- 20 minutes ago
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
00:42Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:02Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:05Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:07Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:21Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:23Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:24Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:37Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:40Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:43Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:51Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:23Υπότιτλοι
02:24Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:26Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:32Υπότιτλοι
02:34Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:36Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:38Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:40Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:42Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:44Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:44Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:48Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
02:49Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
03:19A crucial piece of evidence we have for Tutankhamun's life
03:22is thanks to one thing,
03:25the ancient Egyptian science of mummification.
03:31The ancient Egyptians thought it was crucial
03:34to preserve the bodies of their dead in places like this,
03:37the Valley of the Kings,
03:38so that they could survive through eternity.
03:41And if their bodies, and particularly their faces, weren't complete,
03:45then they believed they forfeited the chance of an afterlife.
03:49So, ancient Egyptian embalmers spent centuries
03:53trying to perfect the very best methods
03:55to preserve their body tissues,
03:57which is why so many ancient Egyptians have survived
04:01to tell us their own story.
04:08To understand the truth of Tutankhamun's story,
04:11shown by his mummy, I'm heading north.
04:16Not far from the Great Pyramid, the Sphinx,
04:19and Tutankhamun's capital,
04:21is the modern city of Cairo.
04:26Today, it's where most of Egypt's royal mummies reside.
04:31I've come to Cairo's Egyptian museum
04:34to meet old friend and paleoradiographer,
04:37Professor Sahar Salim.
04:39How lovely, how lovely to see you.
04:42Sahar has quite literally got under the skin
04:45of 40 royal mummies.
04:48Yes, she's here, Sahar.
04:49Let's go inside.
04:50Wow.
04:51This is incredible.
04:52She was part of a unique project
04:53that scanned, microscopically examined,
04:56and sampled DNA from the royal mummies
04:59of the new kingdom, including Tutankhamun.
05:04I just have to have a moment and put my hands on here
05:06because this is where Tutankhamun lay.
05:09This is where you scanned him, isn't it?
05:11The actual table that his body was put on.
05:15Amazing.
05:16What did you discover?
05:17When I examined the CT scan of Tutankhamun,
05:21the most amazing, the very high quality of mummification
05:25this golden boy got from the embalmers.
05:30Let me show you.
05:31Yeah.
05:31Okay.
05:32Okay.
05:33Oh, my gosh.
05:36This is the profile face of the king.
05:39Amazing.
05:40And what's this, the kind of yellow material
05:42that you can see around his mouth?
05:44This is a filler placed underneath the skin.
05:49Even in the same place that the modern plastic surgery,
05:52they place fillers, which is around the nose,
05:55and the mouth and the cheeks
05:56and even in the temporal regions
05:58so he would look youth and life-like.
06:03That's really interesting.
06:04So they're sort of plumping his face
06:05to make him look beautiful in the afterlife.
06:09The scans reveal that Tutankhamun's mummy
06:12received some of the best facial care
06:14of the pharaohs being studied.
06:17So we can see his skull shake,
06:19but we don't have his voice.
06:21Are there any clues as to how he might have spoken
06:23from the scan?
06:24This sweet boy has an overbite
06:27and the roof of the mouth,
06:28which is the bony roof of the mouth,
06:30it has a slit.
06:31This brought more air than usual to the nose.
06:35So he might have had a slight lisp
06:38or certainly a very distinctive voice.
06:40If Tutankhamun would call my name instead of Sahar,
06:45he would say Sahar.
06:49So Tutankhamun may well have talked with a lisp
06:53thanks to an overbite and a slight cleft palate.
06:56And with communication and public profile essential for any ruler,
07:00the boy king may have been facing a big challenge straight away.
07:05Thanks to his mummification,
07:07there's plenty more for modern science to reveal about Tutankhamun's story.
07:12In 2010, the Egyptian-led team reported that they'd extracted DNA from the royal mummies,
07:19including that of Tutankhamun.
07:23Could genetics help to find Tutankhamun's family
07:27and shed light on his early years?
07:31One inscription strongly implies his father was the eccentric pharaoh Akhenaten,
07:37who reigned with the iconic queen Nefertiti.
07:40But Akhenaten had more than one wife.
07:43So who was Tutankhamun's mother?
07:47A discovery here in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings
07:50could at last reveal who his mother was and what happened to her.
07:56Now, it's not normally open to the public,
07:58but I've been allowed in.
08:05Chakran, I think I'm going to take that.
08:07Thank you.
08:20Oh, these are beautiful.
08:22So that's Anubis, the god of the dead,
08:25welcoming the pharaohs to the afterlife.
08:29It's around a 50-metre journey deep into the rock,
08:34through pillared halls and painted walkways.
08:39until, finally, the inner sanctum,
08:44the burial chamber.
08:48This is the sarcophagus of Amunhotep II.
08:51So that's Tutankhamun's great-great-grandfather.
08:55and this whole tomb was made for him.
08:58But he wasn't the only person who ended up here.
09:08In a side chamber,
09:10a stash of unidentified royal mummies were discovered,
09:13who'd probably been hidden here
09:15to keep them safe from tomb raiders.
09:17Now, archaeologists named two of them,
09:21the elder lady and the younger lady.
09:24And when that revolutionary DNA work
09:27was done on the younger lady,
09:29she was identified as Tutankhamun's mother.
09:35I'm about to uncover shocking evidence of Tutankhamun's childhood
09:39and the dark secrets of his family.
09:43That's a terrible, terrible wound.
09:53Tutankhamun's childhood is a mystery.
09:56Even the identity of his parents has been hard to pin down.
