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After seizing Canaan, the Israelites wage war, ending in the battle of David and Goliath. David is made ruler and names Jerusalem as the new capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. Upon his death, David's son ascends to the throne, but proves to be a different ruler.
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00:09trein
00:10Jerusalem é a cidade de universidade
00:13a cidade de easy
00:14a cidade deULG
00:17a cidade de temperatura
00:20é a sua palavra
00:21mas também dá a sua dor
00:24e a sua unidade
00:28Porque significa que as pessoas pensam que eles precisam posses isso, absolutamente.
00:37A palestinante e-Israelite conflitos que nós estamos vivendo hoje,
00:41você tem visto isso em Jerusalém por milhares de anos.
00:47Para os jovens, Jerusalém é onde Solomon construiu a templação.
00:52Para os cristãos, isso é o lugar onde Jesus foi cruzado.
00:57Para os jovens, Jerusalém é onde o Prophet Muhammad fez a jornada de noite.
01:03As pessoas são dito a conquistar o mundo, eles foram subiu por essa cidade.
01:08Não outro individual mudou a terra como o Herod do Great.
01:15Saladin foi decidido tomar os cristãos e levaram a Jerusalém.
01:20At a time of Ottoman e Islamic rule,
01:24os britânicos gostaram de controlar a terra.
01:26O principal dos Estados Unidos é contra o governo britânico de palestino.
01:35Nós somos a única pessoas do mundo que são homens e semelhantes.
01:40Para os israelis, a criação do Estado de Israel é visto como um miracle.
01:45E, claro, para os palestinos, é um grande desastre.
01:50A história de Jerusalém é uma história muito complicada.
01:54E se você não conhece ela em sua complexidade,
01:57é muito difícil entender o que está acontecendo aqui hoje.
02:02O passado nunca é morto.
02:04E se há uma cidade no mundo a qual isso se aplica,
02:08é Jerusalém.
02:08Jerusalém.
02:10Jerusalém.
02:39Abertura
02:42Abertura
02:45Abertura
02:45When you're walking in modern Jerusalem,
02:48it does not escape you that you are walking in a place where great history has happened.
02:54And you see it, you see it whether you're at the Dome of the Rock, the al-Aqsa mosque, the
02:59Wailing wall.
03:01There is such remarkable history that we've only read about.
03:07You've got people living on top of people, stones built on top of stones, religion based on top of religion.
03:15The first time I went to Jerusalem, I thought it was probably one of the most beautiful places I'd been
03:19to on earth.
03:22But when I was on the ground and I started to see the tensions between everyone, I felt as though
03:27this was a city of contradictions.
03:31A city that had much history, but a city that also had a lot of sorrow and a lot of
03:37pain.
03:42Jerusalem, besides its religious significance, is the center of national aspiration of two communities, the Israelite community and the Palestinian
03:51community.
03:52And that adds another layer of complexity.
03:54It's impossible to imagine fixing the present and building a better future for Jerusalem without understanding the many stories of
04:06its past.
04:10For the earliest periods, our major source of information is the Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament.
04:18Some of the stories that we have in the Bible have been proven by archaeological means.
04:25Others are stories that we have to take the narrative depending on how you believe in your faith tradition.
04:35I think what we have to remember is that the religious assertions are what made Jerusalem what it is.
04:43For centuries, people who lived in and around Jerusalem accepted that as a truth.
04:50So when we are reading the biblical stories, yes, we are reading the history of Jerusalem.
04:54And the story of the holy city begins around 1000 BC in the land of Canaan.
05:05In 1000 BC, the major kingdoms were the Egyptian kingdom to the south and the Hittites to the north.
05:13This land of Canaan in between, that was just a battlefield that the big boys came to duke it out
05:20on.
05:22Canaan is the land that the Israelites believed that God gave to them as the land that they were to
05:29inherit.
05:30The problem is, is that there were already people in Canaan, the Canaanites.
05:36According to the Bible, God commands the Israelites to kill every man, woman, and child there, what we would call
05:42today genocide.
05:43And so, you can see how, in a modern setting, that might be cause for contention between people who might
05:55say,
05:56this wasn't your land to begin with in the first place.
