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00:00O que é o que é o que é a Chernobyl?
00:30O que é o que é a falta de responsabilidade contra seus cães e dos cães de vendedores
00:36deve ser impossível para a vendedora.
00:42No final de ano de Arras de 1986,
00:45uma floresta de rádio de cesio-estado em toda a Europa.
00:50Primeiro se muda a Europa para a Ásia
00:53e finalmente a Europa para a Sábana e a Ásia para a Grande Britão.
01:01Fear spreads across Europe.
01:09The starting point of the cesium cloud is the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
01:15No one knows how to stop the nuclear chain reaction in Unit 4 of the exploded reactor.
01:23Unstoppable radioactive material escapes.
01:45The Chernobyl disaster.
01:48The end of all illusions about nuclear power.
01:52How does the accident at the power plant happen?
01:56Why?
01:56Why is Moscow silent?
01:59And what is being covered up to this day?
02:03The search for the truth.
02:08Chernobyl.
02:10Utopia in flames.
02:17In May 1986, a few days after the disaster, Nikolai Steinberg arrives at Chernobyl.
02:25He had helped build the power plant as a young nuclear engineer.
02:36It was a terrible impression.
02:41It was a terrible smell of ozone.
02:45It has been for the whole life.
02:51Ozone is a product of nuclear fission.
02:55Steinberg's most important tool becomes the DP5.
02:59A radiation measuring device devised in case of nuclear war.
03:06The DP5, you go with it, you look.
03:10Now the picture is made in mind.
03:13The picture is spread around.
03:14Where can you, where can't you, where you should go.
03:17Where you should hide, where you should hide in the concrete.
03:19Look.
03:32Eu quero dizer, que eu estava em roupas,
03:36eu estava bem vestida, eu não havia nem de roupas, nem de roupas,
03:40então eu estava absolutamente sem todos os serviços de segurança.
03:45Mas eu não sabia, que isso era realmente radioactivo.
03:49Eu pesquisava em qualquer outra doença.
03:53A cabeça, provavelmente, com alta pressão.
03:56A dor me assustou e me assustou.
04:00Provavelmente, eu não era o que eu tinha.
04:02Ou, por que Deus, eu morreu.
04:26E quando eu estava escrevendo cifras,
04:31eu escrevi, eu vejo um milho, um milho e falo,
04:36eu falo, isso é o que?
04:37Então, eu os olhos se levantaram.
04:40Olha só, eu dormiço com água.
04:42Em unitão quatro, os causadores prevaleiros dos dados prevalecitos
04:45são as queixos depois de apenas alguns minutos.
04:50Moscow mobiliza tens de milhares de soldados de Sovjetos armados.
04:55Os soldados estão subindo a desfus limites
04:58que são duas vezes altamente as que os dos civisãos.
05:06Their mission, to remove radioactive debris from the exploded power plant.
05:13They're referred to as the liquidators.
05:32The liquidators wear special masks to protect against the alpha radiation that damages the lungs.
05:40They're dressed in heavy fabric to safeguard against beta radiation that causes burns.
05:47And they don lead vests that guard against gamma radiation that damages genetic material.
05:58The greatest danger is on the roof of the turbine hall.
06:02The soldiers have only about 90 seconds to throw a few shovels of radioactive debris into the reactor moth.
06:10Then they have to quickly retreat from the deadly radiation field.
06:34Nuclear engineer Nikolai Steinberg calculates the radiation exposure for himself and his colleagues in the power plant.
06:41To protect his men, Steinberg requests special equipment from the Army.
07:06A day later, the Soviet Army delivers what Steinberg requested.
07:11Nuclear-capable armored personnel carriers to transport his people around the power plant site.
07:19Radiation measuring devices are given to each of his crew.
07:32This is the situation in the power plant in mid-May 1986.
07:37The building is also contaminated inside.
07:41The ventilation system is full of radioactive particles.
07:46Units 1, 2 and 3 are shut down, but remain completely intact.
07:54Unit 3 is right next to the ruptured Unit 4.
07:59Unit 4 is a pile of rubble.
08:02The reactor lies wide open.
08:07The reactors of units 1, 2 and 3 are decommissioned, but monitored day and night in shift operation.
