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00:02Kyiv, on the morning of April 26, 1986.
00:11Military pilot Sergei Volodin is commander of the Soviet Army's 225th helicopter reconnaissance squadron.
00:20Volodin is to fly civilian guards on a secret mission from Kyiv to Pripyat,
00:26the town near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
00:40Пролетая над самой станцией, прекрасная погода.
00:47Солнце, чайки летают, все красиво.
00:50И я смотрю, развороченный этот четвертый энергоблок,
00:53раскинутый стены, раскинуто все.
00:56Поднимается пар, белесый дым.
01:00Внутри все это подсвечивается высокотемпературным пламенем.
01:10Volodin and his crew are the first to realize the full extent of the catastrophic accident.
01:15The force of the explosion completely destroyed the RBMK, the Soviet super-reactor.
01:22The reactor plate Elena, weighing 2,000 tons, had been ripped out of its anchorage,
01:29leaving more than 200 tons of uranium fuel exposed
01:33and over 1,800 tons of white-hot graphite.
01:47Sergei Volodin has a dosimeter,
01:49a radiation measuring device on board the helicopter.
01:57Но, увидев то, что горит, я дал команду включить аппаратуру.
02:06И мы так и идем, прямо на вот этот пожар, на развороченный реактор.
02:12Ну, раз люди работают, значит, нормально.
02:13И в этот момент мне бартехник докладывает, командир зашкалило.
02:26Добрый вечер, товарищи.
02:341986.
02:37The Chernobyl disaster.
02:39The end of all illusions about nuclear power.
02:44How does the accident at the power plant happen?
02:48Why is Moscow silent?
02:50And what is being covered up to this day?
02:55The search for the truth.
03:00Chernobyl.
03:02Utopia in flames.
03:13Helicopter pilot Sergei Volodin flies through a mist-like cloud of steam.
03:19It stems from the damaged nuclear reactor.
03:22The pointer on the radiation meter hits the end of the scale,
03:26at 500 röntgen per hour.
03:29The load in immediately steers his terror.
03:30The commander came in.
03:30The commander of the military power.
03:33The commander came in.
03:34And he began to cry.
03:36What did you have done?
03:37You killed us all.
03:38You killed us.
03:41You killed us.
03:42You killed us.
03:42We killed us.
03:42You killed us.
03:43There were more than 500 röntgen.
03:44I even hit it.
03:46What did you do with us?
03:47is zero. 500 Röntgen per hour are lethal.
03:56Velodin immediately steers his chopper out of the foggy radioactive cloud
04:01toward the city to drop off the civilian guards.
04:09At the nuclear power plant on the morning of April 26th, nuclear engineer Alexey Breos
04:15begins his workday together with about 3,000 men and women on the early shift.
04:21They have no clue as to the extent of the disaster. At 8 a.m. Breos' shift receives instructions
04:29to cool the nuclear reactor of Unit 4 with cooling water, as if the reactor still existed.
04:45It was removed from the reactor of the reactor of the reactor of the reactor of the reactor.
05:02Dosimetrists, the power plant's radiation experts, begin measuring the levels of radioactivity.
05:21Delegate the reactor, and from a clear water, after the reactor,
05:25though it is a reactor of a reactor, gas is there,
05:32while I was getting the power plant to the reactor of the reactor,
05:37the reactor is on the reactor.
05:38It would be more than 1000 times to accept the norm.
05:45Radiation is everywhere in the nuclear power plant.
05:50In 1986, it was still measured in Röntgen.
05:54Today, it is measured in Sievert per time unit.
05:58For both, the duration element is vital.
06:02The longer one is exposed to radiation, the worse the consequences.
06:07At a puddle, Breus measures an exposure less than one Sievert per hour,
06:12but even that increases the risk of cancer over the duration of a shift.
06:17Anyone who spends an hour in the turban hall absorbs one to five Sieverts.
06:23One Sievert corresponds to 10,000 chest X-ray examinations.
06:28Skin damage and hair loss could be the result.
06:31The immune system also suffers.
06:34The pilot's measurement above the reactor of over 500 Röntgen corresponds to five to ten Sieverts per hour,
06:42a highly lethal dose.
06:44At above eight Sieverts, a person has almost no chance of survival.
