Roma 1994, nello scantinato di un palazzo viene trovato un armadio con le ante rivolte verso il muro. Lì dentro, in più di 2000 fascicoli di indagine sui crimini di guerra, ci sono i nomi delle diecimila vittime delle stragi commesse in Italia, tra il 1943 e il 1945, dai soldati tedeschi, in alcuni casi con la complicità degli italiani della Repubblica Sociale. Perché quei fascicoli sono stati nascosti e i processi sui crimini di guerra non sono stati istruiti? Di chi è la responsabilità? Uno dei capitoli più tragici della nostra storia viene ricostruito anche attraverso le testimonianze dei superstiti degli eccidi.
2013.09.03 | Lucarelliracconta 3.8 | L'archivio della vergogna | Re-ed [HQ RaiPlay] 2013
#Lucarelliracconta #BluNotte #CarloLucarelli #ColdCase #Crime #TrueCrime #Giallo #CronacaNera #CronacaItaliana #Nazismo #Fascismo #Olocausto #WWII #Ebrei #Nazisti #Hitler #Guerra
2013.09.03 | Lucarelliracconta 3.8 | L'archivio della vergogna | Re-ed [HQ RaiPlay] 2013
#Lucarelliracconta #BluNotte #CarloLucarelli #ColdCase #Crime #TrueCrime #Giallo #CronacaNera #CronacaItaliana #Nazismo #Fascismo #Olocausto #WWII #Ebrei #Nazisti #Hitler #Guerra
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TVTrascrizione
00:00:17Thank you all
00:00:44Thank you all
00:01:16Thank you all
00:01:45Thank you all
00:02:03Thank you all
00:02:22Thank you all
00:02:25Thank you all
00:02:55And down in the closet, beyond a locked iron gate, at the end of the corridor, there's that wardrobe
00:03:00of dark wood
00:03:11But there's something that makes it even stranger, even more disturbing.
00:03:15It is turned against the wall, upside down, with the doors against the wall
00:03:28Let's leave that aside for a moment
00:03:29Let's leave that closet, in that hidden corridor, in that sixteenth-century building
00:03:38There is a photograph, a beautiful photograph, a beautiful photograph that portrays a summer morning
00:03:45There are some children in that photograph, they are outside, in a courtyard and they are going round in circles
00:03:51Because they celebrate the end of school, which has always been a festive occasion for all children in the world.
00:04:07They are the children of a small village called Sant'Anna
00:04:10They are more or less all the children of Sant'Anna, which is a small village of 400 inhabitants in the province of
00:04:15Lucca
00:04:15And they are children of all ages, because there is war, it is 1944 and the schools have classes
00:04:21unique
00:04:34All those kids going around in circles in the picture are dead, all of them
00:04:48Of course, there is war, there are bombings, these are dangerous days.
00:04:52But the war doesn't kill the children of Sant'Anna
00:04:54There is no war in Sant'Anna, not only that, there is something more
00:05:03August 12, 1944 is a beautiful day in Sant'Anna
00:05:08It's August and it's hot, but not too much, because Sant'Anna di Stazema is on the Tuscan Apennines, above Versilia
00:05:14It is a small village made up of a group of houses scattered among the fields and woods.
00:05:22A quiet village, even quieter because of the Germans occupying the area
00:05:26They designated it as a white zone, that is, a safe place where the population could flow.
00:05:31Who leaves from the bombed cities or from the towns close to the front
00:05:39There are the 400 inhabitants of Sant'Anna, plus all those who arrived from the nearby cities
00:05:44Piombino, Livorno, La Spezia, but also from more distant cities such as Genoa or Naples
00:05:50They are the displaced people, that's what they're called, who live in houses but also in stables, in huts, in whatever they find.
00:06:00A thousand people or so, all hanging out in that quiet valley.
00:06:04While waiting for the front to pass and the war to end, the Allies are already almost in Florence
00:06:18August 12, 1944, it's 7 in the morning
00:06:22The inhabitants of Argentiera are already awake, we get up early in the mountains
00:06:26Like those of Moriconi, two villages, which are located on the crest of the mountain overlooking Sant'Anna
00:06:38Someone is knocking on the doors
00:06:39They are soldiers, German soldiers
00:06:41And on the collar they have the wolf runes, which look like two silver lightning bolts, or two S's.
00:06:52And in fact they are SS
00:07:00The inhabitants of Argentiera and Moriconi are captured and locked in a stable
00:07:04While the Germans set fire to the houses
00:07:12Then they are grouped together, lined up
00:07:15And they follow the Germans into the valley, towards Sant'Anna
00:07:22Two more SS columns are also converging over there.
00:07:26One that is coming down from Ruosina to the northwest
00:07:29And another one coming from Mulina to the south
00:07:44It's an encirclement
00:07:48With a fourth column remaining at the bottom of the valley, just above Val di Castello
00:07:52As if to plug that funnel between the mountains
00:07:55And in fact they fired a rocket, which signalled the start of the action.
00:08:03It's a roundup, the men of Sant'Anna think
00:08:07The Germans take the men to work on the Gothic Line
00:08:10Or even in Germany
00:08:12And then the men say goodbye to their families and go hide in the woods
00:08:21In the valley only women, old people and children remain
00:08:24They, the Germans, won't do anything to them.
00:08:36They are only women, old people and children
00:08:38What do they have to do with war?
00:08:50Before seven in the morning we were still asleep
00:08:53Dad came screaming into the house and woke us up.
00:08:57He says there are the Germans, there are the Germans
00:09:00I have to move away because otherwise who knows what will happen to me
00:09:06But before leaving he gave us a recommendation, or rather he gave us two.
00:09:11The first recommendation was not to be afraid, not to scare ourselves.
00:09:16He says to you they don't do anything
00:09:18What could they do to women, old people and children?
00:09:21This was the general belief
00:09:25The second recommendation he made to us was to throw the stuff out of the house.
00:09:29Even for us children, I was seven years old, my brother was not three years older than me
00:09:33They woke us up and asked us to throw the stuff out of the house.
00:09:37Stuff, the linen
00:09:39Because here are the sheets, some dishes, some kitchenware
00:09:42Something, what could be saved
00:09:44The concern is that our houses would burn down
00:09:48August 14, 1944
00:09:51Two days later, the parish priest of La Culla, Don Giuseppe Vangelisti
00:09:55He goes up to Sant'Anna with about thirty volunteers
00:09:58Bad news has arrived from Sant'Anna
00:10:09The first thing Don Giuseppe and the volunteers see
00:10:12They are the bodies of two girls
00:10:13Two girls in their twenties
00:10:15Lying in front of the door of a mill
00:10:17And on the back there is also the owner
00:10:27A little further on is the body of a woman
00:10:29On the bank of a stream
00:10:30And then comes the smell
00:10:31A strong smell of rot and burning flesh
00:10:35Stronger and stronger
00:10:36Which makes everyone understand immediately, very well, what happened
00:10:39And how great and terrible it was
00:10:41When I arrived at the church square
00:10:45I immediately found the first scene heartbreaking
00:10:51There are no words to describe them
00:10:54It was evening, the sun had set
00:10:57And look, in front of me, a mass of burned corpses disappeared
00:11:06With the meat still sizzling, with the stench of roasted meat
00:11:11And I was almost left so amazed
00:11:16My legs were shaking
00:11:17I couldn't even take a few more steps in the first moment
00:11:23And then I looked away
00:11:26The image of a child playing football there under a plane tree
00:11:32With swollen, open hands
00:11:36Almost as if asking for help
00:11:38Swollen face
00:11:40Because the fire had transformed him
00:11:42This also increased the dismay even more or less.
00:11:47What happened to Sant'Anna?
00:11:54The inhabitants of Moriconi and Argentiera
00:11:56They had discovered it right away
00:11:58What the Germans had come to do in Sant'Anna on August 12th
00:12:02As they had already discovered a few hours earlier
00:12:04Six people who lived in Mulina
00:12:06Where the SS had concentrated to descend into the valley
00:12:16They are crowded into three stables in Vaccareggia
00:12:18Where the inhabitants of that hamlet are already located
00:12:21And they hardly have time to ask themselves that question.
00:12:29And at a certain point it arrived
00:12:31One closed the door
00:12:34And then he opened the door
00:12:36And then he went inside
00:12:37He looked inside
00:12:38There were so many of us, so many
00:12:40Then he managed to get out
00:12:41And in front of the door there was the machine gun placed
00:12:44They started shooting
00:12:46The people who were near the door
00:12:48He tried to get out
00:12:50To escape
00:12:50By the way, my sister was there too.
00:12:52Which then
00:12:53While she was out
00:12:54They killed her
00:12:54They threw it away
00:12:55They hit her head
00:12:57And fell to the ground
00:12:58With my brain all on the floor
00:12:59The SS shoot inside the stables with machine guns
00:13:03They shoot everyone who tries to get out
00:13:05They throw hand grenades at us
00:13:07And then with the gun
00:13:08They shoot at everything that moves
00:13:17Unfortunately when you see those people
00:13:19In front of those things there
00:13:21Who forgets those things?
