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Three relics of the largest imperium the world has ever seen help us to discover the still complicated history of the British Empire. We visit Haslar, once the pride of the Royal Navy and the best hospital in the world, the Island of Montserrat, also named the Caribbean Pompeii, and the Island of Merasheen, the first British colony in history.
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00:01The forsaken places of history, ominous and mysterious.
00:09The British Empire, once the largest empire on earth, protected by the Royal Navy for three centuries.
00:21Then the empire dissolved, leaving a weighty legacy and a yearning for former glory.
00:33Once the Royal Navy's pride, the world's best hospital suddenly became too costly.
00:40Hassler.
00:44People look at it and they think it costs major amounts of money and it's essentially scrap now.
00:51A Caribbean paradise hit by natural disaster is hoping for help from their former colonial rulers.
00:58Plymouth on Montserrat.
01:00We were not going back to Plymouth. Plymouth is gone.
01:07The first British colony at the end of the world, abandoned, depopulated. Marasheen, Newfoundland.
01:16We were the last family to live over here six weeks by ourselves. That was it.
01:23Places full of personal memories.
01:26That's the only time I thought I wanted to stay home.
01:53That's the only time I thought I wanted to stay home.
01:55The first British colony threat.
01:59Storms, hunger, thirst and disease play their part as well.
02:05In the 18th century, the British forces declared war on these threats and built a unique naval hospital.
02:13The Royal Hospital Hassler.
02:16The main aspect of the day in the 18th century, health-wise for sailors, was that more were dying from
02:24disease and injury than actually being sort of killed at sea by cannonball and shot.
02:34My name is Eric Berbeck and I joined Hassler in September of 1964.
02:41The British Admiralty acquired the land in 1745.
02:45It cost £100,000 to build.
02:49Twice the price of the Admiralty's headquarters in London.
02:55Opened in 1753, it was Europe's biggest brick building.
02:59It was built to nurse sailors back to health and to save costs.
03:04If you were in British waters, the captain would give you a few pennies, but you'd have probably fallen into
03:13the local tavern.
03:14You'd have drunk yourself to death or died from your disease, you know, within a couple of days.
03:22Hassler did change that.
03:26Hassler lies on a peninsula in the south of England.
03:32The hospital was once surrounded by a high wall complete with watchtowers.
03:37Many of the sailors were conscripted by force and would attempt to desert at the earliest opportunity.
03:44Patients were brought to the hospital by boat.
03:47Upon arrival, a strict procedure was followed, but like today, it could take some time before a doctor was available.
03:54Here we are in the arcade, which was the main reception area for the wounded and injured.
04:02After the decisive sea battle against Napoleon in 1805, several thousand wounded were brought to Hassler.
04:11Following the battle of Trafalgar, all in one day, they discharged their sick and even dying, who were brought on
04:19hand carts from the port up through the main gate, in through these doors and here into the arcade.
04:26And taken off the hand carts and laid on the stones to await to be seen by the physicians and
04:35the surgeons.
04:36They bled their lifeblood into these very stones.
04:39Trafalgar is synonymous with the Navy's glorious victory over Napoleon.
04:44Nonetheless, thousands are wounded.
04:49Soldier or sailor, they are patched up here at Hassler in order to be sent back to war.
04:58Fatalities from illness or lack of hygiene are common.
05:03We are in the paddock, it's known as the paddock, but it is, was initially the burial ground for Hassler.
05:14This area, which is some nine acres in size, is estimated through the work by forensic archaeologists over the last
05:2310 to 15 years, that there is some 20,000 plus bodies buried here.
05:30The dead are not all British.
05:32They lie shoulder to shoulder with Russians, Ottomans, French, as well as soldiers from the British colonies.
05:40They died after Waterloo, in the Crimean War, or because of hundreds of other battles.
05:46And in fact, in one or two coffins, there was more than one body.
05:49And extra leg or arm for an amputation, which caused quite a bit of interest when we first started to
05:58work with the archaeological teams.
06:02From the outset, Hassler Hospital stands for the modernization of medicine.
06:08Here's where scurvy, caused by lack of vitamin C, is first remedied, by administering fruit and vegetables.
06:15Hassler is also home to England's first blood bank.
06:18But for a long time, operations remained somewhat crude.
