- 9 months ago
Documentary, Greeks Romans Vikings The Founders Of Europe Part 1- The Greeks
The documentary series Greeks, Romans, Vikings: The Founders of Europe explores how these three distinct ancient civilizations shaped the foundations of Western civilization. The series examines their unique contributions, dispelling myths and offering fresh perspectives on their societies. It delves into the Greeks' philosophical and democratic ideals, the Romans' engineering prowess and legal systems, and the Vikings' seafaring abilities and impact on trade and exploration.
Elaboration:
Ancient Greece:
The series highlights the Greeks' significant contributions to philosophy, science, art, and democracy, emphasizing how their ideas continue to influence Western thought and culture.
Roman Empire:
The Romans' legacy is explored through their advancements in law, engineering, and infrastructure, including their vast empire that stretched across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
Vikings:
The series challenges common perceptions of the Vikings as solely raiders and pillagers, showcasing their sophisticated shipbuilding technology, extensive trade networks, and exploration of new lands, including North America.
Impact on Europe:
The documentary series emphasizes how these three civilizations, despite their distinct origins and characteristics, collectively laid the groundwork for the cultural, political, and social structures of modern Europe.
The documentary series Greeks, Romans, Vikings: The Founders of Europe explores how these three distinct ancient civilizations shaped the foundations of Western civilization. The series examines their unique contributions, dispelling myths and offering fresh perspectives on their societies. It delves into the Greeks' philosophical and democratic ideals, the Romans' engineering prowess and legal systems, and the Vikings' seafaring abilities and impact on trade and exploration.
Elaboration:
Ancient Greece:
The series highlights the Greeks' significant contributions to philosophy, science, art, and democracy, emphasizing how their ideas continue to influence Western thought and culture.
Roman Empire:
The Romans' legacy is explored through their advancements in law, engineering, and infrastructure, including their vast empire that stretched across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
Vikings:
The series challenges common perceptions of the Vikings as solely raiders and pillagers, showcasing their sophisticated shipbuilding technology, extensive trade networks, and exploration of new lands, including North America.
Impact on Europe:
The documentary series emphasizes how these three civilizations, despite their distinct origins and characteristics, collectively laid the groundwork for the cultural, political, and social structures of modern Europe.
Category
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LearningTranscript
00:00We owe much to the ancient Greeks, from the invention of democracy, to citizens' participation in government, to the Olympic Games.
00:13The Greeks laid the foundations of science and created Western drama.
00:23The Romans conquered and unified Europe.
00:26Their greatest achievements lay in administration, infrastructure, and above all, their system of law.
00:38The Vikings stormed onto the world stage as raiders from the sea, but they went on to build a vast network of trade, and they were the first to discover America.
00:50Between them, these three peoples were the founders of Europe.
00:56Our journey into the past takes us first to ancient Greece, known to this day as the Cradle of Europe.
01:12The land of the Greeks.
01:13A Mediterranean world of ancient temples, of countless gods carved in gleaming marble, of mountain villages perched above rugged coastlines.
01:24Scattered over the sea are the Greek islands.
01:25Scattered over the sea are the Greek islands.
01:27Many are bare and uninhabited.
01:29But on the mainland, there are huge olive groves.
01:30But on the mainland, there are huge olive groves.
01:34In the cool of the mountains, there are oak forests and even fir trees.
01:35In the cool of the mountains, there are oak forests and even fir trees.
01:37It was in this land almost 3,000 years ago.
01:38It was in this land, almost 3,000 years ago.
01:39It was in this land, almost 3,000 years ago.
01:40That the history of the Greeks began.
01:43Scattered over the sea are the Greek islands.
01:46Many are bare and uninhabited.
01:47But on the mainland, there are huge olive groves.
01:56In the cool of the mountains, there are oak forests and even fir trees.
02:03It was in this land almost 3,000 years ago that the history of the Greeks began,
02:10with a hundred city-states in the eastern Mediterranean.
02:16The mini-empires were constantly fighting.
02:20Bloody battles were commonplace.
02:24They were united only by their language and their gods,
02:28who were believed to live high on Mount Olympus.
02:33From there, they intervened in human affairs as they pleased.
02:44The Greeks had many gods,
02:46but only the 12 most important dwelt on Mount Olympus,
02:50where they lived as a single, large family.
02:54The Greeks portrayed them as ideal human beings.
02:58Their features are noble and regular.