10:02But the latest genetic research has given us a promising lead,
10:06taking us directly to a body that could be his mother.
10:16These remarkable mummified remains
10:18are usually kept under lock and key in Cairo's Egyptian museum.
10:24She could lift the veil on a great secret
10:27of Tutankhamun's childhood.
10:31My goodness, she looks so vulnerable, doesn't she?
10:36Yes.
10:36She's been studied by Professor Sahar Saleem.
10:40So what did your investigation tell you about her?
10:44She was quite young when she died.
10:48If you know that her wisdom teeth were not erupted.
10:52yet she was maybe about 25 years old.
10:55But what strikes me is her condition
10:59and all these wounds and injuries.
11:03Because, I mean, that's a terrible wound in her chest.
11:08This is what we see from the act of the tomb thieves.
11:13This is what they do to break the body
11:17in order to get the gold and the amulets inside.
11:21But what about this thing on her face?
11:23Is that the same thing, do you think?
11:24Or has that happened at a different time?
11:26This is what we thought.
11:27But actually, the CT scan revealed something else.
11:31It revealed that this injury happened before mummification.
11:38So this could have killed her because she could have chopped from her own blood
11:43and also the fractured bones going to the airway tract.
11:50So this could be fatal.
11:54And we know the injury didn't happen long before she died
11:57because the CT scan shows no signs of healing around the trauma.
12:03Can you tell what instrument was used to hit her in her face?
12:06Because, I mean, that is a terrible strike, isn't it?
12:08It should be a high-impact force.
12:12And this usually happens with a blunt trauma,
12:15a club with a stoned head or from a very forcible kick.
12:20What do you think?
12:21Do you think it's an accident or do you think this was an attack?
12:25It looks like an attack.
12:29The DNA work tells us that she is Tutankhamun's mother.
12:34Is that right?
12:34Yes, yes, she's Tutankhamun's mother
12:38and she's also the sister of Akhenaten.
12:43Okay, so she's her husband's sister as well.
12:51So it seems incredibly that I'm sitting here
12:56with the mother of Tutankhamun,
12:59which, of course, is a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
13:03This poor woman clearly suffered a terrible, violent death.
13:09So what this mummy is telling us
13:12is that as Tutankhamun was growing up,
13:14there was serious trouble in his household.
13:25So, how about his father?
13:28What can his story tell us about Tutankhamun's childhood?
13:41150 miles south of Cairo,
13:44this inhospitable plain near the banks of the Nile
13:48is where Tutankhamun grew up.
13:52Nearly 3,500 years ago,
13:55a shining new capital stood here,
13:57built by the pharaoh Akhenaten,
13:59whose reign preceded that of Tutankhamun.
14:06Akhenaten and his favourite queen, Nefertiti,
14:09had started a radical new religion.
14:12Now, for Egyptians,
14:14instead of worshipping thousands of gods,
14:16power was concentrated in one,
14:19the sun god, or Aten.
14:26So, this is the great sun god, the Aten,
14:29always represented like this,
14:30as a disc with these life-giving rays
14:32reaching out to the earth,
14:34and in particular here to Akhenaten
14:36and his queen, Nefertiti.
14:38I have to say, I just adore this image
14:41because it's so informal and intimate.
14:43So you've got this royal couple
14:45playing with and chucking
14:47and just kind of adoring their own daughters here.
14:54But this picture of family bliss
14:56hides a tragic reality.
15:00Akhenaten's reign did not go well.
15:06There were military failures,
15:08widespread plague,
15:09and by the time he died,
15:11after around 17 years in power,
15:13Egyptians had had enough
15:15of his new-fangled religion
15:16and were sick of Akhenaten.
15:20The dynasty was in mortal danger.
15:23What happened next would be crucial
15:25for its survival
15:26and possibly for the survival
15:28of Egypt itself.
15:35Much evidence from the time
15:37has either been lost
15:38or deliberately destroyed.
15:40There could have been a power struggle.
15:42But what we know for sure
15:45is that pretty soon after Akhenaten died,
15:48aged just nine,
15:49Tutankhamun came to the throne.
15:51So you wonder
15:52how a young boy like this
15:54could manage to survive,
15:56let alone thrive
15:57in this condition of chaos.
16:02And there may have been something
16:04that made Tutankhamun's life
16:06even more challenging.
16:08Questions over his health.
16:13Thanks to the latest scans,
16:14this is something
16:15we can now investigate
16:16to a level of detail
16:18that would have amazed
16:19his discoverer,
16:21Howard Carter.
16:22Carolyn, this is the most
16:24remarkable thing.
16:26Forensic bioarchaeologist,
16:28Dr. Carolyn Rando,
16:29is going to take me
16:30inside Tutankhamun's body
16:32for a unique post-mortem.
16:35We are looking at
16:36a reconstructed CT scan
16:39of Tutankhamun here.
16:41So when they take a CT scan,
16:42it's lots of little slices
16:43going up the body
16:44dun-dun-dun-dun-dun
16:45as we go.
16:46And then the computer
16:47reconstructs it
16:48into this really incredible
16:493D image
16:50that we're seeing here.
16:51It actually means
16:52that we can go up and down
16:54through the layers
16:55of the body
16:56to look inside
16:58in a way
16:59that wouldn't be possible
17:00through just
17:01external examination
17:02or even really through
17:03kind of taking him apart.
17:05I mean, it's so incredible
17:06to see this, I've got to say.
17:08What you really
17:09get the sense of here
17:10is this...
