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On July 14th 1789, the people of Paris and the newly formed National Guard resist the royal troops, forcing the King to surrender and renounce his absolute power. In November 1790, France is on the brink of a civil. The people are stunned when the King and the royal family are arrested and the monarchy itself is called into question. A few months later, in June 1791, when Parisian families come to demonstrate, the National Guard open fire on the crowd. It is the turning point of the Revolution.
A film by Hugues Nancy
A film by Hugues Nancy
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00:01Give us liberty or death!
00:02Give us liberty or death!
00:04Long live the revolution!
00:06Long live the revolution!
00:07Long live the republic!
00:08In a working-class suburb of Paris,
00:10we will witness the birth of a revolution
00:12that will engulf the French monarchy
00:14and make the whole of Europe tremble.
00:17All those who don't have the right to vote!
00:20From 1789 to 1795,
00:23the French people would fight for rights
00:25that then seemed unthinkable.
00:29All men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
00:34Women and men risked everything
00:37to bring about democracy in their country.
00:40Obviously, people now call us heroes.
00:43But at the time, we never said that.
00:49Exceptional records provide a real understanding
00:52of how this revolution wiped out
00:54the old political regime in 1789.
00:59And then brought down the monarchy in 1792.
01:05Riots were the reason we had the revolution
01:07and the destruction of our tyrants.
01:09And they brought us also...
01:10Journalists Jean-Paul Marat and Camille Desmoulins.
01:13Political leaders like Jean-Jacques Danton
01:15and Maximilien Robespierre relate what the country went through.
01:21They're all so upset with the prosecutions and the sentencing
01:24by the revolutionary tribunal.
01:26But I have a unique conviction for you.
01:28The destiny of a few men is not worth that of the homeland.
01:32But revolution is always a merciless struggle.
01:35Many French men and women pay with their lives
01:38in this revolutionary period,
01:39swept away by the war or by the wind of terror
01:42that grips the country in 1794.
01:46This is the story of a revolution,
01:49one that would shape the destiny of the French
01:51and shape the history of the world.
01:53That's this!
02:23Thisliche
02:53Everyone's afraid!
02:55Who protects us?
03:04April 28th, 1789, the Swiss guards and the king's French guards received the order to quell the riot that has
03:11broken out in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine in Paris.
03:15On ease. Go on. Go ahead.
03:19Don't do it!
03:21Blind repression that would claim more than 300 victims.
03:25Get out of here!
03:31Days earlier, the Saint-Antoine district flared up when the operator of a wallpaper manufacturer, Réveillon, tried to lower workers'
03:39wages.
03:43With Paris starving and unemployment hitting the suburbs hard, the boss's provocation sparked fury among the workers.
03:59That day, in the streets of Saint-Antoine, soaked in the violence of the Royal Guard, we meet for the
04:05first time these Parisians expressing anger suppressed for too long.
04:17Jeunasse Le Bigon, a worker from Les Gobelons factory, bemoaning the fate of Parisian workers.
04:27Jeunasse Le Bigon, a woman who lives with her son in the Faubourg Saint-Marcel, south of Paris, as does
04:41Jeunasse Le Bigon.
04:42It's over here, fellas. Over here. Come here.
04:46Jonas is bringing in a casualty.
04:48It's just tragic that he said.
04:51Back in the Saint-Marcel district, the demonstrators are in shock.
04:57Nostris Nostri. Amen.
05:01What are you all crying for, you morons?
05:04They don't give a damn for your tears. They're heartless. They only understand one language.
05:09We won't take this lying down. We'll show them.
05:12Marcel! Marcel!
05:14No!
05:15Marcel!
05:16There, there. Hold on. He's gone.
05:21Let's go, boys.
05:24In this little inn, you can feel France is on the verge of explosion.
05:31The football Saint-Antoine echoes riots over food shortages that for months have been spreading through the kingdom from north
05:38to south.
05:43But while France is wracked by the effects of hunger and poverty, the king seems far more concerned by his
05:50summoning of the estates general.
05:53Louis XVI intends to impose his authority on the country's nobility, who are challenging his power.
06:01In every province of the kingdom, the king has invited the three orders that make up society to elect delegates
06:09to the estates general.
06:12The three orders are the nobility, the privileged order, which monopolizes the most prestigious functions.
06:19The clergy, which like the nobility, is exempt of all taxes.
06:23And the third estate, which includes the bourgeoisie, all these lawyers and merchants who pay the lion's share of taxes
06:31and who now demand a share of the power.
06:36As for the people, it will not be represented by delegates, but is nonetheless invited to tender its lists of
06:44grievances.
06:45Suddenly, peasant, worker and third estate bourgeois bond together to denounce the country's inequalities.
06:53No longer will they stand being crushed by the privileges of the nobility and the clergy.
06:59The king launched a process without imagining what it could be.
07:03Jean-Paul Rabot Saint-Étienne is the third estate delegate for the city of Nîmes.
07:09He convened the estates general in January 1989.
07:12He decreed that the lists of grievances would permit every citizen to participate in the process.
07:18What do folks do then?
07:20They take hold of this opportunity to express what they want.
07:24And what do they want?
07:27It's been centuries that the nation's been faced with laws that are arbitrary, that weigh heavily on the daily life,
07:34and the wealth of the citizens.
07:36Citizens who, the same as you and me, are drowning because of taxes.
07:40Taxes that are not paid by those in control, the powerful nobility and the clergy.
07:45And folks want that to go.
07:53In reality, Louis XVI convened the estates general to force the nobility to accept a new tax he wants to
08:00levy.
08:02To win this showdown against the nobility, who dare to defy him, the king needs the bourgeoisie of the third
08:09estate, for whom he has doubled the number of delegates.
08:13But on May the 5th, when Louis XVI solemnly opens the estates general, his strategy is turned against him.
08:22For the first time, the delegates of the bourgeoisie are in the majority and intend to take this chance to
08:29impose their demands.
08:32First among them is the rejection of the rule that stipulates votes must be taken by order.
08:38That is, one vote for the nobility, one for the clergy, and one for the third estate.
