Tut: A Century of Secrets (2022)

Tradutores Céticos

The world's leading Egyptologists are on a quest to uncover the secrets of Howard Carter's history-making discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb.

Transcript

00:00:00For thousands of years, King Tut was little more than a footnote, a minor pharaoh who died before he could

00:00:06leave his mark.

00:00:07But today, the boy king reigns supreme.

00:00:10In pop culture, he has become virtually synonymous with ancient Egypt, eclipsing his far more accomplished predecessors.

00:00:18And that is largely thanks to the 1922 discovery of Tut's treasure-filled tomb.

00:00:24While greater kings had their burials plundered right away, Tut was so undervalued that within a few years of his

00:00:30death, he was all but forgotten.

00:00:32But once his tomb was found, a legend was born.

00:00:38From the moment they were first uncovered, the treasures of King Tut have captivated the world, overshadowing Tut himself.

00:00:47But what can the riches he left behind teach us about the boy king?

00:00:52Now, on the 100th anniversary of the discovery of his tomb, Tut's treasures are being transferred to a state-of

00:00:59-the-art new museum in the shadow of the pyramids.

00:01:03But before they're moved, famed Egyptologist Zahi Hawass has gained special access to examine them at the old Cairo Museum.

00:01:11For Zahi, this is a golden opportunity to look for details other experts might have missed.

00:01:18The burial of Tutankha Amun contained 5,398 objects.

00:01:25It's like a story.

00:01:27It tells us a lot about the life of Tutankha Amun.

00:01:31So the race is on to re-examine these precious artifacts and uncover new clues about the life of King

00:01:39Tut.

00:01:39Along with answers to some of history's most persistent questions.

00:01:44Why did he turn against the religion of his father?

00:01:47Was he a mere pawn of his advisors, or a mighty king in his own right?

00:01:52And, most mysteriously, how did King Tut die?

00:01:57To learn the truth, Zahi will need to look at more than Tut's treasures.

00:02:01He and his team will cast their net across Egypt.

00:02:06Investigating spectacular temples, lost palaces, and long-forgotten tombs that hold unexpected secrets about the golden boy king.

00:02:17Finally, a full picture of the man behind the treasure can be revealed.

00:02:22As we explore a hundred years of myth and unearth 3,000-year-old secrets from the life of Tutankhamun.

00:02:39Since the discovery of his tomb by Howard Carter in November 1922, the boy king, Tutankhamun, has been a mystery

00:02:47that refuses to be solved.

00:02:49I think a lot of people think they know who Tutankhamun was, but actually his backstory is very mysterious and

00:02:59very, very debated.

00:03:01Most people believe Tut was the incestuous offspring of King Akhenaten and one of his sisters.

00:03:08This could explain why Tut suffered from multiple abnormalities, including difficulty walking.

00:03:15He died under mysterious circumstances around the age of 18 or 19,

00:03:21and was buried in a tiny tomb that nevertheless contained a king's ransom in treasure.

00:03:27Here he was with a beautiful gilded golden mask that everyone looked at and thought,

00:03:33this must have been someone really, really important.

00:03:38This golden mask is an exquisite piece of craftsmanship,

00:03:42but this face may be all that people know about the golden boy king.

00:03:49But it is also a potent symbol for the myth we have built around King Tut.

00:03:56The mask is a facade, beautiful, enigmatic, but ultimately unreadable.

00:04:05This is the most beautiful object I've ever seen in my life.

00:04:12Look at the face, the round chin, the wide eyes.

00:04:19It is shining with the sun, as if it's telling me now, in hieroglyphic, I'm the golden boy.

00:04:30This is a public face that everyone recognizes.

00:04:34But to know about Tutankhamun as a boy, as a man, as a king,

00:04:42to know his personality, we have to go and see other objects found in the tomb.

00:04:50These objects are important because the contents of the tomb were found completely intact,

00:04:56just as they were left 3,300 years ago.

00:05:00Most ancient Egyptian tombs, when discovered, are found empty,

00:05:05or made with just scraps left in there.

00:05:07They were robbed in ancient times.

00:05:11Tut's tomb is regarded as the only such burial to have escaped plunder.

00:05:17Or did it?

00:05:18An examination of the sealed doorways found by Howard Carter tells a different story.

00:05:25As soon as Carter looked at the sealed doorway of the tomb,

00:05:28he realized it had been opened and then closed again in the past.

00:05:32He could see the original ceilings from the burial.

00:05:35Then he could see two further sets of seal impressions

00:05:38where the holes had been blocked up by the necropolis guards.

00:05:47When Howard Carter saw those seals, he knew he had found something special.

00:05:53But what exactly did they tell him?

00:05:56This is what they're looking for.

00:05:59The seals that Howard Carter found at the entrance of the tomb.

00:06:04First of all, he read the name Tutankhamun.

00:06:08Then he was sure that he found the tomb that he was looking for.

00:06:13Six years of research and excavation.

00:06:17The tomb is completely intact.

00:06:21Big day.

00:06:22Big day.

00:06:24Those seals also tell us that the necropolis guards,

00:06:28responsible for protecting the contents of Tut's tomb,

00:06:31stopped it from being robbed not once, but twice.

00:06:37Each time a seal was broken,

00:06:39the necropolis guards resealed the chamber to prevent looting.

00:06:43Without those seals, there would be no artifacts left to discover

00:06:47and no legend of King Tut to explore.

00:06:50The guards had done their job,

00:06:52but now the tomb was in the hands of Howard Carter.

00:06:57Carter then created a hole in that sealed wall,

00:07:00thinking when he looked through, he'd just see a mess.

00:07:03But as his eyes grew accustomed to the light,

00:07:05all he could see was the glitter of gold.

00:07:08And he was asked over his shoulder,

00:07:11can you see anything?

00:07:12And he says, yes, I see wonderful things.

00:07:18Those wonderful things are a window into not just the young pharaoh,

00:07:22but everyday life in ancient Egypt.

00:07:26That's because, to the Egyptians,

00:07:28the afterlife was more than just an abstract concept.

00:07:32It's the reason their tombs were packed full of treasures in the first place.

00:07:37The ancient Egyptians believed that

00:07:39all the things you brought in your tomb,

00:07:41you would have had in the afterlife.

00:07:44And that does imply that there is a belief

00:07:47that you could take it with you,

00:07:49that these things were there to allow you to furnish your home

00:07:53in the next world in the way you'd furnished yours in this world.

00:07:56Of course, certain items could have been just symbolic,

00:07:59but there are some elements that most likely Tutankhamun

00:08:04or in general, ancient Egyptian pharaohs

00:08:07would have chosen for themselves.

00:08:08We have things in there that he used in life,

00:08:13that he cherished.

00:08:15And this can tell us a lot about him as a person

00:08:19and how he lived.

00:08:22One item tucked away in the antechamber

00:08:24sheds new light on Tut's personal life.

00:08:28It has long been assumed that Tut was forced

00:08:30into an incestuous and loveless marriage

00:08:33to his sister Ankasenamun,

00:08:35an alliance designed to save a crumbling dynasty

00:08:38by keeping the royal bloodline pure.

00:08:43This beautiful golden throne tells a different story.

00:08:47The crowds who flock to see it

00:08:49may not even notice the intimate code

00:08:52engraved into its exquisite artwork.

00:08:56It's only up close, with the glass removed,

00:08:59that the true nature of the couple's relationship

00:09:02is revealed.

00:09:04I am going to tell you a love story.

00:09:07This love story happened 3,000 years ago

00:09:11between a young king and a young queen.

00:09:15Tut Ankhya Amun and his beautiful queen Ankhya Isinamun.

00:09:20Look, the way that Ankhya Isinamun

00:09:24touching the shoulder of the boy

00:09:27was love and affection.

00:09:30She's offering him oil, maybe,

00:09:33to make his face beautiful.

00:09:36This is love.

00:09:37But the other important evidence is unique.

00:09:42On Tut Ankhya Amun's left leg,

00:09:45there is one sandal only.

00:09:47Nothing in the right one.

00:09:49On the right leg of the queen,

00:09:51there is one sandal.

00:09:53This is actually a sign

00:09:55that they are one person

00:09:58and are in love.

00:10:01The symbols of the couple's love for one another

00:10:04are not the only secrets

00:10:06the throne hides in plain sight.

00:10:09For example,

00:10:10most people only know Tut by one name,

00:10:13Tut Ankhya Amun.

00:10:14But that's not the name he was born with.

00:10:17One of the most important secrets

00:10:20about this throne,

00:10:23it proves it was made

00:10:25on the first year

00:10:27of the reign of Tut Ankhya Amun

00:10:29because the name in the cartouche,

00:10:32Tut Ankhya Atun,

00:10:34the living image of Atun.

00:10:38Tut Ankh Atun is the name Tut had

00:10:41when he took the throne.

00:10:42A few years later, though,

00:10:43the young king changed it

00:10:45to Tut Ankhya Amun.

00:10:48To uncover his motivation,

00:10:50Egyptologist Alia Ishmael

00:10:52has traveled more than 200 miles

00:10:54north of Luxor

00:10:55to the remote region of Amarna.

00:10:58There, she is searching

00:10:59for a key piece of evidence

00:11:00from the controversial reign

00:11:02of Tut's father Akhenaten,

00:11:04one that might explain

00:11:06why the boy king would go even further

00:11:08than just changing his name

00:11:09to betray his father completely

00:11:12and change Egypt forever.

00:11:19On a temple wall in Abydos,

00:11:22one of the oldest cities

00:11:23in ancient Egypt,

00:11:24there is a famous inscription

00:11:25called the King's List,

00:11:27commissioned by the 19th dynasty

00:11:29pharaoh Seti I.

00:11:31It honors 76 pharaohs

00:11:33who ruled Egypt before him,

00:11:35going back over 1,000 years.

00:11:37But notably missing from the list

00:11:39are two of his predecessors,

00:11:40King Tut and Tut's father Akhenaten.

00:11:44Why?

00:11:44Why would these two pharaohs

00:11:46be excluded?

00:11:47What could they have done

00:11:48to be deliberately erased

00:11:50from history?

00:11:51The answer lies in Amarna.

00:11:59Wow.

00:12:01This is the boundary stila of Akhenaten.

00:12:04He erected these stilas

00:12:07as a boundary for the city

00:12:09that he's erecting

00:12:10in his fifth year of reign.

00:12:14Akhenaten forced a move

00:12:15of the capital city from Thebes

00:12:17to here, Amarna,

00:12:19a location over 200 miles away.

00:12:21These inscribed stones or stila

00:12:24describe Akhenaten's reasons

00:12:26for choosing this area,

00:12:28an upheaval which sparked

00:12:29widespread outrage.

00:12:33Thebes, known today as Luxor,

00:12:35was then the center of worship

00:12:37for Amun-Ra,

00:12:38considered the supreme god

00:12:40in ancient Egypt,

00:12:41representing both fertility and war.

00:12:44Akhenaten instead built his new city

00:12:47to exclusively worship

00:12:48the sun god Aten.

00:12:50The Aten started off its existence

00:12:54well before Akhenaten's time

00:12:56as simply a word

00:12:58for the physical body of the sun.

00:13:00And then what Akhenaten does

00:13:02is actually promote the Aten

00:13:04to being a fully-fledged god,

00:13:07and not only that,

00:13:08but the only god he is prepared to worship.

00:13:15To most ancient Egyptians,

00:13:17this was little short of heresy.

00:13:19It also upset the established order

00:13:22of the god Amun-Ra,

00:13:23whose priests now had to lurk

00:13:25in the great temples at Thebes

00:13:27waiting for Akhenaten to die.

00:13:30His edict enforcing the exclusive worship

00:13:33of the Aten

00:13:34would have a profound effect

00:13:36on young Tutankhaten,

00:13:38who would begin his own reign

00:13:39earlier than anyone expected.

00:13:44Akhenaten died 17 years

00:13:46into his tumultuous rule.

00:13:48It's debated whether his wife,

00:13:50Queen Nefertiti,

00:13:51outlived him or not.

00:13:53The latest known image of her

00:13:55is dated to five years

00:13:56before his death.

00:14:00Replacing them as leader of Egypt

00:14:02was Akhenaten's nine-year-old son,

00:14:05Tutankhamun.

00:14:09Ultimately,

00:14:10the mummies of both royals,

00:14:12as well as their capital city,

00:14:14disappeared from history.

00:14:18But what happened to Akhenaten

00:14:20and Nefertiti?

00:14:23Dr. Zahi Hawass

00:14:24has been on the hunt

00:14:25for their mummies for years.

00:14:27In 2010,

00:14:29he turned his attention

00:14:30to three mummies from Tut's era,

00:14:32the 18th dynasty,

00:14:34found in temporary tombs

00:14:35in the Valley of the Kings.

00:14:38Zahi speculated

00:14:39that the skeleton

00:14:40of a mummified male

00:14:41from a tomb referred to

00:14:42as KV-55,

00:14:44which had its face

00:14:45violently hacked off

00:14:47in ancient times,

00:14:48could be Tut's father.