17:11He's got quite a
17:12distinctive skull shape,
17:13hasn't he?
17:14He does, yes.
17:14This is really where
17:16it looks very incredible
17:16is he has a very,
17:18very long skull
17:20compared to most people
17:21that we would see today,
17:23which would maybe have
17:24a more rounded
17:25or more bulbous skull.
17:27Now, there's some evidence
17:28that this extraordinary
17:29skull shape was a trait
17:30in his family,
17:30so could it also
17:32be inbreeding?
17:33Could we read that
17:33into the skull shape?
17:35interbreeding
17:35between close relatives?
17:36You can get things
17:37called congenital disorders,
17:38which are passed down
17:40through familial lines,
17:41and those could cause
17:42something called
17:42cranial stenosis.
17:44But if there was
17:45this degree of inbreeding
17:47and if there was
17:47this much possible
17:49congenital difficult
17:50diseases coming from it,
17:52we would actually
17:52expect the teeth
17:53to change.
17:54So what happens
17:56is that you get
17:56missing teeth,
17:57but also other teeth
17:58would swap positions
18:00and get all a bit weird.
18:01So the fact that
18:03he doesn't possibly
18:04suggest that whatever
18:07interbreeding that
18:08may have been going on
18:08wasn't that severe
18:09or wasn't causing
18:11any particularly
18:12serious genetic problems.
18:15It would seem that
18:16Tutankhamun's health
18:17wasn't affected by
18:19inbreeding as much
18:20as some have claimed.
18:23130 walking sticks
18:24were found
18:25in Tutankhamun's tomb.
18:27So were these ceremonial
18:29or did he actually
18:30need them to walk?
18:34Tell me about his feet.
18:35There's a lot of
18:36conversation about
18:37whether he had
18:38some kind of issues
18:39with one of his feet.
18:39So the right and the left foot,
18:41they do appear to look
18:42quite different from each other.
18:44So there is some indication
18:45that something was going on.
18:46We can see that
18:47in his left foot here,
18:49it is quite a high
18:50really quite marked arch.
18:52Whereas on this foot,
18:53it looks almost
18:54completely flat,
18:54like he's walking
18:55completely flat-footed.
18:56So he was probably
18:57putting more weight
18:58on his right foot
19:00for some reason
19:00and less weight
19:01on his left foot.
19:02But what we can do
19:03is actually switch it
19:05to an x-ray view.
19:07So if we take a look
19:08at his feet
19:10a little bit more,
19:12this area in there
19:14is a bit dark.
19:15And what that means
19:16is that we don't have
19:17as much bone there
19:18as we have in other parts
19:20of the foot.
19:20And it looks like
19:21we're missing
19:21the very top
19:22of that bone there,
19:24which could suggest
19:25that actually in this area
19:26there is necrosis
19:28or tissue death
19:29happening on that bone.
19:31I mean, that,
19:32if that's the case,
19:33that's going to be
19:34very painful.
19:35It absolutely would.
19:36I mean,
19:36it's a possible bone infection,
19:38possibly something
19:38called osteomyelitis.
19:40And that would be
19:42really bacteria
19:43in the bone,
19:44in the wound.
19:45It would be,
19:45I think,
19:46quite painful,
19:47to be honest with you.
19:48and even if he didn't
19:48have a need
19:49for a cane before,
19:50it might be something
19:51like this could support
19:52the need to have
19:53a little bit
19:53of a support weight.
19:55Pull, pull, boy.
19:58If Tutankhamun
19:59was affected
20:00by disabilities,
20:01that raises
20:02another question.
20:04Could this have
20:05undermined his acceptance
20:06as king?
20:07Do we have any ideas
20:09as well attitude
20:09to Dr. Sophia Aziz
20:11studies disability
20:12in ancient Egypt?
20:14If he did have
20:15some form of disability,
20:16if he had a club foot,
20:18for instance,
20:18would that have been
20:19a problem
20:20for the ancient Egyptians?
20:22Remarkably, no.
20:23The ancient Egyptians
20:24were very enlightened.
20:26So for them,
20:27disability was
20:28a divine attribute.
20:30So Tutankhamun
20:31would not have been
20:32stigmatised
20:33if he did have
20:34a club foot.
20:35He would have actually
20:36been seen as special.
20:37And why is that?
20:38Because that's kind of
20:38counterintuitive.
20:39It's not what we'd imagine.
20:40We've actually found
20:41some wisdom texts
20:42which are actually
20:43written for children.
20:45And in these wisdom texts,
20:47they say,
20:48don't make fun
20:49of the dwarves,
20:50don't tease the blind,
20:51and treat people
20:53with disabilities
20:54with respect
20:55and dignity.
20:58So thinking about
20:59Tutankhamun,
21:00one thing that you can tell
21:01from his facial features
21:03is that he definitely
21:04has an overbite.
21:05Would that have been
21:06considered a problem?
21:07An overbite can cause
21:09some speech impediment,
21:11but this would not
21:12have affected him
21:12in a negative way
21:13in ancient Egypt at all.
21:15Do you think that's
21:16something to do
21:16with religious attitudes
21:18then?
21:19Because of course,
21:20in ancient Egypt
21:20you have the life
21:21that you're living
21:22in the here and now,
21:23and then there's
21:23a second life,
21:24the afterlife,
21:25which is as important,
21:27if not more important,
21:28for Egyptians.
21:29I think that's
21:30a huge part of it.
21:31The ancient Egyptians,
21:32they did not expect
21:33perfection in life.
21:35that was actually
21:36reserved for the afterlife.