06:00After conquering the lands of Canaan, the Israelites settle into 12 separate tribes,
06:06united by their shared belief in an early form of Judaism.
06:11The 12 tribes were divided.
06:14There were huge rivalries and feuds between them.
06:18And it's during this period that the Israelite tribes had a lot of conflicts with the Philistines, who were their
06:24neighbors.
06:27Philistines were Israel's arch enemy.
06:31And it's important to remember that the only history we have of the Philistines was written by the people who
06:36fought against them.
06:38So, the fact that they have become sort of a synonym for being boorish and uncultured is because all of
06:45their histories were written by their enemies.
06:47But in fact, they were very sophisticated people.
06:51They were expert with sword and shield technology and fighting.
06:57And these guys are conquering all of the cities that they're coming across.
07:02They're marching eastward towards the Judean highlands.
07:06And then you've got the Israelites spreading out towards the coast.
07:24After a series of wars with the Philistines, including a very bad defeat,
07:29the Israelites decide that they want to have a king rule over them.
07:34People are stronger when they're united than when they're divided.
07:39And ancient Israel realized that as long as they were separate tribes, they weren't going to be very strong.
07:50And therefore they decided to elect a king.
07:54And the king they chose was Saul.
07:59Saul had the advantage of being a military man and also being very charismatic.
08:05But he was insanely paranoid about his position.
08:11You know, there had never been a king before.
08:13There wasn't any sort of lineage that he could hang his legitimacy on.
08:17And so he was always terrified once he became king that it was going to be taken away.
08:24Shortly after Saul is named king, the Israelite and Philistine armies meet at the valley of Elah.
08:32The Philistines say, look, you pick a champion, we'll pick a champion.
08:37The two champions will fight each other.
08:41The idea being that whoever won the one-on-one battle, the losing army would serve the winner.
08:48And that might be a way of sparing the massive loss of life on both sides.
08:56What the Israelites don't know at first is that the Philistines have Goliath.
09:08And Goliath is described, sometimes he's nine feet tall.
09:13He is this almost mythic hero.
09:15He is this supernatural force.
09:31If you're the Israelites, and you go out onto the battlefield, and you see Shaq,
09:38you're not feeling so good about your chances.
09:44Their assumption here is that Saul, the king, is going to take the challenge.
09:49Saul has absolutely no intention of taking this challenge.
09:52He's just not going to do it.
09:57But there is one Israelite who has the courage.
10:00An unassuming shepherd who is about to fight one of the most legendary battles in human history.
10:20The 12 tribes of ancient Israel have united under King Saul and met the Philistines in battle.
10:29The Philistines have sent a man, Goliath, out onto the battlefield who has challenged any other Israelite to battle.
10:38And because of his size, none of the Israelites were willing to take him up on the offer.
10:44So at this point, David enters the story.
10:49David was the youngest of eight sons.
10:53And the story goes that David was basically a shepherd boy who would take his father's flocks out.
11:00Altogether, he is one of history's most fascinating characters.
11:04He was a poet.
11:05He was a singer.
11:07He's a little guy.
11:08He's not a smooth politician.
11:10He's not an administrator.
11:11He's not a schemer.
11:12He's the opposite of all of that.
11:14He acts on impulse.
11:19David took on Goliath, according to the story, because Goliath was defying God.
11:27He was defying the Jewish God of Israel by taunting his armies.
11:34So for David, this was more than just a battle.
11:36It was also symbolic of the power of the God of Israel.
11:43David isn't even in the army.
11:46His father tells him to take lunch to his brothers who were fighting in Saul's army.
11:53And this is the picture that we get painted of the boy David, right?
11:58This punky little kid who's like, nobody's going to talk to my God like that, right?
12:04And everyone else is like, calm down, man.
12:06You don't know what you're doing.
12:08But he's willing to die to protect the honor of God.
12:23Goliath doesn't believe his eyes.
12:25He's like, are you mocking me?
12:26What is this supposed to be?
12:28This is not a contest.
13:17Throughout the history of Israel, we see this theme of the remnant.
13:21that God chooses to do his greatest work through the leftovers, through the disadvantaged.
