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Founded in the late 1950s, Fatah is the Arab organisation which provides part of the present-day government for the Palestinian lands of Gaza and the West Bank. Currently locked in a violent struggle with Hamas, its Muslim rival party founded 30 years later, it has sought to represent the interests of the Palestinian people on the world stage by standing up to Israel, sponsoring terrorism and attempting to win back lands, which it claims belongs to the Palestinian people. It has committed a number of significant outrages since its inception and has been an unrelenting adversary towards Israel and the West generally. After the establishment of Israel in 1948, its history has been one of continuing harassment and conflict in order to win what it sees as its rightful territory. This BBC programme Fatah / Hamas looks at these events through history.
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00:04September the 5th 1972 Munich Germany the world awakes to the shocking news that nine members of
00:11the Israeli Olympic team have been kidnapped in the early hours of the morning their captors are
00:17now demanding the release of more than 200 Arab militants from Israeli jails otherwise the hostages
00:24will be killed but who are the hooded men holding the lives of the Israelis in their hands
01:04September the 5th 1972 Munich Germany nine members of the Israeli Olympic team are being held hostage
01:12in the Olympic village by a group of eight heavily armed men their members of a ruthless terrorist
01:19gang known as Black September an extreme offshoot of Fatah the militant wing of the Palestine
01:25Liberation Organization the PLO Fatah's main aim is to get the Israelis out of Palestine and establish
01:33it as a self-governing Arab state and Black September will do anything to achieve this
01:41including kidnap and murder now they're demanding the release of 234 Palestinian Arabs held in Israel
01:49as well as two notorious German terrorists Andreas Bader and Ulrike Meinhof imprisoned in Frankfurt
01:58after hours of negotiations the German authorities agree to fly the kidnappers and their hostages in
02:03two helicopters to the first and felt broke military airbase nearby where a plane will take them on to
02:09Cairo Egypt the helicopters arrive at the base just after 10 30 p.m.
02:20the terrorists have no idea that a small team of police marksmen is lying in wait for them six of
02:27the terrorists together with the four pilots emerge from the helicopters two of them then walk across to
02:36the waiting plan but finding it empty they realize they've been lured into a trap and sprint back towards
02:43the helicopters now the police open up determined to kill them and the other terrorists before they turn
02:52on the hostages but in the mistaken belief that there are only five terrorists rather than eight
03:01there are not enough police gunmen to take them all out at the same time the terrorists immediately return
03:07fire meanwhile the helicopter pilots run for their lives as the gun battle rages police call up armored
03:15personnel carriers but this the terrorists realize they don't have a chance and start shooting the
03:21helpless hostages then a grenade is tossed into one of the helicopters with devastating results the battle is
03:29now over five of the terrorists have been killed and three arrested but to everyone's horror the nine
03:38hostages are dead so too is a German police officer later to Israeli Olympic team officials are found dead back
03:48at the Olympic Village they've been killed while trying to resist the terrorists this brings the Israeli death toll to
03:57eleven determined to bring the perpetrators to justice the Israeli government headed by Prime Minister
04:03Golda Meir now authorizes Mossad the Israeli secret service to hunt down the men behind the massacre and
04:10execute them the mission is code named the wrath of God eventually eight of the eleven terrorists behind
04:17the plot would pay the ultimate price for the part they played although the Munich massacre was the worst of
04:24the outrage is committed by black September the organization would go on to perpetrate a number of other
04:29shocking acts including hijacking bombing and assassination of innocent Israeli victims black September was founded by
04:39Fatah as an extreme terror group in September 1970 when King Hussein of Jordan expels thousands of Palestinians from his
04:48country
04:56He is furious at the unwanted attention focused on Jordan following the destruction of three Western airliners forced down by