00:13:24I think there are people
00:13:25To forget one
00:13:26With the gun shooting at you
00:13:28He has some injuries
00:13:30He has people
00:13:31That I saw him shoot
00:13:33Two loaders inside the stable
00:13:35That he saw moving and shot at it
00:13:38My poor brother
00:13:39He remained standing
00:13:40He may have been injured too
00:13:41I do not know
00:13:42And when you see it
00:13:43Yes, Roman
00:13:43Put on the ground
00:13:44In the time that they are put on the ground
00:13:48The Germans shoot
00:13:50They throw bombs into the stables
00:13:51Then they throw us in
00:13:53Bundles of straw and wood
00:13:55And they set everyone on fire
00:13:56Who is still alive?
00:13:57It crashes to the bottom of the stable
00:13:59And there is a woman
00:14:00Her name is Jenny
00:14:01Who launches himself against the Germans
00:14:03With a hoof in hand
00:14:04He hits one on the head
00:14:06And this one mows it down
00:14:07With a burst of machine gun fire
00:14:10But in the meantime
00:14:11His son Mario
00:14:12He managed to hide
00:14:13Behind a door
00:14:14And it survives
00:14:15Burned and almost suffocated
00:14:17But it survives
00:14:24They started to set fire
00:14:25This stuff
00:14:26The door caught fire
00:14:27All the dead were set on fire
00:14:28That they were there
00:14:29And it began to twist
00:14:31People for all senses
00:14:33And then it started
00:14:34A stench that could not be resisted
00:14:36Because between the heat
00:14:37The stench that was there
00:14:39Those people who were twisting
00:14:40And it came out in all directions
00:14:42And I began to feel
00:14:43Some complaints
00:14:44The words that called
00:14:45Mom, mom
00:14:46And then we started
00:14:48To see that they were there
00:14:49Terri people live
00:14:49We were all children
00:14:50After a little while
00:14:52I see one raise
00:14:53What was his name?
00:14:53Bernamo Milena
00:14:54Milena said
00:14:55I'm here too
00:14:57From there I got up
00:14:58I took off
00:14:58My brother on my legs
00:15:01And I stood up
00:15:02At some point
00:15:03I see a little boy moving there
00:15:04Which was behind my back
00:15:06He was my cousin
00:15:07His name was Volivi Mario
00:15:08He was five years old
00:15:10Then they got up
00:15:12All together
00:15:12This is how you see another girl
00:15:14It was called
00:15:14Antonuccilina
00:15:15She was nine years old
00:15:16There were four of us
00:15:18And at a certain point
00:15:20We got up
00:15:21One was looking
00:15:22That other one
00:15:22We were all hurt
00:15:23I had 22 wounds
00:15:25That other one
00:15:26Mimbi the same
00:15:26They were all smaller
00:15:28About me
00:15:28At Vaccareccia
00:15:29The Germans
00:15:30They kill a hundred people
00:15:32All women
00:15:33Old
00:15:33And children
00:15:37It's the first killing
00:15:47Of the day
00:15:47Then the Germans advance
00:15:49And they reach as far as the Franks
00:15:50The next hamlet
00:15:51On the road to Sant'Arna
00:15:56There are 15 people there
00:15:58The Germans are combing them
00:16:00And they lock them in a room
00:16:07As soon as we entered the kitchen
00:16:09That they were all in the kitchen
00:16:11They start shooting
00:16:12With the maces in the guns
00:16:14And others
00:16:16And I hear myself being called
00:16:18From one of these sisters
00:16:20Of the Pierotti family
00:16:21Who was called Grazia
00:16:22And there was a little storage room
00:16:25A space under the stairs
00:16:27And he called me
00:16:28Eric
00:16:28Eric
00:16:29Come here
00:16:30And I had time to go there
00:16:33But in those 5 minutes
00:16:36The end of the world happened
00:16:37Then there was my sister
00:16:38Who was crying
00:16:39He was screaming
00:16:40And in fact
00:16:42They killed him
00:16:43There is a woman
00:16:44Who runs away into the woods
00:16:47She's terrified
00:16:49But the Germans
00:16:49They don't let her go
00:16:50They chase her through the trees
00:16:52Until they can reach her
00:16:53And they shoot her
00:17:00Then the SS
00:17:01They arrive at Sant'Anna
00:17:09What the soldiers did in Sant'Anna
00:17:12It's like what you do on hunting trips.
00:17:16They were all found out
00:17:18And pushed forward
00:17:20They were pushed towards the church
00:17:22Or rather
00:17:23On the square in front of the church
00:17:25Where there was a fixed cross
00:17:27As there often are in Italy
00:17:28The villagers were pushed
00:17:31And gather together
00:17:32Then they started shooting
00:17:34In the center of the town there is a square
00:17:36Which stands in front of the parish church
00:17:44There the SS gathered all the inhabitants of Sant'Anna
00:17:47That they managed to find
00:17:48And also those who have raked
00:17:50In the nearby villages of Pero and Vinci
00:17:52That were pulled out of bed
00:17:54Without even having time to get dressed
00:18:03There is also the parish priest of a nearby village
00:18:05Don Innocent Lazzari
00:18:07Who managed to hide
00:18:08But when he sees what's happening
00:18:10It comes out into the open
00:18:11And he goes to talk to a German officer
00:18:13He asks him to at least spare the children
00:18:15And the officer accepts
00:18:16But it's not true
00:18:18I still sometimes see the faces in front of me
00:18:20Eyes wide open with terror
00:18:26It amazed me so much
00:18:28That the people in the square
00:18:29They didn't say a single word
00:18:31They didn't scream or pray for their lives
00:18:33Or implored
00:18:35The people of Sant'Anna understood it
00:18:37What's about to happen
00:18:38But he can't do anything about it
00:18:40After the massacre
00:18:41The SS carry out the wooden benches of the church
00:18:45They pile them up on the bodies that are on the churchyard
00:18:47And they set everything on fire with the flamethrower
00:18:49Then they set fire to all the houses in Sant'Anna
00:18:55It doesn't end there
00:18:56The SS kill all the inhabitants
00:18:59Of the hamlets of Colle and Moco
00:19:01Then they go down to the village of Coletti
00:19:03Where people don't understand what's going on
00:19:06And she hasn't escaped yet
00:19:28There were several evacuees at my house
00:19:31They all took it
00:19:34They brought themselves
00:19:35I spent my sister
00:19:36Cesira who was 18 years old
00:19:41They hesitated for a long time
00:19:44Kicks, blows
00:19:46And then after that there was the 16 year old one.
00:19:48Who was called Maria
00:19:51And then Lilia
00:19:52Who had 10
00:19:54And then I had 4
00:19:56And my mom had the 20 day old one
00:20:00With all these displaced people
00:20:02Yes, you drag, punches
00:20:05They took themselves to a certain house
00:20:09They filed out in threes
00:20:13The tallest ones behind
00:20:14The little ones
00:20:15The medium ones in front
00:20:17And then even smaller
00:20:18My age is 4 years old, 5 years old
00:20:21They paraded in front
00:20:22Then they placed a metallizer
00:20:25Not far away
00:20:27Where we were
00:20:29I can tell him 4 meters
00:20:31Because what does he want?
00:20:31I was 4 years old
00:20:33They placed a metallizer
00:20:35And they shot at three rows
00:20:37But rather
00:20:39My sister Gesira
00:20:40Which brought me back
00:20:42He says that
00:20:43A mother
00:20:44With a small child
00:20:46That brought me back
00:20:47A sister of mine
00:20:48He asked him for mercy
00:20:49And they took the gun
00:20:51They killed this woman
00:20:53With this little boy
00:20:54And my mom too
00:20:56He says she was killed
00:20:57With the gun
00:20:58They don't spare children
00:20:59The officer had promised it
00:21:01To the parish priest of Sant'Anna
00:21:02But he had lied
00:21:06When Don Giuseppe will arrive
00:21:07On the churchyard
00:21:09He will find the bodies
00:21:09Of 32 children
00:21:15And then there are the Tucci brothers
00:21:17There is Irma
00:21:18Who is 5 years old
00:21:19And an SS
00:21:20He kills her by smashing them
00:21:21Head against the wall
00:21:22And then there's Anna
00:21:23Which is only 20 days old
00:21:25And when they bury her
00:21:26They put it
00:21:27Inside the box
00:21:28Of a doll
00:21:34No, they don't spare children.
00:21:36There are 130
00:21:37The children killed
00:21:38In the massacre
00:21:39Of Saint Anna of Stazema
00:21:55In 4 hours
00:21:56From 7 to 11 in the morning
00:21:58In the valley around Sant'Anna
00:22:00They are killed
00:22:01Killed like that
00:22:02560 people
00:22:04But this is only the official figure
00:22:16Who was it?