21:40This has made me think
21:41about Tutankhamun
21:42in a quite different way.
21:44Rather than a boy
21:46perhaps pitted
21:47for his disabilities,
21:48maybe he was simply
21:49accepted for what he was,
21:51the king,
21:52albeit a very young one.
21:55Next,
21:56I want to find out
21:57about his life
21:58on the throne
21:59and whether forensic research
22:01can tell us what
22:02or who
22:03was responsible
22:04for his tragic
22:05early death.
22:07He's had some sort
22:08of impact
22:08from the side
22:10and it can very quickly
22:11translate to death.
22:18During a turbulent time
22:20in Egyptian history,
22:22around 1300 BCE,
22:24Tutankhamun
22:25came to the throne.
22:27He was aged
22:28just nine.
22:39Much of the detail
22:41of his reign
22:41has been lost
22:42but as far as we know,
22:44he was crowned
22:45in the traditional way.
22:48Tutankhamun's
22:49coronation
22:50took place here
22:50at Karnak,
22:52the temple complex
22:53that honoured
22:54the traditional god
22:55of Amun
22:55in the town
22:56of Luxor.
23:01First,
23:02he'd been purified
23:03probably with oil
23:04and water
23:05and then
23:06on entering the temple
23:07his transformation
23:08began.
23:29Now, the Egyptians
23:30really knew
23:31how to throw a party
23:33and you should just
23:34try to imagine
23:35the spectacle here.
23:36It must have been
23:36extraordinary
23:37and mind-blowing
23:38and pulsing
23:39with meaning.
23:41There'd have been
23:41dancing girls
23:42doing backflips
23:43and musicians
23:43and Tutankhamun
23:45would have worn
23:45a series of crowns
23:47and costumes
23:47and carried scepters
23:49and weapons
23:49all representing
23:50his religious
23:51and political power.
23:53The guy
23:54was only nine.
23:55so can you imagine
23:56the pressure
23:57of expectation?
24:02One event
24:03must have involved
24:04some serious logistics.
24:06He shot an arrow
24:08into every corner
24:09of the temple
24:10and as he did so
24:11a flock of birds
24:12was released
24:13to prove
24:14that he had mastery
24:15of nature
24:16and of the world.
24:22But the reality was
24:24as soon as he took
24:25the throne
24:26Tutankhamun's life
24:27was all about survival
24:29his own
24:30and that of his dynasty.
24:34Even though
24:35he was only nine
24:37Tutankhamun
24:38was expected
24:39to take
24:39at least
24:40one wife.
24:42In the ancient
24:43Egyptian royal family
24:45it wasn't uncommon
24:46for brothers and sisters
24:47to marry one another.
24:49This was partly
24:50inspired by
24:51a popular myth
24:52where a goddess
24:53marries her brother
24:54but more practically
24:56it was about
24:57keeping power
24:58in the family.
25:00So Tutankhamun
25:02married his
25:03older sister
25:04Anka Senamun.
25:08There are lots
25:10of images
25:10on the treasures
25:11in Tutankhamun's tomb
25:12that show
25:13the couple together
25:14like this
25:15beautiful one
25:17on this fabulous
25:18golden throne.
25:19This is his queen
25:21here
25:21in this wonderful
25:22silver dress
25:23and she's
25:24rubbing his skin
25:25with oil.
25:26It's a really
25:28intimate picture
25:29and that's appropriate
25:30because these two
25:31had to have
25:32a relationship
25:33because it was
25:34their responsibility
25:35to produce an heir
25:36so that the dynasty
25:37could continue.
25:42And there's
25:43intriguing
25:44and tragic
25:46evidence
25:46from the tomb
25:47that they tried
25:48to do just that.
25:50Two
25:51shoebox sized
25:52coffins
25:53in each
25:54a stillborn baby.
25:59But who are they?
26:02The Egyptian-led project
26:04succeeded in extracting
26:06a tiny amount
26:07of DNA
26:08just enough
26:09to indicate
26:10that Tutankhamun
26:12is indeed
26:13the father.
26:15Their sad
26:16deaths
26:17may have been down
26:18to an incestuous
26:19union
26:20and without
26:21children
26:22the dynasty
26:23was in peril.
26:26for a child
26:27king and queen
26:28this was
26:29an incredibly
26:30challenging
26:31world
26:31to negotiate.
26:35Now
26:36Tutankhamun
26:37would have been
26:38constantly
26:38on show
26:39officiating
26:41at ceremonies
26:41holding his own
26:43amongst courtiers.
26:44Isn't it
26:45tantalising
26:46to imagine
26:47what he might
26:48have sounded like?
26:50Well
26:50there is
26:52some evidence.
26:54Today
26:55there are
26:56some people
26:56who still
26:57speak a language
26:58connected
26:59to the language
27:00Tutankhamun
27:01the
27:02Coptic
27:03community.
27:16Some
27:17ancient Egyptian
27:18is preserved
27:19in Coptic
27:20vocabulary.
27:28demotic Egyptian
27:29is basically
27:30a kind of
27:30street version
27:31of the ancient
27:32Egyptian language
27:33and it was
27:33really widely
27:35spoken and
27:35written down
27:36and Coptic
27:38is a direct
27:39descendant
27:40of that.
27:43As is
27:44some of
27:44their music
27:45the melody
27:46of this Easter
27:47hymn
27:47has been traced
27:48right back
27:49to a burial
27:50chant
27:50from ancient
27:51Egypt.
27:52Music
27:52that might
27:53have been
27:53heard
27:54at Tutankhamun's
27:55own funeral.