13:29And David's defeat of Goliath was proof to this struggling, desperate people that the
13:35God who had established them was still with them.
13:39It elevated them as a nation.
13:42It allowed them to take pride in who they were as a people.
13:49This young David, when he kills Goliath, he gets rewarded by King Saul by being appointed
13:55as the general of the army and King Saul also gave David his daughter to marry.
14:02So in a way, he brought him very close to himself.
14:05But then King Saul realized later that David became too popular and the source of competition.
14:13He's the equivalent of a social media icon, right?
14:18David is the guy that everybody's tweeting about and writing songs about.
14:27People were going around and singing, Saul has killed his thousands and David his 10,000s.
14:33So even though David's victory over Goliath was great and was celebrated, in fact, it made
14:39Saul feel very insecure.
14:42It began to seem to Saul that David was a bit of a nightmare who had infiltrated the family
14:47and was taking it over.
14:49And you've got to remember that Saul had just been elected king.
14:52And when you have an elective king, people can always elect another king.
14:56And that was his fear.
14:59So what we see Saul doing is acting out of paranoia, acting out of jealousy, and acting out of fear.
15:10Saul becomes so jealous of David that he tries to have him put to death.
15:15He tries to kill him.
15:18David manages to escape Saul's attacks, but is forced to spend the next two years in exile.
15:28With David's absence, the war between Israel and the Philistines ramped back up again.
15:34We see Saul losing and losing.
15:37And finally, Saul mounts, you know, one more desperate battle against the Philistines.
15:42And it goes so badly that Saul's men are driven back.
15:45All three of his sons are killed in front of him.
15:49And he sees the Philistines coming.
15:51He knows that this is it.
15:52This is the end.
15:53And so he turns to his armor bearer, and he begs to be killed by one of his own.
16:00And so the armor bearer does just that.
16:05And then runs back and tells David that Saul has died.
16:17Instead of celebrating that Saul was dead, because Saul had been trying to kill him for so long,
16:27David publicly mourns Saul's death.
16:37To such an extent that he has the armor bearer killed for killing the king.
16:47David knew that politically, it was important to mourn the death of the king of Israel.
17:21David is named king of the Israelites.
17:26But while the twelve tribes may have united to fight a war, they remain divided in spirit.
17:34David realizes that with his charisma, he can really unite them.
17:40And that united, they are forced to be reckoned with.
17:43At a time when in the Middle East, virtually all the great powers, such as Egypt, are in decline.
17:50And that's a time when a relatively small power can achieve great conquests.
17:57So how does he maintain the peace?
18:00What can David do to prove to the twelve tribes that he's not just going to favor his home tribes?
18:10He's going to choose a capital that will be a compromise.
18:18He settles on a small mountain enclave, built by Canaanites over 2,000 years earlier.
18:26Jerusalem.
18:29Jerusalem is a particularly unpromising spot to have become as important as it became.
18:37It doesn't have a strategic location.
18:39It's not even on a waterway, on a river or anything like that.
18:44Jerusalem was chosen as a capital city because of where it lay.
18:50It was right in the middle.
18:52Kind of like Washington, D.C. in the United States.
18:57The great thing about Jerusalem was it was impregnable.
19:00It was a fortified strongpoint, which made it very attractive.
19:06Walled cities were not all that common in the ancient Near East.
19:10So conquering a previously built walled city made a whole lot more sense than trying to establish one of his
19:15own.
19:18When the Israelites had first settled the country a couple of centuries earlier,
19:23they had not taken Jerusalem.
19:25Jerusalem had remained in the hands of the native population,
19:30which the Bible describes as Jebusites.
19:34And the Jebusites were holdouts.
19:36They were still hanging on to that last little bit of Canaan.
19:41The Jebusites today are invoked essentially, again, in a political discourse,
19:48whereby some modern Palestinians argued that they are their ancestors.
19:55It's so important to understand Jerusalem's history because many of the modern conflicts are rooted in the past.
20:04So if you can prove that you are descended from the Jebusites,
20:10then you can say we have the earliest claim to the city versus the Israelites.
20:19But if David wants the Jebusite city, he'll have to take it by force.