03:01They are tall, slim and well-proportioned.
03:10But ideal as they might appear,
03:12in their natures the gods of Greece were all too human.
03:16Their stories are shot through with intrigue, envy and cunning.
03:20The Greek gods are completely different than we imagine them.
03:29They are not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-gegen-wärtig.
03:34But they were also feared,
03:36especially when playing the Greek gods.
03:37They are not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish.
03:41They are not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish.
03:48But they were also feared,
03:50especially when playing the game of destiny.
03:53The most colourful figure was Zeus, known as the father of the gods and famous for his love affairs.
03:59His sister, Demeter, both a virgin and a mother, governed fertility and the harvest.
04:06Her moody brother, the sea god, Poseidon,
04:08he was a father of the gods.
04:09But they were also feared,
04:11especially when playing the game of destiny.
04:14The most colourful figure was Zeus,
04:16known as the father of the gods and famous for his love affairs.
04:20His sister, Demeter, both a virgin and a mother,
04:23governed fertility and the harvest.
04:26His moody brother, the sea god, Poseidon, enjoyed sinking ships.
04:32Athena, born fully armoured from the head of Zeus,
04:35stood for wisdom and war.
04:38Beautiful Aphrodite looked after love.
04:41She was married, but rarely faithful.
04:46Dionysus drove away sorrow.
04:48He loved wine and ecstatic festivals.
04:52And finally, Apollo, responsible for all kinds of things,
04:57but most of all for the oracle of Delphi.
05:03It was unwise to do anything in ancient Greece without consulting the gods,
05:08ideally at the so-called navel of the world, Delphi.
05:12The complex of temples at Delphi surrounded the most influential oracle of the Greek world.
05:22Thousands of pilgrims made their way to Delphi,
05:27taking with them animals for sacrifice,
05:29for all knew that the oracle required a precious sacrificial gift.
05:34Many ordinary people made the journey in the hope that fate would decide in their favour.
05:55And kings, from Croesus to Alexander the Great, anxiously awaited the right prophecy.
06:04Success or failure, to go to war or not, victory or defeat,
06:10it all lay with the pronouncements of the oracle.
06:13Lässt uns mal los.
06:16Wir waren wirklich die Ersten.
06:19Ich bin es, Mimis.
06:21Wisst ihr noch?
06:22Danke.
06:23Tretet auf.
06:37Habt ihr die Geschenke für das oracle?
06:39Ja, natürlich.
06:43The words of the oracle were delivered by the Pythia,
06:46a priestess inspired by Apollo.
06:53Pilgrims were not permitted to address the Pythia directly.
06:56They submitted their questions to the priests,
06:59who then passed them on to her.
07:04The rite took place behind closed doors.
07:09No one has ever discovered exactly what went on in the inner sanctum.
07:20According to tradition, the Pythia fell into a deep trance.
07:28Only when she had reached delirium could she receive the messages of the gods.
07:33When the priestess finally proclaimed the oracle, her words sounded confused, as if she were intoxicated.
07:48There has long been speculation as to how the Pythia entered her trance.
07:52One explanation is that she breathed in methane and carbon monoxide that issued from fishes in the ground.
08:00Inhaling these gases can deprive the brain of oxygen.
08:03mimic the oxymocYn.
08:08The Pythia suggests that the sagtens all those maybe some stars ...
08:14as if the gods are evaporated out from the vierge of their andes all the CRAW ...
08:23So the priests were the real authority, they were powerful men who ran the Delphic Oracle
08:52as a lucrative business.
08:56Könnt ihr uns mitteilen, was sie gesagt hat?
08:59Es ist schwer, die Worte der Götter zu deuten.
09:02Aber irgendwas könnt ihr uns doch sagen, oder?
09:04Apollon ist euch und euren Plänen sehr wohl gesonnen.
09:07Und für eure Großzügigkeit, so viel kann ich sagen, wird er euch reich belohnen.
09:12Die Priester hatten ihre Macht durch das Wissen, denn sie hatten in der ganzen Welt ihre Leute geschickt.
09:38Und sie haben Informationen bekommen, was in der dicken Welt passiert ist.
09:43Und als die Leute hierher gekommen sind und sie haben eine Frage gestellt,
09:46dann wussten die Priester Bescheid, was für eine Antwort sie geben sollten.
09:52Und die Leute, die hierher gekommen sind, sie haben Geld geschickt.