08:46On the contrary, the representatives of the bourgeoisie demand one vote per delegate, giving them the majority.
08:53And until they get satisfaction from the king, they will refuse to start work for several weeks.
09:01Take your hands off that bro.
09:03Mind your own business.
09:04That, sir, belongs to me.
09:06Give me that. Come on, it's mine.
09:08Jonas Le Bigon, like many ordinary workers, doesn't believe that events in Versailles can change a thing for him.
09:15A worker at the Gobelin Manufactory.
09:19He doesn't feel represented by the third estate bourgeoisie, whom he considers far too removed from his own daily difficulties.
09:30Well, of course they've got to win.
09:32The third estate is on our side, with the people.
09:35Yeah, that's right.
09:36Oh, cut it out. Stop it. Really.
09:39The king will never let them out freely.
09:41Yeah, well, I say they'll succeed because they're right.
09:43We can't take more taxes.
09:47Just Coupigny is a well-known brewer from Saint-Marcel, who, as a local notable, played a part in naming
09:54the third estate delegates.
09:55For me, it's simple. With the taxes on wine, wood, or even on the sign out front, I can't make
10:00a living.
10:01I don't know, honestly.
10:02No-one's ever listened to us before, and there with our lists and our deputies, someone's going to listen?
10:08No!
10:09All I know is that at Réveillon, they were quick to shoot us like we were rabbits.
10:13I'll never trust them.
10:14But that's your problem. You never trust anybody.
10:17You never trust anybody.
10:20Anyway, they won't get far without the priests.
10:22Am I right, Abbott?
10:23What's the clergy going to do in all this?
10:29Paradoxically, it is the clergy who overturned the balance of power in Versailles.
10:35After weeks of impasse, several delegates of the clergy choose to join the bourgeoisie in its revolt against the king.
10:45Suddenly, the delegates of the third estate are no longer alone.
10:50So on June 17th, 1789, they take the unheard of decision to form a national assembly representative of the French
10:58people.
11:01This power play pushes Louis XVI to take control of a situation that is getting out of hand.
11:07On June 20th, the king closes the Estates General Hall to prevent the new assembly from meeting.
11:14We were just stupefied.
11:16For a brief time, no one knew what to do.
11:18And then Bailly, the deputy of Paris, proposed that we reassemble in the Jeu de Pomme at Versailles.
11:25We were aware we were living an historical moment.
11:28All of a sudden, in this resonant hall, the voice of Meunier emerges distinctly,
11:33and he asks that each and every participant take an oath, never to separate,
11:38and to stay in session until the constitution of the realm was established.
11:45This oath, in June 20th, 1789, in the Jeu de Pomme, the royal tennis court,
11:51enters the annals of history.
11:53Revolutionary painter David captures the wind of the coming revolution
11:57and glorifies the national assembly, born of the union between the third estate and the clergy.
12:03The delegates will not back down.
12:09So when three days later, on June 23rd, Louis XVI stakes everything on halting the rebellion,
12:16he'll be facing an unprecedented revolt in the history of the monarchy.
12:22The king may refuse to recognize the national assembly, but when he leaves the room,
12:27nothing will happen as he has imagined.
12:31We remained motionless in our seats, silent.
12:34That morning, all the delegates had received instructions to remain in the room.
12:40The grandmaster of ceremonies of the king didn't know what to say.
12:43He ran to notify the king of the situation and came back to us,
12:46where he repeated the order of the king to disperse.
12:48And so Mirabeau, our exuberant colleague, overwhelmed by his passion as always,
12:51he pronounced the famous words everyone now knows by heart.
12:54Tell those who have sent you that we are present by the will of the people
12:58and that we won't leave this place till forced to by bayonets.
13:04We were as if petrified by our own courage.
13:10Listen!
13:12Listen!
13:14They refused to leave.
13:17I don't believe it.
13:20And then, that old fox Mirabeau,
13:22his face like a demon answers Debrisay without any hesitation.
13:25Tell those who sent you that we're present by the will of the people
13:28and we won't leave this place till forced to by bayonets!
13:31Louis XVI is therefore forced to bow down
13:34to the union of the bourgeoisie and clergy.
13:36He officially recognizes the new national assembly
13:40to the delight of the people of Paris.
13:43Come on, join us!
13:44Come on, let's dream!
13:47But the Parisian's hope is short-lived.
13:51By early July, Paris sees that the king only pretended to give in
13:55to better prepare his counter-attack.
13:58Louis XVI suddenly musters 20,000 soldiers around Paris,
14:02including German and Swiss regiments,
14:05which settle on the Champs-de-Mars.
14:12There is an excitement in the gardens of the Palais Royale.
14:15A people's revolution is taking shape
14:18to defend the political revolution of the Estates General.
14:23And lawyer Camille Demoulin plays a crucial role at this time.
14:29On July 12th at Palais Royale,
14:32I was angry as a wasp.
14:34Worse, that anger was quickly becoming despair.
14:38And so I went for it.
14:40I, uh, I spoke with my heart and I almost shouted,
14:44Tonight, all the battalions, Swiss and German,
14:47will quit the Champs-de-Mars to cut our throats.
14:50There is only one solution.
14:53Run to seize arms and put on cockades
14:55so we know each other.
14:59Immediately, in the Tuileries Garden,
15:01and then Place Louis XV,
15:03a crowd gathers to express its anger.
15:09But the protest is immediately attacked
15:11by a regiment of German dragoons,
15:14who charge sabres aloft.
15:24Fortunately for Parisians, on July 12th,
15:27the regiments of French guards decide to defend Paris
15:30rather than their king.
15:32They violently repel a first assault by the German soldiers.
15:39That evening, the angry mob takes possession
15:43of the streets of the capital.
15:45Their target is these customs barriers
15:47that surround Paris
15:49and which levy attacks on all goods
15:51known as the Octrois.
15:53At the Goblin Barrier,
15:55Jeunesse Lebigan takes the lead in this dispute.
15:59We're part of the movement.
16:00The barriers of Saint-Jacques and the Santé
16:02have already been burned.
16:03In my opinion, by tomorrow,
16:05there won't be one left.