05:04Palestinian hijackers on September the 6th at an old British RAF base known as Dawson's Field not far from Amman
05:11the capital
05:21the PLO together with Fatah its militant wing is now forced to close its head office in Jerusalem and relocate
05:28to Beirut Lebanon
05:30humiliated and thirsting for revenge Fatah now gives black September the task of first hitting back at Jordan and Israel
05:37and then escalating the terror campaign to a new level
05:41not just in the Middle East but also further afield
05:46in November the following year the Prime Minister of Jordan was fee out towel is assassinated while visiting Cairo
05:54he's cut down by a black September hit squad on the steps of the Sheraton Hotel
06:03other outrages would follow including an attack on a Saudi Embassy in Khartoum on March the 2nd 1973 during which
06:11two visiting American diplomats are killed
06:15then on August the 4th to black September gunmen open fire on a crowded passenger lounge at Athens Airport
06:23five people four of them American die and 55 a wounded a short time later Fatah shuts black September down
06:32the PLO leadership led by Yasser Arafat
06:35reckon their cause is being done more harm than good by increasingly reckless acts of terrorism abroad from now Fatah
06:43will restrict their operations to Israel
06:45attacking outlying villages planting bombs and taking hostages they're determined to carry on until Israel gives up on Palestine and
06:54allows the Palestinian Arabs to rule themselves
06:58but the Israelis are just as determined to hang on to what they regard as the Holy Land their sacred
07:04and ancestral home
07:08Palestine was once part of the mighty Ottoman Empire but by 1923 the territory is administered by the British under
07:15a mandate from the League of Nations
07:18six years earlier in what becomes known as the Balfour Declaration the British government make it clear they're in favor
07:24of Jews establishing their own homeland within Palestine
07:29thousands of displaced Jews now start flooding back to Palestine from around the world and together with those already living
07:36there
07:36they're clamoring for the restoration of the ancient kingdom of Israel with the city of Jerusalem at its heart
07:44but the growing tide of Jews infuriates the Arabs they regard Palestine as theirs by right and will do anything
07:50they can to prevent it being taken over
07:54so they begin a campaign to drive the Jews out attacking their outlying villages and communal settlements known as kibbutzes
08:02the Jews fight back forming a militant group called the Haganah to protect themselves
08:09however by 1939 it's not just the Arabs who are worried about the ever increasing number of immigrant Jews so
08:16too are the British
08:18now much to the delight of the Arabs but the bitter resentment of Jews the British introduce a strict quota
08:25system
08:26this will still be in force at the end of World War two in 1945 when huge numbers of Jews
08:32having suffered terribly at the hands of the Nazis during the war
08:36particularly in Eastern Europe start making their way to the Holy Land
08:43however the British are still determined to keep the numbers down attracting worldwide criticism as they turn back ships crowded
08:50with desperate immigrants
08:51but by 1948 they can see no point in trying to hang on to a country where they appear to
08:57be hated by Jews and Arabs in equal measure
09:01so the British pull out leaving the Jews to declare Israel as a separate state in May 1948
09:09now the resentment of the Palestinian Arabs boils over and the violence between the two factions reaches new heights
09:17however by the late 1950s a group of young Palestinian Arabs working in Kuwait realize that a new coordinated approach
09:25is needed in the continuing battle against Israel
09:28they form an organization called Fatah and its sole purpose is the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle
09:37their leader is a civil engineer called Yasser Arafat a few years later he will be the best known terrorist
09:45leader in the world
09:49by 1963 the fledgling organization known as Fatah which opens its first office in Algiers
09:55is attracting the attention of various Arab governments eager to see Palestine established as a separate self-governing state
10:03however not all of them are happy with Fatah's rising prominence
10:07and early in 1964 Egypt together with a number of other Arab states agrees to fund a new movement
10:14the Palestine Liberation Organization that are known as the PLO