00:14:54To determine

00:14:55any genetic connection

00:14:56to Tutankhamun,

00:14:58Zahi arranged for DNA tests

00:15:00to be conducted

00:15:01to compare the genomes

00:15:03from these mummies

00:15:03with that of both Tut

00:15:05and his grandfather,

00:15:06Amenhotep III.

00:15:08Who's the father of King Tut?

00:15:11Here, Zahi receives the results

00:15:13he's been waiting for.

00:15:16We show you

00:15:16who is the father of King Tut.

00:15:18So this DNA,

00:15:19which is labeled in blue,

00:15:21is transmitted

00:15:22from the father

00:15:22to the son.

00:15:23And they're all identical.

00:15:25You know,

00:15:2680-55,

00:15:27the mummy of...

00:15:27Is the father

00:15:28of Tutankhamun.

00:15:29Yes.

00:15:30I'm very happy.

00:15:34For Zahi,

00:15:36the DNA test proves

00:15:37that the badly preserved

00:15:38male mummy

00:15:39was none other

00:15:40than Tut's father

00:15:41and son of Amenhotep III,

00:15:44the heretic pharaoh,

00:15:45Akhenaten.

00:15:47But not every scholar agrees

00:15:49that the man found

00:15:50in tomb KV-55

00:15:52is Akhenaten.

00:15:54It's almost impossible

00:15:55that he can be Akhenaten

00:15:57for a number of reasons.

00:15:58First of all

00:15:59is the age at death.

00:16:00The vast majority

00:16:02of anatomists

00:16:03who have examined the body

00:16:04have proclaimed him

00:16:06to be in his 20s,

00:16:07which is far too young

00:16:08to be Akhenaten.

00:16:10The team working

00:16:11with Zahi

00:16:12points to other evidence.

00:16:13They believe

00:16:14a close examination

00:16:15of the bones

00:16:16suggests an older age.

00:16:18With age,

00:16:20the discs

00:16:20will lose their heights,

00:16:22and then bones

00:16:23will react

00:16:24with formation

00:16:25of small specules

00:16:26of bones,

00:16:27what we call

00:16:27the osteophytes.

00:16:28It's quite apparent

00:16:30in the spine here

00:16:31that we have

00:16:33many of these osteophytes.

00:16:35For sure,

00:16:36it cannot be

00:16:37a 20 or 20-something

00:16:39age group.

00:16:41Those who dispute

00:16:42Zahi's findings

00:16:43believe that the mummy

00:16:44may be an enigmatic royal

00:16:46called Smenkare,

00:16:47who reigned briefly

00:16:49as a co-pharaoh

00:16:50in the last years

00:16:51of Akhenaten's rule.

00:16:53My view,

00:16:54and again,

00:16:55there are various views

00:16:56around,

00:16:57is that Smenkare

00:16:58was Akhenaten's brother.

00:17:00He died some years

00:17:02prior to the end

00:17:03of Akhenaten's reign,

00:17:04having been co-regent

00:17:05for perhaps only

00:17:06a year or two.

00:17:08If Smenkare

00:17:09was the brother

00:17:10of Akhenaten,

00:17:11then genetically,

00:17:12he could be

00:17:13the mummy in KV55.

00:17:15They would share

00:17:16the same DNA,

00:17:17so therefore,

00:17:18it would make a difference

00:17:19to the overall DNA situation.

00:17:22Others believe

00:17:23Smenkare was a brother

00:17:25not of Akhenaten,

00:17:26but of Tut himself.

00:17:28More evidence

00:17:29is needed

00:17:29to find out

00:17:30if Tut was

00:17:31the only male heir.

00:17:34And to find

00:17:35that evidence,

00:17:36more scrutiny

00:17:37is needed

00:17:38at Amarna,

00:17:39the capital city

00:17:40Akhenaten founded.

00:17:42We're at the small

00:17:43Aten temple now,

00:17:45and these Aten temples

00:17:47were the reason

00:17:49this city

00:17:49was erected

00:17:50in the first place.

00:17:52For Akhenaten

00:17:53to show

00:17:53the strong relationship

00:17:54between himself

00:17:56and the god Aten,

00:17:58there would have been

00:17:59a lot of depictions

00:18:00of the royal family

00:18:01through statuary

00:18:02and through paintings.

00:18:05Despite the information

00:18:07that survived

00:18:07on the city's

00:18:08stone markers,

00:18:09nothing here

00:18:10depicts the entirety

00:18:11of Akhenaten's family.

00:18:14In an act of defiance

00:18:15against his dead father,

00:18:17he not only

00:18:18changed his name

00:18:19from Tutankaten,

00:18:20stripping out

00:18:21the sun god

00:18:21Aten's name,

00:18:23he restored

00:18:23the worship

00:18:24of Amun-Ra

00:18:25and abandoned Amarna,

00:18:27which was later destroyed.

00:18:28Though some artifacts

00:18:30remain,

00:18:31others must be sought.

00:18:33When the whole

00:18:34Atenist experiment

00:18:35came to an end,

00:18:36the buildings

00:18:37of Amarna

00:18:38were demolished

00:18:39and the blocks

00:18:40taken across the river

00:18:41to Ashmanayn

00:18:42to be used

00:18:42in the foundations

00:18:43of structures

00:18:45constructed by later kings.

00:18:47It was feared

00:18:48that the blocks

00:18:49would be lost forever

00:18:50until Zahi tracked

00:18:51one down

00:18:52across the Nile

00:18:53from Amarna

00:18:53in a warehouse

00:18:55beside the ruins

00:18:56of Ashmanayn.

00:18:57What was written

00:18:58on it

00:18:59was a revelation.

00:19:09King's son

00:19:10of his body,

00:19:11his beloved

00:19:12Tutankaten.

00:19:13The king

00:19:14on the Ashmanayn blocks

00:19:16is almost certainly

00:19:18going to be Atenan.

00:19:20He is the only male king

00:19:21who appears anywhere

00:19:23on the blocks

00:19:24from Ashmanayn.

00:19:26This is very important

00:19:27evidence

00:19:27that King Tut

00:19:29is the son

00:19:29of Atenan.

00:19:31It's certain

00:19:32that this tableau

00:19:33was in

00:19:34one of the Aten temples.

00:19:37And crucially,

00:19:38Tut is the only son

00:19:39mentioned,

00:19:40suggesting that

00:19:41he was indeed

00:19:42the only male heir

00:19:43to Akhenaten.

00:19:45So,

00:19:46the desecration

00:19:47of Akhenaten's face,

00:19:48as well as

00:19:49the dismantling

00:19:50of his religion

00:19:51and the destruction

00:19:52of his capital city,

00:19:53may all have been

00:19:54the acts

00:19:55of the young king

00:19:56who changed his name

00:19:57to Tutankhamun.

00:19:59There is, however,

00:20:00someone else

00:20:01who was frequently

00:20:02depicted with Akhenaten,

00:20:03his now much more

00:20:05famous wife,

00:20:06Nefertiti.

00:20:07If Tut's father

00:20:09can be confirmed

00:20:10as the ragged mummy

00:20:11found in the Valley

00:20:12of the Kings,

00:20:13could the nearby

00:20:14female mummy

00:20:15be his great royal wife,

00:20:17Nefertiti?

00:20:19And was Nefertiti

00:20:20actually Tut's mother?

00:20:24You may not have heard

00:20:26of Akhenaten,

00:20:27but you've certainly heard

00:20:28of his powerful wife,

00:20:29Nefertiti.

00:20:30An unfinished sculpture

00:20:31of the queen

00:20:32has made her

00:20:33the most famous face

00:20:34of antiquity,

00:20:35the ultimate icon

00:20:36of ancient beauty.

00:20:37The bust itself

00:20:39is also one of the most

00:20:40hotly contested artifacts

00:20:41in the world.

00:20:43You see,

00:20:43Nefertiti

00:20:44is no longer in Egypt.

00:20:46Since 1924,

00:20:47she's been housed

00:20:48in Germany,

00:20:49where millions of visitors

00:20:50to the Berlin Museum

00:20:51have bought tickets

00:20:52to see history's

00:20:53most beautiful woman.

00:20:55She was taken underground

00:20:56during World War II

00:20:57for safekeeping,

00:20:58and in the 70s

00:20:59came to represent

00:21:01national identities

00:21:02on both sides

00:21:03of the Berlin Wall.

00:21:04She even appeared

00:21:05on a postage stamp

00:21:06in West Germany

00:21:07in 1989.

00:21:09Yet,

00:21:09as Germany continues

00:21:10to claim her,

00:21:11Egyptian authorities

00:21:12have been struggling

00:21:13for decades

00:21:14to repatriate Nefertiti

00:21:16back to her homeland.

00:21:17So,

00:21:18the battle

00:21:18for the great queen

00:21:19continues,

00:21:20with neither side

00:21:21appearing to let up

00:21:22anytime soon.

00:21:26In honor

00:21:27of the 100th anniversary

00:21:28of the discovery

00:21:29of King Tut's tomb,

00:21:31Zahi Hawass

00:21:32has again gathered

00:21:33his DNA research team

00:21:35to further investigate

00:21:36the 18th dynasty mummies

00:21:38found in the Valley

00:21:39of the Kings.

00:21:41Could the mummy

00:21:42be the famous queen

00:21:43Nefertiti?

00:21:46Dr. Yahya,

00:21:48the work that you did

00:21:49is incredible.

00:21:50The investigation reveals

00:21:52that the mummy

00:21:53shares the same DNA

00:21:55as Tut,

00:21:55and almost certainly

00:21:57was his mother.

00:22:00And considering

00:22:01that Tut's father

00:22:02was married

00:22:03to Nefertiti,

00:22:04we're left

00:22:05with two important questions.

00:22:07Is Tut's mother

00:22:08Nefertiti?

00:22:10And could this

00:22:11be her mummy?

00:22:14To understand that,

00:22:15we have to dive deeper

00:22:17into the mummy's DNA.

00:22:18The genetic signature

00:22:20from the mummy

00:22:20indicates that,

00:22:22along with being

00:22:22Tut's mother,

00:22:23she is also either

00:22:25the sister of Tut's father

00:22:26or his father's

00:22:28first cousin.

00:22:29Since historians

00:22:31widely hold

00:22:31that Nefertiti

00:22:32was Akhenaten's cousin,

00:22:34this is an important

00:22:35genetic mystery

00:22:36to solve.

00:22:38With speculation

00:22:39swirling,

00:22:40Zahi seeks further clarity

00:22:41from his DNA team.

00:22:44Dr. Yahya,

00:22:45if there is any

00:22:46possible circumstances

00:22:48that we can think

00:22:50that the younger lady

00:22:51in KV35

00:22:52could be a cousin,

00:22:54not a sister

00:22:56of Akhenaten.

00:22:57The kinship analysis

00:22:58getting a result

00:23:00with 99.99

00:23:02negates the possibility

00:23:04of being

00:23:05other than

00:23:06the daughter

00:23:07of Queen T.

00:23:09and...

00:23:10For sure.

00:23:11Yes, okay.

00:23:13If this analysis

00:23:14is correct,

00:23:15it means that

00:23:16despite Tut's father

00:23:17being married

00:23:18to Nefertiti,

00:23:19Tut himself

00:23:20is the incestuous

00:23:21offspring of his father

00:23:22and his father's

00:23:23unnamed sister.

00:23:27And depictions

00:23:28of Tut's father

00:23:29with Nefertiti

00:23:30and her children

00:23:31do seem to support

00:23:32this conclusion.

00:23:33Nowhere is a male child

00:23:35visible,

00:23:36only six daughters.

00:23:38In Tut's own tomb,

00:23:39no siblings of any kind

00:23:41are represented.

00:23:42If you look at

00:23:44old art at that time,

00:23:45it seemed that he was

00:23:46not depicted

00:23:47with his sisters.

00:23:48And in that,

00:23:50it follows

00:23:50thousands of years

00:23:51of Egyptian precedent

00:23:53because, again,

00:23:54when you show

00:23:54the royal family,

00:23:55you never, ever

00:23:56show royal princes.

00:23:58But Akhenaten

00:23:59clearly had no problem

00:24:01breaking with precedent.

00:24:02He did, after all,

00:24:03include Tut

00:24:04on the Amarna block

00:24:05found in Ashmanean.

00:24:07So why exclude

00:24:09Prince Tut

00:24:10from the paintings?

00:24:11God knows.

00:24:12But that's the whole point.

00:24:13It changes.

00:24:14In the latter years

00:24:15of Akhenaten,

00:24:17he'd make the decision

00:24:18to do something

00:24:18no pharaoh

00:24:19has ever done before,

00:24:21which is to put his son

00:24:22on a temple wall.

00:24:23This leads you to think

00:24:25that he might have not been

00:24:27a son of Nefertiti,

00:24:29but from a secondary wife

00:24:31of Akhenaten.

00:24:32And that's why

00:24:33he wouldn't have been depicted.