06:26If you had or needed surgery, your surgery took place in your bed in the ward, or in a room
06:34at the end of the ward, which your colleagues and the other patients could hear your screams and cries.
06:40The first operating theatre opened in 1910.
06:43Medical progress lowers the death rate in the 19th and 20th centuries.
06:49Life expectancy, as well as the social status of naval officers and crews, were on the rise.
06:55The empire grows, and reaches its peak dimensions in 1920.
07:00In all of history, there has never been a vaster empire, or one with more subjects.
07:12But the glamour of the famous naval hospital is beginning to fade.
07:18When the Normandy landings are planned in 1944, Hassler no longer plays a part.
07:24In the wake of the victory over Hitler, Britain has no further need of the venerable hospital.
07:31It began to be realised that Hassler, being nearly four centuries in service, was not lending itself very well to
07:43being transformed to deal with modern-day casualties of war.
07:49They needed a more central hospital of excellence in the period, and it began to actually sign the death knell
07:58for Hassler itself.
08:00Eric Burbeck, technical director of Hassler for 32 years, retired in 1996.
08:13Newfoundland, Canada today.
08:15Over 1,000 years ago, the Vikings were the first Europeans to reach America.
08:20But they didn't stay.
08:26In 158, Newfoundland is claimed by England under Queen Elizabeth I.
08:31The islands are given the name of newly found land, which in turn becomes Newfoundland.
08:38It is the foundation stone of the subsequent empire.
08:42But there are few riches to be had on these bare, cold rocks in the northern Atlantic.
08:53We did the very basic things, it was very normal, but lots to do, and much of it closely related
09:01to being people born by the sea.
09:09My name is Raymond Joseph Han, born April 7th, 1950, in beautiful Mirasheen, on Mirasheen Island, in Newfoundland's far greater
09:23bay.
09:26Only the turbulent seas around Newfoundland kindle desire with their rich bounty of fish.
09:36Cord is particularly abundant, so much so that people believed that these fishing grounds would never dry up.
09:43The basis of the livelihoods of many.
09:50Very few people didn't make their living from the sea.
09:53Almost exclusively, everybody had their own boat.
09:56This area of the plant, back in the day, was used to salt the fish after it was processed on
10:03the wharf.
10:04It would be landed on the wharf, split, and washed and brought in here.
10:09And all of this area here was filled from floor to ceiling with salt codfish.
10:16Newfoundland becomes part of Canada in 1949.
10:20Ottawa, and the Governor General, Lord Alexander, meets Prime Minister Saint Laurent to sign the bill ratifying the agreement to
10:27bring Newfoundland into the Canadian Commonwealth.
10:29The vast edition of Newfoundland and its dependency Labrador brings 325,000 new citizens under the Canadian flag.
10:38Compared to the rest of Canada, Newfoundland was very much behind the time.
10:43Many still lived as in the 19th century.
10:46A program of modernization is launched to tackle that.
10:49The era of industrialized fishing has begun, with frozen fish, large trawlers, and fewer crew.
10:57In 1949, we marginally voted to become a part of Canada.
11:03That might have set the wheels in motion for this modernization agenda that Joey Smallwood and the government of the
11:11day had embarked on.
11:14Because there was no doubt that, you know, we were behind in this province in terms of any kind of
11:21modernization.
11:23And we had a lot of catching up to do.
11:31Moving house in Newfoundland can cause a lot of excitement.
11:34One reason is that here, moving house means just that.
11:38Taking the old homestead away, lock, stock and barrel, and putting it somewhere else.
11:43The government attempts to relocate inhabitants of remote villages into so-called growth areas.
11:55Incentives are modern streets, schools, and healthcare.
12:03Things that don't exist in remoter parts of the land.
12:13The head of the household would be paid $1,000, and it would be $200 for every other dependent in
12:19the family.
12:20So my father left all his property, land, buildings, shops, store loft, stage, wharves.
12:31And he got $3,400 bucks.
12:33And it wasn't enough to buy an outhouse where we moved, quite frankly.
12:37Between 1957 and 1975, more than 300 villages are abandoned.
12:43And 30,000 people are relocated.
12:45More than 10% of the population.
12:48For many, an enduring trauma.
12:53We left Mirashin on October the 9th, 1968.
12:59We were the last family to live over here six weeks by ourselves.