08:15The young nuclear engineer, Alexey Breus, is also a member of the control team.
08:21It's not possible to stop the reactors without operators.
08:26It's not possible to stop the reactors without operators.
08:27It's necessary to look for them.
08:28It's necessary to protect their safety.
08:31The safety of the tanks will stop them.
08:35Since the day of the disaster, helicopters have been circling over Unit 4, dropping thousands of tons of material.
08:43The material, especially sand, is intended to help smother the nuclear reaction.
08:54We are already prepared.
08:55We are very careful to go out there, and as soon as we began,
09:19E entrou, derrotou a restaura, a restaura bloquinha de 4-edro-reactório.
09:28Tudo isso derrotou a seguir.
09:34A衣�-força faz desesperadas tentativas de despremer a reação nuclear novos da sua dança em reação.
09:41Para desequilibrar esse trabalho, a luta mobiliza equipamentos da União de toda a União Soviética.
09:49Você tem que tirar o foguete, você tem que tirar o foguete,
09:55para que as pessoas possam entrar, para o caso, um ainda mais trabalho.
10:00E você tem que evitar que a reação de Kettenreaktion de novo e dão alguma forma.
10:08E da essas três questões foram fechadas,
10:12que certos materiais precisam de esse reator.
10:17Eles planeam usar Neutron-Poison Boron para esmermer a reação nuclear,
10:22lead para quellar a radiação, dolomite rock para absorver oxigênio,
10:28e sand servem como agente.
10:31No reator, por exemplo, são 5,000 tons de material misturado
10:35misturado com uranium, grafite e concrete
10:38para formar uma agressiva agressiva, chamada corium.
10:44É um torrid, 600ºC.
10:47O corium threatens to burn through the reactor floor.
10:51A radioactividade contaminates the groundwater
10:54and with it, the nearby Pripyat River,
10:58then the Dnieper, Kiev, and the Black Sea.
11:12The government commission from Moscow orders drastic measures.
11:17A huge heat exchanger in a tunnel under the reactor
11:20serves to dissipate the heat from the Corium.
11:23hundreds of tunnel builders and miners from all over the Soviet Union
11:28are brought to Chernobyl.
11:30In May, they begin drilling the tunnel under Unit 4,
11:34130 meters from the open reactor.
11:44first.
11:45First, it started in the metro.
11:46Then, it started in the metro.
11:47Then, it was a shelter for work.
11:49All through, with the power, with the stone and the wagon with the iron.
11:54Eles trabalham praticamente com os outros.
11:57Eles trabalham com os outros.
11:58A gente trabalha com os outros.
12:06Mas antes, quando eles trabalham, eles trabalham com os outros.
12:11Mas depois, quando eles trabalham, eles atrapam a grá.
12:13E a grá, eu acho que é um tipo de radioactivo.
12:23O que é o trabalho? O que é o trabalho? Não precisa.
12:27Por que? Não há pesquisas, não há nauk.
12:36Depois de semanas de trabalho em um ambiente contaminado,
12:40parece que tudo foi in vain. O túnel não é necessário.
12:46O fogo na terra do reactor está sucessivamente restaindo o corium.
12:51É exatamente o que experiente nuclear engenheiros, como Steinberg, had previsto.
12:57Mas nós decidimos. Nós decidimos.
13:00Nós podemos fazer aqui. Você não pode fazer nada.
13:03Não pode fazer nada.
13:05A luz, a luz, a luz.
13:06Vamos lá, galera. Vamos lá, vamos lá.
13:08Nikolai Steinberg is one of the few high-ranking nuclear engineers on site.
13:14Eleven days after his arrival at the devastated power plant,
13:18Steinberg is appointed chief engineer of the nuclear power plant by the headquarters in Moscow.
13:29His task is to bring units 1, 2 and 3 back online as quickly as possible.
13:35The Soviet Union needs the electricity from Chernobyl.
13:46Justine a power plant, the Soviet Union needs the electricity from Chernobyl.
14:09Eu fui confirmado, que eu vou deixar.
14:24Então, a situação de matros,
14:27eles roubam, e eles estão aqui.
14:35O que é isso aí?
15:08O que é isso aí?
15:14O que é isso aí?