00:24:36So, if Tut was not

00:24:38one of Nefertiti's children,

00:24:40then the identity

00:24:41of his mother

00:24:41remains a mystery.

00:24:43According to Zahi,

00:24:45since she doesn't appear

00:24:46in any inscriptions,

00:24:47it's likely

00:24:48that she died early,

00:24:50perhaps in childbirth.

00:24:53To confirm this theory,

00:24:55Zahi travels

00:24:56across the Nile

00:24:57from Amarna

00:24:57to the burial fields

00:24:59of Saqqara.

00:25:01Here,

00:25:01he enters

00:25:02a recently opened tomb,

00:25:04which has been stabilized

00:25:05with supports

00:25:06to prevent collapse.

00:25:07He's searching

00:25:08for a unique piece

00:25:09of evidence,

00:25:10which could prove

00:25:11that King Tut

00:25:12was raised

00:25:13without any mother

00:25:14at all.

00:25:17King Tut

00:25:18was buried

00:25:18in the historic

00:25:19Valley of the Kings,

00:25:20but this royal cemetery

00:25:22was only in use

00:25:23for a few hundred years

00:25:24during Egypt's

00:25:25new kingdom.

00:25:26Far older

00:25:27and populated

00:25:28with far more mummies

00:25:29is the necropolis

00:25:30of Saqqara.

00:25:31I've been there

00:25:32many times,

00:25:32and I have to say

00:25:33one of my favorite sites

00:25:34is the Serapium,

00:25:36because, well,

00:25:37it's so unusual,

00:25:38you have to love it.

00:25:39It's a crypt

00:25:40full of oversized coffins,

00:25:42each one

00:25:42for a sacred bull.

00:25:44High priests

00:25:45of the Apis cult

00:25:46that worshipped

00:25:47the god Ptah

00:25:48would scour Egypt

00:25:49looking for a bull

00:25:50that had just the right

00:25:51pattern of spots

00:25:52on its back.

00:25:54Once found,

00:25:55the bull was venerated,

00:25:56and upon its death,

00:25:57buried in the Serapium.

00:25:59Over the ages,

00:26:00at least 70 coffins

00:26:01were added.

00:26:02You've got to wonder

00:26:03what went through

00:26:03archaeologists' minds

00:26:05when they opened

00:26:06the stone tombs

00:26:06expecting to find

00:26:08a mountain of gold.

00:26:09Instead,

00:26:10gazing back at them

00:26:11was a herd

00:26:12of mummified steer.

00:26:13The lesson here?

00:26:14When history gets weird,

00:26:16you just have to embrace it.

00:26:21Saqqara,

00:26:22Egypt's city of the dead.

00:26:24Zahi Hawass

00:26:25has come to visit

00:26:26a tomb

00:26:27that may provide

00:26:28further confirmation

00:26:29that Tut's mother

00:26:30was not Queen Nefertiti.

00:26:33In fact,

00:26:34depictions here

00:26:35show Tut

00:26:36raised as a motherless child.

00:26:38We are looking

00:26:40at a unique scene

00:26:42for a lady.

00:26:44Her name is Mia.

00:26:45She had a unique title,

00:26:48the lady of the harem.

00:26:49And she was the one

00:26:51who nursed the god.

00:26:53And the god here means

00:26:56Tutankhamun.

00:26:57What is in the world

00:26:58to tell us

00:26:59that the one who's seated

00:27:01on the lap of Mia

00:27:03is Tutankhamun

00:27:04is the cartouche,

00:27:06Nib Khibru Ra'am,

00:27:08the throne name

00:27:09of Tutankhamun.

00:27:12The tomb was damaged

00:27:14in antiquity,

00:27:15destroying half of the image.

00:27:18But we can imagine

00:27:203,000 years ago

00:27:21how it looked like.

00:27:24Very colorful.

00:27:30This is a very unique image.

00:27:34We never see a scene like this

00:27:37with any king of Dynasty 18

00:27:40or the new kingdom in general.

00:27:42It shows that he had no mother

00:27:44and Mia became the mother

00:27:48and the witness of the king

00:27:50because she's very proud

00:27:51to say about herself,

00:27:53I nursed the god.

00:27:56And the god meant

00:27:58Tutankhamun.

00:28:00The opulence of this tomb

00:28:02shows that Mia

00:28:03had an important place

00:28:05in Tutankhamun's heart.

00:28:07And perhaps she helped shape

00:28:09the man he grew up to become.

00:28:12I really believe

00:28:14that Tutankhamun,

00:28:16we can see from the scenes

00:28:18of him and his queen

00:28:21love and affection.

00:28:24Maybe the man did learn love

00:28:26from Mia

00:28:27because Mia,

00:28:29look at her face.

00:28:30She's looking at him

00:28:32with love.

00:28:33Her right hand

00:28:34touching him

00:28:36with love.

00:28:37And the boy king

00:28:39grew up

00:28:40with love.

00:28:43So,

00:28:43Tutankhamun grew up

00:28:44with Queen Nefertiti

00:28:45not as his mother,

00:28:47but his stepmother.

00:28:48She would share responsibility

00:28:50for decisions

00:28:50in his personal life.

00:28:52And one key

00:28:53to her own personal safety,

00:28:55his marriage

00:28:55to one of her daughters.

00:28:58Tutankhamun later on

00:29:00marries his sister,

00:29:02Ahsan Pa'aten.

00:29:03It seemed that

00:29:04Nefertiti was trying

00:29:05to line up

00:29:06the girls

00:29:07for the throne.

00:29:09You have a situation

00:29:10where Ahsan Pa'aten

00:29:11and Nefertiti

00:29:12were left with no male heirs.

00:29:14So,

00:29:15not having a male heir

00:29:16kind of puts Nefertiti

00:29:18in a position

00:29:19where she's thinking,

00:29:20how do I make sure

00:29:21that we stay royal

00:29:23in a situation

00:29:24where Ahsan Pa'aten,

00:29:25who was behind

00:29:26this revolution,

00:29:27suddenly has disappeared.

00:29:28So,

00:29:28it could have been

00:29:29from a desire

00:29:31to grant her

00:29:32and her daughters

00:29:33more security,

00:29:34but it could have been

00:29:35also the most logical

00:29:36and practical step

00:29:38to take.

00:29:40It would appear

00:29:41that the queen

00:29:41wished to set up

00:29:42a rule

00:29:43that would protect her

00:29:44and continue

00:29:45the revolution

00:29:46started by her husband.

00:29:51But Nefertiti

00:29:52would not be

00:29:53the only influence

00:29:54on young Tut.

00:29:56Egyptologist

00:29:56Aliyah Ismail

00:29:57is in a remote region

00:29:59of the Nile

00:29:59at a town

00:30:00called Akmim

00:30:01to explore

00:30:02the tomb

00:30:03of a man

00:30:03who may have directed

00:30:05young Tut

00:30:05to betray

00:30:06his father's legacy.

00:30:17Wow.

00:30:19Finally,

00:30:20this tomb

00:30:21has been carved out

00:30:23in the rock

00:30:24in the middle

00:30:24of nowhere.

00:30:25It would have been

00:30:26put up here

00:30:27so that it's probably

00:30:29out of reach

00:30:29and for sure

00:30:31the individual

00:30:32who owned this tomb

00:30:33was very rich

00:30:34and of high status

00:30:35because he would

00:30:37afford to have

00:30:38a tomb

00:30:39carved in stone

00:30:41all the way

00:30:41up here.

00:30:42It says that

00:30:43it belongs to

00:30:44Overseer of Tutors

00:30:46Sen-Negem.

00:30:48An Overseer of Tutors

00:30:50was no ordinary title.

00:30:51It was actually

00:30:52referring to him

00:30:53being the highest rank

00:30:54of tutors

00:30:55and therefore

00:30:56the tutor

00:30:57of the king.

00:30:59This is the forgotten

00:31:01tomb of a man

00:31:02called Sen-Negem.

00:31:04And as Aliyah

00:31:05is about to discover

00:31:06Sen-Negem

00:31:07had a uniquely

00:31:08privileged position

00:31:10which gave him

00:31:10access to the king.

00:31:12If we look close

00:31:14because it's

00:31:15a little faded out

00:31:16we can see

00:31:17an image of a king

00:31:18on a chariot

00:31:19and that king

00:31:20is probably

00:31:20Tutankhamun.

00:31:21But right in front

00:31:22of the king's face

00:31:24we can see

00:31:25an arc

00:31:26and that arc

00:31:27represents a fan

00:31:29and if there is

00:31:31a fan

00:31:31there has to be

00:31:32someone

00:31:33holding that fan

00:31:34and fanning the king.

00:31:36And in that case

00:31:37we are going to assume

00:31:38that this person

00:31:40is Sen-Negem.

00:31:41But this is not

00:31:42just a dull assumption.

00:31:44This is referring

00:31:45to the title

00:31:46that he actually

00:31:47mentions on the lentil

00:31:48which says

00:31:49fan-bearer

00:31:51to the king.

00:31:52And being

00:31:53the fan-bearer

00:31:54of the king

00:31:55means basically

00:31:56you were stuck

00:31:57to the king.

00:31:57And if you were

00:31:58stuck to the king

00:31:59then you have

00:32:00the king's ear.

00:32:01This puts Sen-Negem

00:32:03in a very

00:32:04influential situation.

00:32:06If the king

00:32:06is learning from you

00:32:07he's looking up to you

00:32:08that means

00:32:09you're spoon-feeding him

00:32:11what you want him

00:32:12to feel

00:32:13believe

00:32:14and know

00:32:14about Egypt.

00:32:16But would a tutor

00:32:17be so bold

00:32:18as to manipulate

00:32:19the entire future

00:32:20of Egypt?

00:32:21Or

00:32:22was he working

00:32:23with other

00:32:24more powerful forces?

00:32:28King Tut

00:32:28was not yet 10

00:32:30when he became

00:32:30Pharaoh.

00:32:31a shockingly

00:32:32young age

00:32:33to lead a nation.

00:32:34But he's not

00:32:34the youngest child

00:32:35to ascend

00:32:36to a throne.

00:32:37Aisinjiro Puyi

00:32:38became the last

00:32:39emperor of China

00:32:40at age 2.

00:32:42And Mary,

00:32:43Queen of Scots

00:32:43became a national leader

00:32:44when she was just

00:32:456 days old.

00:32:47Both rulers

00:32:48lived much longer

00:32:49lives than Tut

00:32:49but neither enjoyed

00:32:51the same royal send-off

00:32:52at their deaths.

00:32:53Mary was thrown

00:32:54into prison

00:32:55by her rival

00:32:56Elizabeth I

00:32:57and was beheaded

00:32:58at age 44.

00:32:59Puyi was replaced

00:33:01after 4 years

00:33:02and lived a tumultuous

00:33:03life in and out

00:33:04of power

00:33:05ultimately dying

00:33:06at age 61

00:33:07as a commoner

00:33:08in 1967.

00:33:10Quick movie plug

00:33:11here for the last

00:33:11emperor by the way

00:33:121987

00:33:13Bernardo Bertolucci.

00:33:15Check it out.

00:33:16You can thank me later.

00:33:17Anyway,

00:33:18Tut's lifespan

00:33:18was much shorter

00:33:19but ultimately

00:33:20much more productive.

00:33:21He changed a religion,

00:33:23restored a capital city,

00:33:24and today

00:33:25he's known as

00:33:26the most famous

00:33:26pharaoh of all time.

00:33:30King Tut took the throne

00:33:31under the name

00:33:32his father gave him,

00:33:34Tutank Aten,

00:33:35which honored

00:33:36the god of the sun

00:33:37Aten.

00:33:37But we know him

00:33:39as Tutank Amun,

00:33:40honoring the god

00:33:41of war and fertility,

00:33:43Amun.

00:33:44How quickly

00:33:45after his ascension

00:33:46did this change

00:33:47of allegiance

00:33:47take place?

00:33:50One clue lies

00:33:51in the Cairo Museum

00:33:52with one of the most

00:33:54enigmatic depictions

00:33:55of Tut

00:33:56to emerge

00:33:56from his tomb.

00:33:58Beautiful face.

00:34:00Look at

00:34:01the oval shape.

00:34:04It's wonderful.

00:34:06Something very elegant.

00:34:09Here, Tut is shown

00:34:11as a young boy,

00:34:12suggesting this statue

00:34:13was made early

00:34:14in his reign.

00:34:15A close look

00:34:16at the shape

00:34:17of his crown

00:34:17suggests that he may

00:34:19have already

00:34:19switched allegiance

00:34:20from Aten

00:34:21to Amun

00:34:22by this time.

00:34:24Look at the hat.

00:34:26It's rounded.

00:34:28But also,

00:34:29it is a typical type

00:34:31of a crown

00:34:33of the god Amun.

00:34:34That we see it everywhere.

00:34:36If you take

00:34:36the cobra out,

00:34:38you will think

00:34:39that Tutankha Amun

00:34:40united himself

00:34:42with Amun.

