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Plusieurs inventions ont rendu possible l'exploration de terres nouvelles : le bateau à voile (en 6 000 av. J.-C. en Égypte), la roue (en 3 500 av. J.-C. en Mésopotamie) et l'écriture. Durant l'Antiquité de nombreuses civilisations de marchands se disputaient le contrôle de la Méditerranée. En -500 Hannon entreprend l'exploration des côtes africaines. En -350 Pythéas part vers le nord jusqu'à Thulé.
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00:24The Explorers
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02:17The earliest depictions of boats date back to 6000 BC.
02:22In Egypt, the oldest representation of a sailing ship dates back to 3500 BC.
02:28Whereas in Mesopotamia...
02:41I think I have an idea. I want you to cut a few slices from a log.
02:45Slices? But what are we going to do with them?
02:48You'll see.
02:51Yes !
03:02Of course, all of this is only to be assumed.
03:04Because the history of man would only become truly certain later with the invention of writing.
03:10And that's done.
03:12So now we have at our disposal the wheel, the sail, and writing.
03:20So, are the children ready for exploration? For a great adventure?
03:24But maestro, tell us, why do men need so many adventures and explorations?
03:28Can't they just live peacefully in their own homes?
03:30If that were the case, the world would stagnate. There would be no inventions, no discoveries.
03:34It's fortunate that humans are curious.
03:35We wouldn't be where we are today if he hadn't been driven by his need to explore,
03:39to know, to discover the world.
03:42But let's get back to our story.
03:44An empire is founded in Egypt on the shores of an island.
03:47In Crete, in the heart of Europe, a great civilization is developing.
03:51Its powerful fleet dominates the seas.
03:54Look, here's a Phoenician ship.
03:57Prepare to fight.
04:00Look, a Mycenaean ship.
04:02Prepare to fight.
04:06Come on.
04:08Get out of the way. The sea belongs to us, the cretins.
04:11No, but who does this idiot think he is?
04:14The sea belongs to us, to the Mycenaeans.
04:16We, the Phoenicians, are the kings of the sea.
04:19Ahead !
04:23Ah, that's clever!
04:25Did you look for it?
04:26Now you just have to drink it, your mother!
04:28Indeed, two other maritime powers were rivals of the cretoirs.
04:32The Phoenicians, in present-day Lebanon, and the Mycenaeans, in Greece.
04:36This heightened rivalry would continue for centuries.
04:39until the day something terrible happened.
04:43A real disaster, children.
04:45This took place in Santorini, a Cretan island.
04:51I have a wine delivery to Santorini.
04:54Come and unload!
05:03The wine is good this year.
05:05Oh really? Well, let's taste it.
05:11I'll take a drop myself, to check.
05:17I need to listen some more.
05:28In any case, this wine is incredibly strong.
05:30You said it, it has such an effect that I feel like the earth is shaking.
05:53The eruption destroyed the island of Santorini and volcanic ash spread thousands of kilometers to the
05:59round.
05:59This marked the end of the great Minoan civilization in Greece.
06:03The Greeks and the Phoenicians of Lebanon will dominate the Mediterranean.
06:07A legend says that a Greek, Ulysses, went on a ten-year journey during which he encountered strange creatures.
06:15A famous historian, Herodotus, also says that around the year 600 BC,
06:21The Pharaoh, ruling over Egypt, was only at O2, and summoned a Phoenician captain to him.
06:26They ask you, bold and wise navigator, would you agree to sail down the Red Sea towards Ponte?
06:31to bypass the African continent and return via the Mediterranean?
06:37Yes, but the reward you offer me must be commensurate with the feat you have accomplished.
06:41I ask myself.
06:42A journey of twenty-five thousand kilometers towards lands still unexplored.
06:45Do you realize, children? Back then, we had very little money.
06:48The journey lasted three years, it appears.
06:51A century later, there is the incredible journey of Hanon the Phoenician, who set out from Carthage.
07:01But they are Hanon and Amilco, my two captains, and my ship, but it is in ruins.
07:08My friends, what has happened to you?
07:11It's the Mycenaeans again; they're getting better and better armed. We're very lucky to be in
07:15life.
07:16Come on, let's start by getting you some clothes.
07:24I want the finest fabrics for my two captains.
07:32THANKS.
07:38Extra large, I'll see if I have that.
07:44These are crested seashells. There's nothing better for dyeing.
07:57It's from the canton of Egypt. Just look at my magnificent coats.
08:04Now, put in the copper.
08:07Okay. Now we'll turn it off.
08:13No! For bronze, you need a lot of copper, but very little tin.
08:22There, now you're presentable. Perfect. Come on, let's go talk.
08:28Three glasses of Hydremel, please.
08:31There you go, sir.
08:34He watches.