10:18according to its manifesto the main aim of the PLO is to attain the objective of liquidating Israel
10:28Egypt's president Colonel Gamal Nasser the prime mover behind the PLO now seeks to downplay Fatah's role in the struggle
10:37but Fatah carries on regardless setting up a number of terrorist camps on the West Bank controlled at the time
10:44by Jordan
10:44from here they mount a series of guerrilla attacks on outlying Israeli settlements
10:50most of them are easily rebuffed by Israeli security forces
10:56however towards the end of May 1965 after they destroyed two Fatah camps
11:02the Israelis decide it's time the Jordanians put a curb on Fatah's activities
11:09Yitzhak Rabin the Israeli chief of staff severely criticizes what he sees as Jordan's apparent indifference to Fatah terror gangs
11:17operating out of their territory
11:18but he's ignored and the raids continue
11:22Fatah is now also sending its guerrillas into Israel from Syria
11:26a country which regards itself in a permanent state of war with Israel
11:32this alarms the Soviet Union which although no friend of Israel
11:37privately warns Syria through the Soviet ambassador to Damascus to restrain Fatah
11:43while the Soviets are happy to support Fatah by offering training facilities
11:47they don't want the situation in the Middle East becoming any more volatile than it is already
11:54but by the summer of 1967 following repeated border clashes with Syria
11:58and faced with thousands of Egyptian troops taking up position in the Sinai
12:02previously occupied by Israel
12:05the Israeli government has had enough
12:08in the early hours of June the 5th
12:10Israel goes to war against Egypt, Syria and Jordan
12:15six days later it's over
12:18with the Israelis inflicting a series of crushing defeats on their Arab neighbors
12:22but this doesn't stop Fatah
12:24if anything they become even more aggressive
12:28with much of the Arab world in disarray
12:30following what becomes known as the Six Day War
12:33Fatah now looks to the Soviet Union for greater support
12:37in July 1968 Fatah's leader Yasser Arafat travels to Moscow
12:42where he's assured of a steady stream of arms with which to continue the fight against Israel
12:47because of his unrelenting campaign to drive the Israelis out of Palestine
12:52Arafat is now regarded as a hero throughout the Arab world
12:57and Egypt's president Colonel Nasser
12:59still smarting from his humiliating defeat at the hands of the Israelis during the Six Day War
13:04badly needs a hero
13:07he's not convinced that the PLO is as effective as it could be
13:11and starts lobbying for it to be taken over by Arafat
13:16much of the rank and file agree
13:18and in February 1969 Arafat is duly elected chairman of the PLO
13:23and he will bring Fatah with him
13:26making it far and away the largest and most powerful group within the organization
13:32now with the PLO behind them Fatah steps up its terror campaign against Israel
13:40in fact in the year Arafat assumes control of the PLO
13:43Fatah is reported to have carried out around two and a half thousand guerrilla attacks on Israeli towns and villages
13:51this is followed in 1972 with the most notorious of them all
13:56the massacre of eleven Israeli athletes and officials at the Munich Olympics
14:01although carried out by Black September
14:04everyone knew that Fatah and ultimately the PLO were behind the outrage
14:09following the shutdown of Black September in the autumn of 1973
14:13Fatah changes tack and concentrates once more on hitting Israelis in their own territory
14:21by June 1982 as the death toll mounts the Israeli government loses patience
14:27and launches a full-scale invasion of Lebanon
14:31the invasion puts a brief hold on Fatah's terror campaign
14:34as the PLO is pushed out of Beirut and forced to relocate to Tunisia in North Africa
14:42but despite the fact this is around 2,000 miles from Israeli controlled territories
14:47it's not long before the attacks start up again
14:51once more this pushes the Israelis to the limit
14:54and on October the 1st 1985 they carry out an airstrike
14:58on the PLO and Fatah headquarters in Tunis killing 70
15:03but despite this setback Fatah refuses to let up
15:07and in December 1987 they're right behind a series of mass riots
15:12when hundreds of young Palestinians confront Israeli forces in the West Bank
15:16and along the Gaza Strip
15:18the violent uprising is known as the Intifada
15:22an Arabic word which translates literally as throwing off
15:26now the Israelis really do have their work cut out
15:30trying to keep the Palestinians in check