13:04On the last day, my father said to me,
13:07Ray boy, you better go up and shut down the power and close the door and see that everything is
13:12okay.
13:12So I went up and turned off the switches, shut down the generator, and closed the door and walked away.
13:18And Mirashin was left to the spirits.
13:22That was it.
13:24Today, Ray is Mirashin's unofficial mayor and guardian of remembrances for the next generations.
13:41Up until the 20th century, more than a dozen Caribbean islands were part of the British Empire.
13:47On her visit to the region in 1966, Queen Elizabeth II stopped over in Montserrat.
13:57The island is still the so-called overseas territory of the British Crown.
14:08The Royal Navy remains active here to this day.
14:17British battleships perform various roles.
14:20Sometimes they would do community projects, but as a significant part of it,
14:23we did a lot of simulation exercises from a disaster emergency management standpoint.
14:31I'm Norman Kassel.
14:33I'm a local businessman involved in many different things, in addition to being a tour operator.
14:40In the Caribbean, catastrophe prevention is mainly called for during the hurricane season.
14:46Montserrat is hit in 1989.
14:49Hurricane Hugo devastated the capital, Plymouth.
14:53More than 90% of buildings are destroyed.
15:00Just when everybody was saying that, well, you know, it would take us 10, 20 years to rebuild,
15:05we were really back on track within about two years.
15:08Montserrat's capital is resurrected to new splendor with the help of British aid.
15:16But storms are not the island's only worry.
15:21The Sofria Hills volcano lies in itself.
15:26My father very often took us to the Sofria and we would carry eggs and cook them on a string
15:33or piece of cloth.
15:35And sometimes we put our hands where the warm water was coming out.
15:42Montserrat is part of the lesser Antilles and a volcanic origin.
16:15Montserrat's
16:21As part of the reconstruction after Hurricane Hugo, the island's airport is to be expanded.
16:30It lies at the foot of the dormant volcano.
16:37They found these Indians that had died in these contorted positions.
16:43And the archaeologists told us at the time, these people were killed from pyroclastic flows.
16:50And it was interesting to see it was so similar in terms of this contorted fetal position,
16:57which even when we look at photographs from Pompeii and other similar type volcanoes,
17:04that it's just so similar.
17:10Life on Montserrat continues as before.
17:13In its 500 years of colonial history, the volcano has never erupted.
17:20It's often so that the social memory has already forgotten the eruption again.
17:24And the idea of an eruption is not really in the head of humans.
17:29And that's why the fear and respect for the volcano is not so much like that.
17:35But on July 18, 1995, Sophia Hills comes back to life.
17:48Back in the south of England and the former Naval Hospital Hasler.
17:57Tens of thousands of British sailors were treated here.
18:05Doctors at Hasler saved thousands of lives.
18:09Some of the families have been in the Navy for generations.
18:19My brother was in the Navy and my dad had been Navy.
18:22It just seemed a natural choice.
18:28I'd always wanted to go into nursing and I wanted to travel, so I joined both together.
18:37Hello, I'm Marian Hilton. I started at Hasler in 1974.
18:42I did 22 years as a nurse in Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.
18:48Almost everything at Hasler is based on proud British traditions.
18:53The first British Nurses' Association is formed in 1883.
19:00Queen consort Alexandra becomes patron of nursing in 1902 and the service is renamed in her honour.
19:09It was the first time I'd ever left home and I wasn't sure whether I had made the right decision.
19:17Marian Houghton trained as a urology nurse.
19:22This is her first time back at Hasler since its closure.
19:28The bed used to be all the way down and that used to be one of the nurses' stations was
19:34there with all the computers.
19:37Where the nurses used to sit and wipe out patients' notes, telephone other wards.
19:43And of course because it was a Nightingale ward, from here you could see all your patients.
19:48Florence Nightingale is known as the inventor of modern nursing.
19:51She introduced new hygiene guidelines during the Crimean War and was able to reduce the mortality rate among the wounded
19:58from 42 to 2%.
20:03Even today, open wards are known as Nightingale wards.
20:07All these openly visible beds presented Marian, who was only 18 at the time, with a delicate dilemma.
20:14She had to shave a young sailor's genitals in preparation for an operation.
20:20I was a very new probationary nurse, and this staff nurse had asked me to go and shave a gentleman.