08:39Listen, friends, I have a project for you. It concerns those famous kingdoms of Africa where the rivers carry
08:44gold.
08:45Go and discover them, and then our fortune will be made.
08:48But then, we must cross the Pillars of Hercules.
08:51That's what the Strait of Gibraltar was called at the time.
08:55It's nothing, just a tiny little strait between Spain and Africa.
08:58Hey, it's not dangerous.
09:00Oh, but there's always the risk of a little gust of wind.
09:03These Phoenicians, they sail all the seas.
09:05They amass fortunes.
09:07Hmm, we should stop them.
09:08Or we could go with them and make a lot of money out of it.
09:11To cross the Pillars of Hercules, you have to be completely insane. Yes, completely.
09:15Why? Do you know?
09:16Even Poseidon, the all-powerful god of the sea, would not venture there because the world stops and
09:21The other falls into an abyss.
09:22It's teeming with sea snakes and also with tretons.
09:25And above all, there's the hydra. To confront the hydra, you have to be crazy.
09:29Unless you're as strong as Hercules.
09:33Just the thought of hypochondria gives me chills.
09:36We would love a drop of mead, but alas, we no longer have enough money.
09:42That's true, they are very dangerous monsters.
09:44Oh, but those are just stories. On the other hand, there are beautiful nereids who are there to protect you.
09:48Yes, it's true, there are nereids and they are pretty.
09:51And dolphins too. I saw those with my own eyes.
09:54Okay then, Amilcon, are you in?
09:57Okay, Adnan. Let's go.
10:00We'd be happy to show you part of the way, but...
10:11On the road to the great journey.
10:14And there you have it.
10:16Tell me, maestro, why was he so afraid of that strait?
10:19He believed that the Earth was flat and that at the end, one fell into an abyss.
10:23That's silly, everyone knows the Earth is round.
10:25Today we know this, but back then, when the great Greek mathematician Pythagoras said that the Earth
10:31was a ball,
10:32Well, nobody wanted to believe it.
10:34We're getting closer.
10:37We're approaching the pillars and the current is against us, we'll never get through.
10:40And if we pass, we're lost.
10:42We need to drop anchor there and wait for a favorable wind.
10:48You see, the wind is blowing from that direction.
10:50It's the zephyr and we have to wait for the rose which must come from the other side.
10:59Oh !
11:22But still!
11:24However, I am sure of it.
11:26The wind has changed.
11:28Pink is pink, it's the pink that's blowing, quickly!
11:31The sails, the rowers!
11:56The monster, watch out! Here it is, here it is, it's coming!
12:00I warned you, he's going to devour us whole, he's going to swallow the boat, break it into little pieces
12:05!
12:05There's nothing left.
12:06Yes, yes, look right there in front!
12:09Oh !
12:10Oh !
12:15They are large fish, larger than dolphins.
12:18They seem very peaceful, they don't mean us any harm.
12:20That's not true! They're going to devour us, make huge waves, and they'll wreck all the ships.
12:25For now, you're the one making the waves.
12:27Nanana, I didn't want to go, I'm going home!
12:34There is less and less depth, we are getting closer and closer to the sun.
12:37If this continues, the water will start boiling, we'll cook, and what's more,
12:41We're going to run aground.
12:41And on the ground, there's nothing but sand, we're going to die of thirst.
12:45You just have to move away from the coast.
12:57There's nothing left to eat.
12:59But we're going to die of thirst, and then, and then, we're all going to die of hunger.
13:03Hey, look there, we're going to find fresh water and food.
13:07Yeah, you start with a forest full of wild animals, but also wild men who are going to devour us.
13:12We are lost.
13:26But they look like me.
13:33Yes, but, but, but everything was black.
13:47Hey !
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15:25This is a disaster!
16:07Garamantes! Garamantes!
16:09500 years before our era, the Sahara was the seat of prosperous pastoral civilizations.
16:14According to Herodotus, she was at war with the Garamantes.
16:18nomads from North Africa.
16:40It's gold.
16:58So, you see, there's nothing interesting in this country. We can go home.
17:05Gold, gold, gold, gold!
17:08With all this gold, we'll be very rich.
17:09But we want to go even further south, towards certain death.
17:13I've had enough, enough.
17:14Yes, right here, we're here!
17:16Listen, we're going to seize the ship, take all the gold we can gather, go home, and we
17:20we will be rich.
17:21Yes, but the captain...
17:23Captain Hanon will swim back.
17:26Come on, follow me.
17:30Surrender, Hanon. We are the strongest.
17:33Did you know that mutiny is punishable by death?
17:36It is you, Hanon, who is in mortal danger.
17:38But I know how to be generous.
17:40Jump overboard and you can continue your journey by swimming.
17:51I too will be very generous. I will spare your life.
17:54And since you're in such a hurry, show me how to swim back.
