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00:00How are you, dear brothers and sisters?
00:30Hello dear brothers and sisters! How are you? I am very happy to greet you again in our virtual classroom for active evangelization to finish this unit in which we have basically looked at the letters of the captivity and the pastoral letters of Saint Paul.
00:46We finish this block, which is quite interesting and compact, with information that is closely related to each other, and we now move on a bit from this topic with the letter to the Hebrews.
01:01Which, as we shall see, is not; it was once called the writing of the three lies because it is neither a letter nor is it from Saint Paul nor is it to the Hebrews.
01:15So we're going to try to touch on this a little bit now, which is within what is called the Pauline corpus. Certainly, Pauline theology underlies it, but well, let's learn a little more about this topic.
01:34So, before we fully begin our study, I would like to suggest some facts that I found very interesting about this particular writing.
01:45Of the 46 books of the Old Testament, the letter quotes 23 and gives 15 titles to Christ: heir of God, seated at the right hand of God, the firstborn, Lord, Son of God, man, apostle, high priest, forerunner, minister, mediator, best sacrifice.
02:15The invisible, the invisible, pioneer and perfect shepherd, is a book that uses a number of themes from the Old Testament and has the most elements from the Old Testament.
02:30This obviously tells us about a person who knew the Old Testament in depth, right?
02:37Okay, let's get into the introduction now, after these interesting facts I found, shall we?
02:44This letter has aroused astonishment and perplexity among scholars.
02:54Astonishment at its solemn language and perplexity due to the concepts and symbols that are difficult to interpret.
03:02He was certainly perplexed to hear that this letter is not a letter, nor was it written by Saint Paul, nor is it addressed to the Hebrews.
03:13The inscription to the Hebrews may have arisen from the strong influence that Hellenistic Judaism had on this writing.
03:24In fact, the letter to the Hebrews is a homily or perhaps a theological treatise where an apology or defense is made regarding the priesthood of Christ.
03:34which is superior to the Levitical priesthood, in order to clarify doubts and encourage Christians in difficult times of persecution
03:43so that they may remain faithful to the greatness of their faith, just as God is faithful, and not grow weary of the struggle.
03:53that we must always establish in our Christian faith, yielding to the abandonment of the path undertaken.
04:02In other words, we must stand firm or even fall into apostasy.
04:11It is worth being a Christian, would be, in a way, the conclusion we could draw from this text.
04:19It's worth being a Christian.
04:22We will hardly find a more stimulating piece of writing that better reflects Christianity and the believing community.
04:30A written work that can capture our experiences and problems with such depth and humanity
04:37as this writing of the letter to the Hebrews does.
04:42No other writing in the New Testament has captured with such boldness and depth
04:47the most serious temptation that can undermine Christian identity,
04:53both on a personal level and on a community level, which is the temptation of tiredness.
05:00Tiredness not stemming from work, which is normal and perfectly understandable,
05:05but rather the loss of sight of the true dimensions of the Christian mystery.
05:11Losing sight of the defining requirements of being a Christian.
05:16Or finally lose sight of the rewarding hope that our Lord offers us.
05:23Let's now talk about some of the differences between this text and Pauline theology.
05:30And well, the best way to understand the theology of the Hebrews is to compare it with that of Saint Paul.
05:37It has some aspects that are reminiscent of Pablo.
05:40Christ, the Son of God, the pre-existent agent of creation,
05:46Christ's death for sin as the central point of salvation,
05:50the concept of God's new order,
05:53the new covenant that we continually see in Corinthians, Galatians, etc.
06:00However, the author of Hebrews has his own thoughts
06:03And even though he uses concepts that appear in Paul, he does so in his own way.
06:10Paul speaks constantly, for example, about the resurrection of Christ.
06:13Hebrews, for its part, emphasizes the exaltation to heaven.
06:19Paul summarizes Christ's saving work as reconciliation,
06:23while the Hebrews primarily call it purification, sanctification, and perfection.
06:31We see that there are elements, yes, that are consistent, but that are treated in a different way.
06:38In other words, Pauline thought underlies it, but who wrote this letter?
06:44He has taken Paul's thinking, but expressed it in a rather particular way,
06:50Let's say, even different, right?
06:53For example, the core concept of Hebrews, the high priesthood of Jesus Christ,
06:58It does not appear in Paul.
07:01Hebrews says very little about justification that comes by faith.
07:04and not by the works of the law, which is a very important matter for Paul.
07:10We will remember, then, this whole issue that it brings up with the Judaizers, won't we?
07:16On the other hand, Paul speaks a lot about the dichotomy of the flesh and the spirit,
07:22something that Hebrews does not mention.
07:25He does not use, for example, the Pauline phrase "with Christ".
07:29and it says nothing about the place of Jews and Gentiles in the plan of salvation.
07:36So, we see that although there are Pauline elements,
07:40Well, there is certainly a difference here, let me put it this way,
07:47a huge difference.
07:50It's not like we saw in the previous letters,
07:53where all those letters of dubious origin,
07:58Well, after doing the analysis,
07:59We realize that, therefore, all the differences can be perfectly explained.
08:05We can explain why the differences exist.
08:08Whereas here, the differences are such
08:10that we cannot go any further.
08:13We really cannot, for any reason,
08:16to claim that this letter came from the pen of Saint Paul.
08:20Unlike Saint Paul, other elements that we can add to this,
08:25who conceives of the law from the point of view of moral demand
08:28as an autonomous power,
08:31Hebrews presents the law primarily in its cultural aspect.