20:28David says to his troops,
20:30if any one of you is able to get in, penetrate the defenses,
20:34then I will make you captain of the army.
20:49They knew about this water shaft that went inside the city of Jerusalem.
20:56And his general, Joab, sneaked up the water shaft
21:00and then threw open the gates and they were able to go in and conquer the city.
21:08Now, David wants to make sure that everyone understands that Jerusalem is not just the political capital of Israel,
21:19but it's the religious capital of his kingdom as well.
21:24And so what David does is he brings the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem.
21:31The Ark of the Covenant is the splendid golden container that holds the scrolls which contain the laws of Moses
21:42and which are carried by the Israelites throughout their wanderings in the desert.
21:50It had two cherubim who were thought to stand in the presence of God mounted on it
21:56and between those cherubim was this empty space and the empty space was the presence of God.
22:03David has this giant ceremony and he marches the Ark of the Covenant up the hill and into Jerusalem.
22:11David wants this big show to show the people that they're no longer a nomadic people.
22:22The problem with it is before he moved the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem, God lived with his people.
22:30After he moved it there, God lived at Jerusalem.
22:33And that just sets up centuries of coming conflict over this physical place.
22:41But for now, the United Kingdom is thriving.
22:45Twelve rival tribes have finally found peace under King David's rule.
22:54David has worked all of his life, has trusted God, he's worked hard, he started off as a simple shepherd,
23:03he's fought all of these battles, and now he's the king of Israel.
23:08So, what a time to let your guard down.
23:19At the height of his power, David will make a decision that will jeopardize everything he's built.
23:32King David has brought the twelve tribes of Israel peace and created a new capital city known as Jerusalem.
23:44The Bible says that in the time that kings usually go out to war, David stayed behind.
23:52It's almost as if that now that David's finally reached the position of king, he decides, eh, that's enough, and
24:01he lets his guard down.
24:02And that's when Bathsheba comes into his life.
24:11David is out on the roof of his palace, and he looks across.
24:15And he sees this beautiful woman having a bath, and he's struck by her great beauty.
24:20Of course, he's, you know, he's being a peeping Tom, right?
24:24He knows that she is the wife of one of his commanders, but he admires her.
24:30He decides he has to have her.
24:34I wonder if David could take back any moment in his life, if he wouldn't take back that day that
24:42he saw Bathsheba bathing on the rooftop.
24:48We talk a lot about Helen of Troy, but we don't talk about Bathsheba in the same way, and maybe
24:53we should, because her beauty starts a series of events that become very problematic for King David's reign, and all
25:01of it is his fault.
25:05He shows no acknowledgment of her as a person, he shows what is, for the time, a very typical view
25:13of women as possessions, that if you want it, you take it.
25:19I know we want to think today of women having complete agency and stuff like that, but it didn't work
25:23like that in the ancient world.
25:25Women were dependents.
25:29Bathsheba has no right to tell the king no.
25:37She has to go because that is the king of Israel, and so we don't get to hear from the
25:42narrative what she's feeling and what she's thinking.
25:58In the course of what happens with Bathsheba, the rape that she endures by King David, she becomes pregnant.
26:09David realizes that he has a problem.
26:14Because the husband, Uriah, is away at war, and so it's going to be clear that Bathsheba must have had
26:21an affair with somebody, and of course that somebody was David.
26:28So what does he calls Joab, the commander of his army, and he orders him to send Uriah into the
26:35battlefield at the front of the battle lines, and to have everybody else withdraw and leave him vulnerable.
26:44And then all of the enemy fire is focused on Uriah, and of course he gets killed in battle.
26:51And then David gets to paint himself as consoling the mourning widow, Bathsheba.
27:00So David orders what is essentially the murder of her husband in battle.
27:09It's this immense moral failing that is right at the center of the story of David.
27:21And it's the beginning of his downfall as king of Israel.
27:32Despite his best efforts, it isn't long before news of David's actions spread across the kingdom.
27:41The prophet of Israel goes to David and says, if I told you a story about a rich man who
27:48went and stole the sheep of a very poor man, and David says, I would kill that man.
27:55And the prophet says, your majesty, it's you.