09:55Und so haben die Priester dieses Geld verwaltet.
09:59Und sie haben dann in solchen Schatzhäusern gelagert.
10:03Und diese Schatzhäuser und überhaupt das Geld, was in Delphic hineingeflossen ist,
10:08haben sie wie eine moderne Bank verwaltet und sie haben auch Geld verliehen.
10:13Und so sind die Priester zu dieser großen Macht gekommen.
10:18It could even be said that the priests were running Greece's largest financial center.
10:23The two most important Delphic principles, know thyself and nothing in excess,
10:33are said to have been carved above the porch of the temple.
10:37However, the most important thing of all was to have the unpredictable gods on your side.
10:43Even the powerful city of Athens deposited its votive offerings in Delphi.
10:51The other city-states also entrusted their earnings to the sanctuary of Apollo.
10:57The faraway Greek colonies were largely independent,
11:00but probably had oracles and treasure houses of their own.
11:05For centuries, the Greek temples and treasure houses cast their spell on artists, architects and poets.
11:13Today, they attract visitors from all over the world.
11:19Two of the most famous are the Temple of Hera in Sicily
11:23and the Temple of Poseidon not far from Athens.
11:31While most ancient Greeks believed in their mythology and the will of the gods,
11:36Greek scholars were open to other explanations of the world.
11:40They tried to understand the world by reflecting upon it.
11:48The first step was a thorough observation of nature.
11:54Greek researchers drew conclusions from the mating behavior of bees
11:58or measured the circumference of the earth with instruments of their own devising.
12:03The Greeks designed a water clock,
12:12even if only to regulate the speaking time of politicians.
12:25They built equipment such as a machine for drawing lots
12:29for the allocation of official positions.
12:32The scholars were no longer satisfied with stories of the gods.
12:37They wanted to identify cause and effect
12:39and to record them as laws.
12:46These inquiring minds called themselves philosophers,
12:51friends of wisdom.
12:52They are regarded as the founders of science.
12:57From the 6th century BC onward,
13:00their will to understand spread through all of Greece.
13:06Schools of philosophy,
13:08the forerunners of today's research centers,
13:10sprang up like temples of learning.
13:12In the 16th century,
13:20Rome returned to the ideas of antiquity.
13:24Pope Julius II celebrated the great philosophers
13:26in a fresco,
13:28Raphael's School of Athens.
13:32One of them is Socrates,
13:34who tormented the Athenians with uncomfortable questions
13:38and declared,
13:39I know that I know nothing.
13:42White-bearded Plato
13:44established the world's first school of philosophy.
13:48Its central concern was the search for truth.
13:51Beside him is his pupil, Aristotle,
13:53who invented systematic logic.
13:59Then there's Diogenes,
14:01famous even though little is known of him.
14:07And the great Archimedes,
14:09already famous during his lifetime,
14:12for his scientific ingenuity.
14:18Archimedes' reputation won him
14:21a very special assignment.
14:23He had to discover whether a royal crown
14:25was made of pure gold
14:27or had been alloyed with some cheaper metal.
14:29It was a challenging task,
14:35as the precious crown could not be damaged in any way.
14:45The idea that saved Archimedes
14:47came to him in the bath.
14:51The tub was full
14:52and when he got in,
14:54it began to overflow.
14:55Archimedes realized that the volume of the water
15:08that had overflowed
15:09corresponded approximately to the volume of his own body.
15:17He concluded that the volume of bodies
15:20and even their density
15:21could be calculated
15:22by the volume of water they displaced.
15:30He realized that he could use the water method
15:33to determine mathematically
15:34whether or not the crown
15:36was of pure gold.
15:38He observed that an object
15:42with a density lower than that of water
15:44displaced more liquid
15:46than an object with a higher density.
15:49The comparison only worked, however,
15:51if the two objects were of the same weight.
15:56It is said that Archimedes
15:58was so delighted by his discovery
16:00that he cried,
16:01Eureka!
16:02I found it
16:03and ran out
16:04naked into the street.
16:08So Archimedes took the crown
16:10and a lump of pure gold
16:13of the same weight.
16:14If the crown was of pure gold,
16:16it would displace
16:18the same amount of water
16:19as the lump of gold.
16:21However,
16:22the crown displaced far more,
16:24proving it was not pure gold.
16:26This was not the only problem
16:30solved by the ingenious Archimedes.