00:22:17The Germans
00:22:18The SS
00:22:28To carry out the massacre of Sant'Anna
00:22:30It was the men
00:22:31From the Galler company
00:22:32From the name of the captain
00:22:33Who commands it
00:22:34Anton Galler
00:22:45It is part of the sixteenth division
00:22:48Panzergranadier
00:22:49Reichführer SS
00:22:50Sent to check
00:22:52That part
00:22:53Of occupied Italy
00:22:54It is formed
00:22:55For at least two thirds
00:22:56As young soldiers
00:22:57Between 17 and 20 years old
00:22:59And a fifth of these
00:23:00They're not even German
00:23:01But Romanians
00:23:02Hungarians
00:23:03Alsatians
00:23:03And there are also some Italians
00:23:10Many
00:23:10They come from the Totenkopf division
00:23:12Death's head
00:23:13The one that provides the commanders
00:23:15And the guards of the camps
00:23:16From Dachau
00:23:17In Auschwitz
00:23:18And even before that
00:23:19The members
00:23:19Of the Einsatzgruppe
00:23:21Who followed the front
00:23:22With the task
00:23:23To kill on the spot
00:23:24Uncomfortable Prisoners of War
00:23:25Jews
00:23:26And other unwanted elements
00:23:33At the head of the battalion
00:23:34What it depends on
00:23:35The Galler company
00:23:36There is a major
00:23:37He's coming too
00:23:38From the Totenkopf
00:23:39Is called
00:23:40Walter Reder
00:23:46But there are not only
00:23:47The SS of the Galler Battalion
00:23:49In the valley of Sant'Anna
00:23:51That morning
00:23:51Of August 12, 1944
00:23:53There are also
00:23:55Some Italians
00:23:56Which have been requisitioned
00:23:57From the Germans
00:23:58As ammunition carriers
00:23:59Many of these
00:24:00They were killed
00:24:01During the massacre
00:24:02While on others
00:24:03The accusation is serious
00:24:04Of collaborationism
00:24:05But
00:24:06There are still others
00:24:10They were accompanied
00:24:11Those who
00:24:11They came to my house
00:24:13From two characters
00:24:15That they were not Germans
00:24:17But they were Italians
00:24:18Among other things
00:24:18One of them was
00:24:19In civilian clothes
00:24:21It wasn't
00:24:22In military uniform
00:24:24But
00:24:24These two
00:24:25They had
00:24:25On the face
00:24:27A mask
00:24:28Some handkerchiefs
00:24:30They were partly
00:24:30Blindfolded
00:24:31And they spoke like us
00:24:32They were talking
00:24:33Not just Italian
00:24:35And not just Tuscan
00:24:36But the accent
00:24:37Versinesi
00:24:38Let's go back to that closet
00:24:39That big wardrobe
00:24:40With two doors
00:24:41Dark wood
00:24:41Turned against the wall
00:24:43At the end of the corridor
00:24:50Inside that closet
00:24:51There is a register
00:24:52A3 format
00:24:5342 for 30
00:24:54With hard cover
00:24:55Made of cardboard
00:24:56Contains 272 pages
00:24:59Handwritten
00:25:00With a calligraphy
00:25:01Minute and precise
00:25:02Like the ones they had
00:25:03The old chancellors
00:25:08In that register
00:25:09There are dates
00:25:11Names
00:25:11And numbers
00:25:12As per protocol
00:25:12Which classify
00:25:132274 files
00:25:16What it concerns
00:25:17The massacre
00:25:18Of Saint Anna
00:25:18From Stazzema
00:25:19It's 1976
00:25:211937
00:25:23That's it
00:25:23Of the massacre
00:25:24From Marzabotto
00:25:25She remembers
00:25:27Of the action in Marzabotto
00:25:29But she knows
00:25:30That there have been
00:25:31Killings
00:25:32Of women and children
00:25:33We have
00:25:34Only punished
00:25:35Of the people
00:25:36What he had committed
00:25:37Of the crimes
00:25:43And what kind of people?
00:25:45It was this
00:25:45They were civilians
00:25:47Is called
00:25:49Beckhamfung Gang
00:25:50War on the gangs
00:25:51And it is regulated
00:25:52From orders
00:25:52Directly issued
00:25:54From Hitler
00:26:03Partisan activity
00:26:04First in occupied countries
00:26:06From the East
00:26:06And then in France
00:26:07In Italy
00:26:07It has become more and more intense
00:26:09And it represents a problem.
00:26:10For the German Army
00:26:11Who occupied Italy
00:26:12After the armistice
00:26:13Of September 8th
00:26:23Army groups
00:26:25That they don't accept
00:26:25Of being disarmed
00:26:26From the Germans
00:26:27Or fight with them
00:26:29Partisan formations
00:26:30Who perch themselves in the mountains
00:26:31Small groups
00:26:32That disturb
00:26:33The rear
00:26:34And the lines
00:26:35Of German communications
00:26:41The Germans
00:26:42They call them bandits
00:26:43The authorities
00:26:44Of the Italian Social Republic
00:26:46Which was formed
00:26:46In occupied Italy
00:26:47And that fights
00:26:48Alongside the Germans
00:26:49They call them traitors
00:26:50They
00:26:51That they are communists
00:26:52Socialists
00:26:53Catholics
00:26:54Of the Action Party
00:26:55O of justice and freedom
00:26:56They call themselves patriots
00:27:03It's the resistance
00:27:10Combat Directive
00:27:12Fighting gangs in the East
00:27:13Order sheet 69 bar 2
00:27:15Fighting the gangs
00:27:16The directives follow one another
00:27:18Adolf Hitler states
00:27:19Who should put them into practice?
00:27:21In Italy
00:27:22It's the Field Marshal
00:27:23Albert Kesserling
00:27:24Who commands?
00:27:25The German occupation troops
00:27:38Kill immediately
00:27:39The captured partisans
00:27:41After questioning them
00:27:42Burning the countries
00:27:43And the villages
00:27:43Who may have hosted them
00:27:45Or stock up
00:27:45Exterminate
00:27:46In retaliation
00:27:47The population
00:27:48Suspected
00:27:49To support the resistance
00:27:56Marzabotto
00:27:56It is a municipality
00:27:57On the mountains
00:27:58Of the Bolognese Pennino
00:27:59Together with Grizzana
00:28:00And in Monzuno
00:28:01The groups of houses
00:28:02And farmhouse
00:28:03Scattered throughout the valley
00:28:11There are farmers and mountaineers
00:28:13And also a lot of people
00:28:15Which is displaced from the cities
00:28:16To escape hunger
00:28:17And to the bombings
00:28:18They feel safe up there
00:28:20In those small mountain villages
00:28:22Where at least
00:28:22Something to eat
00:28:24There is always
00:28:30On those mountains
00:28:31Under the peak of Montesole
00:28:33There is also a big one
00:28:33Partisan training
00:28:40The Red Star Brigade
00:28:42Born in November 1943
00:28:44In the rectory
00:28:45Of the church of Vado
00:28:46And then she grew up
00:28:47Up to counting
00:28:482000 men
00:28:49Commanded
00:28:50From a young mechanic
00:28:51What is it called?
00:28:51Mario Musolesi
00:28:52Battle name
00:28:54Wolf
00:28:56It's important
00:28:57The Montesole area
00:28:58For the Germans
00:28:59Why the front
00:29:00It's getting closer
00:29:01And they are afraid
00:29:01To remain bottled up
00:29:03Among the allies
00:29:03Advancing from the south
00:29:04And the partisans
00:29:05From Bologna
00:29:06North
00:29:07We must maintain
00:29:08Mackerel
00:29:09The border crossings
00:29:09On the Apennines
00:29:10Among the valleys of the Setta
00:29:11And of the Rhine
00:29:17At dawn on September 29, 1944
00:29:20It's half past five
00:29:22Four German columns
00:29:24They move
00:29:24Towards the upper floor
00:29:25From Montesole
00:29:26They are formed
00:29:27From Panzergranadier
00:29:28Armored units
00:29:29Of artillery
00:29:30Of the SS
00:29:31But also by men
00:29:32Of the army
00:29:33And the Luftwaffe
00:29:34The German Air Force
00:29:35And there is also
00:29:36The 263rd
00:29:37Eastern Battalion
00:29:38Format mainly
00:29:40From deserters
00:29:41And former Ukrainian prisoners
00:29:42In all
00:29:431500 men
00:29:45In command
00:29:45Of the major
00:29:46Walter Reeder
00:29:49The goal
00:29:50They would be the partisans
00:29:51Of the Red Star
00:29:52To be flushed out of the mountains
00:29:53And engage in combat
00:29:58And in fact
00:29:59The partisans
00:30:00Of the brigade
00:30:01They are invested
00:30:02From the roundup
00:30:03And in the four days
00:30:04Of battle
00:30:05What follows?
