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13:48Why did it do this?
13:50And how did it cut through?
13:54Right now we have lots of ideas,
13:56but we don't know why it's a geologic mystery
13:58that we're still trying to solve.
14:01One explanation is that the Colorado River
14:04originally flowed in the opposite direction to today.
14:09And that some ancient geological cataclysm
14:12caused it to reverse its course.
14:17Another theory is that the entire canyon
14:20was caused by a mega lake that overflowed
14:24and sent enough water with enough force
14:27to break through the wall of rock.
14:32Geologists have been working on the canyon now
14:34for 150 years,
14:35and they've developed an incredible store of knowledge.
14:38And yet there are still these big unknowns left
14:41about the story of the Grand Canyon
14:43and the Colorado River.
14:48The Grand Canyon seems so inhospitable.
14:55A vast expanse of arid rock and barren cliffs.
14:59But across its nearly million and a half acres
15:02and 8,000 foot elevation
15:05are five of the Earth's seven ecosystems
15:10from alpine to desert.
15:16Ranging across those extremes
15:18are the expedition's botanical teams.
15:25On the river, the main expedition
15:27joins up with one of the botanical teams,
15:29led by park botanist Laurie Makarik.
15:36It's one of the more challenging,
15:38logistically challenging places to do work.
15:40Because of the remoteness of the areas,
15:44people just don't get up in there.
15:45And so there are a lot of species
15:46who we probably don't even know exist,
15:48and we certainly don't know their fate.
15:50So they could come and go
15:51without us even knowing in Grand Canyon.
15:54They're looking for some of the canyon's
15:56smallest living things,
15:58communities of microscopic plants
16:00that bind the canyon's arid soil.
16:02allowing water to collect
16:05and seeds from larger plants to germinate.
16:08This cryptobiotic soil crust
16:11plays a vital role
16:12in maintaining the canyon's
16:14soil structure and plant life.
16:16Without it,
16:17the canyon would be vulnerable
16:19to soil erosion
16:20and the loss of plants
16:22dependent on that soil.
16:24But the crust is incredibly sensitive.
16:28The pressure of a single footprint
16:30can wipe out an entire
16:32cryptobiotic community forever
16:35and start a destructive chain reaction
16:37of soil erosion.
16:42When the ground survey team finishes their work
16:45and a complete vegetation map of the canyon is created,
16:48scientists will have an extraordinary tool.
16:52They'll be able to track changes to the canyon's vegetation,
16:57a key indicator of the greatest threat facing our planet,
17:01global warming.
17:06Monitoring the canyon's plant life is a long-term scientific project.
17:13Far more urgent is protecting the canyon's animal life.
17:18Today, the park wildlife's biology team
17:21tracks a mountain lion
17:22through the canyon's backcountry.
17:27Chief wildlife biologist R.V. Ward,
17:30Ranger Lori Rome,
17:31and biologist Rosa Pallerino
17:33are concerned that a mountain lion,
17:36codenamed P14,
17:38is heading out of the park,
17:41close to a major road.
17:44Two of the park's lions
17:45have been killed by cars
17:47in the last year alone.
17:49Yeah, it looks like it might drop down,
17:50like right there, maybe.
17:50They hope P14 will turn away from the road
17:53and back into the park.
17:55Most likely right below us in that drainage,
17:57not too far.
17:58Probably on this down slope.
17:59Definitely within a half mile.
18:01Yeah.
18:02And probably less than that,
18:03I would imagine.
18:04Cool.
18:06R.V. and his team
18:07are now within 200 yards of P14.
18:14Mountain lions are shy creatures
18:16and avoid humans whenever possible.
18:21You got it.
18:25The radio signal indicates
18:27the lion has finally changed course
18:30and turned away.
18:33That signal will have to do.
18:35For now,
18:37any direct contact
18:38with these mysterious creatures
18:40is not an option.
18:43The reason?
18:44A freakish tragedy.
18:51Eric York
18:53was my carnivore
18:54wildlife-human interactions biologist,
18:56one of the best biologists
18:58that I'd ever worked with.
18:59He was a colleague.
19:03Late October, 2007.
19:09Eric York receives a mortality signal
19:12from the radio collar
19:13on a female mountain lion,
19:15codenamed P13.
19:19Eric tracked down the lion
19:21and found P13 dead,
19:24and he was curious
19:25what killed her.
19:31Eric carried the lion
19:33to his vehicle
19:34and drove to park headquarters.
19:37There, he performed a necropsy
19:39to determine the cause of death.
19:44And when he opened it up,
19:46he didn't know this,
19:47when he opened it up,
19:49he got a full blast
19:50of pneumonic plague.
19:53Pneumonic plague
19:54is the most virulent form
19:56of bubonic plague.
19:58The medieval world
19:59knew it as the Black Death
20:01when it killed a third
20:03of Europe's entire population.
20:06What few people realize
20:08is that bubonic plague
20:10is endemic to the Grand Canyon
20:12in much of the southwestern U.S.
20:16It's transmitted by fleas
20:18on the rodents
20:19that live along
20:19the Colorado River.
20:22A set of incredible coincidences
20:25allowed the plague bacteria
20:27to be transmitted
20:28from an infected rodent
20:29or flea
20:30to the mountain lion P13
20:33to Eric York.
20:36He died on November 2, 2007.
20:44Eric York's death
20:45was a one-in-a-million chance.
20:49Far more often,
20:50it's the wildlife
20:51and the environment
20:52that suffer
20:53from human interaction.
20:59Two weeks,
21:02277 miles.
21:03This unique scientific odyssey
21:06nears its end.
21:08The boats must pass
21:09through the canyon's
21:10last major rapids,
21:12lava falls.
21:15One final wild ride
21:17to remind the scientists
21:18of the natural power
21:20by which this place
21:21came to be.
21:27It has been an epic journey.
21:30They have learned much.
21:33but the canyon
21:35will keep its secrets
21:36perhaps forever.
21:40Hidden in its ancient stone.
21:44Hidden by the immensity of time.
21:48Its past may never be fully understood.
21:53But its future
21:54is in our hands.
21:57Although we seem so tiny
22:00in the midst of such vastness,
22:02we are its only guardians.
22:05of the science.
22:07The tahun
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