16:33To this day,
16:33he is regarded
16:34as one of the best minds of all time
16:36and his Archimedean principle
16:38still stands.
16:42His fellow scholars
16:43were not to be outdone.
16:45They designed the first world map
16:47with longitude and latitude.
16:49They discovered
16:55that the Earth is a sphere
16:57and Ptolemy calculated
16:59the movement of the planets
17:01and other celestial bodies
17:02in relation to it.
17:04The list also includes
17:06the first steam-powered machine
17:07and the invention
17:09of the water pump.
17:11In addition,
17:12the Greeks developed equipment
17:14such as the catapult
17:15and protective vests
17:17for their soldiers.
17:20Archimedes formulated
17:21the law of the lever,
17:23laying the foundations
17:24for the development
17:25of mechanics.
17:27We even owe disciplines
17:29such as geometry and algebra
17:31to the friends of wisdom.
17:36Without the great scholars
17:38of antiquity
17:39and their observations,
17:41calculations,
17:42and discoveries,
17:43much of what we now take
17:45for granted
17:45would not exist.
17:46perhaps there would never
17:49have been domes
17:51on top of churches.
17:53There would be no explanation
17:55of the building blocks
17:56of the Earth
17:57or any nuclear research.
18:01The Industrial Revolution
18:03at the beginning
18:03of the 19th century
18:04might never have happened.
18:08Ocean liners
18:09might have remained a dream.
18:10In the 6th century BC,
18:17a reform was implemented
18:19in Athens
18:19that would radically change
18:21the lives of the Greeks.
18:25An estimated 80,000 Athenians
18:28witnessed a political revolution.
18:32The city-state was in crisis.
18:35The ordinary people
18:36had revolted against the king
18:37and the nobles.
18:39They wanted a say
18:40in all important decisions.
18:42It was the birth
18:43of the public assembly.
18:47Every citizen of Athens
18:49could participate.
18:51Or almost everyone.
18:53Only men aged 18 and over
18:55were permitted.
18:56There was almost always a crowd.
19:00The poor received a daily payment
19:02for attending
19:03so that they too
19:04could have their say.
19:07The citizens of Athens
19:23met once a month
19:24in a square
19:24near the Acropolis
19:25to engage in politics.
19:30Agapethos, my friend.
19:32But it was time.
19:33Yes, I had to do it.
19:38This monthly people's assembly
19:40was the first of its kind
19:42in the history of the world.
19:45Its introduction marked
19:46the beginning of a new system.
19:49Democracy.
19:52Symbols of the new system
19:54were Harmodius and Aristogiton,
19:57two Athenians
19:58who assassinated
19:59the tyrant Hipparchos.
20:00It was quite different
20:03in powerful Egypt
20:05and the ancient East.
20:06Their rulers continued
20:08to represent themselves
20:09as gods.
20:12The law was always
20:14on the side
20:14of the despots.
20:18Their people had few rights
20:20but still had to give
20:21their lives in battle.
20:25It may be surprising
20:26that democracy was born
20:28from such a crisis.
20:36At first the Greeks
20:37fought only one another
20:38but then they had
20:40to defend themselves
20:41against the Persians.
20:43Every man was needed
20:44in the battle
20:45against the foreign invader.
20:48All those who were fit
20:49to fight,
20:49from the nobles
20:50to the peasants,
20:51joined the army.
20:52The armies of the city-states
20:56had thousands
20:57upon thousands of men.
20:59Rich and poor
21:00fought in closed ranks
21:01shoulder to shoulder
21:02for their country's independence.
21:08In addition,
21:09Athens built a new navy.
21:12Its thousands of rowers
21:13came from among the poor.
21:17Together the Greeks
21:18were strong.
21:20They defeated the Persians
21:21in two decisive battles.
21:23Marathon on land
21:24and Salamis at sea.
21:27The victories boosted
21:28the growth
21:28of Athenian democracy.
21:30Having risked their lives
21:31constantly for the state,
21:33the poorest citizens
21:34insisted on their right
21:36to a say
21:37in its direction.
21:39Everyone who fought,
21:40whether peasant
21:41or day labourer,
21:42noble or ordinary citizen,
21:44wanted to play his part.
21:47By the early 5th century BC,
21:49democracy was firmly established.
21:51St. Athens.
21:56In this way,
21:57they created a good
22:00hypothesis,
22:01a good basis
22:01for the creation
22:02of democracy.