16:06It's time they understood we want real change.
16:09Where do you think you're going?
16:12I work there.
16:13I've got to pick up the registers.
16:14Oh, well, sorry about that.
16:15You can go inform your tax man boss.
16:17We're going to burn it all.
16:18Whoa, whoa, whoa.
16:18Hold on.
16:19I agree with you.
16:20But if I go back without the registers,
16:21I'm going to get screwed.
16:22It could cost me my job.
16:23Yeah, but for the time being,
16:24the question is what they cost us.
16:26Every time we take merchandise into Paris,
16:27they bleed us dry.
16:28It's not my fault, man.
16:29Stop right there.
16:30Where do you go?
16:32Go home now.
16:34Go on, go home.
16:35Go on home.
16:36Athanase Lamoureux keeps the accounts
16:38for this octroi barrier,
16:40one of 57 in the capital.
16:42As someone who can read and count,
16:45Athanase is a humble cog
16:46in the Parisian administration.
16:49You people are out of your minds.
16:51What were you of gain
16:51when the barrier burns down?
16:54All right, let's go.
16:56Burn it down.
16:56Yeah, burn it!
16:58Burn it!
17:00Burn it!
17:02The next day, July the 13th,
17:05the popular revolution
17:06takes on several faces.
17:08Hunger riots at the Saint-Lazare compound
17:10where people from the suburbs
17:12loot a rich monastery.
17:17Insurrection in Place Louis XV
17:18where the mob tries to obtain
17:21disused arms from a royal warehouse.
17:25At the same time,
17:27at the Hotel de Ville,
17:28the Paris City Hall,
17:29and Place de Greve,
17:31delegates of the Parisian bourgeoisie,
17:33steered by Jean-Baptiste Bailly,
17:36are founding the Paris Commune,
17:38which immediately recruits
17:40several thousand volunteers
17:41to form an armed municipal guard.
17:45Parisians have a date with history.
17:53We won't be long.
17:55Thanks, Abbott.
17:57In the early hours
17:58of July the 14th, 1789,
18:00the inhabitants of the capital
18:02have but one thought,
18:03take up arms
18:04and resist the royal troops.
18:07I brought everything we found.
18:08There's at least one per person.
18:09We don't have much time.
18:11Hurry.
18:19While the Faubourg are getting organized,
18:22volunteers for the municipal guard
18:24head for Les Ambelides,
18:26where they seize more than 30,000 rifles
18:28and many cannons.
18:36At the same time,
18:37the people of Saint Antoine
18:39head to the Bastille fortress
18:40to obtain gunpowder.
18:44This royal prison
18:45is a symbol of the military power
18:47threatening the new Paris Commune
18:49and must urgently be disarmed.
18:53Thousands try to scale the walls
18:55to protect the impressive fortress.
18:59The prison governor, Delaunay,
19:01then opens fire on the crowd.
19:04Dozens of attackers are killed.
19:07But when the new Parisian guard,
19:09armed with cannons,
19:10comes to support the assailants,
19:13the balance of power shifts.
19:16The first enclosure is passed.
19:19Then they make an assault.
19:23Obviously, people now call us heroes.
19:27But at the time, nobody said that.
19:30There were tailors and shoemakers
19:32and coopers, carpenters, everyone.
19:35And even priests in their cassocks.
19:37We didn't think twice about it.
19:38We just went.
19:40Once we're inside,
19:41it was tough.
19:43Quite a few guys didn't make it out.
19:46I was pretty sure I'd be among them.
19:49I bet you never guess who saved me.
19:52Athanas, remember him?
19:53The guy wanted to save his stupid tax office.
19:56Or he showed up.
19:59I swear that I decided I would go home.
20:02After the thing with the office,
20:03I was furious.
20:05But I ran into Arsène Lecouvert
20:06pulling a cannon three times his size,
20:08so of course I gave him a hand.
20:10All of a sudden, I was at the Bastille.
20:12And when the crowd started smashing through the doors,
20:15I went in with them.
20:16It was as if this rage I'd kept bottled up just...
20:19erupted, and I just wasn't the same man.
20:21I wanted to get out,
20:23but I found myself in a corridor,
20:24and I couldn't find the exit.
20:26That's when I came upon Jonas.
20:28Describe the corridor?
20:30Just horror.
20:31They've been trapped like rats.
20:34It's a miracle we made it out.
20:39After several hours of fierce fighting,
20:42Delaunay hoists the white flag.
20:46The crowd seizes the governor,
20:48because he fired at the people.
20:52He is taken to the Place de Greve,
20:55in front of the Hotel de Ville,
20:57lynched and decapitated.
21:00His head is symbolically carried on a pike
21:03to signify that the people of Paris
21:05are now masters of the city,
21:06and this incipient revolution
21:08will not be stolen from them.
21:14This time, Louis XVI is forced to surrender.
21:18On July 17, 1789,
21:20the king comes to the Hotel de Ville
21:22to symbolically receive the keys to the capital
21:25from the hands of the new mayor,
21:27Jean-Baptiste Bailly.
21:29This puts an end to absolute monarchy.
21:32The king will have to share power.
21:34France switches to a constitutional monarchy,
21:37symbolized by the new tricolor cockade
21:39that Bailly offers to the king.
21:42Blue and red, colors of Paris,
21:44flank the white, color of the French monarchy.
21:49But the king's capitulation does not appease the kingdom,
21:53which is suddenly seized by strong convulsions.
21:57People from the towns and countryside
21:59who counted for nothing in the political order of the monarchy
22:02suddenly seem to take their revenge.
22:08In Paris, people have decided to take the law
22:11into their own hands.
22:13The city's intendant,
22:15who embodies the abuses of the old system,
22:18is hanged from a street lamp in the Place de Grève,
22:20and his body is dismembered.
22:24I don't agree with this violence or the killings.
22:28But the worst violence
22:29was the day they shot us down at Réveillon.
22:32The worst violence is,
22:34is the kind that requires our forced labor
22:35and to pay the priests.
22:37The worst violence is all the rights for the few
22:39and the duties for the others.
22:41That's the real violence.