27:58You had all of the power, and you went and you took something away from someone who had no power,
28:06and you treated both this man and his wife with disdain and with lack of reverence.
28:12And David is terrified because he knows that God knows that he has not only committed adultery, but that he's
28:21committed murder.
28:28He disregards public outrage and forces her to marry him.
28:33It was not something that sat well with lots of people, especially in the court of David.
28:39Because by marrying, it created a feud on the part of the other wives of David.
28:48If you go back and you read all these biblical stories, you'll see that all of these guys had lots
28:53of wives, and they all had lots of kids.
28:56Ultimately, the significance of the story is that David's personal family, his house, right, is no longer going to have
29:04any peace in it.
29:06David's going to be engaged in war in his family relations.
29:10There's always going to be war.
29:15By marrying Bathsheba, King David has brought turmoil to the royal family.
29:24Several decades pass, and the remaining years of his rule are consumed by chaos.
29:36As David's about to die, you can imagine the people in Israel asking themselves,
29:44what's next, what's next for our kingdom, what's next for Israel, what's next for this golden age?
29:54David has to pick a new heir, and it's really important to remember that at this point,
29:59the tradition of the crown always going from father to eldest son is not that well established.
30:05We're talking about a world in which until very recently, the strongest guy got the crown.
30:12This creates this knot where we don't know who the crown is going to go to.
30:17All the mothers of the different sons were all arguing for their sons to be made kings.
30:24Just as much as kings were making alliances, wives were making alliances too,
30:28in order to make sure that they would be taken care of.
30:32But Bathsheba was David's favorite wife, and Bathsheba used her influence
30:39to make sure that David named her son, Solomon, as the next king of Israel.
30:49For David, this is a way of toning to her for what he did.
30:53He took her husband away, but now he's going to make her the queen mother.
30:58Her son is going to rule over Israel.
31:01After 40 years ruling ancient Israel, King David dies around 970 BC,
31:09and Solomon takes his place.
31:13If you want to talk about a cold-hearted, calculating, manipulative, hard-nosed individual,
31:20look no farther than Solomon.
31:23Solomon doesn't have David's charisma.
31:26That is one thing that is very, very clear from all of the accounts.
31:29He doesn't have the same ability to make everybody follow him through sheer force of personality.
31:35So you see political shrewdness, but unfortunately, not a lot of personal integrity in Solomon.
31:41King Solomon was a very spoiled kid who grew up in the court of power and wealth,
31:48who was so consumed with his aura as king that he essentially tried to exploit it to his advantage.
31:57And he has to somehow make sure that he holds on to power.
32:02Instead of doing what David would have done and making people love him,
32:07he does what any other ancient Near Eastern dictator would do,
32:11and he carries out a palace purge.
32:18He kills all the princes, all the brothers, all the guards, all the courtiers who've served other people,
32:25and he brings in his own people, a bit like an American president arriving in office,
32:29except with murder added.
32:35Solomon's rooflessness is demonstrated in the Bible by the story of the two women who both claim the same baby.
32:44And Solomon smiles and says, fine, we'll cut the baby in two, and you can share it.
32:53And this, of course, instantly produces the real mother, because the real mother says,
32:56no, no, no, no, no, she can keep the baby, she can keep the baby.
32:59And that story was held up as great wisdom, because Solomon knew the mind of a mother.
33:06But that's a pretty sadistic thing to do.
33:11I think it's evidence that he was a ruthless man that just didn't want to deal with petty things.
33:17He wanted grandiose things.
33:21That is Solomon's image in history.
33:24But his importance is because he does something astonishing in Jerusalem.
33:34As a king, Solomon is always laboring in the shadow of his great father.
33:40He doesn't have the same opportunity to distinguish himself as a warrior, nor does he have the inclination.
33:45But he's got to distinguish himself in some way.
33:50Solomon's greatest accomplishment was the construction of the temple in Jerusalem.
33:56And this was a house for the Ark of the Covenant.
34:02Solomon's father, David, had brought the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem
34:05and planted it apparently on a rocky high point overlooking the city.
34:11So what Solomon does on top of that rocky outcrop, Solomon builds a permanent house for the God of Israel.
34:23Temple Mount, Haram al-Sharif for the Arabs, is the place where the first temple built by Solomon stood.