20:26Now I'd never seen the gentleman from the waist down.
20:30And I was mortified, and I think I was so red-faced, and he was very red-faced, but luckily
20:37my sister came in and rescued me and said,
20:40OK, go away, I'll do this.
20:43But that was really...
20:45I look back now and I think how silly it was, but then it was pretty...
20:52At the end of the Second World War, the Empire is lost, and the Navy was grieving over some of
20:57their lost status.
21:02But today, as for 350 years, the bulwark of England's defence is His Majesty's Navy.
21:08And if a new war comes to Britain, she will again depend upon the ships of this Navy to keep
21:14the sea lanes open for the arms, the raw materials and the food which she must import, if the British
21:19Empire is to survive.
21:25During the Cold War, the Navy barely sees any action, until 1982.
21:31In the spring, nurses are recruited for service on the Falkland Islands.
21:38Well, I thought the Falklands were in Scotland.
21:41I'd never heard of this place before.
21:43I don't think any of us had.
21:46We said, yeah, that's fine, we'll go, as you do, but very, you know.
21:51And we thought this was going to be a bit of a jolly, as you do.
21:55And going down to the Falklands, that was lovely.
21:59It was sunshine, you know, we were busy getting wards together.
22:03But we honestly thought, the time we get down there, we'll be turned around and sent home.
22:09Because it'll all be over.
22:12But it wasn't.
22:15The Falkland Islands are a largely disregarded remnant of the British Empire.
22:20They host more sheep than people.
22:25Argentina, then a military dictatorship, laid claim to the islands in the southern Atlantic.
22:30On April the 2nd, 1982, Argentinian troops occupied the islands.
22:37Great Britain readies its warships to take the islands back.
22:48Marion Houghton was serving on the SS Uganda.
22:52Argentina possessed modern missiles and deployed them against the British.
23:02And then the HMS Sheffield was sunk.
23:05And that's when reality hit home.
23:07When we got the casualties from HMS Sheffield.
23:11The destroyer HMS Sheffield was hit by an Argentinian Exocet missile and caught fire.
23:1620 seamen died, 24 are wounded.
23:29Certain people died on the Sheffield.
23:31And I think that's when we really realised that this was for real.
23:35And it wasn't just a jolly and it lasted four months.
23:41The British are the far superior force, but they still suffer losses.
23:49Marion Houghton usually works in urology.
23:52In the southern Atlantic, she experiences the life of a nurse in a war.
24:02I'd just finished my duty, but we got called back.
24:05And I always remember walking past, we had a little kitchen on the way to this ward.
24:10And I remember saying to my colleague,
24:12God, someone's burnt their toast tonight.
24:15But it wasn't toast.
24:22And he opened these two doors and he had his face with all these burnt faces.
24:28And that's the only time I thought, I want to go home.
24:32I don't want to be here.
24:36Great Britain retook the Falklands.
24:39The returning troops, among them Marion Houghton, are greeted as heroes.
24:43She works at Hasla until her retirement.
24:55Newfoundland is of strategic rather than economic importance to the Empire.
24:59It is here that during the Second World War, the vital passage of US convoys across the Atlantic is secured,
25:07by ship or by plane.
25:25Newfoundland is home to Gander Airport, the world's largest for a while.
25:29US dollars flood into Newfoundland.
25:31US soldiers bring the American way of life with them, a challenge for the conservative and deeply religious population.
25:40While we were at the college, Littledale College in St. John's, Father Lewis from here came in recruiting for teachers
25:49for Mirachin.
25:49And my friend sat behind me in class, so I turned around to her and I said, let's go.
26:00My name is Doreen Ennis, and I was a former teacher here in Mirachin, and I live in Placentia, Newfoundland
26:08now.
26:11Doreen and her friend take a ship to Mirachin.
26:14She looked out through the windows, and all you could see was rock.
26:18And she said, just that land, she said.
26:21I said, well, that's Mirachin, that's one big rock, right?
26:27Little remains of the school Doreen Ennis once taught at.
26:33We're coming now to the site of the school.
26:40All you see now is the foundation.
26:57This was our front door.
27:04That was my classroom right there.
27:07Right there in my classroom.
27:09While Newfoundland's pro-capita income increases once it becomes Canadian, it still remains well below the North American average.
27:18From 1957 to 1971, three to four thousand inhabitants leave Newfoundland every year.