22:04From there,
22:05there were also
22:06the foreign political experiences
22:09that the different citizens
22:10had in different Greek cities,
22:15which in any case
22:15were very different.
22:17Athens, for example,
22:18is a different experience.
22:21The word democracy means rule of the people.
22:25But in Athenian democracy, the people meant adult male citizens.
22:31Women, children, slaves and foreigners had no part in it.
22:38The wealthy nobles had the greatest political influence.
22:42The second and third classes, merchants, tradesmen and wealthy farmers, provided the lower ranking officials.
22:48The fourth class was made up of day laborers, but all classes could participate in the public assembly.
22:58We are in the area of the elections of the Athenian Church of the municipality.
23:05We see the slope of the speakers, on the floor of Pnikas.
23:11In fact, this was the place where the Athenian democracy made its decision.
23:18Ah, da kommt er.
23:28Bürger von Athen!
23:34Wir wissen alle, dass unsere Flotte die größte und stärkste der Welt ist.
23:43Und das ist auch gut so!
23:47Und doch ist unser Frieden ständig in Gefahr.
23:50Was, wenn uns eines Tages der freie Zugang zu unserem Hafen abgeschnitten wird?
23:56Es ist höchste Zeit, eine Schutzmauer zu errichten.
23:59Von Athen bis nach Pireus.
24:01It's easy to say! And who should all this pay?
24:05Listen to it! The Reichs will be paid extra for the wall!
24:31They were the leaders of the municipality, who led the people.
24:35This had a positive meaning.
24:37Later, the Republic of the Republic had a negative meaning,
24:41because they could lead the people in the wrong decisions,
24:45according to their own and not the real legal concerns.
24:51Bürger von Athen! Ich frage euch!
24:55Wollt ihr wie bisher in Wohlstand leben und unseren Feinden trotzen?
25:02Dann stimmt alle dafür, die Schutzmauer zu bauen!
25:06Sagt Ja! Sagt Ja! Sagt einfach Ja!
25:14Will noch jemand was dazu sagen? Jetzt ist die Zeit!
25:18Er möge nach vorne kommen und hier zu uns allen sprechen!
25:26Nun hört gut zu!
25:29Wer gegen den Bau der Mauer ist und gegen den Vorschlag des Helenos, der hebe die Hand!
25:40Und wer für den Vorschlag ist, der hebe jetzt die Hand!
25:47In the end, it was the little man's vote that counted.
25:50Laws were passed or rejected by majority vote,
25:54and the common people were always in the majority.
25:57Das Ergebnis ist klar!
26:00Damit ist es beschlossen!
26:02Die Mauer wird gebaut!
26:04Only the rich paid special taxes.
26:08The idea of fleeing to a tax haven would never have occurred to them.
26:11No state prior to Greece left so many tablets inscribed with laws.
26:17There are thousands of decrees etched in stone.
26:21The fragments record all kinds of decisions.
26:24Building projects, whether to go to war,
26:26whether to spend money on a celebration.
26:28Building projects, whether to go to war, whether to spend money on a celebration.
26:34In this style, there are the most important ones
26:38from the Athenian Churches of the municipality.
26:41These are usually based on the surface and specific areas,
26:45such as the Acropolis or the ancient market.
26:48In this style, there are two pages
26:51which are defined by the participants of the participation parties
26:58and the processes,
27:00which are defined by the participants
27:02in which the participants will receive the money from the Athenian.
27:06In the last section of the Anaglyphalus
27:09there are also the Aegean and Saki
27:13which were obviously in which there were the money.
27:17It is a symbol of the money that they have spent.
27:21Many of the decrees related to tax.
27:26The word foroi, tax, often appears on the inscriptions,
27:31but the taxes were levied only when necessary as a one-off payment.
27:36When the assembly voted for a law, it took effect immediately,
27:41and everyone could read it on the stilis.
27:44For example, in the agora.
27:46The illiterate could ask a reader appointed by the city
27:49to read the new decrees aloud.
27:54Official positions were allocated by lot.
27:57No particular qualifications were required to become a market policeman,
28:01a pistolence commissioner or a judge,
28:04but candidates needed an impeccable reputation and a little luck.
28:10Leonidas Linus, du bist gebet!
28:14And here we have Gregorius Panakos.
28:29And also Galamis is here with him.
28:33For drawing lots, the Greeks invented a voting machine.