06:48In the exploded reactor, the measured level is an inconceivable 150 Sieverts per hour.
06:56And yet, no one on the early shift leaves their post.
07:06The pilot's measurement has been so much first.
07:07It was not so that the people are all hooked up.
07:09It was not so that the immune system would say, not here, but the most people are wrong.
07:20Most of them have done their job there, and that's why the number of victims was so high in the
07:26power supply chain.
07:49On his arrival, Yev Tushenko receives a secret assignment.
08:12The police have set up checkpoints in the city.
08:15Yev Tushenko is tasked with measuring the radiation there
08:19and reporting the values to the military in the crisis team.
08:47At 10 a.m., a good eight hours after the explosion in Block 4,
08:52chief architect Maria Protzenko is called to a meeting of the administration and the party
08:58in the so-called White House, the central administrative headquarters of the city of Pripyat.
09:04They said, we work and live in the previous regime.
09:09If there will be any changes, they will tell you.
09:12Well, if someone started to hear,
09:14they would say, they would say,
09:16they would say,
09:17they would say,
09:18they would say,
09:20they would say,
09:20they would say.
09:25The director of the third school school,
09:26where my daughter was teaching,
09:27she said,
09:28we have a child cross.
09:30What do we need to do?
09:32Will there be cross cross?
09:34They said,
09:36they would say,
09:36a distance in theBOCA.
09:46The big mistake that tired,
09:48thecaps was about waiting for them всех in the morning and getting drunk.
09:51At the same time,
09:54Because that one could have done.
09:56That is an講師になる single 일� عeddy.
09:57That one took a simple four to it to find,
10:00Close the window and stay in place late and not in the house.
10:06This footage, shot on April 26, 1986, stems from the film club of the city of Pripyat.
10:14It later circulates around the globe.
10:21The white flashes in the film material are not mistakes.
10:25They are visible traces of radioactive radiation.
10:29One of the members of the film club is a policeman, Valery Yevtushenko.
10:58It was that people didn't tell them, that they would better sit at home.
11:11What was it, shouting?
11:25The radiation radiation itself is not raining.
11:32It is not burning.
11:36It is not burning.
11:40It is not burning.
11:43It is not burning.
11:46It is not burning.
11:46It is not burning.
11:49Everyone knows about Russia and Nagasaki.
11:52They all think exactly that.
11:54And the fact that it is already so quiet.
12:09Moscow, the morning of April 26, 1986.
12:14The Ministry of Energy receives a secret message about an explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power
12:20plant.
12:21There was damage to the buildings, and the reactor was being cooled.
12:27Special measures, including evacuation of the population, were not necessary.
12:33A nuclear accident is the last thing the country needs.
12:38For the past year, the vast Soviet empire has been ruled by a man who wants to change everything,
12:44Mikhail Gorbachev.
12:47Gorbachev is surprisingly open and modern for a Soviet leader.
12:51He wants to renew socialism.
12:54To advance the economy after years of stagnation.
13:01It was not until February 1986 that the Communist Party met for the first time with the reformer
13:09Gorbachev at its head.
13:10It was the first time the weakness of the Soviet economy was openly discussed.
13:17The export of gas and oil in exchange for foreign currency from the West became increasingly important.
13:24The only alternative for domestic energy production was nuclear power.
13:29And guess what was the decision that was made at that Congress?
13:33They decided to double the number of reactors that they would build in the next five years.
13:40So there were high hopes that now nuclear power would save the Soviet economic experiment and the Soviet political experiment.
13:51The government sends a special delegation to Chernobyl.
13:55Its task is to determine exactly what is going on at the power plant.
14:03On the morning of April 26th, more and more units of the Soviet army's chemical warfare forces are visible in
14:10the streets of Pripyat.
14:14But inside the city, there is still an information blackout.
14:20The population still does not know how grave the danger actually is.
14:30Around noon, roughly ten hours after the disaster, city architect Maria Protzenko meets with the military in the administrative headquarters.
14:45The government station was set to find out more than the dangers of the river.
14:46I gave the cart to write the cart.
14:47And I wrote the cart on my own hand and wrote the cart.
14:53I wrote the numbers in the case.
14:54I didn't know whether that inheritance or the median or the median.
14:58I asked them, as they said,
15:01they said, if I was a member of the situation,
15:03they said, they said, hey, what the situation is.