27:25Doreen Ennis and her fiancé are among those who leave.
27:29George was out of the service, and he was living here.
27:32And I had planned to go to Toronto with my mom, because I had brothers living up there.
27:37And George said to me, perhaps the two of us should go to Toronto.
27:41So we went to Toronto, and we got married in Toronto.
27:45And we stayed there for a year.
27:47Both of us worked.
27:48I didn't care much for it.
27:50And so we decided to come home.
27:52But the authorities want to abandon Marasheen and other villages.
27:57Priests are recalled.
27:58Public service is shut down.
28:04Even the ferry service that connects remote communities with the mainland is set to seize.
28:12The whole way of life changed.
28:15I don't know how people got over it, especially the older people.
28:20You know, had they stayed here, they would have continued on making a comfortable living.
28:27It was the stupidest thing that ever happened, you know, that resettlement.
28:32Doreen spends every summer on the island.
28:34This rock in the northern Atlantic is still her home.
28:45The HMS Victory, flagship of the Royal Navy, victorious at Trafalgar.
28:51And the then newest submarines are moored near the Royal Hospital Hasla.
28:55The Empire, the Navy and the Crown are fused in history.
29:00Queen Elizabeth II visits the famous Naval Hospital in 1959.
29:06Among those who awaited the Queen on the playing fields of the Royal Naval Hospital Hasla were the submarine old
29:11comrade.
29:13Hasla's glory days are already over at this point.
29:18To maximize occupancy, civilian patients are being accepted.
29:23One of them is Jeff O'Neill.
29:25If you went to your GP with a problem, there was no what hospital shall we send the patient to.
29:32It was always Hasla, because Hasla had specialists in every field you could possibly think of.
29:38My name's Honorary Alderman Jeff O'Neill.
29:41My name's Honorary Alderman Jeff O'Neill. I'm a former Mayor of Gospel.
29:43I've been associated with Hasla Hospital since some 55 years ago now.
29:49Hasla has stood for medical progress in the Royal Navy since 1753.
29:54Warfare benefited medicine, as it caused many injuries that required inventive treatments and cures.
30:04But with the decline of the empire in the 20th century, Hasla's role became less prominent.
30:11Hasla is a military hospital, a Royal Naval Hospital Hasla.
30:15So you know you're going into a military hospital.
30:19And you can tell that because it's self-evident of the discipline is in the hospital.
30:25The dress that the nurses and the officers wear.
30:29You know what level they are, what their skills are.
30:35In the second half of the 20th century, more and more British colonies gained their independence.
30:40The empire is shrinking, and the Royal Navy's significance is diminishing as well.
30:46Hasla can only remain viable by also accepting civilian patients.
30:51As surgery has changed, and the approach to surgery and patient care changed, and nursing care, it increased.
31:02But from D-Day, between D-Day and the Falklands, one of the biggest changes was in 1948,
31:09when the National Health Service was provided with 84 beds in the hospital for just civilian patients.
31:18Great Britain has had a National Health Service since 1946.
31:23A portion of Hasla is now reserved for patients from the region.
31:38It came very suddenly and almost out of the blue.
31:42I had severe chest pains, and I couldn't breathe.
31:46And my wife rung for an ambulance.
31:49I was initially very scared when I was in the ambulance, and I was brought here.
32:00Hasla remains a Royal Navy institution.
32:04But there are just not enough wounded soldiers to fill such a large hospital.
32:13Increasingly, Hasla treats civilians, and becomes an integral part of the city of Gosport.
32:22Oh, it was fundamentally important to us.
32:25It was important for the economy.
32:28It was important for the plant.
32:30It played in gospel, all the staff.
32:33And of course, it was important for the care that they gave to.
32:37There were so many specialists in different fields at the hospital.
32:42They could really cater for every department.
32:45But that's all in the past.
32:47Nowadays, patients are treated in the neighbouring city of Portsmouth.
32:59This is a warship Liverpool with the Montserrat Volcano Shipping Warning.
33:03A British dependent territory is in trouble.
33:06A British warship has been sent to the scene.
33:08The presence of HMS Liverpool in the waters of Montserrat is symbolic of Britain's commitment to this island.
33:14But more than that, its crew have come to work.
33:17On the Caribbean island of Montserrat, an impending natural disaster is looming.