22:43In Versailles,
22:44the delegates of the three orders,
22:46including the nobility,
22:48form the new National Assembly,
22:50in charge of managing the country.
22:54Faced with the current people's revolt,
22:57the deputies feverishly discuss the measures to be adopted
23:00when in the night of August the 4th, 1789,
23:03they come to an historic decision
23:05as Jean-Paul Rabot-Saint-Etienne relates.
23:09A deputy of the nobility, Monsieur de Noailles,
23:12stood up to speak and said to us all,
23:15if one wants to reestablish order,
23:18one must destroy the cause of the disorder.
23:20And that cause is an unjust fiscal system.
23:24That is how we experienced an event
23:26in which in one night we saw the abolition
23:28of all their privileges.
23:29What a wonderful sight
23:31to observe the nobility and the clergy
23:35waive one after the other
23:37all their ancestral hunting and fishing rights
23:39and all those obligations
23:41that crushed the country folk.
23:42On August 4th,
23:44the privileges of the nobility
23:45and the clergy are abolished.
23:47And on August 26th,
23:49the Assembly adopts a declaration
23:50of the rights of man and of the citizen.
23:53What does it say?
23:54The representatives of the people of France
23:57constituted as an assembly of the nation
23:58have hereby resolved to present
24:01in a solemn declaration
24:02the sacred, natural,
24:04and inalienable rights of man.
24:09article number one.
24:10Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
24:16Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
24:20Article 2 of the declaration states
24:23that these natural, inalienable rights
24:26are freedom, property, security,
24:29and resistance to oppression.
24:32The people's revolution has just turned
24:34into a citizen's democratic revolution.
24:39Those who never mattered
24:41suddenly have the feeling
24:43that they exist for the first time.
24:45Safety and resistance against oppression.
24:47For this citizen's revolution,
24:49Paris is a laboratory.
24:51Delivery of these rights to all citizens,
24:53all people.
24:55In the capital,
24:57a system of direct democracy
24:59is being sketched out.
25:01The commune establishes
25:0348 local assemblies
25:05from the division established
25:06at the Estates General.
25:10Saint-Marcel,
25:11Saint-Antoine,
25:12Saint-Germain-des-Prés.
25:14Each of these new political districts
25:16has its own battalion
25:18of the city's armed force,
25:19which is now known
25:21as the National Guard.
25:23Led by the Marquis de Lafayette,
25:25deputy from the nobility,
25:28who defends the revolution
25:29while remaining faithful to the king.
25:40In the Faubourg Saint-Marcel,
25:43brouille Juste-Coupigny,
25:44ever involved in life
25:46on the banks of the Behevres,
25:47naturally took the reins
25:48of the Gobelin district.
25:54These first meetings
25:55raise a crucial question.
25:58Who has the right to vote?
26:01Only the richest
26:02on the model of the States General
26:04or all French citizens?
26:06I'm afraid there's probably
26:07no way that we can do that.
26:08Gabrielle, what are you doing here?
26:10You think you're going to vote?
26:10You stick me with one, too.
26:11Just mind your own business.
26:13All right.
26:13That's right.
26:14What business is it of yours?
26:15Give an eye on your pins, Valois,
26:16and if I prick you,
26:17you'll remember it.
26:18And when we heard the cry
26:20of the people
26:21who wanted more liberty
26:22and...
26:24and...
26:25and more bread,
26:28our comrades were murdered
26:29capturing the bestie.
26:30That's right.
26:32We have paid with our blood.
26:34And we think this blood money
26:35gives us the right to vote,
26:37even if we don't have the means
26:38to pay a poll tax.
26:39And you've got to understand
26:40that it's not right.
26:42We want the right to vote.
26:43We want the right to vote.
26:45That's absolutely stupid.
26:46That's an eye.
26:47Citizen.
26:47Come on.
26:48Citizen Lamoureux.
26:49Citizen Lamoureux.
26:50I obviously agree
26:51that an honest man like you
26:52should be able to vote
26:53in the district.
26:54But, I mean,
26:55if you don't put the limit
26:56of some tax,
26:57think of all those folks
26:58who have neither home
26:59nor hearth,
27:00and God knows there's many of them
27:01who will have the same right.
27:06What about the National Guard?
27:08You have to pay
27:09four golden louis
27:09to become a member.
27:10That means those of us
27:12who were in combat
27:12aren't permitted to vote
27:14nor belong to the Guard.
27:16That's unacceptable.
27:17Please, please.
27:18Quiet, please.
27:19Let me speak.
27:20After the victory
27:21that we were all responsible for,
27:22I thought...
27:23We?
27:25I'm not sure I heard you.
27:27Where were you,
27:28Kupinyi,
27:28when we captured the Bastille?
27:32Where were you
27:32when I pulled this musket
27:33off a Swiss guard
27:34who tried to kill me with it, eh?
27:36I'm warning you, Kupinyi.
27:37No.
27:37If you want the musket,
27:38you'll have to take it from me.
27:39But I've got nothing
27:40against you, Jonas.
27:41Citizen le bigon.
27:42Yes, citizen le bigon.
27:44But we can't give arms
27:45to anyone who wants one.
27:45Well, I say the battle
27:46is not yet over.
27:47Do you understand that?
27:48He's right!
27:48Listen to the...
27:49For Parisians,
27:51democracy is a tough learning curve.
27:53Who decides?
27:54Who has the right to bear arms?
27:57Stormy debates
27:58whose verdicts were reported
27:59to the National Assembly,
28:01which would give its ruling
28:02at the end of the process.
28:03What about me?
28:05Me too.
28:06I'm also against the condition
28:07of the poll tax.
28:08And I say we have to have
28:10suffrage for all.
28:11But I mean suffrage
28:12that's fully universal,
28:13where women are able to vote too.
28:15Yes!
28:16Right!
28:18Just because we wear skirts
28:20doesn't mean we can't think.
28:21I am Gabrielle Peschloche.
28:22I was also at the Bastille.
28:24And that gives me
28:26the right to vote.
28:27Just like you.
28:28Hey!
28:29What was your woman?
28:30Now I've seen everything.