00:34:44So,

00:34:45the hat itself

00:34:46represents a switch

00:34:47from the worship

00:34:48of Aten

00:34:49to the worship

00:34:49of Amun

00:34:50and a reversal

00:34:51of everything

00:34:52that Akhenaten

00:34:53would have hoped

00:34:54his son Tut

00:34:55would represent.

00:34:57But the hat

00:34:58was the least

00:34:59of his betrayal.

00:35:00Back in Thebes,

00:35:01Tut also returned

00:35:02the temple of Karnak

00:35:03to the priesthood

00:35:04of Amun.

00:35:06Here,

00:35:07at the tenth pylon

00:35:08gate of Karnak

00:35:09is decisive evidence

00:35:11that Tut completely

00:35:12rejected his father

00:35:13Akhenaten

00:35:14and his legacy.

00:35:16We are in pylon

00:35:17number 10,

00:35:19which was built

00:35:20by Amun.

00:35:21And you can see

00:35:23this avenue

00:35:24of the sphinxes

00:35:26is a part

00:35:27of the big avenue

00:35:28of the sphinxes

00:35:29that connecting

00:35:30the temple of Karnak

00:35:31to the temple

00:35:32of Luxor.

00:35:33For millennia,

00:35:35a double line

00:35:35of ram-headed sphinxes

00:35:37representing the god

00:35:38Amun

00:35:39flanked the route

00:35:40all the way

00:35:41to the Luxor temple.

00:35:43But in the time

00:35:44of the Aten,

00:35:45all that changed.

00:35:48When Akhenaten

00:35:49came to power,

00:35:50he tore down

00:35:51the statues

00:35:52representing Amun

00:35:53and replaced them

00:35:54with images

00:35:55of himself

00:35:56and his great

00:35:57royal wife,

00:35:58Nefertiti.

00:35:58The avenue

00:36:00of the sphinxes

00:36:00became the avenue

00:36:02of the Aten

00:36:04until Tutankhamun.

00:36:07Tutankhamun

00:36:07came

00:36:08and took

00:36:09this head

00:36:09out

00:36:10and put

00:36:11the head

00:36:12of Amun

00:36:13as ram.

00:36:15Tut replaced

00:36:16the head

00:36:16of his father

00:36:17with the head

00:36:17of the god

00:36:18whom Akhenaten

00:36:19had rejected.

00:36:20It was

00:36:21a complete

00:36:22betrayal

00:36:22of all

00:36:23that Akhenaten

00:36:24had stood for

00:36:25and an unmistakable

00:36:27declaration

00:36:27from the new king.

00:36:29What we see

00:36:30everywhere

00:36:31is trying

00:36:32to tell the people

00:36:32I'm worshipping

00:36:34Amun.

00:36:35I'm restoring

00:36:36the country

00:36:38to be back

00:36:38to power.

00:36:40But why

00:36:40would the boy

00:36:41who was named

00:36:42for the Aten

00:36:43turn his back

00:36:44on his father's

00:36:45religion so quickly

00:36:46and with such

00:36:47finality?

00:36:51The answer

00:36:52lies back

00:36:53in the crowded halls

00:36:54of the Cairo Museum

00:36:55where a gigantic

00:36:56stone tablet

00:36:57details the sins

00:36:59of Akhenaten

00:36:59that a young

00:37:00Tut set out

00:37:01to write.

00:37:03The restoration

00:37:04of Tut

00:37:05Amun

00:37:06is very

00:37:07important

00:37:08for us

00:37:08to understand

00:37:10the time

00:37:11and the life

00:37:12of Tut

00:37:12Amun.

00:37:13This is telling us

00:37:14what happened

00:37:15to the temples.

00:37:16The temples

00:37:17were in ruin.

00:37:18The gods

00:37:19of Egypt

00:37:20left Egypt.

00:37:21The country

00:37:22collapsed.

00:37:23What he did?

00:37:24He began

00:37:25to restore

00:37:26the temples.

00:37:27I gave

00:37:28statues

00:37:29of gold

00:37:30to the temple

00:37:31of Amun

00:37:32at Karnak.

00:37:33I gave

00:37:34the priests

00:37:34all the wealth

00:37:35that they need.

00:37:37Means the country

00:37:38came to power

00:37:39again under Amun.

00:37:41And Tut

00:37:41Amun

00:37:42is declaring

00:37:43this

00:37:43to all of us.

00:37:45This decision

00:37:46changed the course

00:37:47of Egyptian history.

00:37:49But most experts

00:37:50believe that Tut

00:37:51did not make it

00:37:52on his own.

00:37:54It's important

00:37:55to recognise

00:37:55that Tut

00:37:56Amun

00:37:56probably had

00:37:57very little

00:37:57to do

00:37:57with any

00:37:58of the decisions.

00:37:58He was a child.

00:38:00He was supposed

00:38:00to be the subject

00:38:01of a regency.

00:38:02And therefore,

00:38:04he would have

00:38:05had to go

00:38:05really along

00:38:06with what his regents

00:38:07were telling him

00:38:08to do.

00:38:09This approximately

00:38:10ten-year-old child

00:38:12who's in charge

00:38:13of one of the most

00:38:14powerful countries

00:38:15in the world

00:38:16at a time

00:38:16when Egypt

00:38:17was experiencing

00:38:18this many difficulties.

00:38:20and perhaps

00:38:21a suggestion

00:38:22of one of his

00:38:22portiers,

00:38:23maybe Ai,

00:38:25that maybe

00:38:26all of this

00:38:27is because

00:38:28of Akhenaten's

00:38:30religious changes.

00:38:33It seems likely

00:38:34that at the start

00:38:35of his reign,

00:38:35the young King Tut

00:38:36was surrounded

00:38:37by adults

00:38:38telling him

00:38:39what to do.

00:38:39Key among them

00:38:41was a family member

00:38:42named Ai

00:38:42who proclaimed himself

00:38:44to be Tut's advisor.

00:38:48Tutankhamun

00:38:48was a boy.

00:38:49he cannot think

00:38:50to worship Akhenaten

00:38:52or Amun.

00:38:53But his advisor,

00:38:55Ai,

00:38:56was the one

00:38:56who took him

00:38:58and advised him

00:38:59to leave Amarna

00:39:01and come to Thebes

00:39:02and return

00:39:04the image

00:39:05of Amun again.

00:39:07Ai was a minor member

00:39:09of the royal family

00:39:11by marriage

00:39:11and inserted himself

00:39:13as one of the most

00:39:14prominent figures

00:39:15in the young King's court.

00:39:16and he had

00:39:18a clear agenda

00:39:18to have Tut

00:39:19bring back

00:39:20the old religion.

00:39:22Tut had another

00:39:23formidable advisor,

00:39:25Horemheb,

00:39:26the commander

00:39:26of the king's army

00:39:27who had no royal blood.

00:39:29But it was Ai

00:39:31who was able

00:39:31to exert

00:39:32the most influence

00:39:33through his association

00:39:34with Tut's tutor,

00:39:36Senagem.

00:39:37When this tomb

00:39:39was erected,

00:39:40Ai was the main advisor

00:39:42of Tutankhamun.

00:39:43So Ai surrounded

00:39:45Tutankhamun

00:39:46with people

00:39:47from his team.

00:39:49So basically,

00:39:50Senagem,

00:39:51in this role

00:39:52as fan-bearer

00:39:53and overseer

00:39:54of tutors,

00:39:55was the voice

00:39:57of Ai

00:39:57inside the king's ear.

00:39:59And that's why

00:40:01the decision

00:40:02was made

00:40:03in that time

00:40:04by Ai.

00:40:05And he made

00:40:06this propaganda

00:40:07to tell the Egyptians

00:40:09that Amun power

00:40:10was back.

00:40:13Most historians

00:40:15believe the return

00:40:16to worship

00:40:16of Amun

00:40:17happened in the first

00:40:18years of King Tut's reign.

00:40:20But as is often

00:40:21the case

00:40:22with ancient history,

00:40:23contradictions

00:40:24have been uncovered.

00:40:27Zahi has special

00:40:28permission

00:40:29to inspect

00:40:30the royal symbols

00:40:31unique to Tut's reign,

00:40:33known as

00:40:33crooks and flails.

00:40:35You know,

00:40:36there is six

00:40:37crooks and flails

00:40:39found inside

00:40:40the tomb

00:40:41of Tutankhamun.

00:40:42But what's amazing,

00:40:44if you look

00:40:44at these two,

00:40:45one is a small one

00:40:47and one is a big one.

00:40:50When Tutankhamun

00:40:51was a child

00:40:52in year one,

00:40:54lived in Amarna,

00:40:55he had this crook

00:40:57as a child.

00:40:59Why?

00:41:00Because his name

00:41:01is written

00:41:02as Tutankhamun,

00:41:05means

00:41:05the living image

00:41:07of Aten.

00:41:09But

00:41:09when he grew up

00:41:11and he became a man,

00:41:13he wanted to prove

00:41:14to the Egyptians,

00:41:15I am

00:41:16the power.

00:41:17I am the king

00:41:18of upper and lower Egypt.

00:41:20and

00:41:21it changed

00:41:22his name here

00:41:23to be

00:41:25Tutankhamun,

00:41:26means

00:41:26the living image

00:41:28of Amun.

00:41:30So this tells us

00:41:32that

00:41:32King Tutankhamun

00:41:34would have

00:41:35made

00:41:36this significant move

00:41:38back to

00:41:39traditional religion

00:41:40sometime

00:41:41in his early teens,

00:41:43such that

00:41:44when he was

00:41:45adult-sized,

00:41:46he had

00:41:47a normal-sized

00:41:48crook and flail

00:41:49with the name

00:41:51Tutankhamun.

00:41:53Whether or not

00:41:54Tut changed

00:41:55his name

00:41:55right away,

00:41:56he appears

00:41:57to have embraced

00:41:57the return

00:41:58to worship

00:41:59of Amun

00:41:59completely.

00:42:01He not only

00:42:02restored

00:42:02the temple

00:42:03of Karnak

00:42:03in Luxor,

00:42:04but the majestic

00:42:05Luxor temple

00:42:06itself.

00:42:08This center

00:42:09of the cult

00:42:10of Amun

00:42:11on the banks

00:42:11of the river Nile

00:42:12had been stripped

00:42:13of its power

00:42:14by Akhenaten.

00:42:16But Tut

00:42:16embraced it

00:42:17and would make

00:42:18his support

00:42:19public

00:42:19during one

00:42:20of the most

00:42:20important

00:42:21religious festivals

00:42:22of the year,

00:42:23the Opet Feast.

00:42:31Luxor temple

00:42:32and the avenue

00:42:33of the Sphinxes,

00:42:34cult center

00:42:35of the Egyptian

00:42:36god Amun.

00:42:39In November

00:42:392021,

00:42:41the Egyptian

00:42:41authorities put

00:42:42on a lavish

00:42:43spectacle

00:42:43to mark

00:42:44the reopening

00:42:45of the site.

00:42:46But this was

00:42:47not the first time

00:42:48that such a procession

00:42:49had marked

00:42:50the temple's renewal.

00:42:55Similar celebrations

00:42:57would have occurred

00:42:57here when Tut

00:42:58returned Egypt

00:42:59to the worship

00:43:00of Amun.

00:43:02Now,

00:43:03Zahi has come here

00:43:04to spotlight

00:43:05a remarkable artifact

00:43:06that details

00:43:07one of the most

00:43:08important rituals

00:43:09that returned

00:43:10with Tut's

00:43:11great act.

00:43:13We are actually

00:43:14inside the timber

00:43:16of Rocktor

00:43:16and the hole

00:43:18that contained

00:43:19the 14 pillars

00:43:20but the most

00:43:22important,

00:43:23it contains

00:43:24the Opet Feast

00:43:25of Tutankham.

00:43:28The Opet

00:43:29frieze is a monumental

00:43:30wall carving

00:43:31that runs the entire

00:43:32length of the colonnaded

00:43:34hall,

00:43:34erected in the center

00:43:36of Luxor

00:43:36by Tut's grandfather,

00:43:38Amenhotep III.

00:43:41It depicts

00:43:42the Opet Feast

00:43:43of Amun,

00:43:44a fertility festival

00:43:45that featured statues

00:43:46of the god Amun

00:43:47and his family.

00:43:49The Opet Feast

00:43:51is a sacred feast

00:43:52for the god Amun

00:43:54and his wife Mut

00:43:55and their son

00:43:56Khonsu

00:43:57to make a trip

00:43:58from Karnak Temple

00:43:59to Luxor.

00:44:00This happened

00:44:01once a year

00:44:03and this celebration

00:44:05continued

00:44:06for about

00:44:0711 days

00:44:08during the reign

00:44:09of Tutankhamun.

00:44:12The feast

00:44:13marked the beginning

00:44:14of the flood season

00:44:14on the Nile

00:44:15and its return

00:44:16under Tut

00:44:17proves that he

00:44:18fully embraced

00:44:19the worship

00:44:19of Amun.