08:35as an institution for atonement,
08:39which is, therefore, very much in accordance with the revelation of salvation
08:42of the New Testament, certainly,
08:45but which makes a perfect connection with the revelation of the Old Testament.
08:49Pablo nowhere argues that it is impossible.
08:53of a second regret,
08:56something that Hebrews did.
08:59If we look at chapter 6, in verse 4,
09:03or chapter 10, verse 26,
09:07or chapter 12, verse 17,
09:09We will see that there is indeed a possibility of a second regret,
09:15something that we are experiencing today, not in a second,
09:19but, God help us,
09:20so many regrets.
09:22For Paul, in that radicalism that he manifested,
09:25the one who once apostatized,
09:28I no longer had the possibility of returning to the church.
09:31In contrast to Paul,
09:33reveals the author of an exhortation
09:35as a Christian of Jewish origin.
09:38As we were saying,
09:40who is someone who knows Judaism in depth.
09:44Not only Judaism, but the law.
09:47So, certainly,
09:48Whoever wrote it must have a strong background.
09:51We know that Paul has that Jewish background.
09:55However,
09:56Paul, although he is Jewish,
09:57by birth,
09:59He was raised solely in the Jewish way of life,
10:03But he lived his entire life among the pagans.
10:06I mean,
10:07His mentality is not exactly the mentality of a Jew.
10:10That's why he won't have much difficulty
10:12for later,
10:14So, let's develop this dialogue.
10:15that he can do in his different letters
10:18and become the apostle to the Gentiles.
10:21While it appears that the one who wrote the letter to the Hebrews
10:24is someone who is born that way,
10:28of culture,
10:29of Jewish origin.
10:31Whoever wrote it is an extremely brilliant person.
10:35and it is very original in its theological perspective,
10:40although it incorporates Pauline elements,
10:43I mean,
10:44It is clear that he was educated by Paul
10:46his conversion from Judaism to Christianity
10:49It must definitely have been done by the apostle Paul.
10:54However,
10:55He is an extremely intelligent person.
10:57And he is a person who has developed his own theology
11:00based on the knowledge of Christ
11:03which has very possibly received
11:05from Paul himself and his collaborators.
11:08Good,
11:09Let's look at some topics now.
11:11with reference to this author
11:13and by the date when we could
11:15date this composition.
11:17Scholars believe that the author of the Hebrews
11:22Well, he's a stranger.
11:25We don't really know who the author is.
11:29For a long time,
11:30How do you know?
11:31Well, it was Saint Paul,
11:32It was thought to be Saint Paul,
11:34That's why for a long time
11:36They were talking about Paul's letter to the Hebrews.
11:39Later on,
11:40For example,
11:41disciple of Barnabas,
11:42disciple of Paul,
11:44pure disciples of Paul,
11:45Silas,
11:46Apollos.
11:47Also at some point
11:48It has been thought that Lucas could have been,
11:51although it was quickly dismissed,
11:53Felipe,
11:54Priscilla
11:55or Eagle,
11:56Clement of Rome,
11:57TRUE?
11:57It has also been,
11:58well,
11:59suggested at some point
12:00as part of,
12:02as the author
12:03given his erudition.
12:05However,
12:06the vocabulary,
12:07the style
12:08and various literary characteristics
12:10of the epistle
12:11They do not clearly support
12:13no particular claim,
12:15Yeah?
12:15I mean,
12:15really,
12:16Who wrote it?
12:19We cannot know,
12:20No?
12:21We must say,
12:22however,
12:23just like the other letters
12:24that we have seen,
12:25It would not be until the 19th century
12:28when it began to be questioned
12:30the authorship of this book.
12:32In fact,
12:32until 1909,
12:34the translations
12:35in most Bibles
12:36appeared as
12:37epistle
12:38of the apostle Saint Paul
12:40to the Hebrews.
12:42I mean,
12:43we see that textual criticism,
12:45TRUE?
12:47This whole process
12:48criticism in the Bible
12:49that began
12:50precisely in the 19th century
12:52is the one who put
12:54under scrutiny
12:54all of this.
12:55Today,
12:56the study,
12:57clear,
12:58And considering all these topics,
13:00well,
13:00obviously,
13:01they reveal to us
13:01which indeed
13:03we cannot today
13:04more affirm
13:05that Paul be the author
13:07of this book.
13:09Something we can see
13:10in the book
13:11and that would give us
13:13some clues
13:14about who it could be
13:16the author
13:16They would be the following.
13:19The author
13:19I had a relationship
13:20nearby
13:21with their recipients.
13:24He lets us see it
13:24in chapter 13
13:25and in chapter 10.
13:28On the other hand,
13:29the author
13:29He was a friend of Timothy,
13:31Chapter 13.
13:33The author
13:34I knew
13:35the situation
13:36in which they were living,
13:38Chapter 6,
13:39Chapter 12.
13:41The author
13:41He was an expert
13:42in writing.
13:44Just thinking
13:45that of the
13:45303 verses
13:48which has Hebrews,
13:50use
13:50154 verses
13:53in context
13:54with the Old Testament.
13:56The author
13:56appointment
13:57more than 50%
13:59from the books
14:01of the Old Testament.
14:02Appointment
14:0323 books
14:05of the 46
14:06of the Old Testament.
14:09The author
14:09I'm listening
14:10the Gospel
14:11from other people.
14:13Chapter 2
14:14He tells us
14:15on this topic.
14:16Good,
14:17Let's stop
14:18one moment
14:19to continue
14:20in our next section.
14:21In a moment,
14:22We're back.
14:26Thank you!