerusalem and the holy sites.
27:18I want to thank you, gentlemen, for the confidence you have shown me.
27:23It's certainly a very difficult task that has fallen upon me.
27:29And that with joint efforts, we shall be able to achieve the mission which has been given to us.
27:37That summer, Emil Sandström, along with eleven delegates, arrived in the Holy Land under a blazing sun.
27:50Apart from a few prominent people, the Arab leaders refused to cooperate.
27:54Palestine was their land.
27:56Palestine was their land.
27:57There was no need to state the obvious.
28:01Boycotted, the members of the commission were denied contact with the population.
28:06They simply walked through the villages and observed the destitution.
28:13The Jews, on the other hand, gave them an enthusiastic welcome.
28:27Ben-Gurion did everything possible to dazzle his visitors.
28:32Songs, dances, nothing was excluded.
28:37It became a real propaganda tool.
28:46In the spotlight, Zionism's finest achievements.
28:51Its nascent industry.
28:57Its prosperous agricultural settlements.
28:59Its efficient school system.
29:14However, between two shows and a visit to a kibbutz, the commission witnessed the omnipresence of the British repressive apparatus.
29:22There was barbed wire, checkpoints, and roadblocks everywhere.
29:30The Guatemalan delegate described it as a real police state.
29:37Taking advantage of the presence of the United Nations Commission,
29:40the Jewish agency had organized an operation that would make a lasting impression.
29:44On the 12th of July, 1947, an old steamer, renamed Exodus, set sail in the Mediterranean.
29:59On board were 4,500 Holocaust survivors, led by militants, ready to fight.
30:05For Ben-Gurion, the objective was not to bring illegal immigrants into the country, but to exploit their subsequent deportation.
30:16It was a calculation that would pay off.
30:20Off Gaza, the ship was spotted by the British.
30:24Soldiers boarded the ship, and a fight broke out.
30:28The result was 3 dead and 28 injured among the passengers.
30:35The battered exodus was towed into the port of Haifa.
30:46Emil Sandström and his colleagues were alerted and witnessed a revolting spectacle at first hand.
30:54They watched as the passengers were transferred to prison ships,
30:58before being taken back to Germany, the country of their tormentors.
31:05The images that went around the world shook the conscience of the West.
31:24Back in New York, the Commission delivered its conclusions.
31:27The recommendations. End the British Mandate.
31:36Divide Palestine into two independent states.
31:42One Jewish, the other Arab.
31:44And make Jerusalem, the thrice holy city, an international zone.
31:48In an instant, the skies over the Arab world darkened.
31:55Transjordan, Egypt, Syria and Iraq threatened military intervention if the partition was approved.
32:05From Cairo to Baghdad, from Amman to Damascus, the streets were ablaze with demands for war.
32:18In Palestine, militias were being organized.
32:29Weapons were being brought out of storage.
32:33The possibility of an uprising in the Arab world was on everyone's mind.
32:38A godsend for Stalin, who banked on this turmoil to destabilize the region.
32:49In Washington, mistrust was the order of the day.
32:52George Marshall was worried.
32:54The Middle East had been a zone of containment of communism,
32:57and the unexpected rapprochement between Zionists and Soviets risked bringing it under the influence of Moscow.
33:10On the Zionist side, the battle for influence was intensifying.
33:19All over the country, marches, parades and demonstrations were on the increase.
33:23Under the direction of Rabbi Abba Silva, one of the leaders of this mobilization.
33:33Palestine is the land of Israel.
33:36It is the historic home of the Jewish people, where it produced the Bible.
33:41Harry Truman was harassed day and night.
33:45He wrote,
33:46The leading Zionist leaders were exerting all kinds of pressure on me to use power in the service of their aspirations.
33:55I have never been the object of such a virulent propaganda campaign.
34:05On the 11th of October 1947, America officially announced that it would support the partition of Palestine into two states.
34:13In the wake of this, the nations of the free world followed suit.
34:21Delighted to put a nail in the coffin of the British mandate, the USSR, followed by its sister countries, also rallied to the partition.
34:32When suddenly, a few days before the vote, the Zionist delegation realized that it was still a few votes short of winning.
34:41Fearful of giving the communists the upper hand, the United States was quick to show that it too had the power to shift the balance.
34:51American diplomats and businessmen were immediately called in.
34:56Mr. Firestone, a giant of the tire industry, was asked to cooperate.
35:04The industrialist was threatened.
35:07If you don't, we will boycott you and your rubber plantations will rot on the spot to the great misfortune of Liberia.
35:15Mr. Firestone took it upon himself to convince the Liberian leaders.
35:20Similar pressures were also applied to the Philippines and Haiti.
35:29Poor countries dependent on Washington subsidies, they were rallied by dollar diplomacy to the support of their benefactor.