15:20O que é isso aí?
15:23O que é isso aí?
15:26O que é isso aí?
15:27O que é isso aí?
15:27O que é isso aí?
15:28O que é isso aí?
16:02O que é isso aí?
16:02O que é isso aí?
16:03O que é isso aí?
16:03O que é isso aí?
16:07O que é isso aí?
16:08O que é isso aí?
16:17O que é isso aí?
16:17O que é isso aí?
16:18O que é isso aí?
16:26O que é isso aí?
16:26O que é isso aí?
16:28O que é isso aí?
16:29O que é isso aí?
16:30O que é isso aí?
16:36O que é isso aí?
16:37O que é isso aí?
16:38O que é isso aí?
16:40O que é isso aí?
16:42O que é isso aí?
16:45O que é isso aí?
16:45O que é isso aí?
16:50O que é isso aí?
16:53O que é isso aí?
16:54O que é isso aí?
16:55O que é isso aí?
16:56O que é isso aí?
16:56O que é isso aí?
16:58O que é isso aí?
16:59O que é isso aí?
17:00O que é isso aí?
17:02O que é isso aí?
17:03O que é isso aí?
17:07O que é isso aí?
17:09O que é isso aí?
17:11O que é isso aí?
17:12O que é isso aí?
17:12O que é isso aí?
17:13O que é isso aí?
17:15O que é isso aí?
17:17O que é isso aí?
17:18O que é isso aí?
17:18O que é isso aí?
17:18O que é isso aí?
17:19O que é isso aí?
17:20O que é isso aí?
17:21Um dos significantos projetos da Núclea da Núclea
17:24tem sido construído desde a mid-1980s.
17:28É um planto para a ferramenta e a ferramenta.
17:35O desastre de Chernobyl se tornou o catálico
17:38para o movimento anti-núcleo em Núcleo.
17:42Em mid-May 1986,
17:44há grandes protestos em Wachersdorf.
17:46Huitas são injuradas.
17:49Na cidade, a incerteza continua a crescer.
18:16Vocês se sentem mal ou informado?
18:19Nós não informamos.
18:20Nós não sabemos o que está acontecendo.
18:22Nós não sabemos o que está acontecendo agora.
18:25Se você verá algo,
18:26há uma luz.
18:29É um desastre de Chernobyl.
18:30O desastre de Chernobyl é um desastre de confiança
18:31na segurança da Núclea da Núclea da Núclea.
18:34Em uma debate geral no Parlamento,
18:36o Bundestag fala sobre o futuro da Núclea da Núclea da Núclea.
18:40E aí, vocês disseram aqui,
18:42que precisamos usar a ferramenta e a ferramenta
18:47que devemos usar a ferramenta
18:48em que isso pode ser responsável.
18:52Depois do que sabemos,
18:55e como resultado da catástrofe de Chernobyl,
18:59é confirmado que o uso,
19:02como vocês veem,
19:03não é responsável.
19:0790% do que o desastre de radiografia
19:10cai na proximidade da Chernobyl,
19:14contaminando a Nord-Ukraine,
19:16partes da Rússia e Belarus,
19:18com cesio-137,
19:23com plutonium-239,
19:25ou 240,
19:30ou com a mericium-241,
19:33an extremamente toxic e agressiva decay product
19:37of plutonium.
19:39Estes particulares deterioram
19:41apenas depois de hundreds
19:43de thousands de anos.
19:44e depois de evacuando a sua casa de Pripyat,
19:56Maria Portzenko e sua família
19:58vive em uma pequena cidade
19:59na Nord-Ukraine.
20:05Então, com frutas,
20:08com frutas,
20:09até agora,
20:09até agora,
20:10em Marjanova,
20:11nós tentávamos não fazer isso,
20:13porque...
20:14não...
20:15não...
20:16não...
20:16não...
20:17não...
20:17não...
20:18não...
20:18não...
20:19não...
20:21não...
20:22não...
20:22não...
20:23não...
20:23não...
20:26não...
20:43não
20:44Mocas pessoas em norther Ukraine são repetidas por rádiocação de fallout.
20:52No final de junho de 1986, a governo de Moscou admite a defesa na batalha contra o rádio.