18:06Tomorrow, we will go exploring.
18:09Let's still be careful.
18:13You never know what you might encounter.
18:16You never know.
18:18Shh! Look.
18:20Hey, kids!
18:24But they are not children, they are dwarves.
18:26Yes, they are pigemis, I've heard about them.
18:30They eat human flesh. We are lost.
18:32He's going to cut us a tiny piece.
18:34He's going to cook us and boil us.
18:37Mom, I want to go home.
19:03And it's true that they eat men.
19:20Oh really? And here I was thinking that...
19:29Okay, it's time to go home. It's getting late.
19:38Honestly, it seems like they want to keep us. So what do we do?
19:41There are too many of them. Let's wait for an opportunity to escape.
19:56Now is the time.
20:06Mission accomplished, guys. Can we go home now?
20:11At least once in my life, I would have been crowned king.
20:14A century later, it was the turn of a well-known Greek, the astronomer Pytheas, born in Marseille, to
20:19to take another famous trip.
20:20Northward this time, to meet the Hyperboreans.
20:23You said the Hyper what?
20:25The Boreans are the people who live in the north, so those who live even further north are called Hyperboreans.
20:31north.
20:34Oh Pytheas, don't you want to return the voyage?
20:37Yes indeed, Caesar, I'm going north.
20:39Dear Honor, it's cold, Pytheas.
20:41But the days are long.
20:43That's annoying. Because we don't work during the day.
20:46Whereas at night, we can sleep.
20:48So goodbye, Pytheas.
21:07Did you notice?
21:09The further north you go, the longer the days become.
21:12Yes, Pytheas, but they are also getting colder and colder.
21:15How far do you want to go?
21:17Until the days are so long that there will be no night at all.
21:20Not at all at night anymore? Are you crazy? That's impossible.
21:23The sun has to set in the evening so that it can rise in the morning, right?
21:27Not sure.
21:28If the earth is round, as some philosophers believe,
21:31At the very top, in the north, the sun will not set during the summer.
21:35Philosophers, they talk nonsense, come on.
21:37And besides, I wouldn't call that a summer.
21:39Wouldn't you rather go back to Marseille?
21:41Not yet. Besides, look.
21:45It's a whale, it's enormous!
21:47But it's a monster, they're not going to attack that...
21:52These men are crazy!
21:53Completely crazy!
22:14We want to go even further north, that way.
22:18Tulez?
22:18I've heard that name before; it's a place in the north of the world.
22:21Yes, that's it, Tulez. We want to go to Tulez.
22:25Oh, no.
22:26Move, move, move, move, move, move, move, move, move!
22:29But what am I doing here?
22:32We will freeze. We must harden, break, and fall.
22:36When I think of Marseille, over there, he whispers.
22:43Nya, nya, nya, what?
22:46Ah, they're afraid of me.
22:58You see, the sun is at its lowest point. It won't set. We'll wait here.
23:03Look at that! It's moving horizontally.
23:10Yes, you're right. The sun hasn't set. How is that possible?
23:14You'll see, it's very simple. If the earth is round like a ball, then we are in the north.
23:19The sun is horizontal. No matter how much it rotates, it does not set.
23:23So these people don't know the night.
23:25Oh, wow!
23:26But yes, look, in winter, the sun will be low and will not rise.
23:29So it will be dark for half the year.
23:31I wouldn't want to live for months without sunshine.
23:34Say, Pytheas, now that we've seen Tulez, perhaps we can go back.
23:37I don't want to end up here at night.
23:38Okay, let's go home.
23:47Alright, let's head to Marseille!
23:49A night that lasts for six months?
23:51Oh, Pytheas, dear one, we can see that you are from Marseille.
23:54Listen to this, friends!
23:56A six-month night, that's a good one!
24:01And that is how, many centuries before our era, they understood that the earth was round.
24:05In addition, Pytheas will accurately calculate the distance he had traveled.
24:10And about a hundred years later, Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar, would even calculate the circumference of the earth.
24:15We are also beginning to understand that even the learned Herodotus doesn't know everything when he says
24:20"The earth is round and surrounded by oceans."
24:22Athens is here, in the center.
24:24In the north, the land is frozen and inhabited by the Hyperboreans.
24:27To the east, Asia stops at the Urals and the Indus.
24:30Africa here is mostly populated by pygmies, elephants, and long-necked giraffes.
24:37As you can see, children, we are at this time only at the very beginning of knowledge.
24:42There are still many things to discover, and that's what we're going to do together.
24:51The explorers
24:54Discovering the world, they made the earth round, these sinopatrades
24:59They will find new paths to forge and then offer them to souls.
25:05Like offering a beautiful woman
25:08To you, to us, to me, I believe
25:11Subtitling by Radio-Canada
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