00:30:05Especially around
00:30:06In the Cadotto area
00:30:07Commander Lupo also dies
00:30:09Together with others
00:30:10226 partisans
00:30:15Something happened
00:30:17In Marzabotto
00:30:17And what happened
00:30:19It has nothing to do with it
00:30:20With a normal operation
00:30:21War
00:30:22Whatever they say
00:30:23The directives
00:30:24On the war on gangs
00:30:25The men
00:30:26By Major Reeder
00:30:27They start right away
00:30:28To massacre
00:30:29Burn
00:30:30And destroy
00:30:31All that
00:30:31Which are in front
00:30:32We were farmers
00:30:34We have sat down
00:30:35The cows
00:30:36Case
00:30:36All livestock
00:30:38So I
00:30:39And some of my other friends
00:30:40They told me
00:30:40We're going home
00:30:41To get the cows
00:30:42Tomorrow morning
00:30:43Let's go back up
00:30:43When we were
00:30:45Halfway
00:30:46We met
00:30:47My dad
00:30:47Turned back
00:30:49Why there
00:30:50They burn everything
00:30:51And we went back
00:30:53With him
00:30:53We stopped
00:30:54To a farmhouse
00:30:56Which is called Tura
00:30:57And we did it
00:30:59The night there
00:31:00And the next morning
00:31:01We heard screams
00:31:03Some screams
00:31:04I'm Paolo
00:31:05I'm Maria
00:31:06They killed everyone
00:31:10We didn't know them
00:31:11Some crabs
00:31:12They were in bad shape
00:31:13They were full of blood
00:31:14Of meat
00:31:15Because we are saved
00:31:16Two of my sisters
00:31:18Under the dead
00:31:19And between
00:31:20They stayed there
00:31:21With mom
00:31:21The 105th Battalion
00:31:23Luftwaffe anti-aircraft guns
00:31:25It starts from Pian di Vendola
00:31:26At dawn on September 29th
00:31:28And it heads towards Caprara
00:31:32In Castellino
00:31:34They massacre a family
00:31:35Of 8 people
00:31:36Met in a farmhouse
00:31:37In San Martino
00:31:3837
00:31:39In Dabelle
00:31:407 more
00:31:47In Sperticano
00:31:49They stop
00:31:49To celebrate
00:31:50The birthday
00:31:51Of the captain
00:31:51In the parish priest's house
00:31:52Don Giovanni Fornasini
00:31:54Who killed
00:31:55Shortly before
00:31:55In San Martino
00:31:56When he went up
00:31:57To bless the dead
00:31:58Of that massacre
00:32:08They are above all
00:32:09Women, old people and children
00:32:10Why men and young people
00:32:12As soon as they heard
00:32:13On the arrival of the Germans
00:32:14They went into hiding
00:32:15In the woods
00:32:15And at home
00:32:16They are the only ones left
00:32:18So much
00:32:19What can they fear?
00:32:2070-year-olds
00:32:21Women and young children
00:32:23What do they have to do with it?
00:32:24With the war
00:32:28They surrounded the farmhouse
00:32:30They raked
00:32:31All people
00:32:32That they were there
00:32:33There were 90 of them
00:32:34People were led
00:32:37Under a portico
00:32:38Which still exists today
00:32:40Which has not been removed
00:32:41This porch
00:32:42And after having collected
00:32:46Women, men
00:32:47Children, elderly people
00:32:48All that
00:32:49All people
00:32:51Who were present there
00:32:52They had it pulled out
00:32:54Agricultural carts
00:32:56They put them in front of each other
00:32:58At the entrance to the portico
00:32:59They put on these carts
00:33:02The machine guns
00:33:03And then after receiving
00:33:05Around 8.30am
00:33:06At 9 in the morning
00:33:07A signal
00:33:08A bright satin
00:33:09One red
00:33:10And a white one
00:33:11The massacre began
00:33:14Killing all the people
00:33:16Which had been conducted
00:33:19Under this port
00:33:20The SS of the sixteenth
00:33:21Panzergranadier
00:33:22They leave from Grizzana
00:33:24And they point towards
00:33:25Monte Termine
00:33:25To close
00:33:26The encirclement from the south
00:33:27Meanwhile
00:33:28Four other companies
00:33:30They leave from Montorio
00:33:31And Rioveggio
00:33:31To close
00:33:32The encirclement
00:33:33From Montesole
00:33:33From the southwest
00:33:38The goal
00:33:40The target is the partisans
00:33:40Of the Red Star
00:33:41The dead though
00:33:42They are almost all old
00:33:44Women and children
00:33:45We went up
00:33:46We saw the house
00:33:48That
00:33:49It was burning
00:33:51We got closer
00:33:53And there was silence
00:33:55You couldn't hear anything
00:33:57At that time
00:33:58What we thought
00:34:01There is no one
00:34:04And they had taken them
00:34:06I have arrived
00:34:09In the air
00:34:10There was a barn
00:34:12Then there was a pergola
00:34:14And they had put them there
00:34:17All there
00:34:18All there
00:34:21Nothing
00:34:22They were there
00:34:24They were slaughtered
00:34:25Not shot
00:34:27They were all there on the ground
00:34:29There was
00:34:30Even pigs
00:34:33That they were eating them
00:34:35Why
00:34:36There were intestines
00:34:38That they were coming
00:34:39There were 18 people
00:34:43Among which
00:34:45A 28-day-old grandson
00:34:48Then there was 4
00:34:50Why
00:34:51Of my family
00:34:52There were 14 of them
00:34:53Then there were 4 evacuees
00:34:55That they had come there
00:34:58To stay
00:34:58In the safe
00:35:00If instead
00:35:01Nothing
00:35:05They were all there
00:35:07As
00:35:07And then
00:35:08My father
00:35:10It was more
00:35:12Meaning what
00:35:12The dead
00:35:13They were all there
00:35:14As
00:35:15My father
00:35:15He was further back
00:35:18I saw there
00:35:20A little man
00:35:21There
00:35:21Everything is in a bad way
00:35:23And everything
00:35:25And I say
00:35:26And my father
00:35:28In Cerpiano
00:35:29For example
00:35:30A non-commissioned officer
00:35:31Of the SS
00:35:31The team leader
00:35:32Meyer
00:35:33That the witnesses
00:35:33They describe
00:35:34Completely drunk
00:35:35Gather some people
00:35:37In the village oratory
00:35:42They are not partisans
00:35:44There are 20 children
00:35:45Two old people
00:35:46And 26 women
00:35:47Including
00:35:48Three nuns
00:35:54The cut corpses
00:35:55In the middle
00:35:56Those who were
00:35:57On the door
00:35:57They were just
00:35:58Legs on one side
00:36:00The body on the other
00:36:01I say
00:36:02Well
00:36:02Here
00:36:03I was looking for
00:36:04To go down
00:36:05In the shelter
00:36:06What did I know?
00:36:07That my dad was there
00:36:08But it was there
00:36:0950 meters away
00:36:10Only that
00:36:11Going out
00:36:12I saw
00:36:13Come down
00:36:14From a street
00:36:15There was a patrol
00:36:17Of Germans
00:36:18Then I came back
00:36:19There in my place
00:36:21Then I leaned on
00:36:23On the ground
00:36:23As it was before
00:36:24He then had
00:36:25The whole face
00:36:26Bloody
00:36:27Because he had supported
00:36:28Hands on the ground
00:36:29And then I got up
00:36:31I put them on
00:36:32In the face
00:36:33And that was all
00:36:33Bloody
00:36:35After a while
00:36:36He came inside
00:36:36Of the people
00:36:37What was he looking for?
00:36:38Of gold
00:36:39In short
00:36:39He was taking away
00:36:40All the gold
00:36:41What was there?
00:36:41Oil rings
00:36:42In short
00:36:42They took them away
00:36:46And to me
00:36:47They lifted me up
00:36:47For the head
00:36:48They took me
00:36:48The hair
00:36:49Then they lifted me up
00:36:50And then they put me back down
00:36:51Floor
00:36:51I say
00:36:52But you can see that
00:36:53And here he noticed
00:36:55Who has hair
00:36:55At heart football
00:36:56But there is the head
00:36:57That's hot
00:36:58He put me back down
00:37:00And I was
00:37:01There a little bit
00:37:02A bit'
00:37:03Stiffened
00:37:04Why
00:37:05I was waiting for the shot
00:37:06Of pistol
00:37:06Because every now and then
00:37:07I knew about the shots
00:37:08Of pistol
00:37:09That someone
00:37:09He was complaining
00:37:10They finished them
00:37:12Instead
00:37:12It didn't happen to me
00:37:14They left me alone
00:37:15In Casaglia
00:37:17The villagers
00:37:18And the displaced people in the area
00:37:19They gathered in church
00:37:20With them
00:37:21There is also the parish priest
00:37:22From a nearby country
00:37:23Don Ubaldo Marchionni
00:37:24What is saying mass?
00:37:26When the Germans arrive
00:37:33In Casaglia
00:37:35The women
00:37:35They had gathered them together
00:37:36All in church
00:37:38They arrived
00:37:39The Germans
00:37:41And Raus
00:37:42Out
00:37:43Out
00:37:43Out
00:37:44They killed
00:37:44The priest
00:37:46They laid it out
00:37:47On the altar
00:37:47They set fire to
00:37:49The church
00:37:49Women out
00:37:50They locked them up
00:37:51Inside the cemetery
00:37:52The SS
00:37:53They kill immediately
00:37:54A woman
00:37:55Which is paralytic
00:37:56And he can't move
00:37:59They kill on the spot
00:38:01Those too
00:38:01What they tried
00:38:02To hide
00:38:03In the bell tower
00:38:04And he is saved
00:38:05Only one
00:38:05Which succeeded
00:38:06To climb the bells
00:38:07The others
00:38:08They take them to the cemetery
00:38:09Of the country
00:38:10They let them in
00:38:11In there
00:38:11Among the tombs
00:38:12And the dead
00:38:13And they put
00:38:13A machine gun
00:38:14At the entrance
00:38:15In San Giovanni
00:38:16Downstairs
00:38:17They massacre them
00:38:17About fifty
00:38:18Including
00:38:1916 children
00:38:20What do they have?