15:07And they said, OK.
15:11A downright lie.
15:14Between the port and the hospital in Pripyat, the chemical squads measure radioactive loads
15:20for humans of 50 millisieverts per hour.
15:23It is the location most contaminated.
15:28At the other end of the city, it is still 10 millisieverts per hour.
15:33In most countries, the maximum permissible level for the population today is one millisievert
15:40for an entire year.
15:44In Pripyat, on April 26, 1986, it took only a few minutes to absorb two millisieverts.
15:57The irony of the situation, sad irony of the situation, that according to the regulations
16:02that existed at that time in the Soviet Union, and they were designed for the conditions
16:07of the nuclear war, of course, not for the conditions of the nuclear accident, the level
16:12of radiation was not high enough to justify the evacuation.
16:20On the afternoon of April 26, city architect Maria Protzenko suspects that something is
16:26not right.
16:27The mood is tense.
16:30No one is saying anything.
16:32She is concerned about the children in the city, especially her then 15-year-old daughter,
16:38Natasha.
17:01In the White House, behind closed doors of the administration headquarters, deliberations
17:07are ongoing.
17:09Maria Protzenko is not unaware of the commotion.
17:13The head of the health department gives her a box of pills.
17:16She gave me a box of pills and said, here you have a box, give it to all those who
17:22are
17:22right here.
17:24These are iodine tablets, so that you can receive as much less radiation levels.
17:34Radioactive particles have been escaping from the open reactor for hours, including iodine-131.
17:41The human body cannot distinguish iodine-131 from the body's own iodine.
17:48If the radioactive iodine is used in the thyroid gland for the production of hormones, the consequence
17:54is thyroid cancer.
17:57To prevent this in a nuclear emergency, people are supplied with iodine tablets.
18:03The thyroid gland is thus saturated with normal, harmless iodine.
18:08Then there is simply no more room for the dangerous radioactive iodine-131.
18:1715 hours after the disaster, the main members of the government delegation arrive from Moscow.
18:23Among them, Valery Legasov.
18:27Valery Legasov was the director of the director of the Kuchatov Institute, also the director of the
18:33atom- research institute of the Soviet Union and so seen already a very competent scientist.
18:40He was the one who took the job, to go to the place and to establish a picture of the
18:48picture.
18:49And the one who then later hadered with the form and the way that the incident was gone
18:59and went around.
19:01What are the things that we can do for?
19:03Yes, it is.
19:05It is the power of the barrel.
19:07And the power of the barrel, the power of the barrel.
19:11Then you go to the helicopter, and you go to the helicopter.
19:13Then we go to the helicopter, and there was another one.
19:16There was a maximum of 0,7.
19:18In 1 hour, the power of the barrel.
19:21When we went by, we got 0,3, 0,5.
19:26Do you have any children?
19:35Legasov is placating in front of the workers, but when he sees the destruction at the power
19:41plant, the situation becomes clear to him.
19:45The reactor no longer exists.
19:48The nuclear chain reaction is out of control.
19:52Together with specialists, Legasov risks his life, attempting to measure the amount of radiation.
19:59But even Legasov has no idea what exactly is going on inside the reactor.
20:09In this moment of sight, the image breaks from the unproblematical and clean AKW.
20:17There suddenly something burns, and that scared him of course.
20:22Because that was clear for him as a specialist.
20:25If that happens, then the device is totally destroyed.
20:30And that was not expected in this idea of all these atom specialists.
20:37Legasov conducts research at the Kochatov Institute, making him part of the Shredmash, the Soviet
20:44Union's highly secretive nuclear industrial complex.
20:48The recently damaged RBMK was designed and constructed by the Shredmash.
20:58Legasov assumes that there are still 2,500 tons of graphite blocks in the reactor.
21:05About one ton of graphite burns per hour, generating a great deal of heat.
21:11Legasov calculates at least 1,000 degrees Celsius inside the center of the disintegrating reactor.
21:19Legasov, too, can only guess what will happen to the tons of nuclear fuel in the destroyed reactor's core.
21:25He warns that the reactor could explode again the following night.
21:31Moscow needs to agree to the evacuation of the nuclear power plant and Pripyat.
21:36But Moscow remains silent.
21:38The loss of face would be too great.