21:13A região de Núcleo de Póvar planta não pode ser mais salvado.
21:19A região de Núcleo de Póvar planta não pode ser mais salvado.
21:39A região de Núcleo de Póvar planta não pode ser mais salvado.
21:46A região de Póvar planta não pode ser mais salvado.
21:49A região deumente, 2,600 km², incluindo dozes de pequeno towns e vila.
21:58E em centro é o Póvar plantas, a cidade de Sovietas.
22:02União's once-prideful city.
22:12In the summer of 1986,
22:15Pripyat residents
22:16are allowed back into their homes and apartments
22:18to collect valuables,
22:20important papers,
22:22or a few belongings.
22:33Their stay is strictly regulated.
22:36After three to four hours,
22:38they have to leave
22:39the contaminated city again.
22:46Pripyat, which once stood
22:48for the Soviet Union's
22:49model city of the future,
22:51is a virtual ghost town.
22:53The former inhabitants
22:55lose their homes forever.
23:02The formerıma of Kiev
23:03is a very expensive city around the world.
23:16Not even though the wholeheartedly
23:16and his mother had to go
23:17and say,
23:17we will not return to there.
23:19You can still bring it back to everything,
23:20when you have to go to your mother,
23:20and when you live,
23:23until we can get home,
23:25if when you have to go to Kiev,
23:25but at Pripyat we will not return.
23:31Eu viajava em Almanac, e eu lembro, que desde o cano do avião, eu vei o primeiro
23:39vez que eu vei um solucionário, um solucionário ou um solucionário, eu não sei.
23:45Eu não sei.
24:15Eu não sei.
24:45é agora.
24:50Foi preparado pelo CEO Netário Valéry Lagassov
24:54e o comitinho por desenvolvimento Boros Chabina.
24:59No trato em reunião secreta,
25:01o Estado e a parte do Ciente Mikhail Gorbachev
25:03está confrontado com o desafio de consideração.
25:10Tampou no objetivo da RBMK.
25:13The Chernobyl type of reactor.
25:17The reactor's design deficiencies override the mistakes of the operators.
25:22The main drawback of the reactor is the positive void coefficient.
25:27RBMK reactors are potentially dangerous.
25:34As a result, Gorbachev challenges one of the most powerful men in the Soviet Union at the meeting.
25:40The then 88-year-old F.M. Slavsky.
25:45Slavsky is the father of the RBMK and head of the Shredmash,
25:50the Soviet Union's powerful nuclear-industrial complex.
25:59Gorbachev.
26:00What can you say about the RBMK reactor?
26:05Slavsky.
26:06If the regulations are followed, then the reactor is safe.
26:09This is world-class technology.
26:12But what did they do at Chernobyl?
26:14Who did the test?
26:16A provincial engineer?
26:22The Soviet nuclear establishment is steadfast when it comes to the RBMK.
26:27Too much is at stake.
26:29The RBMK is the backbone of Soviet nuclear power.
26:40In 1986, 26 reactors at six sites in the Soviet Union are either online or under construction.
26:51In Chernobyl, Nikolai Steinberg has no idea about the power struggles in Moscow.
26:57He is supposed to bring units one, two, and three back online, all RBMK reactors.
27:05Steinberg is also well aware of the shortcomings of the RBMK.
27:34At the beginning of August 1986,
27:37Steinberg decides to carry out a risky experiment during a shutdown of RBMK Unit 1.
27:44Steinberg wants to prove the so-called positive void effect.
27:48He believes it's one of the main causes of the catastrophe.
27:53This causes the reactor to build up uncontrollably.
27:57It's due to the formation of steam bubbles in the uranium pressure tubes,
28:02especially at low power.
28:04Steinberg brings in experts from Moscow and Kiev as witnesses to the experiment.
28:09To instigate the effect, he gradually withdraws the cooling water from the reactor.
28:34Steinberg runs the simulation during a night shift.
28:40He drains the cooling water in the reactor pressure tubes.
28:44The water level in the reactor core drops.
28:48What he fears will happen, happens.
28:53The water in the pressure tubes begins to evaporate.
28:58Steam absorbs neutrons worse than water.
29:01There are billions more neutrons.
29:05More neutrons split more atomic nuclei.