28:40There were two machines at each entrance to the place of assembly.
28:47On the front of the machine, there were five columns of slots.
28:51Each column was assigned a letter of the alphabet,
28:54with the letter corresponding to a group of candidates.
29:04Tokens bearing candidates' names were placed in the column for their group.
29:11White and black balls were then dropped into the voting machine.
29:15If a white ball fell at the foot of the column,
29:17that group was elected.
29:19A black ball meant not elected.
29:22Not elected.
29:26The closing was a fundamental meaning
29:30and the beginning of the Athenian democracy.
29:35It started from the impression
29:37that all Athenian citizens
29:39should have the same possibilities
29:43in terms of a minority,
29:46to apply public positions
29:48except for special positions such as the strategist.
29:51For this reason,
29:53the special machines,
29:55which you will see,
29:57and in this way,
29:58they were punished
30:00in the circumstances of the exemption.
30:03It would not be able
30:04for someone who participated
30:06to participate in a court
30:07to know
30:08much before
30:09where the court would come
30:11so that it would be
30:12to be understood
30:13in which direction it would be.
30:18The rulers of Rome
30:19did not think very highly
30:20of the Athenian model.
30:22Later,
30:23absolute European monarchs
30:25rejected any participation
30:27of the people
30:28in their government.
30:31In Germany and in France,
30:32the people had to fight
30:33for their rights for centuries.
30:35for centuries.
30:40With the French Revolution,
30:41democracy finally returned
30:43to continental Europe.
30:51Women have had the right to vote
30:52since the early 20th century.
30:56The right of the people
30:57to participate in government
30:58is now a basic principle
31:00throughout the Western world.
31:07But in ancient Greece,
31:08the precondition for participation
31:10in politics
31:11was to be a good warrior.
31:13For young men,
31:14physical fitness
31:15was compulsory.
31:16Although they learned
31:23a little rhetoric
31:24and grammar
31:25in the schools,
31:26boys,
31:27to sport,
31:28they performed it naked
31:29in Greek,
31:30gymnos.
31:35Thus,
31:36the word gymnasium
31:37means literally
31:38naked place.
31:39The demands on the boys
31:40were extremely high.
31:42Those who showed talent
31:43during training
31:44were given special assistance
31:45to help them compete
31:46in the main sporting events.
31:50It was one of the principal aims
31:51of the Greeks
31:52to have a well-schooled body.
31:54They were the first people
31:55to revere the proportions
31:57of the human body
31:58and to record them in stone.
32:00The first people
32:01to revere the proportions
32:02of the human body
32:03and to record them in stone.
32:05They were the first people
32:06to revere the proportions
32:07of the human body
32:08and hold them in stone.
32:14For the first time,
32:15statues looked like
32:16flesh and blood
32:17human beings.
32:22The flawlessness
32:23of Greek sculpture
32:24sets the aesthetic
32:25standard to this day.
32:34The Renaissance
32:35took up the Greek ideal
32:36once more,
32:37creating fresh masterpieces.
32:47However, the artists
32:48of the Renaissance
32:49were more concerned
32:50with the perfect representation
32:51of human anatomy
32:52than they were
32:53with developing
32:54a perfect body.
32:58Few Renaissance men
32:59ever subjected
33:00their own bodies
33:01to hard training.
33:02The Greek
33:06Greek plastic
33:07takes place
33:08the human body
33:09to the human body.
33:10The human body
33:11can show God
33:12to show the athletes
33:13to show the
33:14He is not
33:15the
33:16the
33:17the
33:18the
33:19the
33:20the
33:21the
33:22the
33:23the
33:24the
33:25the
33:26the
33:27the
33:28the
33:29the
33:30the
33:33the
33:34the
33:35the
33:36the
33:38the
33:39A few people today are as disciplined in their training as the ancient Greeks were.
33:52It was very different for the youth of Greece.
33:55If they were not training for war, they were training for athletic competition.
34:04There were around 300 events spread over the year.
34:09Everyone who took part did so to win.
34:15Victory brought cash prizes and helped in one's career.
34:22All of the Greek sporting disciplines survive today.
34:30The discus was there from the beginning, as well as the javelin.
34:34Both require strength and a sophisticated technique.
34:39The Greeks also pioneered boxing, although the rules are now much stricter.
34:51And in running, all that matters in the 21st century is world records.