21:41Nevertheless, the head of the government of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic,
21:45Oleksandr Lyashko, begins to evacuate the city on his own.
21:49A few months earlier, he had conducted a huge exercise in Kyiv
21:54and organized more than 1,000 buses in a very short time.
21:58He didn't have the approval even of his boss in Ukraine,
22:03the first secretary of the Central Committee, Volodymyr Shcherbetsky.
22:06Shcherbetsky said, OK, do that, but it's a huge expense.
22:11What if Moscow will say no?
22:13What are we going to do? Who will pay for that?
22:16And the response of Lashko was that, OK, we will write off that money
22:22for another World War III exercise.
22:28Meanwhile, the man from Shredmash, Valery Legasov, sends off his situation assessment to Moscow.
22:35He points out that no one can influence the reactor anymore.
22:40He calls for an evacuation of Pripyat.
22:43His warnings lead to a change of heart in Moscow.
22:47If it explodes, then of course, not just Pripyat, but probably Kyiv would suffer in a good part of Europe
22:56as well.
22:57And what we know from memoirs of Legasov, that he in particular and other scientists were pushing for the evacuation.
23:10On the evening of April 26, city architect Maria Protzenko is called to the next meeting at the White House.
23:18The head of the city administration reveals to the members, Pripyat will be evacuated.
23:2545,000 people have to leave the city.
23:29It's 8 p.m.
23:33Over the next few hours, Maria Protzenko and her colleagues draw up a detailed plan for the evacuation of the
23:41city.
23:46The next day, Sunday afternoon, the evacuation is to be carried out within two hours.
23:57We didn't sleep.
24:00When did I sleep?
24:02I didn't sleep.
24:04I didn't sleep.
24:05I worked.
24:06Well, apparently, thanks to the city planner, who knew exactly where to pick up people, how to route the buses.
24:13And the Soviet Union was, you know, a centralized system.
24:16So once they decided they wanted to do something, they could move heaven and earth to make it happen.
24:23And they did.
24:25Attention, attention.
24:27I was like, yes.
24:37From the time to move, we起來, let have an opportunity, to take its time home.
24:47The security department is not midnight.
24:49The protection of the area was completely inside of the city.
24:56Natasha Protzenko is 15 years old at the time.
25:00On Sunday morning, she is on the phone with her mother.
25:04Natasha is to prepare for the evacuation.
25:09Maria Protzenko herself will stay behind in the contaminated city
25:13and continue working with the crisis team.
25:38Many residents still assume that the crisis will be over in three to four days.
25:43Natasha, however, suspects that things will turn out differently.
25:48In the following hours, she is evacuated from the city together with 45,000 residents.
25:57Evacuation of the city that was supposed to represent the future of Soviet nuclear energy.
26:22Tатьяна Юрьевна is Natasha's piano teacher.
26:26She had given birth to her child in the night of April 25th.
26:31She держала ребенка на руках.
26:35В таком тазике?
26:37Всё маленький.
26:37Да, у нее был тазик маленький.
26:39То есть это дитё два дня от рода.
27:06After the accident, an invisible cloud spreads from the Chernobyl
27:11nuclear power plant over Europe, rising from the ruptured reactor core to a height of
27:171,500 meters in the sky.
27:21A cloud of gaseous, radioactive xenon, iodine, cesium, and small fragments of irradiated
27:29graphite that generate extreme heat and warms the air around it, drifts away with the wind
27:36like tiny hot air balloons.
27:39After 24 hours, the cloud has already reached Scandinavia.
27:46When it rains in Sweden on the night of April 27th, officials at the Forsmark 1 nuclear power
27:52plant detect a very high level of radioactive particles.
27:57The Swedes suspect that the origin of this lies in the Soviet Union.
28:05They asked Moscow, but received no answer.
28:09A power struggle over the information policy on Chernobyl ensues in the Soviet leadership.
28:20Gorbachev was pushing against the tradition where nothing would be said at all about the accident.
28:28He was the one who was pushing for the idea that actually there has to be an announcement.
28:36Something has to be said about that.
28:39And there was opposition coming from the old timers in Politburo.
28:46One day after the Swedes request and three days after the disaster, the Soviet news agency
28:53TASS releases a short message.
29:00An accident has occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
29:04One of the nuclear reactors is damaged.