27:57And now
27:58for the first
27:58time
27:59we can hear
28:00Tutankhamun's
28:01words
28:01spoken
28:02in Coptic.
28:09this is as
28:11close as you
28:12can come
28:12to the sound
28:13of Tutankhamun's
28:14world
28:15and possibly
28:16even
28:17the voice
28:18of Tutankhamun
28:19himself.
28:21So
28:22what kind
28:23of pronouncements
28:24did the
28:25young king
28:25make?
28:26Probably
28:27the greatest
28:28that we know
28:28of was
28:29unearthed
28:30here
28:30in the
28:31temple
28:31of Karnak
28:32and it
28:33reads
28:33like a
28:34bid
28:34for
28:35political
28:35survival.
28:38Steel
28:39like this
28:39were basically
28:40giant stone
28:41press releases
28:42that publicized
28:43the policies
28:44and achievements
28:45of a king
28:46and here
28:47Tutankhamun
28:48does not
28:49hold back
28:50so in this
28:51whole area
28:51he's basically
28:52describing the
28:53failings of
28:54his father's
28:54reign.
28:56Al-Kho
28:57Ntho
28:58the temples
28:59of the gods
28:59and goddesses
29:00had been
29:01neglected
29:03which had
29:04become
29:04mounds
29:05overgrown
29:05with weeds.
29:10But he
29:11is going to
29:11do things
29:12differently
29:12so here
29:13we hear
29:14that he
29:15restored
29:16what was
29:16once ruins.
29:20So his
29:21majesty
29:21made
29:21monuments
29:22for the
29:22gods
29:23fashioning
29:24their
29:24cult
29:25statues
29:25of
29:25gold
29:26building
29:27their
29:27sanctuaries
29:28anew
29:28and
29:29monuments
29:30for the
29:30ages
29:31of
29:31eternity.
29:34It's
29:34really
29:35fascinating
29:35this
29:36because
29:36this
29:36is
29:37telling
29:37us
29:37that
29:37Tutankhamun
29:38isn't
29:38just
29:39an
29:39ineffectual
29:40boy
29:40king
29:40he
29:41is
29:42a
29:42real
29:42political
29:43player.
29:46Is there
29:47any evidence
29:48that young
29:48Tutankhamun
29:49put his
29:50words into
29:50practice?
29:55I'm
29:56back in
29:56Karnak
29:57to take
29:57a closer
29:58look at
29:58what these
29:593,300
30:00year old
30:01remains
30:01can tell
30:02us
30:02about
30:03him.
30:05This
30:06is my
30:06old
30:06friend
30:06Mahmoud
30:07and
30:07I'm
30:08incredibly
30:09lucky
30:09because
30:09he's
30:10agreed
30:10to let
30:10me
30:10in
30:10so
30:11have
30:11a
30:11look
30:11at
30:11this
30:11archaeological
30:12site
30:12that
30:12you
30:12don't
30:13normally
30:13get
30:13access
30:14to.
30:16Thank
30:16you.
30:32All along
30:33this
30:34grand
30:34processional
30:35way
30:35these
30:35sphinxes
30:36were
30:36decorated
30:37with the
30:37heads
30:37of
30:38Akhenaten
30:38and his
30:39queen
30:39Nefertiti
30:40but
30:41Tutankhamun
30:42changed
30:43all that
30:44in a
30:45grand
30:45political
30:46statement
30:50he
30:51knocked
30:51off
30:51the
30:52human
30:52heads
30:52and
30:53replaced
30:53them
30:54with
30:54these
30:55with
30:55ram
30:55heads
30:56which
30:56are
30:56the
30:56symbol
30:57of
30:57the
30:57great
30:58god
30:58Amun
30:59so
31:00basically
31:00Tutankhamun
31:01was saying
31:01don't
31:02worry
31:02I'm
31:02putting
31:03everything
31:03back
31:03to
31:03how
31:03it
31:04once
31:04used
31:04to
31:04be
31:04we're
31:05returning
31:05to
31:06the
31:06good
31:06old
31:07days
31:12it
31:13would
31:13appear
31:14that
31:14Tutankhamun
31:15did
31:15make
31:16an
31:16effort
31:16to
31:16restore
31:17Egypt
31:17to
31:18the
31:18traditional
31:18ways
31:19but
31:20of course
31:20he was
31:21just
31:21a boy
31:22and
31:22must
31:22have
31:22been
31:23dependent
31:23on
31:23guidance
31:24from
31:24military
31:25leaders
31:25and
31:25powerful
31:26advisors
31:32did
31:33they
31:33really
31:34care
31:34about
31:34doing
31:35what
31:35he
31:35wanted
31:35at
31:36all
31:36or
31:37did
31:37they
31:37see
31:38this
31:38kid
31:38as
31:38someone
31:39they
31:39could
31:39exploit
31:39to
31:40do
31:40their
31:40bidding
31:41there's
31:42certainly
31:42evidence
31:43that
31:43those
31:43who
31:44came
31:44after
31:44him
31:44claimed
31:45his
31:45achievements
31:46as
31:46their
31:46own
31:46and
31:47even
31:48erased
31:48his
31:49memory
31:52elsewhere
31:52in the
31:53temple
31:53his name
31:54and his
31:54face
31:55have
31:55physically
31:55been
31:56scrubbed
31:56out
31:56so
31:57it
31:58makes
31:58you
31:58wonder
31:59whether
31:59those
31:59people
32:00that
32:00he
32:00thought
32:00of
32:01as
32:01his
32:01friends
32:01and
32:02allies
32:02in
32:02his
32:02lifetime
32:03were
32:04actually
32:04out
32:05to
32:05get
32:05him
32:08could
32:08Tutankhamun
32:09have
32:10been
32:10murdered
32:13what
32:14does
32:14the
32:15evidence
32:15say
32:16his
32:17mummified
32:17body