33:22One that not even the military can stop.
33:25The Soufria Hills Volcano is threatening Montserrat, and especially the capital city of Plymouth.
33:31We were told that there was a 5% chance of Plymouth being inundated by volcanic activity.
33:40I remember us discussing this thing and saying, well, 5% is a very low probability.
33:48But the bottom line was, if EV was 1% of a chance, there's still a possibility.
33:55And unfortunately, that was what happened with Plymouth.
33:58On July 18th in 1995, Soufria Hills awakens from a deceptive sleep.
34:05It started out initially with us hearing these sounds of jet engines coming from the hills.
34:12When we started getting ash, little speckles of black ash.
34:17And that's when someone started saying, well, this must be volcano related.
34:23Plymouth is home to 4,000 of the island's 12,000 inhabitants.
34:28At the first signs, the capital's inhabitants are evacuated to safety.
34:33As yet, no one has given up on the city or the island.
34:37But the actual eruption has not even begun.
34:42The explosion of the Soufria Hills Vulcan was due to a stronger activity.
34:48Then, finally, a new magma came to the surface.
34:51And there was a very typical dome eruption.
34:54Because the magma is always further down.
34:57And also, the gases in the middle of it increase the pressure.
34:59And that's how it came to the Soufria Hills Vulcan.
35:01And that's how it happened.
35:04And that's how it happened.
35:06And that's how it happened.
35:08And that's how it happened.
35:09A mixture of heated gases, dust and debris shoots into the valley.
35:21The first time I had some fear was when I was driving in the eastern corridor.
35:28An area that we were not supposed to be.
35:31And that was just like about two or three days, folks got killed.
35:35And a pyroclastic flow passed me in the valley section going down.
35:39And of course, I started praying.
35:46Thousands of tons of superheated rocks speed down the slopes.
35:56Byroclastic flows are a mix of vulcan gases,
36:00Asche and bigger fragments.
36:02They are very hot.
36:04They can reach up to 1000 degrees.
36:06And very quickly, up to 200 kmh.
36:09So they have a very high destruction.
36:12Once through the explosion of large fragments,
36:16through the speed and the heat.
36:18They are, of course, deadly for people, for animals, for vegetation.
36:23They can destroy metal and destroy buildings.
36:28The big danger is that you can't escape them anymore.
36:32Several dozen of these pyroclastic flows shoot down the volcano.
36:40Capital city, Plymouth, is buried under debris and ashes.
36:44Luckily, the south of the island had already been evacuated.
36:56This government headquarters was struck by a pyroclastic flow.
37:00And it was really a very...
37:04It was a memorable moment, but very distinctive, in the sense that there was a good crowd.
37:12But it was so quiet.
37:14Because it's at that point, people realised we were not going back to Plymouth.
37:22Plymouth is gone.
37:24In spite of the timely evacuation, 19 people die, because they returned to the prohibited area.
37:32New eruptions and mudslides caused by rainfalls bury Plymouth under huge amounts of volcano ash.
37:47Today, large parts of the city are still covered by metre-thick layers.
37:54If you look around, it's billions of dollars worth of infrastructure that litters this landscape.
38:03Well, used to litter this landscape, because now most of it is buried.
38:09Although this caused a severe economic loss, it also produces economic opportunity.
38:17So we can see some of the pumice, sand and different types of material.
38:24This material has now spawned a very interesting sand mining industry.
38:29It is now a multi-million dollar industry on the island.
38:33Before the eruption, Montserrat had 12,000 inhabitants.
38:37Only 5,000 now remain.
38:39The economy has still not recovered in spite of the 30 million euros that London contributes annually.
38:46It's still a very, very, very, very beautiful island.
38:50And I want to see that maintained. I want to see the protection of our environment.
38:54It's critical. I just want a slow-moving, but very efficient-moving pace in my country.
39:02That's what I want to see for future Montserrat.
39:05But moreover, a quiet volcano!
39:14The ocean off the northeast coast gives to the nation an abundant variety of seafood.
39:22In places like Marasheen, codfish is traditionally dried or salted before it's sold.
39:28But modern fishing boats can freeze the catch directly on board.
39:36Demand for salted cod is declining.
39:39The remaining fishermen can barely make ends meet.