00:44:21The flood

00:44:22for the Egyptians

00:44:22meant good things

00:44:24for Egypt,

00:44:25fertility

00:44:25and therefore

00:44:26they're waiting

00:44:27every year

00:44:28for that trip

00:44:29of Amun.

00:44:30Without

00:44:30the Amun trip

00:44:32from Karnak

00:44:32to Luxor

00:44:33there is no flood.

00:44:35And because

00:44:36it was a festival

00:44:37heralding floods

00:44:38the statues

00:44:38were transported

00:44:39on sacred boats.

00:44:42The priest

00:44:43will hold

00:44:44the three boats

00:44:44of the gods

00:44:45Amun,

00:44:46Mut

00:44:47and Khonsu

00:44:48on their shoulders

00:44:49around them

00:44:50singers,

00:44:51dancers,

00:44:53the king,

00:44:53the queen,

00:44:54all the public

00:44:55because this is

00:44:56a big feast

00:44:56in the mind

00:44:57of the ancient Egyptians.

00:44:59The boats

00:45:00were carried

00:45:00in a grand procession

00:45:02along the avenue

00:45:03of the Sphinxes

00:45:03on a ceremonial journey

00:45:05from Karnak Temple

00:45:06to Luxor Temple.

00:45:09At the time

00:45:10of Tutankhamun

00:45:11they would also

00:45:12sail along the Nile.

00:45:15This is a divine

00:45:16marriage

00:45:16between Amun

00:45:18and Mut.

00:45:19It means

00:45:20in the mind

00:45:20of the Egyptians

00:45:21the flood

00:45:21will come to Egypt

00:45:22and means

00:45:24fertility to the land.

00:45:28This rite

00:45:29of fertility

00:45:30may have had

00:45:31personal significance

00:45:32to Tutankhamun

00:45:33and his wife

00:45:34Ankesenamun

00:45:35whose statues

00:45:36here watch

00:45:36over the entrance

00:45:37of the Opet colonnade.

00:45:40A study

00:45:41of more items

00:45:42found in Tut's tomb

00:45:43shed some light

00:45:44on why.

00:45:46Tutankhamun

00:45:47did not have children.

00:45:48and we know

00:45:49that two fetuses

00:45:51were found

00:45:52inside the treasure

00:45:53room.

00:45:54They died

00:45:54on birth.

00:45:56This is one

00:45:57of the most

00:45:57poignant discoveries

00:45:58from the tomb

00:45:59of Tutankhamun,

00:46:00the mummified remains

00:46:02of two miscarried fetuses.

00:46:08So the fertility rites

00:46:10of the Opet festival

00:46:11may have been

00:46:12especially important

00:46:13to Tut

00:46:13and his sister bride.

00:46:17I really think

00:46:18that the reason

00:46:19they're depicted here

00:46:21is since Amun

00:46:22is giving fertility

00:46:23to the land,

00:46:24Amun could also

00:46:25give them fertility.

00:46:27So we really

00:46:29have to put ourselves

00:46:30in Tutankhamun's shoes.

00:46:32Particularly

00:46:33as he was trying

00:46:35to navigate

00:46:36his transition

00:46:37from childhood

00:46:38to adulthood,

00:46:39his marriage,

00:46:41diplomacy,

00:46:42his health condition,

00:46:43everything,

00:46:44it could have been

00:46:46easy for Tutankhamun

00:46:47to listen to his advisors

00:46:49to go back

00:46:49to the old ways.

00:46:51So it might

00:46:52very well be

00:46:53that as a consequence

00:46:55of this

00:46:55that Tutankhamun

00:46:57embraced the return

00:46:59to traditional religion

00:47:00so enthusiastically.

00:47:03It's only human

00:47:04that when we're

00:47:05facing really,

00:47:06really difficult

00:47:07times,

00:47:08then we then

00:47:09try to find

00:47:11a solution

00:47:12to that.

00:47:13even if that means

00:47:14embracing

00:47:15a new belief system.

00:47:17Tut and

00:47:17Ankhosenemun's

00:47:18miscarriages

00:47:19likely were caused

00:47:20by their incestuous

00:47:21ancestry.

00:47:23Inner marriage,

00:47:24especially long-term,

00:47:26over multiple generations,

00:47:28can have extremely

00:47:28adverse effects

00:47:30on the new generation

00:47:31being born.

00:47:32Congenital diseases,

00:47:34physical disabilities,

00:47:36all kinds of things

00:47:37you don't want.

00:47:38This also affected

00:47:39Tut's own health.

00:47:41He had a cleft palate

00:47:42and a lot of

00:47:44health impairments

00:47:45as well due to the fact

00:47:46that his parents

00:47:47were related by blood.

00:47:49He also had problems

00:47:50with his feet

00:47:51caused by an inherited

00:47:52syndrome called

00:47:53Kohler's disease.

00:47:56This was discovered

00:47:57when Zahi and his team

00:47:59conducted a CT scan

00:48:00of King Tut's mummy.

00:48:03Now, armed with

00:48:04the latest technology,

00:48:06Zahi examines

00:48:07the many myths

00:48:07that swirl around

00:48:08Tutankhamun's

00:48:09physical condition.

00:48:11From what we saw

00:48:13from the CT scan,

00:48:14he was not healthy

00:48:16in a sense.

00:48:17He has some anomaly,

00:48:20for example,

00:48:21regarding his left foot.

00:48:23It is something,

00:48:25a congenital malformation

00:48:26that he was born with.

00:48:28The toes are inclined

00:48:30inwards,

00:48:31a deformity of the foot.

00:48:33Because of that,

00:48:34he cannot walk properly

00:48:36and probably use

00:48:38some walking canes.

00:48:39This is why he had

00:48:41130 sticks in his tomb.

00:48:44One of them,

00:48:45he said,

00:48:46I made it by myself.

00:48:48Amongst his 130

00:48:50walking canes,

00:48:51some do have

00:48:52evidence of use.

00:48:54They are a good example

00:48:55of us having a sneak peek

00:48:58of what he must have

00:48:59been like in his life.

00:49:02Like so much about Tut,

00:49:03the revelation

00:49:04that he had disabilities

00:49:05has sparked

00:49:06intense debate.

00:49:08He is depicted

00:49:09all over his tomb

00:49:10as an active huntsman

00:49:12and charioteer.

00:49:13But some dismiss the art

00:49:15as mere propaganda.

00:49:17One has to bear in mind

00:49:18that Egyptian art

00:49:20is very rarely original.

00:49:22All the depictions

00:49:23we have of Tutankhamun,

00:49:25whether they are

00:49:25actively hunting

00:49:27or in warfare,

00:49:28all have parallels

00:49:29from earlier periods.

00:49:31Considering Tutankhamun

00:49:33had a club foot

00:49:34and he was quite frail,

00:49:36I think it's quite hard

00:49:38to have a figure like that

00:49:39participate in campaigns

00:49:40and in hunting episodes.

00:49:44Many of the depictions

00:49:45of King Tut

00:49:46riding into war

00:49:47or on the hunt

00:49:48are indeed quite formulaic.

00:49:50But hidden within the shrines

00:49:52that surrounded his sarcophagus

00:49:54was one uniquely personal item

00:49:56that might completely shatter

00:49:58our beliefs

00:49:59about the physical abilities

00:50:00of the boy king.

00:50:05One of the most prized treasures

00:50:07in ancient Egypt

00:50:08was not silver or gold,

00:50:10but instead

00:50:11the humble ostrich.

00:50:12Not native to the Nile,

00:50:14these huge birds

00:50:15were often given

00:50:15as a tribute to Egypt

00:50:17by conquered lands

00:50:18such as Nubia

00:50:19and Ethiopia.

00:50:20Rare and exotic,

00:50:21ostriches were highly coveted

00:50:23by the elite.

00:50:24Women turned their eggs

00:50:25into perfume holders

00:50:27and jewelry.

00:50:28Royal doctors ground them up

00:50:29for medicine.

00:50:30Priests placed feathers

00:50:32on coffins

00:50:32to help lift up mummies

00:50:34and speed their journey

00:50:36to the afterlife.

00:50:37But only a pharaoh

00:50:38could acquire enough plumes

00:50:39to create the greatest

00:50:41treasure of all,

00:50:42a royal fan

00:50:43to keep him cool

00:50:44in the hot Egyptian weather.

00:50:50In the last 10 years,

00:50:51CT scans of King Tut's feet

00:50:53have lent credence

00:50:54to the theory

00:50:55that the boy king

00:50:56was so weak

00:50:57and had such significant

00:50:58disabilities

00:50:59that he could not

00:51:00ride a chariot

00:51:01to hunt

00:51:01or go to war.

00:51:04But back in 1922,

00:51:06as Howard Carter

00:51:07began dismantling

00:51:08the shrines

00:51:09nested around the sarcophagus

00:51:11in King Tut's

00:51:12burial chamber,

00:51:13he discovered

00:51:13a telltale item

00:51:14that suggests

00:51:15that Tut

00:51:16might have been

00:51:17much stronger

00:51:17than modern scholars

00:51:18give him credit for.

00:51:20There's this fascinating,

00:51:22very long fan,

00:51:23the kind that,

00:51:23you know,

00:51:23you see in movies

00:51:25and things

00:51:26where there's people

00:51:27fanning the king.

00:51:27it's topped

00:51:28with ostrich feathers.

00:51:31And at the top,

00:51:32you have a scene

00:51:34of the king

00:51:35hunting ostriches.

00:51:36And it gets better.

00:51:38There's an inscription

00:51:39on it

00:51:39that says,

00:51:41feathers of ostriches

00:51:42brought by

00:51:43his majesty

00:51:45when he was

00:51:46hunting ostriches.

00:51:47So we have here

00:51:49this fascinating inscription

00:51:50that's telling us

00:51:51that Tutankhamun,

00:51:52in fact,

00:51:53hunted ostriches.

00:51:55It shows him

00:51:56hunting.

00:51:57Tools inside the tombs

00:51:59shows him hunting.

00:52:02Even with all

00:52:03what he suffered

00:52:04of physical problems,

00:52:06he still,

00:52:07he loved hunting.

00:52:10In Giza,

00:52:11more evidence lies

00:52:12in the shadow

00:52:13of the Sphinx

00:52:14at one of the most

00:52:15popular tourist sites

00:52:16in Egypt.

00:52:21Near the stalls

00:52:22of a bazaar

00:52:23below the Sphinx

00:52:23is a pile

00:52:24of dried mud.

00:52:26Unremarkable,

00:52:26except that it houses

00:52:28an extraordinary secret.

00:52:31This mud brick,

00:52:32it's nothing

00:52:33to the public.

00:52:34But for us,

00:52:36it's very important

00:52:37because this can make us

00:52:38to reconstruct history.

00:52:40This is the remains

00:52:42of the hunting lodge

00:52:44of Tutankhamun.

00:52:45We call it palace

00:52:46because it's royal.

00:52:48When this was excavated,

00:52:50they found the cartouche

00:52:51of Tutankhamun on it

00:52:53and the cartouche

00:52:54of Ankh is in Amun.

00:52:57In truth,

00:52:58this palace

00:52:59of Tutankhamun

00:53:00and his queen

00:53:00is a modest mud brick building

00:53:02and hard to distinguish

00:53:04because so little

00:53:05of it remains.

00:53:07If I close my eyes,

00:53:09we can imagine

00:53:11a palace

00:53:11for the king

00:53:12and the queen.

00:53:14And the depicted scenes

00:53:16of Tutankhamun

00:53:18have the cartouche

00:53:19of Tutankhamun

00:53:20and Ankh is in Amun.

00:53:23I think

00:53:24from a window,

00:53:26he could be

00:53:27looking at the pyramid

00:53:28of Kifrin.

00:53:29That palace

00:53:30could be beautiful,

00:53:32shining in the shadow

00:53:34of the pyramids

00:53:35and the things.

00:53:37I really believe

00:53:39that the existence

00:53:40of this palace

00:53:42is an important evidence

00:53:44that actually

00:53:46Tutankhamun

00:53:47hunted wild animals.

00:53:51It's a dramatic image,

00:53:53the young pharaoh

00:53:54riding his chariot

00:53:55across the valley,

00:53:56indulging in the sport

00:53:57of kings.

00:53:59These depictions

00:54:00show that in ancient times,

00:54:02physical limitations

00:54:03did not stop Tut

00:54:04from enjoying his life.

00:54:07I don't think

00:54:08one should go into

00:54:09the whole thing

00:54:09of him being

00:54:10a disabled person

00:54:11and all the negative

00:54:13sides of that.

00:54:14Particularly nowadays

00:54:15with Paralympians,

00:54:17we now recognise

00:54:19that in no way

00:54:21does it mean

00:54:22you're going to have

00:54:23a less active life

00:54:24if you don't want

00:54:25to have a less active life.

00:54:26Exactly,

00:54:27because Egyptians

00:54:28knew that to be sick

00:54:30was part of being normal.