34:56The Greeks' greatest sporting event, the Olympic Games, was held every four years in the sanctuary of Olympia.
35:06Messengers toured all of Greece to announce the beginning of the Games.
35:10All the city-states, even avowed enemies, were invited, and all fighting had to stop.
35:20During the Games, a truce, the Olympic Peace, prevailed throughout the Greek world.
35:26Tens of thousands attended the spectacle.
35:30It was originally dedicated to Zeus.
35:36Gymnasiums were made available so that competitors could train during the Games.
35:40The athletes were to lack for nothing.
35:43For then, as now, they were idolized.
35:46Those who won received the Laurel Crown and eternal glory.
35:52One legend was Milo of Croton, also known as Fatso.
36:02He was a wrestler who devoured eight kilos of meat per day.
36:07Theogenes, a boxer, notched up 1,300 victories.
36:15His statue was said to have healing powers.
36:20And the notorious wrestler, Arachion.
36:23Even as he lay dying, he dislocated his adversary's toe.
36:30Even some of the losers are remembered.
36:32Apollonius arrived too late and was not allowed to compete.
36:37Eupollos was found to be corrupt.
36:40And another Theogenes was punished for boring the spectators.
36:49By the 5th century AD, the Olympics had faded away.
36:55The Christian Emperor, Theodosius, banned pagan religions.
36:58And Olympia itself disappeared.
37:01First beneath a city, and then under metres of rubble.
37:10It was not until the late 19th century that archaeologists uncovered the ruins.
37:16Once again, Olympia was on everyone's lips.
37:20In 1896, the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens.
37:24Very soon, women were allowed to compete.
37:30Later, black athletes were also admitted.
37:37It is impossible to imagine the globalised world of the 21st century without the Olympic Games.
37:42Regardless of which country hosts them, they are seen as a universal symbol of peace and international understanding.
37:54An equally important legacy is the theatre.
37:57Even if today's theatre is less popular with the mass audience.
38:00In ancient Greece, every little town was proud to have a theatre of its own.
38:06The theatre of the park is based on the Buddhist art of the Buddhist.
38:19In the world of the Buddhist fervent street art.
38:22The theatre is also the Buddhist art of the Buddhist art.
38:26In Greek drama, there were strict performance rules, and each play was performed only once.
38:45On the stage, there were only three actors, all of them men.
38:50They wore masks to play different parts, the old, the young, and, of course, women.
38:57What counted was the grand gesture, a loud voice, and good diction.
39:04There was also a chorus, which moved the story forward and explained its background.
39:18But most important of all were the patron, a nobleman who paid for the production,
39:23and, of course, the playwright.
39:28Sagt es doch mal!
39:30Ah, Euripides. Euer neues Stück scheint wieder spektakulär zu werden.
39:36Ja, natürlich.
39:37Wenn ich an eure letzten Stücke denke, ich möchte eure große Arbeit nicht anzweifeln, aber...
39:43Sag nur, was ihr denkt.
39:45Ich verstehe nicht, warum am Ende immer alle sterben müssen.
39:48Es ist eine Tragödie, deshalb.
39:50Das Amüsantes, Leichtes wäre doch auch mal schön.
39:54Etwas zum Lachen, ha?
39:57Aber ich schreibe Tragödien.
39:59Ja, das weiß ich, aber ich möchte dieses Mal etwas anderes sehen.
40:04Verstehen wir uns?
40:05Ich verstehe überhaupt nichts.
40:09Euripides, ich meine es ernst.
40:12Ein bisschen mehr Leichtigkeit wäre nicht falsch.
40:14Denk nach, ich komme morgen wieder.
40:16Ja, ich gehe.
40:23In der Beginnigen waren die Epics,
40:26wide-ranging verse-storys of heroes.
40:29Homer chanted the Iliad and the Odyssey to public audiences.
40:37In Tragedy, heroes struggled to escape their fate.
40:42It almost always ends in their death.
40:46But comedies were performed side by side with the tragedies.
40:51They were often coarse, but always ended happily.
40:54Like Aristoteles says, it is the explanation of the soul.
40:59Within the stories that the myth says,
41:02watching the solution that the God gives or the people give,
41:06it is a lieb.
41:07So, the modern dramaturgy therapy begins from the ancientity.
41:14The drama helps the mental health to come back.
41:17Provided that the audience could hear the director's message, Greek theatres could hold up to 14,000 people.