28:32What of it?
28:33What skins it off your nose?
28:35You're right!
28:36Yeah!
28:37She's right!
28:39And why not let
28:40my donkey vote?
28:41Oh, all right, all right!
28:45That's Gabrielle
28:46from the neighbourhood.
28:47You must know her.
28:48Ah, with that temperament,
28:50I would have remembered.
28:51Everybody has the right to vote.
28:53All right.
28:54Now that everyone has spoken,
28:56let's vote.
28:57We are the people of the Lord.
28:58We propose
28:59the vote subject
29:01to a male poll tax.
29:03And the vote
29:04with universal male suffrage.
29:07Hey, what about us?
29:09Oh, yeah.
29:11And a suffrage
29:12open to all women and men.
29:14But of course, for today,
29:16those able to vote
29:16under the currently
29:17applicable rules
29:18will be citizens
29:20whose tax has been paid.
29:24Calm down now
29:25or I request the evacuation
29:26of those not permitted to vote.
29:29But that's just fraud.
29:31You've got to be kidding.
29:31I'm trying to get the rage.
29:33Oh, shut up!
29:40Selective voting,
29:41that is limited to men
29:42who've paid the poll tax,
29:43is adopted by a majority of votes.
29:49I have an important announcement to make.
29:51Given the enthusiasm of volunteers
29:52to join the National Guard,
29:54the district on the proposition
29:55of citizen Bouvroy...
29:56Abbott, Abbott Bouvroy.
29:57Of Abbott Bouvroy,
29:59here before you,
29:59has made the decision that follows.
30:01The district will provide arms
30:03and uniforms for men
30:04lacking the means
30:05to buy their own.
30:11We won, I think.
30:13Why dream?
30:14After all,
30:15we had no chance
30:15of winning the right to vote.
30:17Hang on to our weapons?
30:18That was a real combat.
30:21If we have the right to fight,
30:22then we also have the right to vote.
30:24It can't be separated.
30:25Now we're waiting
30:26for the decision
30:26of the other districts
30:27and then what the Assembly
30:28decides afterwards.
30:29What's clear is
30:30if we can't vote,
30:31well, well,
30:31then the others will be able
30:32to throw us out of the guard
30:33whenever they want.
30:34Well, no, actually,
30:35I'm not happy.
30:36Like always,
30:37no one cares about the women.
30:38But we're the ones
30:39who fight every day
30:40to find Brad,
30:40and let me tell you,
30:41it's getting harder and harder.
30:43We're all starving
30:44while the rich
30:44are all stuffing themselves.
30:48Every citizen may speak,
30:51write, and print with freedom,
30:53reads the Declaration
30:54of the Rights of Man,
30:55Article 11.
30:57No more royal censorship
30:59and pamphlets posted
31:00secretly at night.
31:02The newspapers multiply,
31:05the first tangible proof
31:06of societal change.
31:08The Gazette.
31:11Opinions which,
31:12in a kingdom
31:12where the majority
31:13cannot read,
31:14are often shared aloud.
31:18The Friend of the People,
31:20the Bell Duchesne.
31:23Most radical
31:24and before long
31:25the most popular
31:25revolutionary journalist
31:26is Jean-Paul Marat,
31:28who in September
31:29starts publishing
31:30L'Amie du Peuple,
31:31The Friend of the People.
31:32As for lawyer Camille Desmoulins,
31:34his passion for the new press
31:36leads him, too,
31:38to change profession.
31:41The Palais Royale,
31:43the garden of the Palais Royale,
31:44was at the time
31:46quite an extraordinary sight.
31:47It's a hotbed of patriotism.
31:50You don't ask permission
31:52to be able to speak
31:53of some chairman
31:54or to dawdle two hours
31:55till it's your turn.
31:56If you want to speak,
31:58you stand on a chair.
32:00And if you're applauded,
32:01then you rewrite your speech
32:02to be published.
32:05And if you're shouted down,
32:06you go away.
32:07There was, however,
32:08the real presence
32:09of a terrible threat
32:10facing the new breeze
32:12of liberty,
32:13the veto of Louis XVI,
32:17because the king
32:18did not want to sign
32:19the abolition of the privileges
32:20nor the declaration
32:22of human rights.
32:23And in my opinion,
32:25we underestimated
32:26how this veto
32:27was disastrous
32:28because the people
32:29had the feeling
32:30someone was trying
32:32to rob their victory.
32:34And in September,
32:36the tension
32:37was at its peak.
32:38And I am proud to say
32:39it was because
32:40of an article
32:42in the newspaper
32:43written by Gorsias
32:45that Paris rose
32:46in revolt once more.
32:50When, on October 1st, 1789,
32:53a great banquet
32:53is held in Versailles
32:55in honor of troops
32:56freshly arrived
32:57from Flanders,
32:59journalist Gorsias,
33:01dumbfounded by what he sees,
33:03prints his report
33:04the very next day.
33:07An article that spreads
33:09through the city
33:10like wildfire.
33:14The hall was illuminated
33:16as if it were
33:17for one more
33:18superb festivity.
33:19The most beautiful women
33:21of the court
33:22and of the town
33:24formed a most attractive tableau.
33:27It was enchanting.
33:30During the dinner,
33:31the noble assembly
33:33participated in many
33:34to-toast...
33:36Toasts?
33:36Yeah, I can read fine.
33:38Many toasts
33:39to the queen,
33:40to the king,
33:41to Monseigneur the Dauphin,
33:43to the royal family
33:44as a whole.
33:45I'm so glad to hear it.
33:46Sounds like
33:47they're having a lot of fun
33:47at the Chateau, huh?
33:48Well, like I said,
33:49there's no way
33:50we can trust them.
33:50Some officers,
33:51when pouring wine
33:52for their soldiers,
33:53told them,
33:54we must drink
33:55to the health
33:56of the king,
33:56our master,
33:57and recognize
33:58no one else.
34:00And at one point,
34:01an officer shouted
34:02to the assembly,
34:03Dau with cockades
34:04of color.
34:04Huh?
34:05No.
34:06Let each man don
34:07the black cockade
34:07of the queen.