00:38:20Less than 10 years old
00:38:23In Caprara
00:38:24There are no partisans
00:38:25The Germans
00:38:26They don't meet any
00:38:26And they don't fight
00:38:27With no one
00:38:28But
00:38:29They rake
00:38:2935 people
00:38:30And they close them
00:38:31In a house
00:38:32Packing them in
00:38:33In the kitchen
00:38:33And then
00:38:34They start shooting
00:38:39They are entire families
00:38:40Composed mainly
00:38:41As old people
00:38:42Women
00:38:42And children
00:38:43Because my mother-in-law
00:38:45He was astride
00:38:47Of one
00:38:47Of a window
00:38:49What a pig
00:38:50He was eating our heads off
00:38:52Why me
00:38:53In addition to mine
00:38:53I also have
00:38:55Seven sisters-in-law
00:38:56And the mother-in-law
00:38:57Dead
00:38:58Up there inside
00:38:58And one had
00:39:0022 days
00:39:03And we found
00:39:04Only the kitchen
00:39:05What then
00:39:06We had kitchens
00:39:07Only by pen
00:39:08The pen
00:39:08Spagliata
00:39:09Above the dead
00:39:10And that's it
00:39:10And the child
00:39:11We failed
00:39:12To see
00:39:15The terror
00:39:16We saw it
00:39:16The same
00:39:17Even if not
00:39:17I lived it
00:39:18My partner and I
00:39:20We went
00:39:21Up to bury them
00:39:23Two or three days
00:39:25After
00:39:27I have never
00:39:28Told
00:39:29I'm telling you about it
00:39:29Now
00:39:34They don't kill
00:39:35Only people
00:39:36The Germans
00:39:37And the Italians
00:39:37That accompany them
00:39:38They kill them badly
00:39:39With ferocity
00:39:40And lack of iron
00:39:49They burn them alive
00:39:50In the stables
00:39:51And in the houses
00:39:51They throw in the air
00:39:53The children
00:39:53To shoot them on the fly
00:39:54There is a little girl
00:39:5540 days old
00:39:56Thrown into the air
00:39:56Like a jar
00:39:57They open their bellies
00:39:58Of pregnant women
00:39:59To machine-gun the fetuses
00:40:00And those too
00:40:01That they are saved
00:40:02There are children
00:40:037 years old
00:40:04That they are saved
00:40:04Why did they stay
00:40:05All day long
00:40:06Under the bodies
00:40:07Of the murdered parents
00:40:07Those too
00:40:08That they are saved
00:40:09These things
00:40:10They'll take them with them
00:40:11For life
00:40:12The Marzabotto massacre
00:40:13It starts at dawn
00:40:14Of September 29, 1944
00:40:16And the evening ends
00:40:18Of October 5th
00:40:20In seven days
00:40:21Among the municipalities
00:40:22From Marzabotto
00:40:23Monzuno
00:40:23And Grizzana
00:40:24They are killed
00:40:25770 people
00:40:26Of these
00:40:28142
00:40:29They are old
00:40:30Over 60 years old
00:40:30316 are women
00:40:32E 216
00:40:33They are children
00:40:35Under 12 years old
00:40:43Let's go back to that closet
00:40:45That dark wooden wardrobe
00:40:46In the basement
00:40:47From Palazzo Cesi
00:40:48That creepy closet
00:40:49With doors that can't be opened
00:40:51Why are they turned against the wall
00:40:57In the A3 format register
00:40:59What's inside the closet
00:41:00There are also the dead of Marzabotto
00:41:02Along with many others
00:41:03All registered
00:41:04With their protocol number
00:41:05Of the file
00:41:06From number 1
00:41:07At 2274
00:41:19They are the massacres
00:41:20Ordered by the Germans
00:41:21And from the Italians
00:41:22Of the Republic of Salò
00:41:23Who accompanied
00:41:24The slow and long retreat
00:41:25Of the front line
00:41:26Towards the north
00:41:27After landing
00:41:28Of the allies in Sicily
00:41:29In July 1943
00:41:389,180 civilians killed
00:41:40At least according to official figures
00:41:42Nearly 10,000 dead
00:41:44Dead like that
00:41:48It's war on civilians
00:41:49In which the civilian population
00:41:51Of a territory
00:41:52It becomes itself
00:41:53A military target
00:41:55It doesn't matter if he did
00:41:56Or not something
00:41:57An asymmetric war
00:41:58Like the colonial ones
00:41:59Where everything is permitted
00:42:00Even the most extreme violence
00:42:02The most terrible ferocity
00:42:04The most horrendous profanations
00:42:07Officers, soldiers, policemen, militiamen
00:42:10Germans or Italians
00:42:11War criminals
00:42:12As there are in all wars
00:42:14Especially in a dirty war
00:42:16Fierce, ideological
00:42:17Like World War II
00:42:23All right
00:42:24But why that wardrobe?
00:42:25He's standing like this against the wall
00:42:27Why do they call it?
00:42:28The Closet of Shame
00:42:30Why in there
00:42:31There are no ghosts
00:42:32But skeletons
00:42:33Skeletons in the Closet
00:42:34It's a 30-year long story
00:42:40But all in all
00:42:41Very simple
00:42:43Articles 13, 185 and 211
00:42:47Massacres, killings and torture
00:42:48Looting
00:42:49Indecent behavior
00:42:50For military honor
00:42:51Geneva Convention
00:42:53Moscow Conference
00:42:54Bands and Bekampfgung
00:42:55War crimes investigations
00:42:57Of the wardrobe
00:42:57They start early
00:42:58Even before the war ends
00:43:01The allies lead them
00:43:02The Americans and the English
00:43:04The authorities of the Kingdom of Italy in the south
00:43:06And the national liberation committees in the north
00:43:09The Carabinieri and the Partisans
00:43:10And the Vatican too
00:43:11For the violence suffered by the priest
00:43:18To try them after the war
00:43:20It is decided
00:43:20It will be an allied court
00:43:22A bit like the one in Nuremberg
00:43:23For the higher ranks
00:43:24From Major General onwards
00:43:26While the junior officers
00:43:27Or the soldiers
00:43:28They will be tried
00:43:29From the Italian judiciary
00:43:33At the beginning there is a lot of activity
00:43:35In this sense
00:43:36At the start
00:43:39The first liberation government
00:43:41Chaired by Ferruccio Parri
00:43:43He decides to concentrate
00:43:44All proceedings in Rome
00:43:45At the Military Attorney General's Office
00:43:50The Military Attorney General
00:43:52Umberto Borsari
00:43:53Write to the loyal authorities
00:43:54Why do they send him?