39:46Two of the last remaining fishermen in Marasheen are Jared, also known as Carter, and Rita Pomeroy.
39:57As far as I can remember, I'd say roughly around 200 years.
40:01A great-grandfather, and my grandfather, my father.
40:05And I'm the last of the Pomeroy fishermen, anyway, in our bloodline.
40:12My name is Gerard Pomeroy. I'm an inshore harvester.
40:16I live in Marasheen, and that's where I'm going to die.
40:20His wife also fishes professionally.
40:24My name is Rita Pomeroy. I live on Marasheen Island, which I consider my home.
40:30Queen Elizabeth visited Newfoundland in 1959.
40:35The former colony is now Canadian.
40:38It is independent, but still part of the Commonwealth, with the Queen as head of state.
40:47The abundant natural resources are proudly displayed, but this wealth is finite.
41:06The last few years out here, there's absolutely nothing.
41:11You think you have a job to get one to eat out of?
41:15Whatever's after happening out here, I don't know.
41:20Since the 1950s, large factory ships have decimated the cod.
41:25Trawlers catch up to 60 tons of fish per boat.
41:29Moreover, they only require a fraction of the manpower in comparison to net and line fishing.
41:35Securing a livelihood through small fishery in Newfoundland is gradually becoming impossible.
41:41In 1992, the Canadian government implemented the Cod Moratorium, totally banning cod fishing.
41:50An estimated 38,000 fishermen and factory workers lose their jobs.
41:55The moratorium was only meant to last for two years.
42:00I feel a nibbling, but they're not biting.
42:03They're probably too small to get on the hook.
42:07We have a lot of recruitment, very small fish.
42:11Which is good for the future, but not good for us today.
42:17I'll make another move. I'll move somewhere else.
42:25Fishing is not easy. It's a very hard job.
42:28When the fishing is there, it's good.
42:30But when the cod is not plentiful, you don't make the wages that you need to survive for the next
42:36year.
42:38But all in all, it's still very exciting and very rewarding.
42:42Very good for your soul to be on the water, to be your own boss.
42:48But since fish numbers have not recuperated sufficiently, the ban is still being partly upheld.
42:54Making commercial fishery a new one in the past.
42:57Under strict limitations, only very few fishing licenses are issued.
43:02They cost 10,000 Canadian dollars. A risky investment.
43:11Rita and Carter continue to take that risk.
43:22Nostalgic for times past, the good old day, even the British Navy knows that feeling.
43:30It was the world's mightiest Navy for over a hundred years.
43:35But during the second half of the 20th century, it dwindles down to a significantly smaller force.
43:43Cost saving is the buzzword.
43:46And the legendary Naval Hospital Hasler is no exception.
43:51I was very young, 17. I came from Glasgow, the cold and dreary north.
43:58I thought a bit of world travel is just in order.
44:00But some glib recruiting chap told me,
44:04The medic's the job for you, my lad.
44:06Did I have any kind of medical background before?
44:09Absolutely none.
44:12Hi, I'm Commander Bill Durning, Royal Navy, retired.
44:16And I was the last military officer appointed to this hospital in 2009.
44:25Hasler was a military hospital since 1753.
44:29It wasn't until 1948 that civilians were admitted.
44:33But the essence of Hasler has remained strictly military.
44:38That's why they sent you to Hasler.
44:40Because the point of the training is not for me to work in a hospital,
44:44but for me to work in a ship to deal with any emergencies that occur at sea,
44:50or in an active operational military unit somewhere.
44:54But of course, hospitals are where the patients are,
44:57and hospitals are where the training takes place.
45:00The core function of Hasler, the treatment of war wounded,
45:04is no longer really called for.
45:06And the Royal Navy is shrinking.
45:09In 1950, it still boasted 400 vessels.
45:1312 aircraft carriers, 66 submarines, 280 destroyers and frigates.
45:19In 1970, only 130 vessels remain.
45:24And this number dips below 50 in 2004.
45:32Bill Durning becomes managing director of Hasler.
45:35He knows that the purely civilian future for his military hospital is not an option.
45:43I never imagined it would ever close.
45:46And I never imagined it was close with me being the last military person
45:50ever to be appointed within the grounds of this hospital.
45:55That's something I'll carry.
45:56It's something that makes me a little unique.
45:59In 2007, the prestigious hospital passes into the hands of the National Health Service.