34:08God.
34:09The only one
34:09to recognize.
34:10That's scandalous.
34:11I've got run
34:12Somebody has to react
34:13to that.
34:14You're right.
34:14Somebody has to do
34:15something.
34:16Yeah, but what?
34:17Now you see
34:17how these people
34:18despise us.
34:19It's obvious.
34:27October 5th,
34:28four days
34:28after the Versailles
34:30banquet,
34:30thousands of women,
34:32angry at bread shortages
34:33in Paris,
34:34gather in the square
34:35at the Hotel de Ville.
34:37Officials of the
34:38Paris Commune
34:39see this
34:39as a golden opportunity.
34:42What if the women
34:44were to march
34:44in procession
34:45to Versailles?
34:46To demand from the king
34:48not only bread,
34:49but also his signature
34:51on the edict's
34:52abolishing privilege.
34:56It was a very good idea.
34:58It was too dangerous
34:59for us to send men
35:00they'd be shot at.
35:05So we got organized.
35:08And we mobilized
35:09all the women
35:09in the area
35:11by telling them
35:11are we going to keep
35:13watching our kids
35:13die from hunger
35:14while all those others
35:15stuff themselves
35:16at their sumptuous balls?
35:18We were all starving.
35:20Nothing would prevent us.
35:23Hundreds of women
35:24joined the march.
35:26The Paris Commune
35:26sends the National Guard
35:28to accompany them
35:29and forces its commander,
35:31General Lafayette,
35:32to go to Versailles too,
35:34despite his reticence.
35:38After several hours
35:39of walking,
35:40a delegation
35:41is received by the king
35:42who makes vague promises,
35:44not enough
35:45for the women of Paris.
35:47They take over
35:48the National Assembly,
35:49then lay siege
35:50to the palace
35:51all night.
35:53In the early morning,
35:55the crowd invades
35:56the queen's apartments.
35:58Several bodyguards
35:59are killed
35:59and decapitated.
36:01The protesters
36:02issue a new demand,
36:03that the royal family
36:04return to Paris.
36:07General Lafayette
36:08sees that the situation
36:10could degenerate
36:11at any moment.
36:12He therefore persuades
36:14the queen and the king
36:15that leaving Versailles
36:16is their only choice.
36:21And while a salvo
36:23of cannons salutes
36:24the Parisians' victory,
36:25the royal family
36:26must return
36:27to the capital.
36:33Louis XVI
36:34and Marie Antoinette
36:35move into the former
36:36Tuileries Palace,
36:40a dilapidated palace,
36:42which, days later,
36:43would also host
36:44the National Assembly
36:45in the Salle du Manège,
36:47its riding hall.
36:50But that autumn, 1789,
36:53despite victory in Versailles,
36:55the people of the Faubourg
36:56face several disappointments.
37:00In the Salle du Manège,
37:02the Assembly adopts
37:04a voting system
37:04limited to working men
37:06who pay taxes.
37:08Despite the fight
37:09by some progressives,
37:11like the deputy
37:11from Arras,
37:12Maximilien Robespierre,
37:17how are we able
37:18to pretend
37:19that the nation
37:20is sovereign
37:21when the majority
37:22of the individuals
37:23that make it up
37:24are missing
37:25all the political rights
37:26that justify
37:27and constitute
37:28that sovereignty?
37:29If a minority
37:30is sovereign
37:31and the majority
37:32stays submissive,
37:34then we are facing
37:35a new aristocracy.
37:37And this aristocracy
37:38is the worst possible thing,
37:40as it is the aristocracy
37:41of the rich.
37:44Worse.
37:45To guard against
37:46the people's anger,
37:47the Assembly
37:48also decrees
37:49martial law.
37:51No one
37:52will be allowed
37:52to bear weapons.
37:54And above all,
37:55a red flag
37:56over the town hall
37:57will indicate
37:58that any gathering
37:59is prohibited
38:00on pain
38:00of immediate death.
38:05a decision
38:06that appalls journalist
38:07Jean-Paul Marat.
38:09They invented
38:10a red flag
38:11supposed to be used
38:12to prohibit
38:12any demonstrations.
38:13Too dangerous,
38:14they said.
38:15What made them think
38:16that a piece
38:17of red cloth
38:18that was razed
38:19in Paris
38:20would dampen
38:20the cry
38:21of the people?
38:21Riots were the reason
38:23we had the revolution
38:23and the destruction
38:25of our tyrants,
38:25and they brought us
38:26also the humbling
38:27of the elite,
38:28the rise of common folk,
38:29and the return
38:30of liberty.
38:31And that martial law
38:32that outlawed
38:33any demonstrations
38:34was in the end
38:35proposed by an enemy
38:37of the common good.
38:54The majority
38:55of the priests
38:56choose to support
38:57the changes at work
38:58in the country,
38:58as in the Parisian parish
39:00of Saint-Marcel.
39:05Jean Beauvroy
39:06thinks that this revolution
39:07of the poorest
39:08and most excluded
39:09chimes more than ever
39:11with Christianity.
39:12Thanks for your help.
39:17In this spring of 1790,
39:19the most ardent
39:20Parisian revolutionaries
39:22even want their church
39:23to spiritually
39:24support their fight.
39:27Lord, bestow your blessing
39:29on this flag
39:30of the section
39:31of the Gobelin
39:32and on the men
39:33who carry it,
39:35because
39:37they merely defended
39:38themselves
39:39when despotism
39:40sought to crush them.
39:44Men who are perverse
39:45and ambitious,
39:47who...
39:48Celebrate the Holy Sacrament
39:50for a piece of cloth.
39:52That is blasphemy.
39:53I bless you.
39:55In the name of the Father,
39:57the Son,
39:57and the Holy Spirit.
39:59Amen.
39:59Amen.
39:59Oh, yeah.
40:00The revolution.
40:04A revolution.
40:05Right, yeah.
40:06But a revolution
40:07would be a sin,
40:08believe me.
40:09Wake up already!
40:11You're worshipping a flag.
40:14Medals on the Bastille.