41:47You have to speak more clearly so that you can hear the last line.
41:54Also, you can see yourself.
41:56You are not the one you are not.
41:58Not so close.
41:59Good.
42:03Now, let's go out.
42:07Don't be so close.
42:11The hair looks good.
42:13Stop laughing.
42:17But the hair is not so nice.
42:22It has to look better.
42:25Tell the Schneiders that they should do it again.
42:31At the theatre in Epidaurus, every word can be understood, even from the very top rows.
42:37The theatre is famous for its acoustics.
42:47The theatre's face.
42:48The closing of the theatre is such an important part,
42:50The studio's face.
42:53And the
43:10and they are important for the speech.
43:21This is the characteristic of the theatre,
43:24because all the clashes are here.
43:29But if we go somewhere else,
43:32we can see that the sound of the clashes,
43:34because we don't have this symmetry from the clashes.
43:37This theatre is a perfect side of the acoustical planning,
43:41but we don't know if this was an outcome of the想像
43:47or the experience that the ancients had made.
43:51This is a mystery for us.
43:56The idea of the theatre as a purifier of the soul
44:00and the mirror of human conflicts
44:03is still influential today
44:05and has developed new forms.
44:08Now it is not only the world's stages,
44:10but also its screens
44:12that tell stories of tragic or happy events every night.
44:19When pictures began to move,
44:21film took the lead from theatre.
44:23The dream factories of the cinema
44:25reached the hearts of millions.
44:27There are always new heroes to conquer the screen,
44:36but their stories follow the time-honoured pattern
44:39of tragedy and comedy.
44:41The culture of the Greeks spread throughout the known world.
44:58In no small part because of the king of Macedonia,
45:01Alexander the Great.
45:03Alexander the Great.
45:08In the fourth century BC,
45:10Alexander set out to conquer the world.
45:21He brought the Greek city-states to their knees
45:23and won a far-reaching empire.
45:34Throughout his empire,
45:35Alexander established the Greek language
45:37and Greek education.
45:39In doing so,
45:40he founded the era of Hellenism.
45:43From his native city of Pella,
45:50Alexander carried the Greek heritage
45:52all the way to India.
45:54By then, however,
45:55the golden age of Athens was long since over.
45:59After Alexander's death,
46:01his empire broke up
46:02and a new power emerged.
46:05Rome.
46:08The Romans were specialists in conquest.
46:11In contrast to the ever-quarrelling Greeks,
46:14they emphasised organisation and discipline.
46:21It was not difficult for the Roman legions
46:23to subjugate the small Greek city-states
46:26once and for all.
46:35Politically, the Greeks remained what they were
46:37at the beginning,
46:38individualistic and divided.
46:40They were incapable of uniting against the Romans.
46:47But culturally,
46:48it was Greece that conquered.
46:50the Greek dynasty,
46:51and even though he had
47:16...and they continued many pieces that were presented by the Greeks.
47:22Even in their legal issues, which was mainly Roman,
47:27there were even more rules that they had taken from the Greeks.
47:35And the legacy of the Greeks is enormous.
47:38In their search for explanations, the Greeks discovered universal laws of nature and vindicated
47:50scientific thought.
47:58No people has been so influential in the development of modern technology, in the water and in
48:05the air.
48:06The Greeks made progress possible.
48:12Because of the trail they blazed, we are now able to measure not only the world, but also
48:18the universe.
48:24With their art of storytelling, they created great works of world literature and inspired
48:30the film industry.
48:35The huge venues that today attract thousands of spectators can be traced back to the theatres
48:40of the Greeks.
48:41And the idea of bringing many peoples together in peaceful competition is still celebrated
48:56every four years at the Olympic Games.
49:00around the globe and across all borders.
49:05But the most important legacy of ancient Greece is an idea.
49:14The idea that the citizens are the masters of the state and govern it with laws that they
49:20themselves have adopted.
49:23Many European countries would probably not be democracies today if not for the revolutionary
49:30reforms of the ancient Greeks.
49:34And not just European countries.
49:36Abraham Lincoln echoed the Greeks in his dictum.
49:40Government of the people, government of the people, by the people, for the people.
49:46The achievements of the ancient Greeks have stood the test of time.
49:51To this day they influence profoundly the life and thought of the western world.
49:56There can be no doubt that ancient Greece was the cradle of our culture.
50:01In the future.
50:15Transcription by CastingWords
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