32:18certainly
32:19has
32:19a lot
32:19of
32:19broken
32:20bones
32:21Howard
32:22Carter
32:22and
32:23his
32:23team
32:23were
32:24responsible
32:24for
32:24much
32:25of
32:25the
32:25damage
32:25as they
32:26investigated
32:26Tutankhamun's
32:27mummy
32:28this poor
32:29boy
32:30he suffered
32:30during his
32:31life
32:31but his
32:31body's
32:32been
32:32really
32:32brutalized
32:33after his
32:34death
32:34too
32:35the
32:35descriptions
32:35of how
32:36the mummy
32:36was taken
32:37out
32:37do look
32:37quite brutal
32:38and I think
32:39this particular
32:40wound that we
32:41see here
32:41in the torso
32:42is definitely
32:43from that initial
32:44excavation
32:44because there
32:45is comments
32:46about them
32:46dismembering
32:47the body
32:48into pieces
32:49I'm shocked
32:50by that
32:51dismemberment
32:51mark
32:52that you
32:52can show
32:53because I
32:53mean that's
32:54that's what
32:55that's what
32:55people do
32:56you know
32:56if they're
32:57a horrific
32:57murder
32:58and they're
32:58trying to
32:59dispose
32:59of the
33:00body
33:00yeah
33:01it's quite
33:01traumatic
33:02and I
33:03think a lot
33:03of the
33:04other damage
33:04that we
33:04see
33:05is a
33:06result
33:06of this
33:07kind of
33:07forceful
33:08kind of
33:08pulling
33:08of the
33:08body
33:09out of
33:09the
33:09tomb
33:09so if
33:10we
33:10just
33:10kind of
33:10go
33:11down
33:11through
33:11the
33:11layers
33:13so the
33:14bones
33:14themselves
33:15appear
33:16quite
33:16fragile
33:17in a lot
33:17of places
33:18but you
33:18can actually
33:18see where
33:19the ribs
33:19have just
33:20been broken
33:20like all
33:21the way
33:21down here
33:21we're missing
33:22an entire
33:22section
33:23of rib
33:23here
33:24so here
33:24on the
33:25arm
33:25we see
33:26these
33:26what look
33:27like cuts
33:27going up
33:28and down
33:29but if I
33:30just do
33:30this
33:31we can
33:31actually see
33:32that they're
33:32just very
33:33superficial
33:34rips
33:34in the
33:35skin
33:35actually
33:36so they're
33:37caused by
33:37the mummy
33:38being jostled
33:39around a little
33:40bit
33:40by moving
33:41from anything
33:42mummy skin
33:43is almost
33:44like paper
33:44and it can
33:46break with
33:46almost no
33:47touch whatsoever
33:48very easy
33:49to break
33:50let's just
33:51look at his
33:51skull
33:51because there
33:52have been
33:53stories about
33:53him being
33:54a murder
33:54victim
33:55that he
33:55was maybe
33:56attacked
33:56by a kind
33:57of blunt
33:57instrument
33:57but can
33:58you see
33:58that here
33:59well
34:00I think
34:01there might
34:01be some
34:02evidence
34:02to the
34:02contrary
34:03if we
34:03just look
34:04at the
34:04outside
34:04of the
34:04skull
34:05just to
34:05start
34:05with
34:06it all
34:06looks
34:06completely
34:07normal
34:07completely
34:08intact
34:08there's
34:09no
34:10obvious
34:10signs of
34:11any trauma
34:11or anything
34:12like that
34:12one of the
34:13things people
34:14said was that
34:14they could
34:14see this
34:15suspicious
34:16blur inside
34:17his skull
34:18and there's
34:18probably a
34:19hemorrhage
34:19but what's
34:20going on there
34:20that's actually
34:21quite incredible
34:22so if we
34:22use the
34:24really incredible
34:24tools on here
34:25for dissection
34:26we can actually
34:28go right inside
34:29the head
34:31and there you
34:31go
34:32wow
34:32could be a
34:33big giant
34:33pool of
34:34resin
34:36that's incredible
34:38the skull
34:39isn't filled
34:39with blood
34:40but with
34:41resin
34:41from the
34:42mummification
34:42process
34:45what about
34:46the leg bones
34:46because again
34:47there's this
34:47theory about
34:48you know
34:49he had an
34:50accident
34:50chariot
34:51racing
34:51and got
34:51sepsis
34:52what can
34:53you tell
34:53from what's
34:54going on
34:54there
34:54so if we
34:55have a
34:55look at
34:56his legs
34:57down here
34:58so what
34:59we can
35:00see is
35:00that on
35:01this outer
35:02portion
35:02of his
35:03femur
35:03so on
35:04his left
35:04side
35:04there appears
35:05to be
35:05some sort
35:06of cracking
35:07or a break
35:08right there
35:09so it could
35:10suggest that
35:10he's had
35:10some sort
35:11of impact
35:11from the
35:12side
35:13hitting
35:14the top
35:14of his
35:14knee
35:15and it
35:16may have
35:16put it
35:16out
35:16slightly
35:16out of
35:17joint
35:17it could
35:17have
35:17dislocated
35:18it a
35:18little bit
35:18along with
35:19causing
35:19this large
35:20potential
35:21fracture
35:22it is
35:23very difficult
35:23to say
35:24how close
35:25to around
35:25his death
35:26this happened