00:54:33Tutankhamun,

00:54:33he's a teenager.

00:54:35If he's been

00:54:35an active hunter

00:54:36all his life,

00:54:37he's not going to

00:54:38not be an active hunter

00:54:40for as long

00:54:41as he possibly can do.

00:54:43Back at the Cairo Museum,

00:54:45Zahi has spotted

00:54:47an ornamental box

00:54:48that may suggest

00:54:49how Tut was able

00:54:50to maintain

00:54:51his active life

00:54:52by making sure

00:54:53to rest.

00:54:55This box tells us

00:54:57about Tutankhamun's

00:55:00health.

00:55:00He's seated

00:55:02shooting arrow

00:55:03and his queen

00:55:05down also

00:55:07with love

00:55:08and affection

00:55:09giving him an arrow.

00:55:10To my knowledge

00:55:11as an Egyptologist

00:55:13I have never seen

00:55:14any scene

00:55:17of a king

00:55:17seated

00:55:18while hunting

00:55:20at all.

00:55:21It confirmed

00:55:22to me

00:55:23why Tutankhamun

00:55:25had

00:55:27130 sticks

00:55:28in his tomb.

00:55:30He was really keen

00:55:31to hold the stick

00:55:32and walk with him.

00:55:34It was very important

00:55:36for him

00:55:36that stick

00:55:37because he was

00:55:38not healthy.

00:55:39This could even

00:55:40explain the existence

00:55:41of the hunting lodge

00:55:42in the first place.

00:55:44I think it's not

00:55:45always

00:55:46so straightforward

00:55:47with Tutankhamun

00:55:48about how much

00:55:48he was physically

00:55:49capable of doing

00:55:50but the hunting lodge

00:55:52indicates that

00:55:53there could have been

00:55:54an attempt at him

00:55:55actually partaking

00:55:56in these activities.

00:55:57It is the only king

00:55:58that he built

00:56:00a hunting lodge

00:56:01because he needs

00:56:02to rest.

00:56:04All the kings

00:56:04who done it

00:56:05had 10

00:56:05they did not do that

00:56:06except him

00:56:07because he had

00:56:08some physical problems.

00:56:10He needs to rest.

00:56:14The very presence

00:56:15of the hunting lodge

00:56:16could prove

00:56:16that Tutankhamun

00:56:17went hunting

00:56:18despite having problems

00:56:20with his mobility.

00:56:23It could be also

00:56:25trying really hard

00:56:26to show that

00:56:27Tutankhamun

00:56:28was physically

00:56:29capable

00:56:30of ruling Egypt

00:56:32through being

00:56:32a huntsman.

00:56:34Or perhaps

00:56:35his physical challenges

00:56:36did not interfere

00:56:37with his movements

00:56:38as much as has been

00:56:39suggested.

00:56:40Zahi's bone expert

00:56:42Dr. Ashraf

00:56:43believes he may

00:56:44have spotted something

00:56:45that suggests

00:56:46that by the time

00:56:46Tut was going hunting

00:56:47he was no longer

00:56:49in pain.

00:56:51By the time

00:56:52of King Tut

00:56:53in the New Kingdom

00:56:54hunting was an activity

00:56:56reserved for the king

00:56:57and his entourage

00:56:58as a way to display

00:56:59strength and valor.

00:57:01For the elite

00:57:02game reserves

00:57:02were set up

00:57:03to chase lions

00:57:04from chariots

00:57:05or kill crocodiles

00:57:06in swamps.

00:57:07But for this great

00:57:08spectacle of bravery

00:57:10the Egyptian nobles

00:57:11well there's no nice

00:57:12way of putting it

00:57:13they cheated.

00:57:14To ensure the humans

00:57:15prevailed

00:57:16extremely unsporting

00:57:17measures were taken.

00:57:18The animals legs

00:57:20were often tied together

00:57:21to make them

00:57:21easy targets.

00:57:23There's even a papyrus

00:57:24from the time

00:57:24that suggests

00:57:25that dead animals

00:57:26were moved across

00:57:27the swamp by servants

00:57:29ringers to ensure

00:57:30a successful hunt.

00:57:32On the other hand

00:57:33for farmers

00:57:34and laborers

00:57:35wild game was expensive

00:57:36and hard to find

00:57:37so it was rarely

00:57:38on the menu.

00:57:39Instead

00:57:40they lived mostly

00:57:41off of bread

00:57:42vegetables

00:57:42dried fish

00:57:44and the world's

00:57:45first known recipe

00:57:45beer.

00:57:49The CT scans

00:57:50of Tutankhamun's feet

00:57:51contain an often

00:57:52overlooked detail

00:57:54which might explain

00:57:55how Tut could have

00:57:56been an active hunter

00:57:57despite suffering

00:57:58from various ailments.

00:58:01Dr. Ashraf shares

00:58:03his insight

00:58:04with Zahi Hawass.

00:58:06Okay, now we have

00:58:08here the CTs

00:58:09of the feet

00:58:10and you can see

00:58:11that the acquired

00:58:12disease is

00:58:13this tiny little

00:58:15piece of bone.

00:58:16Some people call it

00:58:18Freiberg's disease.

00:58:19This happens

00:58:20when the blood supply

00:58:21is diminished

00:58:22to this area.

00:58:24So this piece

00:58:25of bone

00:58:25becomes

00:58:27dead.

00:58:28Usually this is

00:58:29a teenager

00:58:30disease.

00:58:44This suggests

00:58:45that Tut

00:58:45would have

00:58:46started to

00:58:46experience symptoms

00:58:47a few years

00:58:48after he ascended

00:58:49to the throne

00:58:50around the same

00:58:51time that he

00:58:52changed his name

00:58:52and turned

00:58:53against the

00:58:54religion of his

00:58:54father.

00:58:56This is a

00:58:57self-limiting

00:58:58disease,

00:58:59meaning it takes

00:59:00maybe one or

00:59:01two years

00:59:01till it becomes

00:59:02pain-free

00:59:03and where he

00:59:05can walk again

00:59:06on this foot.

00:59:08So if the onset

00:59:10of the disease

00:59:10was at age 12,

00:59:12Tut could have

00:59:13been free of pain

00:59:13by the time

00:59:14he was 14,

00:59:15leaving him able

00:59:16to hunt and run

00:59:17for the next five

00:59:18years until his

00:59:19death.

00:59:22But what then

00:59:23caused his

00:59:23premature death

00:59:24at just 19

00:59:25years of age?

00:59:27The state of

00:59:28Tutankhamun's

00:59:29mummy has

00:59:30prompted many

00:59:30theories about

00:59:31how he died.

00:59:34First of all,

00:59:35there appeared

00:59:36to be a patch

00:59:37at the back

00:59:37of the skull

00:59:38which seemed

00:59:40consistent with

00:59:41him having had

00:59:41a blow to

00:59:42the back of

00:59:42the head.

00:59:43And there were

00:59:44all these theories

00:59:44about the fact

00:59:45that he was

00:59:45murdered or

00:59:46that he had

00:59:47been killed

00:59:48in battle.

00:59:50The whole front

00:59:51of the chest

00:59:51of the mummy,

00:59:52including the

00:59:53heart, was

00:59:53missing.

00:59:53Which led

00:59:55to various

00:59:56theories that

00:59:57he might have

00:59:57died from

00:59:58some kind

00:59:58of crushing

00:59:59injury to the

01:00:00chest,

01:00:00gored by

01:00:01hippopotamus,

01:00:02kicked by a

01:00:03horse, run

01:00:04over by a

01:00:04chariot, a

01:00:04whole range of

01:00:05possibilities have

01:00:06been put in

01:00:07the literature.

01:00:09But an

01:00:09examination of

01:00:10Tut's mummy

01:00:11by Zahi's team

01:00:12offers a

01:00:13surprisingly simple

01:00:14explanation for

01:00:15the mutilated

01:00:15condition of his

01:00:16remains, one

01:00:18that traces back

01:00:19not to the time

01:00:19of Tut's death,

01:00:20but to Howard

01:00:21Carter's discovery

01:00:22of the tomb.

01:00:24When Carter

01:00:25opened up the

01:00:26burial chamber,

01:00:27he discovered

01:00:28that the body

01:00:28of Tutankhamun

01:00:29was encased

01:00:30within three

01:00:31magnificent golden

01:00:32coffins, sealed

01:00:34within the

01:00:34sarcophagus at

01:00:35its center.

01:00:37Each one was

01:00:38inside the other

01:00:39one, and

01:00:40therefore he had

01:00:42to do the

01:00:42police and

01:00:43take one

01:00:44coffin by

01:00:45one coffin.

01:00:48This

01:00:49photographs that

01:00:50you see of

01:00:51Howard Carter

01:00:52taking the

01:00:53three coffins

01:00:54out show how

01:00:55hard work it

01:00:57was for him to

01:00:58open the

01:00:59burial chamber.

01:01:00It was really a

01:01:01difficult job.

01:01:01The whole process

01:01:03of going from

01:01:04opening the

01:01:04sarcophagus until

01:01:05actually getting to

01:01:06the mummy is

01:01:08something like two

01:01:08years, although

01:01:09part of that is

01:01:10taken up with his

01:01:11dealings with the

01:01:12courts.

01:01:13And in

01:01:141924, halfway

01:01:16through the

01:01:16process of

01:01:17removing Tut from

01:01:18his coffin, the

01:01:19Egyptian court

01:01:19locked Howard

01:01:20Carter out of

01:01:21the tomb.

01:01:22The trouble was

01:01:24that Carter had

01:01:25always been a

01:01:25prickly individual,

01:01:27and this culminated

01:01:28with a major

01:01:29falling out with

01:01:31the Egyptian

01:01:31authorities.

01:01:32It was over

01:01:33something quite

01:01:34minor, but there

01:01:35was a major

01:01:36blow-up, and he

01:01:37effectively decided

01:01:38to close the

01:01:38tomb and say,

01:01:40just get on with

01:01:40it, I've had it.

01:01:42Carter walked

01:01:43out of the

01:01:43tomb, leaving

01:01:44the coffins

01:01:45still hanging

01:01:45above the

01:01:46sarcophagus.

01:01:47This was

01:01:48February 1924,

01:01:51and after that,

01:01:52he went to the

01:01:53States to give

01:01:55lectures.

01:01:55I think that

01:01:57Carter's rather

01:01:58rash flouncing

01:02:00away from the

01:02:00tomb played

01:02:01into the hands

01:02:02of those who

01:02:03were against

01:02:03him.

01:02:04The next year

01:02:05found Carter

01:02:06embroiled in

01:02:07legal suits and

01:02:08countersuits with

01:02:08the Egyptian

01:02:09government to

01:02:10regain access.

01:02:11He was not

01:02:13allowed back

01:02:13into the

01:02:14tomb until

01:02:14January of

01:02:151925, and

01:02:17it wasn't until

01:02:18October that he

01:02:19was ready to

01:02:19lift the lid on

01:02:20Tutankhamun's

01:02:21final coffin.

01:02:22When he opens

01:02:23the innermost

01:02:24coffin, what he

01:02:25finds in front

01:02:26of him is a

01:02:28black mass

01:02:29relieved by a

01:02:31brilliant golden

01:02:32mask.

01:02:36mask.

01:02:39Now,

01:02:40Howard Carter

01:02:41tried to take

01:02:42the mask out,

01:02:43he couldn't,

01:02:44because when the

01:02:45Egyptians buried

01:02:46King Tut quickly,

01:02:48they put in the

01:02:49resin, and the

01:02:50resin made the

01:02:51mask stuck to the

01:02:52mummy.

01:02:53So it had to be

01:02:54fairly brutal,

01:02:55shall we say,

01:02:56about removing it,

01:02:58including cutting the

01:02:59body in half across

01:03:00the thorax, and

01:03:02then gradually

01:03:02removing the body

01:03:04piecemeal,

01:03:05effectively.

01:03:06And he damaged

01:03:07the mummy to

01:03:0918 pieces.

01:03:11I don't think

01:03:12Carter had any

01:03:12other option.

01:03:13It was either leave

01:03:14the mummy exactly

01:03:15where it was, or

01:03:16pull the wrappings

01:03:18off and then leave

01:03:18the whole thing

01:03:19stuck in, or take

01:03:22the drastic

01:03:23approach.

01:03:25Now, me as an

01:03:27archaeologist, I

01:03:28imagined myself as

01:03:30Howard Carter, and

01:03:32I found this

01:03:32mask.

01:03:33Am I going to

01:03:34leave the mask on

01:03:36the mummy, or I

01:03:37will do what

01:03:39Howard Carter did?

01:03:42Honestly, I will

01:03:43do what Howard

01:03:45Carter did.

01:03:48The damage done

01:03:49to the mummy by

01:03:50Carter led many to

01:03:51believe that

01:03:52Tutankhamun had

01:03:53been murdered.

01:03:56But Zahi Hawass'

01:03:57CT scans tell

01:03:59the full story.

01:04:01They could see a

01:04:03loose bone inside

01:04:04the skull.