34:33Almost certainly on top of the rock that today is the foundation stone of the dome of the rock.
34:40The gorgeous Islamic edifice that stands there today.
34:43It probably is the most holy place in Western and Middle Eastern civilization.
34:51But at the time the temple is done, it represents Israel moving into this place as a prosperous, settled nation
34:59with a king whose power is acknowledged by all.
35:03But it also is a falling away from the original idea that God was going to dwell with his people
35:09and therefore you didn't have to have a physical place for him to be.
35:14Solomon spared no expense in building his temple in Jerusalem.
35:19He brought in the cedars from Lebanon.
35:21He brought in the best stone cutters.
35:24He wanted this to be the most beautiful temple in the region.
35:30He is determined to be greater than his father.
35:34And one of the greatest flaws in Solomon's personality
35:37was that he really believed bigger is better with all of his heart.
35:44To build his extravagant temple, Solomon forces his people to work grueling hours without pay.
35:52Solomon is a ruthless leader.
35:55He rules on the backs of his own people.
35:59And anybody who disagrees with him is going to have a problem.
36:05People call leaders like this a despot.
36:09And so all of this begins to put pressure on the kingdom.
36:15When the situation gets this bad, insurrections aren't uncommon.
36:22You can see people rising up and trying to overthrow the king.
36:32King Solomon has built the great Jewish temple in Jerusalem.
36:37But it comes at the cost of alienating the very people he has sworn to protect.
36:41By the end of Solomon's rule, the people are incredibly unhappy.
36:47You have to work forced labor.
36:49He also forces you into the military.
36:52You're also being heavily taxed.
36:55So it's not really a peaceful kingdom.
37:01Solomon's generals come together to plan an insurrection.
37:07But their king is one step ahead.
37:25Solomon crushes the rebellion.
37:31So his reign essentially ended up being as a very brutal reign.
37:37Featuring lots of revolts as a result of his policies.
37:42Finally in 931 BC, King Solomon dies.
37:53One of the ways you can look at it is that King David was the real deal.
37:58Even with all of his faults, he was the king that Israel fell in love with.
38:04And then his son Solomon was the pretender.
38:10But he was strong.
38:11He was at least strong enough to force these tribes to stay together.
38:17And by the time Solomon was gone, it all fell apart.
38:23And from that point on, the United Kingdom is split into two parts.
38:29A northern kingdom, what's known as the northern kingdom of Israel,
38:33and the southern kingdom, which is called Judah.
38:35And they each have their own monarchic successions, their own kings.
38:40Both Judah and Israel will spend the next few centuries at war.
38:46When this united kingdom comes apart, it becomes Israel and Judah.
38:53And that would later become Samaria and Judea.
38:58And these are the components that would constitute the West Bank and Israel.
39:08So when you study the history of Jerusalem, and you appreciate the religious symbolism,
39:14then you begin to think about, okay, so then what went wrong?
39:23The clash today over the narrative of Jerusalem is largely tied to the way history gets exploited.
39:32Politicians who would like to go back to the story of King David claim that what happened in Jewish history
39:41is a kind of deed that gives Judaism, and the Jews for that matter,
39:48perpetual ownership of the city of Jerusalem.
39:50So essentially what you see is biblical history, not as history, but as political propaganda.
40:04Jerusalem wasn't supposed to be all about politics.
40:08But we see over and over again in the history of Jerusalem,
40:12we see the rise of kings who may pay lip service to the ideal under which the country was founded,
40:18but succumb to the temptation to preserve their own power.
40:23Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
40:27We've heard this expression, and nowhere does it apply more than to Jerusalem.
40:36Jerusalem was made into the city that it is today because of stories like David, like Solomon.
40:48Not the natural resources, not the gold, not the oil.
40:52It's the history of Jerusalem that makes it the center of the world.
41:04After Solomon's rule, Jerusalem remains in a state of chaos for centuries.
41:10But that will all change when a towering republic arrives on the shores of Palestine
41:16with one clear goal, to conquer the entire world.
41:25Thegovernment Era
41:25And that will occasionally be the rightful world
41:26And the world beyond those who have been
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