35:26so there's
35:28no healing
35:28so he
35:30didn't survive
35:30long after
35:31it
35:33so is
35:34there a
35:34chance that
35:34that could
35:35have killed
35:35him
35:35probably not
35:36the break
35:36but if
35:36there had
35:37been
35:37some kind
35:37of
35:37infection
35:38if the
35:38skin
35:38was
35:39broken
35:39you're
35:39going to
35:40probably
35:40get bone
35:40infection
35:40and he
35:42could have
35:42easily
35:42gone septic
35:43from having
35:44a bone
35:44infection
35:44like that
35:45so you
35:45just get
35:45septicemia
35:46and it
35:47can very
35:47quickly
35:48translate
35:48to death
35:48but it's
35:49very difficult
35:50in a single
35:51individual
35:52in a skeleton
35:52to say
35:53cause of death
35:54because we
35:54can know
35:54what they
35:55died with
35:56but we
35:57don't know
35:57if it's
35:57what they
35:57died from
35:58that's the
35:59tricky
35:59part
36:04but there's
36:06another
36:06possibility
36:08lurking
36:09deep
36:09inside
36:10Tutankhamen's
36:10body
36:11scientists
36:12have discovered
36:13DNA
36:13from another
36:15species
36:17could this
36:19explain
36:19his early
36:20death
36:29a few
36:30years ago
36:31samples
36:32from
36:32Tutankhamen's
36:33mummified
36:33remains
36:34were extracted
36:35and genetically
36:36analysed
36:37with
36:38unexpected
36:39results
36:40inside
36:41Tutankhamen's
36:42body
36:42was discovered
36:44DNA
36:44that
36:45wasn't
36:46his
36:46it
36:47wasn't
36:47even
36:48human
36:48it
36:49belonged
36:50to a single
36:51celled
36:51organism
36:52called
36:52a
36:52plasmodium
36:53that's
36:54injected
36:55into the
36:55body
36:56by
36:56one
36:57of
36:57these
36:58the
36:59Anopheles
36:59mosquito
37:00the creature
37:02that carries
37:03malaria
37:05in fact
37:06they found
37:07evidence
37:07proving
37:08that
37:08Tutankhamen
37:09had suffered
37:09serious
37:10infections
37:10on a number
37:11of occasions
37:11and they
37:13found this
37:13in other
37:14mummies
37:14as well
37:15the oldest
37:17genetic
37:17evidence
37:18for malaria
37:18in
37:19mummified
37:19remains
37:20anywhere
37:21in the
37:21world
37:23as you
37:24can imagine
37:24this environment
37:25is perfect
37:26for mosquitoes
37:27just as it
37:28was in
37:29ancient times
37:30and particularly
37:31now when the
37:32river's at
37:32flood level
37:33and because
37:34so many
37:35ancient religious
37:35festivals
37:36happened on
37:37the river
37:37and so many
37:38palaces and
37:39temples were
37:40built on its
37:40banks
37:40even for a
37:42pharaoh
37:42the mosquito
37:43was a familiar
37:44if unwelcome
37:46friend
37:54so could a
37:55mosquito bite
37:56have been a
37:56cause of
37:57Tutankhamen's
37:58death
37:59well a
38:00malarial
38:01infection
38:01is certainly
38:02a possibility
38:03and if you
38:04think about it
38:05malaria is still
38:06one of the
38:06biggest killers
38:07in the world
38:07today
38:08but even
38:09if it didn't
38:10finish him
38:11off
38:11then a series
38:12of repeated
38:13infections
38:13could well
38:15have weakened
38:15the boy
38:16king
38:24the million
38:25dollar question
38:25we all want
38:26answering is
38:27exactly how
38:29and why
38:30Tutankhamen
38:31died
38:31but the problem
38:32is we just
38:33don't yet have
38:33enough evidence
38:34to come to a
38:35really definite
38:36conclusion
38:39some powerful
38:40men possibly
38:41stood to
38:42gain from
38:42his death
38:43but there's
38:44no detectable
38:45sign of
38:45murder on
38:46his body
38:46he withstood
38:48several infections
38:49of malaria
38:50but the disease
38:51doesn't seem to
38:52have killed
38:52him
38:53and that
38:54compound
38:55fracture of
38:55his femur
38:56may have
38:56resulted in
38:57sepsis
38:57but again
38:58no obvious
38:59signs of
38:59that
39:03so maybe
39:04it's something
39:04a bit more
39:05subtle
39:05a young
39:07man with
39:08physical
39:08challenges
39:09who was
39:09weakened
39:10by malaria
39:11and so
39:12susceptible
39:12to infection
39:14and there's
39:15another
39:15fascinating
39:15thought now
39:16that experts
39:17think it
39:18could well
39:19be a virus
39:20that brought
39:20him down
39:21in that
39:21susceptible
39:22state
39:22and we're
39:23only too
39:23aware right
39:24now how
39:25incredibly
39:25deathly
39:26viruses
39:26can be
39:27the truth
39:28is at the
39:29moment
39:29we don't
39:30know
39:30so it's
39:31a mystery
39:31that Tutankhamun
39:33is still
39:34holding on
39:34to
39:40but there's
39:42another mystery
39:42a huge
39:44question
39:45for
39:45Egyptologists
39:47how was
39:48Tutankhamun's