00:43:55News about war crimes
00:43:57Committed against Italians
00:43:58And then
00:43:59It also collects information
00:44:01Collected by the Carabinieri
00:44:02And from the liberation committees
00:44:04You have to collect everything
00:44:05Form the files
00:44:06Classify them in a register
00:44:08And then send them
00:44:09To the prosecutors
00:44:10Of the places where the events took place
00:44:12Why they conduct trials
00:44:16The activity is frenetic
00:44:17The memory of the massacre
00:44:19It's still too fresh
00:44:20To leave indifferent
00:44:21And it is also decided
00:44:22That there will be an initiative
00:44:23Of a historical and political nature
00:44:25International in scope
00:44:26A great exhibition
00:44:28On war crimes
00:44:29Promoted by France
00:44:30Soviet Union
00:44:31And Italy
00:44:31Which will be held in Rome
00:44:33A moment of reflection
00:44:34Very important
00:44:35On the so-called
00:44:36War on civilians
00:44:39The military prosecutor's office
00:44:41The military prosecutor's office
00:44:41It activates quickly
00:44:42Of the ten processes
00:44:43That come to trial
00:44:45Between 1947
00:44:46And it's 1951
00:44:48The most important ones
00:44:49There are definitely two
00:44:51The first
00:44:52That's what condemns
00:44:53To life imprisonment
00:44:54The Lieutenant Colonel
00:44:55Of the SS
00:44:56Herbert Kapler
00:44:57Chief of the Gestapo
00:44:58And the Security Police
00:44:59From Rome
00:45:00One of those responsible
00:45:01Of the massacre
00:45:02Of the ardiactive pits
00:45:07The second great trial
00:45:09That's the one in charge
00:45:09Of the major
00:45:10Of the SS
00:45:11Walter Reeder
00:45:12That October 31st
00:45:13From 1951
00:45:15He is sentenced
00:45:15To life imprisonment
00:45:16From the military court
00:45:17From Bologna
00:45:18For the massacre
00:45:19From Marzabotto
00:45:19And many others
00:45:20Made between
00:45:21Emilia Romagna
00:45:22And Tuscany
00:45:30The activity is frenetic
00:45:31At the start
00:45:32Then, slowly slowly
00:45:33It becomes much less so
00:45:34The processes remain
00:45:36More or less those
00:45:36The investigations
00:45:37More or less the same remains
00:45:42While in the rest of Europe
00:45:43The trials and the criminals
00:45:44Of the Second World War
00:45:45There are many
00:45:46A hundred in France
00:45:47With 50 death sentences
00:45:4970 in Denmark alone
00:45:50With 4 death sentences
00:45:52In Italy
00:45:52There are only 13 trials
00:45:58Even the processes
00:46:00Already held
00:46:00They are being reviewed
00:46:01And in general
00:46:02The sentences were mitigated
00:46:03And then delete
00:46:04From amnesties
00:46:05And clemency measures
00:46:06Like that
00:46:08That in 1985
00:46:09He releases him from prison
00:46:10Major Reeder
00:46:11Already released into semi-liberty
00:46:12From the Bari court
00:46:14In 1980
00:46:18Reeder
00:46:19That in 1967
00:46:20He had asked for forgiveness
00:46:21The population of Marzabot
00:46:23He's going back to Austria
00:46:24Where it says
00:46:25Who has nothing to regret
00:46:27And that the request for forgiveness
00:46:28It had only been
00:46:29An expedient
00:46:30Suggested by his lawyer
00:46:33Amnesty
00:46:34Clemency
00:46:35Or even something else
00:46:40Like the escape
00:46:41That in 1977
00:46:42Herbert Kappler Gate
00:46:44Outside the military hospital
00:46:45Of the Celio
00:46:46Inside a suitcase
00:46:47Dragged by his wife
00:46:48Annelise
00:46:49Up to the car
00:46:49Stop in the parking lot
00:46:50Of the hospital
00:46:52The official explanations
00:46:54They put the blame on
00:46:55To the lack of supervision
00:46:57On the part of the Carabinieri
00:46:58But there are testimonies
00:46:59Who speak
00:47:00Of involvement
00:47:01Of our secret services
00:47:02That they would have handed over Kappler
00:47:04To the German secret service
00:47:07In the early months of 1994
00:47:09The military prosecutor of Rome
00:47:11Antonio Intelisano
00:47:13He is collecting the documents
00:47:14To have Pripke tried
00:47:15When you remember
00:47:17Of some documents
00:47:17Very important
00:47:18In the file
00:47:19About Lieutenant Colonel Kappler
00:47:21What about Pripke?
00:47:22He was the boss
00:47:22The prosecutor Intelisano
00:47:24He requires them
00:47:25To the Attorney General's Office
00:47:26And he insists
00:47:27And he keeps insisting
00:47:28Until he gets an answer
00:47:29That file
00:47:30They don't have it
00:47:31Perhaps
00:47:32It is located in another office
00:47:33In another building
00:47:34The prosecutor Intelisano
00:47:36Intelisano
00:47:36He doesn't give up
00:47:37Keep insisting
00:47:38And in the end
00:47:38That file pops up
00:47:43He was in a basement
00:47:45At the end of a corridor
00:47:46Inside an old closet
00:47:47Worm-eaten
00:47:48With the doors
00:47:48Facing the wall
00:47:54The Closet of Shame
00:47:56Why in that closet
00:47:57Together with the file
00:47:58On the Erdiattine ditches
00:47:59Recorded in the register
00:48:01With the number 1
00:48:02There are 695 of them in total.
00:48:04695 files
00:48:06Carefully compiled files
00:48:07With all the information collected by the Carabinieri
00:48:10From Allied Investigators
00:48:11And from the members of the CLN
00:48:12695 files
00:48:14Which indicate
00:48:15The names of the victims
00:48:16The names and addresses of the witnesses
00:48:18Names and ranks
00:48:19Of the alleged perpetrators
00:48:21Italians and Germans
00:48:29File number 1937
00:48:31Marzabotto massacre
00:48:32File number 1976
00:48:34Sant'Anna Massacre
00:48:36Since then
00:48:36Since the end of the war
00:48:3730 years ago
00:48:38To the military prosecutors
00:48:40They had arrived
00:48:40Especially those files
00:48:41Which did not contain
00:48:42Useful information
00:48:43To conduct a trial
00:48:44Those 695 files
00:48:47Full of news and complaints
00:48:48They had remained there
00:48:49In that wooden closet
00:48:51Turned against the wall
00:48:54The Closet of Shame
00:48:55But why?
00:48:57Why that closet?
00:48:58Did he stay there?
00:48:59Why all those files?
00:49:01All those skeletons
00:49:02They stayed in there
00:49:03For many years
00:49:04It's something
00:49:05What does this have to do with
00:49:06With what happened
00:49:07In the world
00:49:07After the end
00:49:08Of the Second World War
00:49:10Something
00:49:10What does this have to do with
00:49:11With another war
00:49:12The Cold War
00:49:13The reasons were
00:49:15Multiple and complex
00:49:18They were relative reasons
00:49:22To the new international context
00:49:24Of the Cold War
00:49:26In the context of the opposition
00:49:28Between blocks
00:49:29It was no longer appropriate
00:49:32Keep putting
00:49:33Embarrassed
00:49:35The new rulers
00:49:37Of the Federal Republic of Germany
00:49:39With requests for
00:49:41Indictment
00:49:43Of processes
00:49:44In comparisons
00:49:45Of the officers
00:49:46Of the Wehrmacht
00:49:47Or of the SS
00:49:48In the meantime
00:49:49Indeed
00:49:50Something happened
00:49:53In September 1949
00:49:55The first government was born
00:49:57Of the Federal Republic of Germany
00:49:59Led by the Chancellor
00:50:00Conrad Adenauer
00:50:01It's important
00:50:02The Federal Republic of Germany
00:50:04It is a border country
00:50:05Between the Soviet bloc
00:50:06And the American one
00:50:07In the center of that line
00:50:08In which they face each other
00:50:09NATO armies
00:50:11And those of the Warsaw Pact
00:50:16Berlin
00:50:17With that wall
00:50:18That divides it
00:50:18In east and west
00:50:19It's the symbol itself
00:50:20About this situation
00:50:21It's important
00:50:23The Federal Republic of Germany
00:50:24It's important
00:50:25That it has political stability
00:50:26Efficient secret services
00:50:28And above all
00:50:28A new army
00:50:42In Italy, however
00:50:43There are all those files
00:50:44All those acts
00:50:46That are gathering
00:50:47At the military prosecutors' offices
00:50:48The testimonies
00:50:49The dead
00:50:50The names of the culprits
00:50:51There are military prosecutors
00:50:53What are they giving themselves?
00:50:54A great deal
00:50:54For example
00:50:55There is a military examining magistrate
00:50:57In Rome
00:50:58What he wrote
00:50:59At the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
00:51:00He wants it to be activated
00:51:01To ask
00:51:02The extradition
00:51:02Of 30 German soldiers
00:51:04Accused of a huge crime
00:51:06One of the most horrendous
00:51:07Of the Second World War
00:51:08The massacre of Cephalonia
00:51:10The Germans
00:51:11They massacre one by one
00:51:12The prisoners
00:51:13Of the infantry division
00:51:14Acqui
00:51:15Stationed in Kefalonia
00:51:16In Greece
00:51:16Which she had refused
00:51:17To surrender
00:51:18After the armistice
00:51:19Of September 8th
00:51:20The death toll
00:51:21It has never been established
00:51:22With certainty
00:51:23But it definitely surpasses
00:51:245,000
00:51:25Between soldiers and officers
00:51:26Which reach almost 7,000
00:51:28With the other Italian soldiers
00:51:29Murdered like that
00:51:31In the rest of Greece
00:51:36Cephalonia massacre
00:51:38File 1188
00:51:39The request
00:51:41Of the military examining magistrate
00:51:42From Rome
00:51:43Who wants to prosecute
00:51:44Officers and soldiers
00:51:45Of the army
00:51:46And the German Alpine troops
00:51:47These are not SS
00:51:48They are soldiers of the Wehrmacht
00:51:49He arrives
00:51:50To Gaetano Martino
00:51:52Foreign Minister
00:51:53Of the Segni government
00:51:54Who writes immediately
00:51:55A letter
00:51:56To Paolo Emilio Taviani
00:51:57Minister of the Interior
00:51:58October 10, 1956
00:51:59Letterhead
00:52:01Of the ministry
00:52:02Typewritten
00:52:05Dear Taviani
00:52:06Minister Martino writes
00:52:08I am convinced
00:52:09That those
00:52:10Who took part
00:52:11To such barbaric actions
00:52:12They don't deserve it
00:52:13Personally
00:52:14No clemency
00:52:15But there is a but
00:52:16I don't need it
00:52:17To emphasize to you
00:52:18Which you follow closely
00:52:19The problems
00:52:20About collaboration
00:52:21Atlantic and European
00:52:22What questions?