46:10Just as neighboring Portsmouth is building a new modern clinic,
46:14Hasler closes its doors forever in July 2009.
46:25I just then took the opportunity just to drive around and walk around the place for a last time.
46:32Because I knew from that point on, it would never be the same again.
46:37The closure of Hasler with its inherent cost stirs criticism.
46:41Until the bitter end, the hospital had been kept up to date technologically.
46:46Much of the equipment is now redundant.
46:48This is the part of the hospital where people get quite emotional about.
46:52This is the Department of Nuclear Medicine.
46:54People look at it and they think it cost major amounts of money and it was abandoned.
46:59It did cost major amounts of money, but with everything, technology lasts the briefest of time and it's now very
47:05old.
47:06But it was offered that, but there were no takers.
47:09So it's essentially scrap now.
47:13An investor purchases Hasler's grounds and structures.
47:17Britain's historic naval hospital is being turned into flats.
47:21The southern location, the sturdy buildings, and not least its place in history, make for attractive properties.
47:34And as you can see here, they're demolishing all the additions, the place now, what they'll use for it, it'll
47:39end up being accommodation.
47:41And once they've finished all of this, I wouldn't be able to afford to come and live here, it'd be
47:47so expensive.
48:04On the Caribbean island of Montserrat, nothing will ever be the same either.
48:10In the aftermath of Sofries Hill's eruption in 1997, five out of six inhabitants lose their homes.
48:22A then 14-year-old witnessed the catastrophe at close quarters.
48:30I was at school, we heard the collapse.
48:33It was a very bright day, a very sunny day like today.
48:36You put your hand in front of your face and you couldn't see a thing, it was pitch black.
48:42You put your hand in front of your face.
48:43Hi, my name is Vita Wade and I am from Montserrat.
48:46I have lived through our volcano eruptions and I have returned to Montserrat to be a part of its redevelopment.
48:55The climax of the eruption takes place on June the 25th, 1997.
49:01The deadliest eruption on this island for almost 400 years.
49:05Mount Soufries has come to life once again, spewing ash and rock more than five miles up into the Caribbean
49:12skies.
49:13The very future of Montserrat as an inhabited island is now in the balance.
49:19Vita Wade and her family are evacuated, but safety is relative.
49:25We got into the car, I remember, and headed to near the hospital.
49:30And you could smell the burning on the island, you could smell the burning of the trees.
49:37I saw my dad come home and he was covered, he was white in ash and he was shaken, he
49:42was a very strong, brave black man.
49:46And he was just shaken, shaking like a leaf, his foot was swollen and he said that he had gotten
49:52injured.
49:53His car tire had caught fire and his feet as a result as he jumped out of the car caught
49:58fire.
49:58Before the eruption, Montserrat had 12,000 inhabitants.
50:05Nearly 10,000 flee the island.
50:12The fact that fatalities are limited to 19, prompts some relief.
50:21Plymouth, even if it's completely destroyed, is actually a positive example for the work of Vulcanologists.
50:37After the eruption, Montserrat's premier travels to London.
50:42After the eruption, Montserrat's premier travels to London.
50:57His island is a British overseas territory and in need of support for reconstruction.
51:04The Labour government of Britain remains fully committed to the viability of the future of the island of Montserrat.
51:12We are determined that those who leave the island will be able to do so, if they wish to do
51:17so.
51:19The mother country has been the destination for migrants from the Caribbean for generations.
51:25Vita Wade spends 10 years in Great Britain before returning to Montserrat.
51:30My greatest wish for Montserrat is that our people don't have to leave to live, learn or earn and want
51:40to come back home.
51:41We value Montserrat and we want to come back home as well to be part of its redevelopment.
51:45Vita has formed a society that teaches children a conscientious approach to the environment.
51:52Montserrat's future is to be green.
51:57In the 20th century, history's largest empire is reduced to an average European power.
52:04Some former territories and colonies experienced this change dramatically.
52:09The new freedom is not always fortuitous.
52:13Others, like Montserrat, retain close links to the mother country on a social and out of necessity, also financial basis.
52:22In Great Britain, the loss of the empire causes some phantom pains.
52:29This feeling is particularly poignant in places of once greater glory.
52:59The energy has got a social phenomenon to be reinvented and the lack of power that君
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