40:15Cheap pins and badges
40:17instead of your sovereign
40:18or your god.
40:19Hey, repent now.
40:21And if you stop
40:23your ceremonies
40:23and your blasphemies,
40:24your revolutionary mumbo-jumbo,
40:26then why,
40:27our Father will pardon you!
40:28Don't touch me!
40:30Demons.
40:31Mandals!
40:34You see in which direction
40:35it's moving?
40:37To be honest,
40:38I wondered what my place is
40:39in this National Guard.
40:41Making sure that martial law
40:42is respected,
40:43having to obey guys like,
40:44like Kupinyi
40:45and the Assembly
40:46that refuses our right to vote.
40:48That's not why
40:49I marched on the Bastille.
40:52However,
40:53to stay in this battalion
40:55is,
40:56is to respect the path
40:57that we've traveled upon.
41:01I can see for well
41:02that Jonas is unhappy
41:03in this role,
41:04but I keep saying to stay.
41:05We went through plenty of crap
41:06to get accepted.
41:07If he gives up now,
41:08there's no better way
41:09to let Kupinyi
41:10and the others
41:10decide in our place.
41:12If we abandon the unit,
41:13then they'll be the only ones
41:14to bear the arms.
41:16No, I want to believe.
41:17We won our revolution.
41:20Now we're changing our lives.
41:25July 1790,
41:27France celebrates
41:28the first anniversary
41:29of the storming
41:30of the Bastille.
41:32On the Champs-de-Mars
41:33in Paris,
41:34a great ceremony
41:35is in preparation
41:36to celebrate Concorde.
41:39Concorde
41:39between the orders,
41:41between the Assembly
41:42and the King,
41:43between the people
41:44and its new representatives.
41:49And on July 14th,
41:51100,000 spectators
41:53jostle around
41:54the Hôtel de la Patrie,
41:55the altar of the homeland,
41:57to honour
41:57the new constitutional monarchy,
41:59to the sound
42:00of a te deum
42:01marking the union
42:02of the Catholic Church,
42:04the revolution
42:05and the King.
42:07The first national holiday
42:08on July 14th
42:10ends with incredible illumination
42:12on the vast promenade
42:13known as the Champs-Elysées.
42:16But the following months
42:17would show
42:17that the Concorde
42:18of July 1790
42:19is nothing more
42:20than a façade.
42:22Very soon,
42:23serious cracks
42:25threatened the edifice
42:26constructed
42:26over the past year.
42:33The first rift
42:34comes in November 1790,
42:36when the Assembly
42:37demands that each member
42:38of the clergy
42:39swear an oath of loyalty
42:41to the revolution
42:42and agrees to a new
42:43organisation
42:44of the Church of France
42:45notably with bishops
42:47being directly elected
42:48by the people.
42:51The Catholics
42:52are torn between
42:54those who accept,
42:55as in Paris,
42:56and those who refuse,
42:57soon known as
42:58refractory priests,
43:00very numerous
43:01in the southern
43:02and western provinces
43:03of the country.
43:08I swear to watch
43:09over the faithful
43:09in the parish
43:10with which I've been
43:11entrusted,
43:11to be loyal to the nation,
43:13the law,
43:13and the crown,
43:14and to uphold,
43:15using all my power,
43:16the constitution decreed
43:17by the Assembly
43:18and accepted
43:19by the King.
43:21For me,
43:23the oath's perfectly
43:23in line with Scripture,
43:24and I was happy
43:25to sign it.
43:26I'd already expressed
43:27my agreement
43:28with the Assembly
43:28when it had nationalised
43:29the property
43:30of the Church
43:30in 1789.
43:32I thought it was normal
43:34that the Church
43:35participate in this new effort
43:36of the community
43:37to build a new country,
43:40more just,
43:41more fraternal.
43:43In our parishes,
43:44like here in Paris,
43:46it was obvious
43:47for many priests,
43:48but I know
43:49that in our provinces,
43:50some of my brothers
43:51were unable to understand.
43:53They thought the intention
43:54of the oath
43:54was to control
43:56our religion.
43:57It took epic proportions
43:59that were terrible,
44:01horrible.
44:03People kill,
44:04they kill all over again
44:05in France
44:06in the name of God.
44:11It's almost
44:12a war of religion,
44:14whether in Montauban
44:15or Nîmes,
44:16opposing refactory Catholics
44:18and revolutionary Protestants,
44:21a war in which
44:22several hundred die.
44:26In Avignon,
44:27they fight
44:27and even die
44:28in the churches,
44:30churches where the voice
44:31of the Pope
44:32soon resounds,
44:34denouncing the revolutionary oath
44:35in March 1791
44:37and asking all
44:38of the country's clergy
44:39to retract
44:40or be excommunicated.
44:45This stance
44:46exasperates
44:48the Parisians
44:48who symbolically
44:49burn the effigy
44:50of the Pope
44:51in the gardens
44:51of the Palais-Royale.
44:53But on the priest's side,
44:55the papal threat
44:56is causing trouble.
45:00Ever since the Pope
45:01said we must retract,
45:03I don't know
45:04what I should do.
45:06In fact,
45:07I'm lost.
45:09I am lost.
45:14A second rift,
45:15much more serious,
45:17breaks out
45:17in June 1791
45:19when Parisians
45:20are stunned
45:21by the news
45:21that King Louis XVI
45:22and his family
45:23attempted to flee
45:24the country
45:25to join the nobles
45:26in exile
45:27and have been arrested
45:28in Varennes.
45:31A thunderclap
45:32that resounds
45:33around the country.
45:36No, no,
45:37it's impossible.
45:37Our beloved king
45:38would never abandon us
45:39that way.
45:40It's a misunderstanding.
45:41I'm disgusted.
45:43Disgusted.
45:43You ask me.
45:44I'm not surprised.
45:44No, it has to be a mistake.
45:46I'm sure that one day
45:46we'll learn the whole truth.
45:52The royal couple
45:53is escorted to Paris
45:55in glacial silence.
46:00People in the capital
46:01cannot forgive
46:02the king's betrayal.
46:05Like the journalist,
46:06Jean-Paul Marat.