29:08And nuclear fission increases.
29:12This increases the temperature.
29:14And again, more steam.
29:16Out of nowhere, the atomic activity in the reactor accelerates.
29:21This is the infamous positive void effect.
29:27At the last moment, Steinberg adds cooling water.
29:32That night, Steinberg saves the reactor, avoiding an explosion.
29:37The experiment proved for the first time the uncontrollable nature of the reactor's void effect.
30:12The night shift on disaster.
30:14The disaster night didn't have a chance.
30:17There was no way they could know what exactly was going on in the reactor.
30:24At the end of August, the Soviet Union presents the Government Commission's report
30:29on the nuclear reactor accident in Chernobyl to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna.
30:37The head of the delegation is, of all people, Valery Legasov, a top man of Shredmash,
30:45whose ministry invented the RBMK and defended it against all criticism.
30:52Legasov was the deputy director of the Institute of Atomic Energy,
30:57and he was sent to Vienna to present the designers' version of events.
31:03Simple as that.
31:05And he did.
31:17So meinte der Chef der sowjetischen Delegation, Valery Legasov, in einem bildhaften Vergleich,
31:25kein Flugzeugkonstrukteur käme auf die Idee, dass ein Pilot in 10'000 Meter Höhe
31:29plötzlich die Türe der Maschine öffnen würde.
31:32Aber eben so absurd sei das Verhalten der Techniker in Chernobyl gewesen.
31:37Demnach sei ausschliesslich menschliches Versagen der Bedienungsmannschaft in Chernobyl
31:41für das Unglück verantwortlich, nicht aber die Struktur des Reaktors selbst.
31:54The irony is that even though Legasov only presented a small slice of the story
32:02that was already understood at the time, it was so much more than the Soviets had ever
32:06presented internationally.
32:08So the international community ate it up.
32:11The Soviets' account puts the blame for the disaster solely on the personnel that night.
32:17It becomes the basis of the official report to the International Atomic Energy Agency.
32:24The lie of Vienna becomes the truth about Chernobyl.
32:29Valery Legasov war derjenige, der tatsächlich den Job halt übernahm
32:33und der dann auch später, ja, damit haderte, mit dieser Art und Weise, wie mit dem Unfall umgegangen wurde.
32:45Aus diesem Grunde hat ja Legasov dann auch ein Jahr später Suizid begangen,
32:51weil er das nicht mehr mit, vermutlich, man vermutet, dass er es nicht mehr mittragen wollte.
33:03Sovjet television stages the management of the Chernobyl disaster as a heroic deed.
33:10Tens of thousands of liquidators, who sacrificed themselves in vain in the contaminated environment,
33:17were declared heroes of the fatherland, just like the soldiers in the war against the Nazis.
33:26Man hat ja dieses ganze Unternehmen auch in so eine Kriegsrhetorik eingekleidet.
33:32Man lässt einen da hochklettern auf diesen Abluftkamin und dann hisst man da oben die Sowjetflagge.
33:46Man hat den Feind besiegt und den Frieden wiederhergestellt.
34:00It was not until the fall of 1986 that the open reactor was successfully buried under a sarcophagus.
34:08Under 7,000 tons of steel and hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of concrete.
34:17Steinberg, meanwhile, implements improvements to the remaining RBMK reactors.
34:23Units 1 and 2 go back online.
34:26Unit 3 is too contaminated.
34:29The reactor operators at Chernobyl are forced to accept the official accident declaration.
34:36Nuclear engineer Alexi Breos receives a visit from the KGB Secret Service.
35:06A year later, in the summer of 1987,
35:09those allegedly responsible for the Chernobyl disaster,
35:14the director and the leading engineers, are put on trial.
35:18The trial takes place in the middle of the newly created Forbidden Zone,
35:23barely 20 kilometers from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
35:33It was a joke at that time that that was an open trial in the closed zone,
35:40which was done by design, so to limited the access of media and control the information.
35:50The trial runs according to the script provided by headquarters in Moscow.
35:56The judges nip in the bud any discussion of the RBMK's fatal flaws.
36:20The main defendants are sentenced to 10 years in a labor camp each.
36:32Nuclear engineer Boris Stolyalchuk had feared prosecution for years.