15:33but as Fatah stokes the Intifada flames
15:36a powerful new rival enters the fray
15:39issuing its first communique just one week after the riots begin
15:45the organization which will go on to displace Fatah
15:48in the hearts and minds of a great many Palestinians
15:50is called Hamas
15:52Hamas which has spun out of the Muslim Brotherhood
15:55a political and religious organization founded in Egypt
15:59in Egypt during the late 1960s by a teacher and spiritual leader
16:02Sheikh Ahmed Yasin
16:04is just as determined as Fatah
16:06to drive the Israelis out of Palestine
16:10they want to establish the whole of the disputed territory
16:14as an Islamic State
16:15and along the way obliterate Israel
16:19and this will be achieved through a jihad or holy war
16:23but for the first year or so
16:25Hamas which is split into political and military wings
16:28concentrates on integrating with the Palestinians
16:31building their trust by becoming involved in school and hospital programs
16:35and supporting the poor and needy
16:38however early the following year
16:41Hamas operatives are kidnapping and killing Israeli soldiers
16:45Israel now starts going after its leaders
16:50Yasin
16:51who is half blind
16:52and has been confined to a wheelchair since the age of 12
16:55is arrested
16:56and charged with ordering the executions of Palestinians
16:59said to have collaborated with the Israeli army
17:02after a trial lasting a year
17:04and broadcast live by Israeli TV
17:07he is sentenced to life imprisonment
17:10despite this potentially devastating setback
17:13Hamas regroups under new leadership
17:16and once more
17:17its military wing known as the Izzadin al-Qasam Brigades
17:21targets Israeli soldiers
17:25occasionally as the violence continues unabated
17:27Hamas and Fatah will join forces
17:31meanwhile the PLO chairman Yasser Arafat
17:34is trying to arrive at a more peaceable solution over Palestine
17:39in the summer of 1993
17:41he's parted to the Oslo Accords
17:44a deal struck with Israeli Prime Minister Yichak Rabin
17:47and brokered by US President Bill Clinton
17:50Israel now agrees to withdraw troops from the occupied territories
17:54and allow the Palestinians a limited form of self-government
17:58through what will be called the Palestinian Authority
18:00the authority which is headed by Arafat
18:03is in effect an adjunct to the PLO
18:06but the outcome of the Oslo Accords
18:09inflames Hamas even more
18:10they're totally opposed to any kind of settlement with Israel
18:17Hamas now launches an unprecedented number of attacks
18:20many of them by fanatical suicide bombers
18:22in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv
18:26Israel responds on September the 25th 1993
18:30with an assassination attempt in Amman, Jordan
18:33on the leader of Hamas's political wing Khalid Mishal
18:36when two Mossad agents who were caught almost immediately
18:40attack him in the street and inject poison in his ear
18:45when word reaches King Hussein
18:47and as Mishal hovers near death in hospital
18:50he's furious
18:52he contacts US President Bill Clinton
18:55saying he'll close down the Israeli embassy in Jordan
18:58unless Clinton calls the Israelis to account
19:01now Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
19:04finds himself under intense pressure
19:07he gives way and sends an Israeli doctor to Amman
19:10with an antidote to the poison
19:13King Hussein continues to press home his advantage
19:16by insisting that the Israelis also release the ailing founder of Hamas
19:20Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
19:22now eight years into his life sentence
19:25in return Hussein says he'll set the Mossad agents free
19:28the Israelis concede
19:30in the following week
19:31Yassin is flown back to a tumultuous welcome in Gaza
19:36meanwhile the campaign of violence against the Israelis continues unabated
19:41however since the implementation of the Oslo peace accords
19:44Hamas now finds itself up against Palestinian security forces as well
19:49this fails to determine
19:52but in August 1999
19:54Hamas suffers a major setback
19:56when the Jordanians who previously supported them
19:59shut down their offices and arrest various top officials
20:03following Hamas's reluctance to cut back on terrorist activities within Jordan
20:10in autumn the following year
20:12Gaza and the West Bank explodes once more with violence
20:16it's the start of the second intifada
20:20Hamas and Fatah are in the thick of it
20:23meanwhile Hamas continues to send its suicide bombers into Israel