35:37On the 29th of November 1947, Palestine had a rendezvous with its destiny.
35:50We will proceed the whole call.
35:53Argentina, abstention.
35:57Australia, yes.
36:01France, yes.
36:05Ukraine, yes.
36:08Soviet Union, yes.
36:11United Kingdom, abstain.
36:15United States, yes.
36:17Yes.
36:18In a few minutes, the future of the territory was decided.
36:20The resolution of the Duck Committee for Palestine was adopted by 33 votes, 13 against, 10 abstentions.
36:35When the result was announced, the Jews rejoiced.
36:47After 2,000 years of waiting, they had reached their goal.
36:51In a few months, their state would come into being.
36:55David Ben-Gurion, however, was less optimistic.
36:58He wrote in his diary,
36:59Today, they dance.
37:01Tomorrow, they will cry tears of blood.
37:10On the Arab side, an immense feeling of injustice prevailed.
37:14Amin al-Husseini, a high Palestinian dignitary, proclaimed,
37:19We will fight.
37:21We will fight against the division of the country.
37:23We will not accept any compromise.
37:25Jerusalem erupted into unrest.
37:33A protest turned into a riot.
37:38Jewish businesses were vandalized.
37:43Seven Jews were killed that day.
37:46Thousands of Palestinians took to the streets.
37:51Jewish settlements were attacked.
37:56Soon, isolated shootings evolved into full-scale gunfights.
38:03Despite his daily yoga sessions, David Ben-Gurion remained anxious.
38:09Certainly, Moscow's support had paved the way for a Hebrew state.
38:17But its survival was already under threat.
38:24The Arab states were preparing to attack as soon as the last British soldier had left.
38:30They had tanks and planes.
38:33Ben-Gurion had none.
38:35His modest army equipped for guerilla warfare would not be able to cope.
38:43He needed weapons, and quickly.
38:47Once again, Stalin offered him a lifeline.
38:50Ehud Avril, the best Mossad agent, flew to Czechoslovakia.
39:07With an economy in a sorry state, a stark lack of currency, and under pressure from the Kremlin, the country proved to be a first-class supplier.
39:15Arriving in Prague, Ehud Avril was received like a prince.
39:28The Czechs offered to get him a real arsenal, starting with a stock of Mauser rifles,
39:33a good part of which, ironically, had been confiscated from the Nazis.
39:36Better still, the surplus of the Skoda arms factory was made available.
39:50It was a woman who was in charge of finding the funds for the project.
39:54Golda Meir, a close friend of Ben-Gurion.
39:57The only potential donors were the five million American Jews who were already contributing a lot.
40:05But she was able to find the words to inspire them to donate.
40:09Jews who are fighting in Palestine, the state of Israel, are fighting for the only thing that they have in their possession.
40:16It means life or death to them.
40:18And I'm here to ask the Jews in the United States that as long as they will give us the aid that we require,
40:27in a very short time, the state of Israel will be a state in peace.
40:30For two months, she scoured the United States.
40:40From Los Angeles to San Francisco, from New York to Chicago,
40:44meetings, galas and raffles followed one another and the money flowed freely.
40:48The result, instead of the expected amount, she collected twice as much.
41:0250 million dollars that went directly to Czechoslovakia.
41:08The arms were created in Prague, transited through Hungary and then loaded onto cargo ships in Yugoslavia.
41:14Three democracies that had bowed to the Kremlin's demands.
41:23On the 3rd of April, 1948, the first shipment of weapons arrived in Palestine,
41:28buried under a mountain of onions.
41:32Ben-Gurion's army seized them.
41:35They would completely change the situation.
41:37On the 14th of May, 1948, after three decades of domination, the last of the British forces quietly left Palestine.
41:54Freed from their burden, Her Majesty's soldiers bowed out, visibly relieved.
41:58In a hurry to leave, the official commentator didn't linger.
42:06The Union Jack was hauled down and the doors closed for good on the British mandate.
42:11The British mandate in Palestine had come to an end.
42:26At 4pm on the 14th of May, 1948, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the birth of the Jewish state.
42:32The U.S.
42:52Ele não abriu Israel.
42:54Ele não abriu Israel.
43:02Mas ele não abriu a reconhecer a decisiva
43:05a papel que os soviets tinham feito em sua creation.
43:07O próximo dia, at dawn,
43:23Arab forces swept into the territory of the newborn state.
43:32A merciless battle began.
43:34But thanks to the weapons supplied by the Czechs,
43:37the Israeli army was ready to sustain the shock.
43:41It now had the equipment needed
43:44to defend its borders and repel attackers.
43:50As the troops advanced,
43:52Arab villages were taken one by one.
43:57Fleeing the combat,
43:58many villages were already deserted.
44:01Those who remained were driven out
44:03by violence or intimidation.