39:49body preserved
39:50in the first
39:51place
39:53well
39:54just recently
39:55a Danish
39:56researcher
39:57deciphered
39:58a massive
39:59ancient Egyptian
40:00papyrus
40:01this is just
40:02a tiny part
40:03of it
40:04and she's
40:05found that
40:06buried deep
40:07in here
40:07there is
40:08nothing less
40:09than the
40:10recipe
40:11for mummification
40:12so we know
40:15exactly what
40:16ingredients were
40:17used
40:17and it's
40:18things like
40:19myrrh
40:19and incense
40:20and oil
40:21of biblos
40:22and oil
40:23of Lebanon
40:24and bull
40:25fat
40:25and not only
40:27that
40:27but this
40:28dates
40:28from the
40:2918th
40:30dynasty
40:30so this
40:31is from
40:32the time
40:32of Tutankhamun
40:34so this
40:34is the
40:35recipe
40:35for the
40:36mummification
40:37of Tutankhamun's
40:39body
40:41it's
40:42modern research
40:42edging us
40:43closer to
40:44the truth
40:44of his
40:45life
40:45and death
40:48in all
40:49this
40:50mummification
40:50took 70
40:51days
40:52the first
40:5335
40:53were devoted
40:54to removing
40:55the internal
40:55organs
40:56and drying
40:56the body
40:57with a salt
40:58called
40:58natron
40:59during which
41:00there were
41:01probably
41:01processions
41:02every four
41:02days
41:04at the
41:05halfway stage
41:05the wrapping
41:06phase of the
41:07mummification
41:07began
41:09as part
41:10of this
41:11red linen
41:12was used
41:13soaked
41:14in all
41:14those
41:14fantastic
41:15ingredients
41:16that were
41:16then pressed
41:17onto
41:17Tutankhamun's
41:19face
41:19to give
41:19this incredible
41:20smoothness
41:21to his
41:21face
41:22and his
41:22skin
41:24the face
41:25and the rest
41:26of the body
41:26were encased
41:27in a kind
41:27of protective
41:28antibacterial
41:30cocoon
41:30the whole
41:32process
41:32was repeated
41:33every four
41:34days or so
41:34until the
41:35final wraps
41:36were applied
41:37and it
41:39worked
41:39didn't it
41:40I mean
41:40he's well
41:41over
41:423,000
41:44years old
41:45and he
41:45does not
41:46look too
41:46bad
41:51next
41:52Tutankhamun
41:53was prepared
41:54for his
41:54journey to
41:55the afterlife
41:55in a sacred
41:56rite
41:57shown on
41:58the wall
41:58of his
41:59tomb
42:00that man
42:01on the
42:01right there
42:02is I
42:03who was
42:04one of
42:04Tutankhamun's
42:05generals
42:05and former
42:06advisors
42:07but we
42:08know now
42:08that he's
42:09a king
42:09because he's
42:10wearing that
42:10beautiful blue
42:11crown
42:12and what you
42:13can't fail to
42:14notice that
42:14he's draped
42:15in a leopard
42:16skin
42:16and the reason
42:17for that
42:17is that he's
42:18performing the
42:19function of a
42:19priest here
42:22he's using a
42:23flint blade
42:24in what was
42:25called the
42:26opening of the
42:27mouth ceremony
42:30and the idea
42:31was that even
42:32in the afterlife
42:33Tutankhamun
42:35could use
42:36his voice
42:36he could speak
42:37with his
42:38mummified tongue
42:45so now
42:46Tutankhamun
42:47was ready
42:48to join
42:48the stars
42:49in the
42:49heavens
42:49here in the
42:51tomb
42:51a small
42:52effigy
42:53of the
42:53king
42:53was discovered
42:54and on
42:55it was
42:55written a
42:56prayer
42:56to
42:57Nud
42:57the
42:58great
42:58goddess
42:58of the
42:59cosmos
43:05descend on
43:07me
43:07my mother
43:08spread yourself
43:09over me
43:10so I may
43:12now become
43:12one of
43:14the imperishable
43:15stars
43:19after a
43:20decade on
43:20the throne
43:21Tutankhamun
43:23died
43:23without any
43:25surviving
43:25children
43:26he was
43:27just
43:2719
43:31I do feel
43:32that I've
43:33come closer
43:33to Tutankhamun
43:35on this
43:35journey
43:35he is
43:37fascinating
43:37and inspiring
43:39and vulnerable
43:40he was the
43:42son of an
43:42unpopular
43:42king
43:43and his
43:44mother was
43:44probably
43:45brutally
43:45murdered
43:46it seems
43:47that he
43:48suffered all
43:48kinds of
43:49physical
43:49challenges
43:49and he
43:50really had
43:51to fight
43:51to keep
43:52hold of
43:52power
43:53but now
43:55science
43:55is revealing
43:56the truth
43:57of his
43:58story
43:58and because
44:00of the
44:00discovery
44:00of his
44:01tomb
44:01Tutankhamun
44:03is one
44:03of the
44:03most
44:04famous
44:04pharaohs
44:05of all
44:06time
44:08Tutankhamun
44:09lives
44:09because we
44:10are still
44:11saying
44:12his name
44:13ruler of
44:18thebes
44:18given life
44:20like
44:20Ra
44:21eternally
44:22shining
44:22shining
44:23shining
44:24lim
44:26about
44:26two
44:30two
44:31one
44:32one
44:33is
44:34one
44:38one
44:39two
44:40thebes
44:53one
44:57Ευχαριστώ.
Comments