36:37On the night of the disaster in Chernobyl, he was on duty on Unit 4.
36:41In 1991, it was when I came to work, I opened a postcard,
36:52and there was a letter with a big letter with a big letter with a big letter with a big
36:59letter.
37:24The fact that Boris Stolyalchuk did not end up in a Soviet prison camp is due to one man, Nikolai
37:33Steinberg.
37:37In 1987, Steinberg begins work on a new report on the causes of the disaster.
37:44He gains access to secret KGB files.
37:48After four years of work, he hands over his research to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna.
37:56In 1992, the agency revises its 1986 report.
38:02New information raises new questions about the safety of the Chernobyl RBMK reactor.
38:09At the same time, the Soviet Union collapses.
38:14As the world power collapses, so does the truth about Chernobyl.
38:29The
38:30mother gave me education, it was a very different way.
38:36It is just different than anything, there is no doubt.
38:41Mas hoje em dia, todos os factos de vida me falam sobre o que, mais uma vez, eu não acredito
38:52que essa é a existência.
39:10Em Rússia, eles ainda são considerados como os culprits que causaram a catástrofe.
39:18Reactores de Rússia ainda estão operando em Rússia hoje.
39:21Em 2020, o Estado de Rússia erectou um monumento em Moscou para o pai do Rússia,
39:28Sredmash Boss, Efim Slavsky.
39:38O que isso é um mal-cateco?
39:41Isso é um mal-cateco, isso é um mal-cateco.
39:45Isso é um mal-cateco, isso é um mal-cateco.
39:50E muitas consequências hoje em nossos estrangeiros são consequências da sistema mal-cateco,
39:59Isso é um mal-cateco psicológico.
40:03Hoje, Nikolai Steinberg ainda acredita no poder nuclear,
40:07mas não sob as condições de um sistema como na União Soviética.
40:14Em dezembro de 2000, o último reactor em Chernobyl está fechado.
40:202,000 men and women still take care of the ruins of the nuclear power plant 24-7.
40:31Access to the exclusion zone is strictly limited.
40:36Within the zone, radiation levels vary greatly.
40:40The area is a unique part of the world.
40:45Researchers here are studying the long-term effects of radioactive exposure on flora and fauna.
40:57The sarcophagus of Unit 4 is now surrounded by a new protective steel shell.
41:03Beneath it, though, there are still 200 metric tons of radioactive material.
41:08In 100 years, even this shell will no longer be sufficient to protect the area from radiation.
41:17Once, an enthusiastic student of nuclear engineering,
41:20Alexi Breus, has worked as a journalist for more than 30 years.
41:25The events of Chernobyl have never left him.
41:28He said that to use nuclear energy,
41:32it can be amoral,
41:34because we ruin the fact that it was created by God.
41:38The chemical reaction is that it is not so.
41:40The atoms do not change.
41:42They are just together.
41:44The nuclear reaction is that we are turning to the truth.
41:50The nuclear reaction is that we are turning to the truth.
41:51The nuclear reaction is that,
41:53perhaps, it is better not to catch up.
41:56Ukraine bears the brunt of the Chernobyl disaster.
42:00Since the disaster, tens of thousands have fallen ill due to the radioactive contamination.
42:07How many people actually die from the consequences is not known.
42:13Estimates of long-term casualties range from 4,000 to tens of thousands.
42:23Pripyat's chief architect, Maria Protzenko, loses her son and her husband.
42:34For years, both had worked as liquidators at Chernobyl.
42:48In Chernobyl, we are saying that our lives were divided by the after and after and after and after.
42:58So, there areIFICs of faith Hafezio,
43:01In Chernobyl, the olduğum of Ruthie and Tenerife
43:04There was a change in the interest of valuesrast unto life And therefore,
43:04O least you only learn to understand and accept life
43:05even from a different point of view.
43:08But today can you?
43:10What you do?
43:12You have been good.
43:14You are wonderful.
43:15What you love—
43:15You are wonderful.
43:16You do love you.
43:17I am glad.
43:18Love you.
43:18Bin 3
43:24Love you.
43:40Tchau, tchau.
44:02Tchau, tchau.
44:25Tchau.
44:57Tchau.
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