20:27many of them from the West Bank
20:29which is closer to the crowded urban areas than Gaza
20:33hundreds of people die
20:35including innocent children on school buses
20:38caught up in the seemingly never-ending cycle of death and destruction
20:41then on September the 11th 2001
20:45Al Qaeda launches the greatest terrorist attack the world has ever known
20:49as two hijacked airliners are flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York
20:55Sheikh Yassin condemns the atrocity
20:58saying that Islam does not condone the killing of civilians
21:02considering how many civilians had died in Hamas attacks
21:05his views seem somewhat surprising
21:09at the same time however
21:11Yassin says that the US has brought what becomes known as 9-11 down on itself
21:15because of the country's continued support for Israel at the expense of Palestine
21:21Israeli security forces now target Hamas controlled areas on the West Bank
21:28in what's called Operation Defensive Shield
21:31Israel goes for the Hamas heartland in the city of Nablus
21:34destroying weapons factories
21:36seizing huge quantities of arms and explosives
21:39and killing or arresting at least a dozen leading Hamas figures
21:43but even though its infrastructure has been hit hard
21:47Hamas refuses to let up in its relentless attacks on Israel
21:53Sheikh Yassin is still regarded as the driving force behind Hamas's terror campaign
21:59the Israelis are determined to get him
22:04Yassin manages to elude them until March the 22nd 2004
22:09when he's killed in a missile attack from an Israeli gunship
22:12as he's wheeled out of a mosque in Gaza after early morning prayers
22:18the attack also kills Yassin's two bodyguards
22:22eight bystanders and injures a dozen more
22:28British Prime Minister Tony Blair condemns the killing
22:31as huge protests erupt throughout the occupied territories
22:34and a TV reporter asked Condoleezza Rice, US Secretary of State
22:39if it was politically wise to kill a 67 year old man in a wheelchair
22:43she responds by saying
22:45remember that Hamas is a terrorist organization
22:50and that Sheikh Yassin has himself
22:52personally, we believe, been involved in terrorist planning
22:58as Yassin's funeral takes place
23:00his successor is named as Abdul Aziz Ramtisi
23:04he pledges to continue Yassin's work
23:07saying Israel will not know security
23:09until the whole of Palestine is liberated
23:12he will be assassinated himself
23:15the following month
23:18support for Hamas continues to strengthen
23:20and two years later
23:22in January 2006
23:24the organization wins the Palestinian legislative election
23:27beating Fatah into second place
23:30but when they form a government
23:32the US, Israel, Canada
23:35and the countries within the European Union
23:37refuse to acknowledge it
23:38they still view Hamas as a bunch of terrorists
23:42and cut off all funding unless and until
23:45Hamas recognizes Israel
23:47renounces violence
23:49and sticks to earlier peace process agreements
23:53faced with such overwhelming international opposition
23:56and rapidly running out of funds
23:58Hamas eventually
23:59and grudgingly
24:00agrees to power sharing with Fatah
24:03but with Fatah as the junior partner
24:06but such an arrangement
24:07was always doomed to failure
24:10by now Yasser Arafat is dead
24:12he died two years earlier
24:14to be succeeded as head of the Palestine Authority
24:17by Fatah's Mahmoud Abbas
24:20on June the 14th 2007
24:22after months of fruitless wrangling
24:24Abbas dismisses the completely ineffective joint government
24:28and declares a state of emergency
24:30he appoints ex-finance minister Salam Fayyad
24:35Fatah man as prime minister
24:37in place of Hamas' Ismail Haniya
24:40and gives him the task of forming a new administration
24:44but Hamas refuses to recognize his appointment
24:46and shows its strength by moving 3,000 fighters into Gaza
24:50ostensibly to tackle lawlessness
24:52but in effect they are now running Gaza as a Hamas stronghold
24:59this is immediately condemned by Fatah
25:01which retains control of the West Bank
25:05the violent rivalry which has existed between the two organizations
25:09flares up again
25:11both Fatah and Hamas
25:13are as determined as ever
25:15to establish Palestine as a separate self-governing state
25:18but unless and until they can work peaceably together
25:22the chances of a peace with Israel
25:25remains tantalizingly distant
25:27the
25:31the
25:33the
25:33the
26:01Transcription by CastingWords
26:03Transcription by CastingWords
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