46:08And so he's taken back
46:10to our Paris,
46:11that majestic swindler,
46:13a traitor,
46:14a conspirator.
46:16The flight of the family
46:17of the king
46:18had been prepared
46:18for a long time
46:20by the traitors
46:21of the National Assembly,
46:22whom the king
46:23had promised
46:24all the riches
46:25of the state.
46:26In that class,
46:28I set nearly all
46:29the representatives
46:30of the people,
46:31all those functionaries
46:32and public servants
46:33who we trusted
46:34with the defense
46:34of our rights
46:36and our liberty
46:37and our person
46:39and who want
46:40to turn against us
46:41our very own arms.
46:46Several weeks later,
46:47this rift between
46:48the people
46:49and their king
46:49would have painful
46:50consequences in Paris.
46:55Though certain
46:56political leaders
46:57were dreaming
46:58of an end
46:58to the revolution
46:59this year,
47:001791,
47:02a tragedy
47:03would change
47:03the course of events.
47:05It all starts
47:06with the clubs
47:07that bring together
47:08revolutionary leaders
47:09by affinity
47:10to influence debates
47:11in the assembly.
47:13Most radical
47:14is the Cordeliers Club,
47:16which brings together
47:17Parisian activists
47:18such as Marat
47:19and Desmoulins.
47:21Most famous
47:22is the Jacobin Club,
47:24a magnet
47:25for early revolutionaries,
47:27from the most moderate
47:28like Lafayette
47:29to the most uncompromising
47:31like Robespierre.
47:34And when the Cordeliers
47:35demand that Louis XVI
47:37abdicate,
47:38it's as if
47:39an infernal machine
47:40whirs into motion.
47:43For me,
47:44the same as for Marat.
47:45The flight of the king
47:46had revealed something.
47:47Your Jacques Danton,
47:49then member
47:49of the Cordeliers,
47:50would play a leading role
47:51over the following months.
47:54It was impossible
47:55to continue
47:56with such hypocrisy,
47:57a constitutional monarchy.
47:59A voice had to come forth
48:00to say,
48:01it's possible
48:02to imagine
48:03another system
48:04with no king
48:05and with a people
48:06for unique guide.
48:08Its name is the Republic.
48:10So I was pretty much
48:11favorable
48:11to the petition
48:12written by the journalist
48:14Robert
48:14and that was adopted
48:15in my absence
48:16by the club
48:17of the Cordeliers.
48:19But I ought to
48:21to have dissuaded them
48:22from engaging
48:24in this adventure
48:24and I figured out
48:26too late
48:26what would happen.
48:27I openly opposed
48:28that petition
48:29defended by Danton
48:30at the Jacobins.
48:31I had a bad feeling
48:32that the enemies
48:33of Liberty
48:33had long been seeking
48:34an occasion
48:35to attack the people.
48:36And it was the word
48:37Republic
48:38that gave them
48:39the pretext
48:40that they wanted.
48:41Danton and Marat
48:43had to leave Paris
48:44to avoid being arrested.
48:46Des Moulins
48:46had to hide.
48:47I had given them
48:48fair warning.
48:50As for those citizens
48:51who in all good faith
48:52had followed them
48:53during that terrible day,
48:54they would pay
48:55with their blood.
48:56I am sorry
48:57to have to say it,
48:58but with honest men
48:59like General Lafayette,
49:00the people
49:01is a monster
49:02always ready
49:02to devour them
49:03unless they're
49:04held in chains
49:05and every so often
49:06shot down.
49:08It was a bit of fun.
49:11Thousands of us
49:12come to the Champs-de-Mars
49:13to sign the petition
49:13of the Cordelias
49:15and the abdication
49:16of the king.
49:16I was for it.
49:18We didn't have our weapons.
49:21It was like a picnic
49:22with the family.
49:24It was raining a little,
49:26but we danced
49:26and we sang.
49:29At some point,
49:30they raised the red flag
49:31on the Hotel de Ville
49:32to signal that
49:33demonstrations were illegal.
49:35We didn't know.
49:36We were too far away.
49:38And then they
49:41fired without warning.
49:43It was Lafayette
49:45and the National Guard.
49:46Citizens same as us.
49:49Just citizens.
49:50Killing other citizens.
49:56July 17th, 1791,
49:58on the Champs-de-Mars,
50:00barely two years
50:01after the storming
50:02of the Bastille,
50:0352 people,
50:04including one woman
50:05and one child,
50:06are moan down
50:07by the National Guard
50:08on the orders
50:09of General Lafayette.
50:13Hundreds of Parisians
50:14are wounded
50:14by those meant
50:15to protect them.
50:18In the Parisian sections,
50:20the shock is huge.
50:23The date of July 17th,
50:251791,
50:27is a turning point.
50:28And many Parisians
50:30would want rid
50:31of this constitutional monarchy
50:33that they're being sold
50:34at gunpoint.
50:40That day,
50:41I decided to quit the battalion.
50:44I'll always be
50:45on the side of the people
50:45and not on the side of guns
50:46that shoot at the people.
50:49They want to rob
50:50our revolution.
50:52We won't let that happen.
50:58The king is temporarily
51:00suspended from his functions.
51:05The power
51:06is the king's no more.
51:07It's the people's.
51:09It's ours.
51:11Our revolution
51:12is too fragile.
51:13Too much opposition.
51:15Everywhere.
51:16Before we only had
51:17one tyrant, the king.
51:19Today, we have
51:19thousands of tyrants
51:20like you
51:21who all want to wear
51:22the crown.
51:35The king's no more.
51:36The king's no more.
51:36The king's no more.
51:36The king's no more.
51:37The king's no more.
51:40The king's no more.
51:40The king's no more.
51:40The king's no more.
51:41The king's no more.
51:42The king's no more.
51:42The king's no more.
51:43The king's no more.
51:43The king's no more.
51:43The king's no more.
51:43The king's no more.
51:44The king's no more.
51:44The king's no more.
51:44The king's no more.
51:44The king's no more.
51:44The king's no more.
51:46The king's no more.
51:47The king's no more.
51:49The king's no more.
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