00:52:24It could give rise to
00:52:25On the part of the government
00:52:26Of Bon
00:52:26Our initiative
00:52:28That he came to feed
00:52:29The controversy
00:52:30On behavior
00:52:31Of the German soldier
00:52:34And this
00:52:35Martino adds
00:52:36Right now
00:52:37Which is being rebuilt
00:52:38That new German army
00:52:40Of which NATO
00:52:41Complains impatiently
00:52:42The setting
00:52:46The answer
00:52:47It arrives on October 20th
00:52:48And it's a note
00:52:49At the bottom of the sheet
00:52:50Written in pen
00:52:50From Minister Taviani
00:52:52I fully agree
00:52:53With Minister Martino
00:52:54The examining magistrate
00:52:56Military
00:52:56He insists
00:52:57And there is a new one
00:52:58Exchange of letters
00:52:58Among the ministers
00:52:59In which Minister Taviani
00:53:00It points out
00:53:01That one of the accused
00:53:02He's the brother
00:53:03Of the general
00:53:03Hans Speidel
00:53:04Just appointed
00:53:05General Commander
00:53:07Of NATO forces
00:53:07In Central Europe
00:53:08Nothing to do
00:53:15File number 1188
00:53:17It is archived
00:53:19From the prosecutor Santa Croce
00:53:20And ends up disappearing
00:53:21Inside the closet
00:53:22Of Shame
00:53:27The same thing happens
00:53:28For the Fossoli massacre
00:53:30July 12, 1944
00:53:32In retaliation
00:53:3367 prisoners
00:53:35They are brought
00:53:36At the shooting range
00:53:37Of the field
00:53:37And killed
00:53:38With a shot to the back of the head
00:53:45Military examining magistrate
00:53:47From Bologna
00:53:47He requests extradition
00:53:48For Tito
00:53:49Aghe
00:53:50And other guards
00:53:51From the Fossoli camp
00:53:51But Minister Martino
00:53:53Refuse this time too
00:53:54They are German citizens
00:53:56Politics is involved
00:53:57Better not
00:53:58File number 2
00:53:59Temporary storage
00:54:00Via
00:54:01In the Closet of Shame
00:54:06He admits it
00:54:07Paolo Emilio Taviani himself
00:54:09In an interview
00:54:10Released to the journalist
00:54:11Franco Giustolisi
00:54:11And then
00:54:12He also repeats it
00:54:13In his memoir
00:54:14Practically in the same words
00:54:16The truth
00:54:17It's that the Cold War
00:54:19It imposed very specific choices
00:54:20In those days
00:54:22The Soviet Union
00:54:23He was invading Hungary
00:54:24I'm not looking for alibis or excuses
00:54:26I'm telling you how things are
00:54:27To guide me
00:54:28It was the reason of state
00:54:34Contacts between former enemies
00:54:35But they continue
00:54:36The Germans now
00:54:37I am no longer a threat
00:54:38For the Western bloc
00:54:39It is the Soviet Union
00:54:41The Second World War
00:54:42It's over
00:54:43The Cold War begins
00:54:44And it takes someone
00:54:45Let him fight it
00:54:48It is in this function
00:54:49That many of the members
00:54:51To the security forces
00:54:52Of the Reich
00:54:53Like the SD and the Gestapo
00:54:54They are part of the police force
00:54:56From Federal Germany
00:54:57In his secret services
00:54:58In the American ones
00:54:59And English
00:55:00Many of those names
00:55:02They are found
00:55:02In the closet of shame
00:55:06Like the captain
00:55:07Of the SS
00:55:08Theodor Sabeke
00:55:09One of the main collaborators
00:55:11By Major Walter Rauf
00:55:12What he experiences
00:55:13The truck
00:55:14To be used as a gas chamber
00:55:15For the Jews
00:55:16Using exhaust gas
00:55:17Before it was adopted
00:55:18The Zyklon B Solution
00:55:19In the Stermination Camps
00:55:27As head
00:55:29Security services
00:55:30Germans of Lombardy
00:55:31August 10, 1944
00:55:33Captain Sabeke
00:55:34He orders the shooting
00:55:36Of 15 hostages
00:55:36Performed by the militia
00:55:38Of the autonomous legion
00:55:39Ettore Muti
00:55:40And of the black brigade
00:55:41Aldo Resega
00:55:46By order of Captain Sabeke
00:55:48The hostages
00:55:49All political prisoners
00:55:51Prisoners in San Vittore
00:55:52They are left
00:55:53Exposed
00:55:54At Piazzale Loreto
00:55:54For 24 hours
00:55:55While the soldiers
00:55:56Of the Social Republic
00:55:57They keep away
00:55:58The relatives
00:55:59And the friends of the lives
00:56:08The file
00:56:09Who accuses Captain Sabeke
00:56:10Together with 16 other people
00:56:12Including 4 Italians
00:56:13It's number 2167
00:56:15It's full of testimonies
00:56:17And there's also a guilt mission
00:56:18From the captain
00:56:19But now Sabeke
00:56:20He is no longer an SS
00:56:21Since 1946
00:56:23He is part of the American secret services
00:56:25In Berlin
00:56:26And then he also becomes a manager
00:56:28Security services
00:56:29From Federal Germany
00:56:30Until 1971
00:56:31When he retires
00:56:37The most striking case
00:56:38It's the major's
00:56:39Of the SS
00:56:40Karl Haas
00:56:41Major Haas
00:56:42It was him too
00:56:43To the Ercattine Pits
00:56:44Together with Pripke
00:56:53Arrested by the Allies
00:56:54At the end of the war
00:56:55Haas is interned
00:56:57In an American prison
00:56:58In Rome
00:56:58Where to contact
00:57:00Right away
00:57:00From the major loaf
00:57:02Of the CAC
00:57:02The American military intelligence service
00:57:08Haas gets busy
00:57:10Get in touch
00:57:11With officials
00:57:12From the Ministry of the Interior
00:57:13But also with militants
00:57:14Of the far right
00:57:15And with officials
00:57:16Of the secret services
00:57:17Involved in the strategy
00:57:18Of attention
00:57:19He is very active
00:57:20Former Major Haas
00:57:21Very well known
00:57:22But for the military prosecutor's office
00:57:24He's a stranger
00:57:24An invisible one
00:57:30It had happened
00:57:31More or less the same
00:57:32With some exponents
00:57:33Of the Social Republic
00:57:34Wanted by the Italian authorities
00:57:37Oh allies
00:57:37In the immediate post-war period
00:57:39Like Prince Junio Valerio Borghese
00:57:42Saved by the head of the OSS in Italy
00:57:44James Jesus Engleton
00:57:46Who goes to pick him up with his jeep
00:57:47Or other exponents of the tenth mass
00:57:50Partly rotated
00:57:51In secret NATO organizations
00:57:52Like Gladio
00:57:56All right
00:57:56Blame the Cold War
00:57:58But maybe
00:57:59There's something else too
00:58:00We have always said
00:58:01Italians are good people
00:58:03And we always have been
00:58:04Rightly proud
00:58:05But it hasn't always been like this.
00:58:06When they want to be bad
00:58:08Italians are
00:58:09Like all other peoples
00:58:10The Italian soldiers
00:58:12They were able
00:58:13Of acts of heroism
00:58:14Of mercy
00:58:15And of exceptional sacrifice
00:58:16In conditions of inferiority
00:58:18Of discomfort
00:58:19And of suffering
00:58:22But not in Laga Uolde
00:58:24Where in May 1937
00:58:26By order of the viceroy of Ethiopia
00:58:28Rodolfo Graziani
00:58:29Injured in an attack
00:58:31All the monks are gathered
00:58:33Of the convent of Debrali Banos
00:58:35Sit down in a hollow
00:58:36Covered with a sheet
00:58:37And shot
00:58:38Nearly two thousand deaths
00:58:44He doesn't attack Ze
00:58:46Where in December 1935
00:58:48The Italian military advent
00:58:49Bomb Ethiopian soldiers and civilians
00:58:51With alyprite gas bombs
00:59:02And not even in the concentration camp
00:59:04On the island of Rab
00:59:05In front of the coast of Almaty
00:59:06In Yugoslavia
00:59:07Whose death camp mortality
00:59:09More than 19%
00:59:11More than Buchenwald
00:59:11Kill 4,000 people
00:59:21And there is General Mario Robotti
00:59:23Who commands the Eleventh Army Corps
00:59:25That in Slovenia
00:59:26Send a circular of reprimand
00:59:27To his men
00:59:28Because there's too little killing here
00:59:38There are 1700 of them
00:59:39The Italian military
00:59:41Inserted in the lists
00:59:42War criminals
00:59:43And requested by the allies
00:59:45For a great Italian Nuremberg
00:59:46And for this
01:00:00That the Italian ambassador in Moscow
01:00:02Peter Quaroni
01:00:03In 1946
01:00:04He writes to Rome
01:00:05Saying that he understands very well
01:00:07The desire of Italians
01:00:09To try German criminals
01:00:10But we
01:00:11Unfortunately we are
01:00:12In a situation
01:00:13In which other countries
01:00:14They ask us
01:00:15Or they can ask us
01:00:16The delivery of the guilty
01:00:18Of real or alleged atrocities
01:00:19So
01:00:20It makes me wonder
01:00:22If it is wise
01:00:23On our part
01:00:24Raise an issue
01:00:25Which can easily
01:00:26Act as a boomerang
01:00:27Not to mention
01:00:29That many of these
01:00:30Guilty of real
01:00:31Or alleged atrocities
01:00:32In the meantime
01:00:33They came back
01:00:34In law enforcement
01:00:35Or in the security services
01:00:37More or less official
01:00:38Of the Italian Republic
01:00:39But this one too
01:00:40It's another story
01:00:44With the discovery
01:00:45Of the closet of shame
01:00:46In that basement
01:00:47The proceedings
01:00:48They resume
01:00:50The files
01:00:52They come out of their graves
01:00:53Like ghosts
01:00:54The provisional archiving
01:00:56It is revoked
01:00:57And finally
01:00:57They arrive on the tables
01:00:59Of the military prosecutors
01:01:00Of skills
01:01:07The trial for the massacre
01:01:08Of Sant'Anna di Stazzema
01:01:10It opens on April 20th
01:01:11From 2004
01:01:12At the Military Tribunal
01:01:13From La Spezia
01:01:14The public prosecutor
01:01:16De Paulis
01:01:16And the men
01:01:17By Colonel Delia
01:01:18They found
01:01:19Enough evidence
01:01:19Enough testimonies
01:01:21To bring
01:01:22In the dock
01:01:23Two officers
01:01:24And eight petty officers
01:01:25Of the second Panzergranadier
01:01:27Of the Reichfuhrer SS Division
01:01:29The highest in rank
01:01:30He is the second lieutenant
01:01:31Gerhard Sommer
01:01:35I have nothing to reproach
01:01:37My conscience is absolutely clear.