44:07Then it was the turn of the big cities.
44:16In Haifa, Jaffa and Lod,
44:18the Arabs were expelled.
44:24Forced to abandon their homes,
44:26several hundred thousand Palestinian men,
44:28women and children went into exile.
44:30At the same time,
44:41the survivors who'd been languishing in camps
44:43arrived en masse in their new country.
44:51The first were the prisoners from Cyprus.
44:54For them,
44:54the dream of the promised land
44:56was finally fulfilled.
45:08As soon as they stepped off the boat,
45:11they became Israeli citizens.
45:13men of fighting age immediately joined the army.
45:26Many had tattoos on their forearms.
45:30But the new Jewish state
45:32had no interest in their painful past.
45:34After a few days of training,
45:40they were sent to the battlefront
45:41to defend their new homeland.
45:47During this conflict,
45:49one out of three Israeli casualties
45:50was a Holocaust survivor.
45:52However,
46:01the young Hebrew state
46:02won this war outright.
46:06It even extended its territory
46:08beyond the borders set by the UN.
46:12The towns of Nazareth and Akko,
46:15which the partition plan
46:16had assigned to the Arabs,
46:17were annexed.
46:22It was a military victory
46:28and a demographic one.
46:32The 750,000 dispossessed Arabs
46:36who were crammed into camps
46:37in Gaza and the West Bank
46:39never returned.
46:45Their right to return
46:46was discussed at the UN,
46:48but Israel refused to receive them,
46:50supported by Moscow,
46:52which always stood by them
46:54and imposed its veto.
47:03Ben-Gurion wrote to Stalin,
47:06Our people will never forget
47:08the help given by the USSR,
47:10nor its loyal support for Israel
47:12in its struggle for independence
47:14in its historic home.
47:16But the honeymoon between the two countries
47:26were not to last.
47:27The enthusiasm of Soviet Jews for Israel
47:30quickly upset the Kremlin.
47:34Stalin saw it as a threat
47:36which could turn them away
47:37from the communist ideal,
47:39which was the foundation
47:40of the motherland.
47:41Appointed ambassador to Moscow,
47:47Golda Meir witnessed the deterioration
47:49of this alliance,
47:50which would gradually come to an end.
47:52She said,
47:54From January 1949,
47:58Russian Jews paid dearly
47:59for their betrayal.
48:01Five months later,
48:02there was not a single Jewish organization
48:04left in Russia.
48:05No Soviet Jew would be allowed
48:10to emigrate to Israel.
48:18But so what?
48:19From the first year of its creation,
48:22nearly 300,000 Jews
48:23from all over Europe
48:25flocked to the country.
48:31Among them were almost all those
48:33who had lived in the displaced persons camps.
48:41With raw memories of the genocide,
48:43they would keep silent
48:44about their sufferings
48:45in order to integrate
48:46with the native Israelis,
48:48who would remain deaf
48:49to their tragedies.
48:54A Warsaw ghetto survivor confessed,
48:57What separates us are oceans
49:00of thought and experience.
49:01They could not understand us.
49:04They didn't speak our language,
49:06the language of the survivors.
49:10Thus, for a long time,
49:11the Holocaust remained a matter
49:13for the survivors alone.
49:21Since then, time has passed.
49:25The Holocaust is now
49:27at the heart of Israeli identity.
49:28It has become a national issue.
49:35Once a year,
49:37on Remembrance Day,
49:38everything stops.
49:41In memory of its martyrs,
49:43the country is frozen
49:44in silence and contemplation.
49:46For some years now,
50:00female survivors have been honoured
50:01in a beauty contest.
50:07In celebration of life,
50:09the title of Miss Holocaust Survivor
50:11is awarded to the winner.
50:12The tragedy of the European Jews
50:23now so strongly legitimizes
50:25the existence of the Jewish state
50:27that the world has forgotten
50:29that its creation was above all
50:31the result of the cynical game
50:32of the great powers.
50:35In reality,
50:37the ashes of Auschwitz
50:38did not weigh heavily
50:39in the birth of Israel.
50:40In the past,
50:43the city is first
50:45to be born,
50:46in fact,
50:47in which the people
50:47they are not
50:48able to destroy.
50:49They are now
50:50to be born,
50:51and in which the people
50:51of Israel
50:52have now Mathew
50:52have to prove
50:53the fear of the terror
50:53in the past.
50:54In the past,
50:54the world has been
50:55that she is
50:56for the people
50:57who оружие
50:58of Ukraine
50:58in the past.
50:59And there is
50:59to be born.
51:00I'm gereal
51:01of the discipline
51:01and the children
51:02at the time
51:04of Israel
51:04to be born.
51:06It is a
51:06a good news
51:07that the place
51:08is the
51:09to be born in
51:09Legenda Adriana Zanotto
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