29:06Measures are being taken to eliminate the consequences of the accident.
29:12Assistance is provided to the injured and a government commission has been established.
29:19Gorbachev was the man of his times.
29:22The norm was to say nothing.
29:24So he said something, which sounds like a joke today.
29:30But it wasn't a joke back in 1986.
29:33The accident comes at an inopportune time, just before the May 1st celebrations.
29:56Five days after the catastrophe, the Soviet Union celebrates May Day, one of the most important
30:03holidays of the communist world power.
30:06The celebration proceeds as if nothing had happened.
30:10The people know nothing of the evacuation of an entire city.
30:15Nothing of the extent of the catastrophe.
30:18In Pripyat on May 1st, Chief Architect Maria Procenko is working with the crisis team.
30:27And the people who are given that they are not the same.
30:35The people who are driving into the city.
30:38The first of the May 1st, Chief Architect Maria Procenko is working with the war.
30:42So she came to the rest of the day.
30:43When I came to the office, I saw the empty city.
30:46And she was the same.
31:06In the Russian Soviet Republic, a thousand kilometers from Pripyat, a man who helped build
31:12the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is demonstrating this particular mayday.
31:16Nikolai Steinberg, a nuclear engineer.
31:20Here too, no one knows what exactly happened at Chernobyl.
31:35At the May Day demonstration, Steinberg and his colleagues discussed the radiation levels
31:41of evacuees from Chernobyl.
31:43They had sought shelter in Balakovo.
32:01In fact, the radiation protection experts discover particles of nuclear fission on the people
32:08from Chernobyl, but one finding puzzles them.
32:34Steinberg recalls the construction of the RBMK.
32:40The isotope Silver 109 exists exclusively in the innermost part of the reactor.
32:48It's an element of the neutron flux sensors.
32:54Steinberg realizes that if this silver was found on people's clothing, there must have
32:59been a catastrophe.
33:21In California, American doctor Peter Gale learns about the Chernobyl accident.
33:27In the Western media rumors abound.
33:30There is talk of 2,000 dead, countless radiation victims.
33:34At the time, Gale was one of the world's best doctors for bone marrow transplants that could help radiation victims.
33:43I wanted to offer help to the Soviets.
33:48The American is allowed into the country.
33:52Korbachev personally agrees to his offer of help.
33:54At the beginning of May 1986, Gale is granted access to a secret hospital.
34:02Radiation clinic number 6 in Moscow.
34:05This is where the Soviet Union's radiation victims have been treated for decades.
34:11Now, the firefighters and power plant workers from the Chernobyl disaster are bedded here.
34:19Upon his arrival, Gale immediately begins his examinations.
34:27So, from a radiation point of view, most of them would look pretty well.
34:35And they would be really like the average person.
34:38They would be unaware of what's coming.
34:43Many patients seem to be recovering.
34:47Including the man who operated the reactor on the night of the accident, 26-year-old Leonid Toptunov.
34:56Toptunov sends another telegram to his parents from his hospital bed.
35:06Mom, I'm in the hospital in Moscow. I'm fine.
35:15Toptunov and his colleagues are in the so-called walking ghost phase.
35:20A deceptive period of 5 to 10 days.
35:24They do not know that their bodies are already deteriorating.
35:27The ionizing radiation emitted by radioactive particles rages through the body like violent lightning strikes.
35:37Damaging cells and fracturing DNA strands.
35:42The bone marrow is most severely affected.
35:45Here, the stem cells are destroyed.
35:48And with them, the supplier of new cells.
35:51The patient is doomed to perish.
35:57What's our bone marrow?
35:58Our bone marrow is a factory inside the bones, in an adult, in these pelvic bones, that produces our blood
36:10cells.
36:10These red blood cells and white blood cells and platelets.
36:13And it's a huge factory.
36:15It produces billions of cells every day.
36:18So if you stop production, then you run out of them very quickly.
36:24And then you're in trouble.
36:27After a few days, Leonid Toptunov's condition deteriorates rapidly.
36:32His skin is peeling off.
36:34His only chance of salvation is a bone marrow transplant.
36:43Well, we need to do this kind of thing in the first two weeks.
36:47If we don't do it in the first two weeks, there's no point in doing it.