01:01:40And now I don't want to know anymore
01:01:42At the first hearing
01:01:44The survivors
01:01:45And the relatives of the victims
01:01:46That they have constituted themselves
01:01:47Civil party
01:01:48They get up
01:01:49And they say the reason
01:01:49That's why they're there
01:01:53They make a list of relatives
01:01:54That they killed them
01:01:55It's a long list of names
01:01:57Entire families
01:01:58Old men, women, children
01:01:59There are at least 560
01:02:01The dead
01:02:01Of the massacre of Sant'Anna
01:02:04Through words
01:02:05Some witnesses
01:02:06And of the public prosecutor
01:02:07In that courtroom
01:02:08All the horror returns
01:02:10Of those days
01:02:10Also back
01:02:11Through words
01:02:12Of a witness
01:02:13Who was on the other side
01:02:14On the side of the Germans
01:02:15The Corporal
01:02:16Adolf Becker
01:02:46As far as I remember
01:02:55And then they saw
01:02:56As everyone had hoped
01:02:58The trial concludes
01:03:00June 22, 2005
01:03:02At 8.15pm
01:03:03The president of the military tribunal
01:03:05From La Spezia
01:03:06Pronounce the sentence
01:03:07In the name of the Italian people
01:03:09The military tribunal
01:03:11Of La Spezia
01:03:11Condemnation
01:03:12To the penalty of life imprisonment
01:03:14Bruce Werner
01:03:15Concina Alfred
01:03:18Göring Ludwig
01:03:19Gropler Taga
01:03:21Ten life sentences
01:03:21To the murderers of Sant'Anna
01:03:23A massacre
01:03:24Planned at the table
01:03:25And executed with ferocity
01:03:27The public prosecutor
01:03:28De Paulis
01:03:29He apologizes
01:03:29For the delay
01:03:30With which justice
01:03:31A sentence has arrived
01:03:32After almost 60 years
01:03:3859 years of waiting
01:03:39For the sentence
01:03:40Many of which
01:03:41Passed inside
01:03:42That closet
01:03:43In the basement
01:03:43The Closet of Shame
01:03:4559 years old
01:03:52For the massacre
01:03:53From Marzabotto
01:03:54We have to wait for it
01:03:55A couple more
01:03:56January 13, 2007
01:03:58Waiting for the sentence
01:04:00At the military tribunal
01:04:01From La Spezia
01:04:02There are survivors
01:04:03Of the massacre
01:04:04And the relatives of the victims
01:04:07There are associations
01:04:08And the institutions
01:04:09Which have been formed
01:04:11Civil party
01:04:11And there are the boys
01:04:13Of the school of peace
01:04:14From Montesole
01:04:14The park
01:04:15Established by the region
01:04:16Emilia Romagna
01:04:17As a place of memory
01:04:21At least 770 dead
01:04:23A real one
01:04:24War on civilians
01:04:26A terrorist action
01:04:28The prosecutor says
01:04:29De Paulis
01:04:29Conducted by a criminal organization
01:04:32The ESS
01:04:32Comparable to the mafia
01:04:34To the 'Ndrangheta
01:04:35And to Al-Qaeda
01:04:35Of the defendants
01:04:37Some testify
01:04:38Others confess
01:04:39Adding new details
01:04:40More still
01:04:41They deny
01:04:42Few repent
01:04:49January 13, 2007
01:04:5162 years have passed
01:04:53Everyone
01:04:54Except for the 17 defendants
01:04:56They are waiting for the sentence
01:04:57Of the military tribunal
01:04:59From La Spezia
01:05:0410 life sentences
01:05:06Lieutenant Albers
01:05:07And 9 other SS
01:05:08While 7 are acquitted
01:05:10For not having committed the act
01:05:11All over eighty
01:05:13Even those convicted
01:05:14All in absentia in Germany
01:05:15And so
01:05:16No one in jail
01:05:17Beyond their concrete outcomes
01:05:19The sentences on the massacres
01:05:20Of Saint Anna of Stazema
01:05:21And of Marzabotto
01:05:22They are very important
01:05:23They serve to establish facts
01:05:25Some fixed points
01:05:26Of the principles
01:05:27One of these
01:05:28It's that over there
01:05:29In Sant'Anna and Marzabotto
01:05:30And not just there
01:05:31It was not a retaliation
01:05:33But of war on civilians
01:05:36April 17, 2002
01:05:38The President of the Federal Republic of Germany
01:05:41Johannes Rao
01:05:42He went to Marzabotto
01:05:56The Marzabotto ruling
01:05:58It arrives after 62 years
01:05:59And it's about people
01:06:00That at the time of the facts
01:06:01They were 20-30 years old
01:06:03It's been a long time
01:06:04All the condemned
01:06:06They are over 80 years old
01:06:07They are old
01:06:07And then there is someone
01:06:08What is asked?
01:06:09But it's not better
01:06:10Let go of everything
01:06:11And forget
01:06:11Isn't it better to forgive?
01:06:14You see
01:06:17I don't know how to say it
01:06:19I can't explain myself very well
01:06:21But
01:06:22Forgiveness
01:06:26It's a thing
01:06:28It's a personal thing
01:06:33I
01:06:35Against the Germans
01:06:37I have nothing
01:06:39But
01:06:40Against those there
01:06:42Which have proven to be
01:06:45Bad guys
01:06:46Of the beasts
01:06:47And then
01:06:49In the end
01:06:50They are not
01:06:52They didn't get lost
01:06:55They would do it again
01:07:00So I
01:07:08So I
01:07:09I can't forgive
01:07:15The condemned men
01:07:17They were the same age
01:07:18Of some of their victims
01:07:19What now
01:07:20Probably
01:07:21They would have them too
01:07:2280 years old
01:07:23If anyone
01:07:23He hadn't killed them
01:07:37But maybe
01:07:38There is also something
01:07:39Of equally important importance
01:07:40Of justice
01:07:41What is owed to the victims
01:07:42And also of justice
01:07:43As an abstract concept
01:07:44It's something
01:07:45What does this have to do with
01:07:46Who did he live with?
01:07:46The events
01:07:47But above all
01:07:48With those who have not experienced them
01:07:49Because he wasn't born yet
01:07:50And maybe
01:07:51He doesn't know anything about it
01:07:52It's the memory
01:07:53In history books
01:07:55We're talking about numbers
01:07:57We are talking about millions of deaths
01:07:59Of millions of bombs
01:08:02We're talking about strategies
01:08:04We are talking about occupied territories
01:08:07Of liberated territories
01:08:08But we never talk
01:08:09Of what people
01:08:11He suffered in the war
01:08:12Here ends the story
01:08:14Of the closet of shame
01:08:15What never ends
01:08:17It's shame
01:08:17Of this
01:08:18As with all wars
01:08:19The shame
01:08:20What is she killed for?
01:08:21In cold blood
01:08:22And with ferocity
01:08:23Old men, women
01:08:24And small children
01:08:25But also
01:08:26The shame
01:08:26Of those who did not do
01:08:27What was the right thing to do
01:08:2860 years ago
01:08:29Like now
01:08:30For all those dead
01:08:32For the truth
01:08:32For justice
01:08:34And for the memory
01:08:35For justice
01:08:36For justice
01:08:38For justice
01:09:17For justice
01:09:33Thank you all.