01:04:05So they assumed

01:04:06that this was the

01:04:08cause of his death,

01:04:09murdered by a blow

01:04:10to the head, and a

01:04:11depressed bone just

01:04:13get inside the

01:04:14skull.

01:04:14Is it true?

01:04:15No, on the

01:04:16contrary.

01:04:16Because this piece

01:04:17of bone came when

01:04:19they tried to remove

01:04:20the golden mask, they

01:04:21broke it.

01:04:22And this piece of

01:04:23bone just got

01:04:25inside the skull

01:04:26because of what

01:04:27Carter did to the

01:04:28mummy, not before

01:04:29he died.

01:04:31Because if this piece

01:04:33of bone was there

01:04:35before embalming or

01:04:37before mummification,

01:04:38it would have been

01:04:39stuck to the resin

01:04:41inside the skull.

01:04:49But if that's true, why

01:04:51did Tutankhamun die at

01:04:53such an early age, and

01:04:54what could have killed

01:04:55the boy king?

01:05:00Over 3,000 years since

01:05:02his burial, and 100

01:05:03years since the discovery

01:05:04of his tomb, questions

01:05:06remain about the exact

01:05:07cause of King Tut's

01:05:09death.

01:05:10Now, in their studies

01:05:11of Tut's mummy, Dr.

01:05:13Zahi Hawass' team

01:05:14believes they've found

01:05:15the answer in a

01:05:16surprising location, a

01:05:18compound fracture above

01:05:19Tut's left knee.

01:05:21What made this fracture

01:05:23peculiar is that we

01:05:25noticed two things.

01:05:26There was a big wound at

01:05:29the site of the fracture,

01:05:31so that when they did

01:05:32the mummification process,

01:05:34the resinous liquid went

01:05:35inside the wound and

01:05:37get into the edges of

01:05:40the bone.

01:05:41All the other fractures

01:05:42were induced by Howard

01:05:43Carter.

01:05:44The ancient wound seems

01:05:46to have been infected.

01:05:47He might have developed

01:05:49infection that reached

01:05:50the blood.

01:05:51We call it septicemia.

01:05:53And septicemia might be

01:05:55one of the causes of

01:05:56his death.

01:05:58On its own, this

01:06:00infection might not

01:06:01have killed King Tut,

01:06:02but it does not appear

01:06:03to be his only

01:06:04affliction.

01:06:06During their studies,

01:06:08Zahi's team discovers

01:06:09the markers for a

01:06:10virulent disease lurking

01:06:11in Tut's body.

01:06:13He had malaria.

01:06:14In the presence of

01:06:16high inbreeding and

01:06:18malaria and weak

01:06:20health, it might

01:06:22predispose him to

01:06:23infection that can

01:06:24kill him with septicemia.

01:06:26So, after all the

01:06:28outrageous theories,

01:06:29the simple truth may be

01:06:31that Tutankhamun died

01:06:32of malaria, complicated

01:06:34by blood poisoning

01:06:35due to a leg fracture.

01:06:38But what caused

01:06:39the fracture?

01:06:40Is it possible that

01:06:42Turankhamun had an

01:06:44accident?

01:06:45Maybe he was riding a

01:06:46chariot?

01:06:47Of course, any type of

01:06:48accident might be the

01:06:50cause, of course.

01:06:51Now, it has to be a

01:06:52speed because of the big

01:06:53wound.

01:06:53So, if he is riding a

01:06:55chariot, this makes more

01:06:56sense than just falling

01:06:58down on the ground.

01:07:00Though impossible to prove,

01:07:02Zahi would like to believe

01:07:03that the young King Tut died

01:07:05trying to show he could ride

01:07:06a chariot once again.

01:07:07I really think that he

01:07:09was riding a chariot in

01:07:12the desert of Memphis.

01:07:14I'm sure that he died in

01:07:16an accident in the

01:07:18Valogazette.

01:07:21The exact cause of Tut's

01:07:23death may never truly be

01:07:25known, but we do know

01:07:26that his court was

01:07:27surprised by it.

01:07:28Few could have been

01:07:29prepared for the young King

01:07:30to die just ten years

01:07:32into his reign.

01:07:35The small size of his

01:07:37tomb, seemingly not

01:07:38built for a king, suggests

01:07:40he was placed there in

01:07:41haste.

01:07:44But the cramped space was

01:07:46still packed with more

01:07:47than 5,000 artifacts.

01:07:53Some of the most

01:07:54beautiful were stored in

01:07:55the treasury behind the

01:07:57burial chamber, guarded by

01:07:58the jackal god Anubis.

01:08:03among them was a

01:08:04magnificent alabaster

01:08:05cabinet containing the

01:08:07canopic jars that held

01:08:09King Tut's internal organs.

01:08:12This is considered to be one

01:08:13of the most beautiful

01:08:14objects from the tomb.

01:08:19Nestled inside were four

01:08:21miniature coffinets, each

01:08:23holding one of Tut's organs.

01:08:26But hidden within them is a

01:08:28secret that shows just how

01:08:29unprepared his people were

01:08:31for Tutankhamun's untimely

01:08:33death.

01:08:34Zahi has gained permission

01:08:36to open one of these

01:08:37fragile treasures to study

01:08:39what's inside.

01:08:41This is another beautiful

01:08:43object.

01:08:44It is a small version of the

01:08:47coffins, of the big ones.

01:08:49Look, the voucher and the

01:08:51copra, the flyle and the

01:08:53clock, and the beautiful

01:08:55description.

01:08:57The throne name of Tutankhamun.

01:09:00But what's important here,

01:09:02look at the faces.

01:09:04They're not faces of a boy.

01:09:07They're faces of a woman.

01:09:09Not really for Tutankhamun at

01:09:12all.

01:09:12It has to be for someone

01:09:13else.

01:09:15My proof, if I open this,

01:09:17you will see how the name

01:09:19Tutankhamun was put instead

01:09:23of another name, Khyber

01:09:25Khyberura, which I believe

01:09:27could be the name of Queen

01:09:30Nefertiti or Nefer Neferu

01:09:32Atom.

01:09:35It does appear that Tut's

01:09:37cartouche was placed on top of

01:09:38another one.

01:09:39But these coffinets were

01:09:41clearly made for a ruler, as

01:09:43only pharaohs were depicted

01:09:44with the double crown and

01:09:46crook and flail included here.

01:09:48And the only known woman who

01:09:50could have held that status is

01:09:52Nefertiti.

01:09:53The identification of Nefer

01:09:55Neferu Atom remains a certain

01:09:57amount of debate.

01:09:59The majority would argue it's

01:10:01Nefertiti, because Nefertiti's

01:10:04full name was Nefer Neferu Atom

01:10:06Nefertiti.

01:10:09The Luxor Temple holds another

01:10:11clue that supports the theory

01:10:13that Nefertiti was a pharaoh.

01:10:16A pair of blocks bear a very

01:10:19telling image.

01:10:21We can see here a unique scene

01:10:24for Nefertiti.

01:10:25She smiting an enemy.

01:10:27Smiting an enemy in ancient

01:10:29Egypt was actually the task of a

01:10:32kingship, not the task of a

01:10:35queenship.

01:10:36I do believe strongly, based on

01:10:38this scene that Nefertiti ruled

01:10:41after Iqnaton, and she became a

01:10:43king.

01:10:45Whether or not she was Nefertiti,

01:10:47the mysterious Nefer Neferu Atom

01:10:50did not take her treasures with

01:10:51her to the afterlife.

01:10:53And Nefertiti herself soon

01:10:55disappeared from the historical

01:10:56record, her death and burial

01:10:59remaining a mystery to this day.

01:11:03Whoever the pharaoh was, her

01:11:05canopic jars, coffin, and other

01:11:07ritual items were usurped by

01:11:09Tutankhamun.

01:11:15It also seems almost certain that

01:11:18the tomb in which Tut was laid to

01:11:19rest was never intended to house

01:11:21a pharaoh.

01:11:26To understand why, Zahi is

01:11:28visiting a very different tomb

01:11:30next door.

01:11:32Just a few yards away from the

01:11:35tomb of Tutankhamun in the

01:11:36Valley of the Kings lies the tomb

01:11:38of Ramesses II, one of the

01:11:40greatest pharaohs in all of

01:11:42Egyptian history.

01:11:48This tomb has been under

01:11:49renovation for the last two

01:11:51years.

01:11:51It's a monumental task, so to

01:11:53speak.

01:11:55That's because the tomb was

01:11:56flooded in antiquity.

01:12:00When we came to excavate this

01:12:02tomb, we found that the flood

01:12:05that entered inside actually

01:12:07brought stone rubble and sand

01:12:11everywhere, all the scenes were

01:12:14completely damaged.

01:12:16We had to take more than 700,000

01:12:20square feet of stone rubble and

01:12:23sand away and make major important

01:12:26conservation and restoration to the

01:12:29scenes that we discovered.

01:12:32The restoration team have to start

01:12:35cleaning the wall.

01:12:37They use chemical material to make

01:12:39the scene stable.

01:12:41You have to be very careful in

01:12:43looking at every piece because if

01:12:46you are not careful, you can lose a

01:12:49part of the scene.

01:12:49You can see, this is the first time

01:12:51actually that any camera for a

01:12:54documentary entered inside this

01:12:56tomb.

01:12:57The vast size of the tomb makes the

01:12:59restoration job especially

01:13:01challenging.

01:13:02The tomb of Ramesses II is the

01:13:04largest tomb in the Battle of the

01:13:06Kings.

01:13:07And we can see this in the

01:13:09period of the Shipper.

01:13:17This is huge.

01:13:19It's hundreds of times bigger than the

01:13:22tomb of Tutankhamun.

01:13:23And it has also rooms on the sides

01:13:28for the furniture.

01:13:34This is the grand scale on which an

01:13:36Egyptian royal tomb is meant to be

01:13:38built.

01:13:39So why is Tut's so tiny?

01:13:50Egyptologist Alia Ismail is inspecting

01:13:52the paintings on the walls of the

01:13:54Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb.

01:13:56Tut's tomb is very tiny because

01:13:59probably it was unfinished.

01:14:01Why else would he be buried in such a

01:14:03small tomb?

01:14:04Alia is part of the Factum

01:14:06Foundation, working to record the

01:14:08paintwork in several key tombs in the

01:14:10Valley of the Kings so that replicas of

01:14:13them can be produced.

01:14:15They use sophisticated 3D scanning to

01:14:18capture the images on the walls.

01:14:233D scanning allows you to get all the

01:14:25intricate details of the surface, getting

01:14:28out the cracks and every little detail

01:14:31that one would not be able to recognize with her own eyes.

01:14:35Alia's work is so detailed that the replicas it helps

01:14:39create look identical to the real thing.

01:14:42Like the tomb she's standing in now.

01:14:46Actually, this is the facsimile.

01:14:49This isn't the real tomb of Tutankhamun.

01:14:52It's a replica built next to Howard Carter's house outside the

01:14:55Valley of the Kings.

01:14:57The duplicate was built to reduce the foot traffic that's

01:15:01wearing away the real tomb.

01:15:03Tourists can visit and appreciate the art without harming the

01:15:08actual tomb.

01:15:09In the process of 3D scanning Tut's tomb for replication,

01:15:13Alia found something unexpected.

01:15:16Looking here at the head of the boy king, and now we go to 3D.

01:15:23So we're looking at a render.

01:15:26Looking at the brush marks that we see here, we are very positive

01:15:31that the plaster was still wet when the paint went on it.

01:15:36That shows that it has been done in a rush.

01:15:41But to Zahi Hawass, Tut's burial chamber tells a darker story

01:15:45than mere haste, one of greed and rivalry.

01:15:49No, how it can be rushed?

01:15:51You have 70 days to make this mummy.

01:15:55They were not rushing the mummification.

01:15:58And therefore, I think 70 days were enough to make the burial of a king.

01:16:04So if it took more than two months to prepare Tut's mummy for burial,

01:16:08why wasn't his tomb ready when it was time for him to be laid to rest?

01:16:17Another tomb a few miles away in the West Valley of the Kings offers insight.

01:16:23Strikingly, it bears a strong similarity to the tomb in which Tut was buried.

01:16:29This is the tomb that was used for the burial of King Ai,

01:16:34who came to the throne after Tutankhamun.

01:16:39Ai, although only a minor member of the royal family,

01:16:43was one of Tut's primary advisors,

01:16:44and his tomb is eerily similar to Tutankhamun's.

01:16:49Look at the niches that exactly is in the tomb of Tutankhamun.

01:16:54Look at the scene, the goddess Nut in front of Ai.

01:16:59She's giving him a ritual called the Ni-ni.

01:17:04It's exactly the same scene in the tomb of Tutankhamun.

01:17:09And finally, in the scene of the first hour of the night

01:17:14of the book called Amy Duat,

01:17:18we can distinguish 12 baboons

01:17:21that represent the 12 hours of the night

01:17:25looking south, six of them,

01:17:28and other six are looking north.