36:54Because it takes another week or ten days for the transplanted bone marrow to recover.
37:04But in the meantime, they are deteriorating.
37:07So it's a fight against the clock.
37:13In addition to Toptunov, 19 other radiation victims are receiving bone marrow transplants.
37:21Following the operation, the patients are placed in germ-free plastic tents supplied with filtered air.
37:28So-called survival islands for their protection.
37:38In the end, only two of those treated will leave clinic number six alive.
37:47Meanwhile, investigators from the Soviet Secret Service KGB are showing up more frequently.
37:54The severely injured nuclear engineers are interrogated at length.
38:00The search for those responsible for the Chernobyl accident begins.
38:09A KGB file lists the names of those to be interrogated.
38:15Boris Doryachuk, nuclear engineer.
38:19Leonid Toptunov, the young reactor operator.
38:22And Anatoly Diyatlov, deputy chief engineer.
38:29Considering the state of health of the witnesses, we ask you to question them without delaying.
38:37On the night of the accident, nuclear engineer Boris Doryachuk was in block four and exposed to lower doses of
38:45radiation than his colleagues.
38:47He is not seriously injured.
38:49He is also visited in the hospital by a KGB officer.
39:13The KGB interrogates Boris Doryachuk repeatedly.
39:17Statedly said,
39:42While the KGB conducts its interrogations, one patient after another dies.
39:49On May 14th, 26-year-old reactor operator Leonid Toptunov succumbs to severe radiation
39:57poisoning.
39:58In the following weeks, 29 people die in the Moscow clinic as a result of the Chernobyl
40:05reactor disaster.
40:30On the day of Toptunov's death, May 14th, 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev speaks publicly about the
40:38accident for the first time on Soviet television.
40:41.
40:43.
40:43.
40:44.
40:44.
40:44.
40:44.
40:46All of you know, we have happened to have a boda, an avarie at the Chernobyl station.
40:57Now it is not easy to do with the conclusion of the avarie.
41:02The purpose of the state of the committee is all aspects of the problems.
41:10Constructural, project, technical, and exploitation.
41:17Of course, according to the conclusion of the reasons of the accident,
41:22there will be all the necessary conclusions,
41:24and the rules that are accepted,
41:26including the same thing.
41:32There is a lot at stake for the Soviet Union,
41:35its credibility and its economic future.
41:38The RBMK is the backbone of Soviet nuclear energy.
41:44Among the Moscow leadership,
41:46the debate begins about who should be held responsible
41:49for the catastrophe of the century.
41:52The technology, that is to say the RBMK,
41:56or the personnel of the nuclear power plant.
41:59After six weeks, Boris Stoyachuk is released from the Moscow hospital,
42:04but is repeatedly interrogated by the KGB.
42:08Yes.
42:09Then, once again, the representative of the government,
42:15who asked me for a long time.
42:20Well, for several hours.
42:22Three, four hours.
42:26Well, there was one impression.
42:29There was one impression.
42:30There was one impression,
42:31that the personnel of our personnel are being fired.
42:34And there was such a feeling.
42:35There was one impression,
42:39that the military was being fired.
42:42There was one impression,
42:44that the military was being fired.
42:46There was a word,
42:55that the military was being fired.
43:00and they were fired.
43:01That the military was coming from the war.
43:04It was a very strong and dangerous.
43:04I immediately thought that this could end by passing.
43:10The locations are not as far as far.
43:14a remote place that's how soviet citizens refer to the penal camps in siberia
43:27but one man is certain that the reactor is the problem a man who knows the chernobyl
43:33nuclear power plant and the weaknesses of the rbmk like few others nuclear engineer
43:40nikolai steinbeck
43:43peru mary когда понятно что это была введена бешеная реактивность огромная
43:51единственное что источник мог быть этого бешеного ввода положительной
43:57активности паровой эффект это мы знали я пошел в главу союза там прихожу там полно народу военные
44:08медики нума и кто-то повернулся меня увидел о начальник церковь чернобыльской они меня еще
44:16помнит какие-то ну тут вокруг конечно толпа пошел ганну сам зам главного инженера
44:23я хочу поедешь
44:30николай steinberg is on his way to chernobyl
44:40николайс
44:46николай
44:48николай
45:01николай
45:03Oh, my God, my God, my God, my God.
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