01:17:31This scene is an exact copy

01:17:34in the tomb of Tutankhamun.

01:17:37I really think the conclusion is very clear.

01:17:41These two tombs are similar.

01:17:44And this is why I do believe 100%

01:17:46that this tomb was mainly made for Tutankhamun.

01:17:51Zahi's theory is that when Tut died unexpectedly,

01:17:54the larger tomb meant for him was nowhere near ready.

01:17:58And therefore, in 70 days,

01:18:01they need to prepare this tomb.

01:18:04The only tomb that could be ready in time

01:18:07appears to have been a small burial site

01:18:09for a royal advisor

01:18:10being constructed in the Valley of the Kings.

01:18:13So, whose tomb did Tut take over?

01:18:18It would have to be someone with a royal connection.

01:18:21The most likely candidate is Ai.

01:18:23Back at Tut's tomb,

01:18:25Zahi explains more.

01:18:28I really believe that the tomb

01:18:30in the West Valley of the Kings

01:18:31was originally the tomb of Tutankhamun.

01:18:34And this tomb was originally

01:18:37was the tomb of Ai.

01:18:41To fit all of Tutankhamun's treasures,

01:18:43the tomb had to be enlarged.

01:18:45And on the back wall of the burial chamber

01:18:47is a clue which could explain

01:18:49why Ai might want to do this in a hurry.

01:18:54Here, Ai is depicted performing a key ritual

01:18:58known as the opening of the mouth,

01:19:00which ushered the dead pharaoh into the afterlife.

01:19:05We don't really understand

01:19:07what the full mechanics were for becoming a pharaoh.

01:19:10So as far as we can tell,

01:19:12it was by doing that that Ai became legitimate pharaoh.

01:19:15I want to show to the public

01:19:17that Tutankhamun gave me the privilege

01:19:20to take him to the afterlife.

01:19:22And therefore, with this scene,

01:19:26Ai is telling the public

01:19:28I'm the king who came to the throne

01:19:30after the death of Tutankhamun.

01:19:34But according to texts from the time,

01:19:37the heir to Tutankhamun

01:19:38was actually supposed to be Ai's non-royal rival,

01:19:42the general Horemheb.

01:19:44So what happened?

01:19:46The reason why Ai got the succession

01:19:49rather than Horemheb

01:19:51may well be because he was

01:19:53in the right place at the right time.

01:19:55We know there's military issues going on

01:19:57at the time of Tutankhamun's death.

01:19:59It might have been that Horemheb

01:20:01was out of the country.

01:20:02So Ai, King Ai, was a bit sneaky

01:20:05because he knew that his position

01:20:08and Horemheb's position was sort of equal.

01:20:10So they were rivals for this position

01:20:13of being successor to the throne.

01:20:14So for him, in order to get there

01:20:17and do it first,

01:20:18he had to rush just before Horemheb arrives

01:20:21and can object to anything.

01:20:24Horemheb had no power

01:20:26to seize the throne from Ai,

01:20:28so he waited for his turn,

01:20:30which came four years later at Ai's death.

01:20:34Ai may have gotten the grand tomb,

01:20:36but his legacy was not well-respected

01:20:39by his successors.

01:20:41Look at this tomb

01:20:42and see the destruction

01:20:45of the Kartushchev Ai everywhere

01:20:48because they hated the people

01:20:51and the kings of the Amarna period.

01:20:53By this time, Akhenaten has already

01:20:56been written out of history.

01:20:57Ai has now become persona non grata,

01:21:00just leaving Tutankhamun as this island

01:21:03in the middle of all this.

01:21:06The wrath of Horemheb should have been directed

01:21:09only at Ai and Akhenaten.

01:21:11After all, Tutankhamun restored the worship of Amun

01:21:15to the temples of Karnak and Luxor.

01:21:19But at the Avenue of the Sphinxes,

01:21:21one marking suggests

01:21:22that he may have rejected Tut as well.

01:21:27Today, the Avenue of the Sphinxes

01:21:29is one of the city of Luxor's

01:21:31most popular attractions.

01:21:33It runs two miles long

01:21:35and in its heyday

01:21:36displayed over 1,350 ram-headed sphinxes.

01:21:41For centuries, though,

01:21:43it lay buried and forgotten.

01:21:44When the gods of Egypt fell silent

01:21:47during the Roman occupation,

01:21:48the road was swallowed by sand.

01:21:50Then, over the centuries,

01:21:52modern homes and concrete streets

01:21:54obscured it further.

01:21:56Slowly, it sank below the water table,

01:21:58making excavations difficult.

01:22:00Today, it has at last been drained and restored.

01:22:04And visitors can stride down the same road

01:22:06that King Tut used

01:22:07on the day he became king.

01:22:14Tucked in a corner of the Avenue of the Sphinxes

01:22:16is a faded inscription

01:22:17that hints at a seismic shift

01:22:20in the story of Tutankhamun.

01:22:26This is the cartouche of Horeb-Hab.

01:22:30But it shows that the originally

01:22:32was the cartouche of Tutankhamun.

01:22:36Neb-Khibru-Ra.

01:22:39This is the name of Tutankhamun,

01:22:41the throne name.

01:22:42Now, Horeb-Hab came

01:22:44and he put his name

01:22:47above that cartouche.

01:22:50And you can see

01:22:50the signs of Horeb-Hab

01:22:52is clear here.

01:22:54Though Horeb-Hab was commander

01:22:56of Egypt's military under Tut,

01:22:58it appears that he intended

01:23:00to obscure Tut's name

01:23:01from all of the major monuments

01:23:03that represented his reign.

01:23:05Why?

01:23:06The answer could be linked

01:23:08to the worship of the god Amun.

01:23:11People can say

01:23:12that Horeb-Hab wanted

01:23:14to remove the name

01:23:15of Tutankhamun.

01:23:16I say the opposite.

01:23:17I think that the two cartouches

01:23:19can tell us

01:23:21that the two kings

01:23:22wanted to be united with Amun.

01:23:25Horeb-Hab's position

01:23:26must have been quite difficult

01:23:27because he had no royal blood.

01:23:30He was simply a commoner.

01:23:33He knew that he couldn't

01:23:34pass himself off

01:23:35as belonging to a royal family

01:23:37because there was no royal blood there.

01:23:39And so he says

01:23:40that he was the one

01:23:41who influenced Tutankhamun

01:23:43to restore the old system.

01:23:46Horeb-Hab wanted

01:23:47to show the Egyptians

01:23:48I am demolishing

01:23:51anything connected

01:23:54with the Amarna kings.

01:23:55And I am restoring

01:23:57the image of Egypt.

01:23:59I am the one

01:23:59who's returning

01:24:00the power of Egypt back.

01:24:03I am Horeb-Hab.

01:24:06While it may not

01:24:07have been his intention,

01:24:09Horeb-Hab's removal

01:24:10of Tut's name

01:24:10from monuments

01:24:11contributed to his

01:24:12near erasure

01:24:13from Egyptian history

01:24:14by the time

01:24:15of the Ramesses dynasty.

01:24:18But it may also

01:24:20have been the reason

01:24:20Tut's treasure

01:24:21survived the tomb raiders

01:24:22of antiquity.

01:24:25Mother nature

01:24:26and some good luck

01:24:27played a role as well.

01:24:29A few months

01:24:31after the burial,

01:24:32a flash flood

01:24:33came through the valley

01:24:34and put a thick layer

01:24:36above the tomb.

01:24:38Two hundred years

01:24:40after Tut's death,

01:24:41the tomb of Ramesses VI

01:24:42was built on the slope

01:24:44above Tut's tomb.

01:24:46Rubble from its construction

01:24:47slid down the hill

01:24:48to further obscure

01:24:50Tut's burial.

01:24:51Therefore,

01:24:52by the time you get

01:24:53to the time

01:24:54of the tomb robbers,

01:24:55the whole thing,

01:24:56it's so deeply buried,

01:24:57it's not where

01:24:58a tomb robber

01:24:59would think to look.

01:25:01And because he was forgotten,

01:25:03King Tut's treasures

01:25:04lay waiting for history

01:25:06to find them once again.

01:25:10I think the very ironic thing

01:25:12is that I and Horem

01:25:15have tried so hard

01:25:17to eradicate

01:25:18Akhenaten, Nefertiti,

01:25:20and Tutankhamun

01:25:22from ancient Egyptian history

01:25:24that it backfired

01:25:25and they became

01:25:27the most well-known

01:25:28ancient Egyptian figures

01:25:29and one of the most

01:25:31sensational finds

01:25:32of the 20th century.

01:25:37We've come a long way

01:25:38in the hundred years

01:25:39since Howard Carter

01:25:40discovered Tutankhamun.

01:25:42We've used science

01:25:43to reveal the nature

01:25:45of his birth

01:25:45as well as the secrets

01:25:47of his tomb

01:25:48and the frailty

01:25:49of his body.

01:25:52The years of investigation

01:25:53have generated

01:25:54as many questions

01:25:55as answers

01:25:56and created new assumptions

01:25:58about the life

01:25:59of the boy king.

01:26:01But drawing on

01:26:02his unique experience,

01:26:04Zahi has been able

01:26:04to lay some of these

01:26:05to rest,

01:26:06searching for clues

01:26:07that may be hidden

01:26:08in plain sight.

01:26:11While the drama

01:26:12of religious upheavals

01:26:13and the splendor of gold

01:26:15in Tut's tomb

01:26:15are captivating,

01:26:16the humanity

01:26:18of the little boy

01:26:19who took the throne

01:26:20cannot be overlooked.

01:26:23When you think

01:26:24about the fact

01:26:24that Tutankhamun

01:26:25ascended the throne

01:26:26at the age of nine,

01:26:27surrounded by

01:26:28all these different adults

01:26:30who had their own agendas,

01:26:32it must have been

01:26:32very hard,

01:26:34especially as a young child

01:26:36who had a lot

01:26:37of health impairments.

01:26:38During the reign

01:26:39of Tutankhamun,

01:26:40there was a lot happening,

01:26:42most of it not good.

01:26:44On a personal level,

01:26:46we know,

01:26:46for example,

01:26:47that Tutankhamun

01:26:48had two stillborn children.

01:26:52Sometimes on a human level,

01:26:54I think that Tutankhamun

01:26:55and Achsenamun

01:26:56were probably collateral damage

01:26:58in this whole upheaval.

01:27:01It must have been

01:27:01really challenging

01:27:02to grow up

01:27:03in that environment,

01:27:05and that could have

01:27:06made them

01:27:07latch on to each other

01:27:09psychologically.

01:27:14The man who made them famous,

01:27:16Howard Carter,

01:27:17died in 1939.

01:27:19On his gravestone

01:27:21is a quotation

01:27:22from the wishing cup

01:27:23of Tutankhamun.

01:27:24May your life

01:27:27force

01:27:28Ka

01:27:29live.

01:27:31May your past

01:27:33live

01:27:33one million years.

01:27:36One

01:27:37who loves

01:27:37Thebes

01:27:38and dwells

01:27:39in it.

01:27:41Your face

01:27:43see the good

01:27:44place.

01:27:46The man

01:27:47loved Thebes.

01:27:49That's why God

01:27:50rewarded him

01:27:51with this great discovery.

01:27:53And Zahi

01:27:54believes

01:27:55that even

01:27:55greater discoveries

01:27:56are still out there

01:27:57waiting to be found.

01:28:00I'm a very

01:28:01lucky archaeologist.

01:28:03In my career,

01:28:05I made major discoveries.

01:28:07I'm looking right now

01:28:08in the world

01:28:09of the kings

01:28:10for missing tombs,

01:28:11such as

01:28:12the tomb of

01:28:13Amal-Hutam I,

01:28:14Tutankhamun II,

01:28:15Ramses VIII,

01:28:16all the queens

01:28:17of the dynasty,

01:28:18a team.

01:28:18I feel

01:28:19in my heart

01:28:20that before I end

01:28:22my career,

01:28:23I'm going to discover

01:28:24an intact tomb

01:28:26in the valley

01:28:27of the kings.

01:28:30Perhaps Zahi

01:28:31is right,

01:28:31and there is

01:28:32another tomb

01:28:33out there,

01:28:34forgotten by history

01:28:35and hidden by nature.

01:28:36But for the moment,

01:28:38Tut's tomb

01:28:38reigns alone.

01:28:40Until another

01:28:41unspoiled treasure

01:28:42is found,

01:28:43Zahi's personal mission

01:28:44is to solve

01:28:45the lingering mysteries

01:28:46of Tut's tomb

01:28:47and to continue

01:28:48to investigate

01:28:49the many questions

01:28:50still waiting

01:28:51to be answered

01:28:52about the most

01:28:53famous pharaoh

01:28:53in history,

01:28:54the enigmatic

01:28:55boy king,

01:28:56Tutankhamun.

01:28:59and there is

01:28:59the end

01:28:59of the world

01:28:59who is

01:29:00the end

01:29:00of the being.

01:29:00And the end

01:29:01of the being.

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