- 10 hours ago
2023 | HD
Τον Μάρτιο του 2017 στο Κάιρο της Αιγύπτου εργάτες οικοδομής κάνουν μια θεαματική ανακάλυψη κάτω από σωρούς από μπάζα. Στο βάθος ενός λάκκου, θαμμένο μέσα στη λάσπη και τα συντρίμμια, βρίσκεται ένα κολοσσιαίο, στεφανωμένο πέτρινο κεφάλι. Κοντά του βρίσκεται και ο κορμός και η βάση του αγάλματος. Πρόκειται για τα απομεινάρια ενός τεράστιου αγάλματος από χαλαζίτη, ύψους 9 μέτρων και βάρους αρκετών τόνων. Είναι μια αρχαιολογική ανακάλυψη που προκαλεί αίσθηση, μια σαφής ένδειξη ότι κάποτε εδώ βρισκόταν η καρδιά μιας αρχαίας, θρυλικής μητρόπολης: της Πόλης του Ήλιου.
Ο αγώνας για να διασφαλιστεί ο χώρος ώστε να πραγματοποιηθεί η αρχαιολογική ανασκαφή των ερειπίων της αρχαίας πόλης είναι συνεχής, καθώς οι σύγχρονες πιέσεις να αξιοποιηθεί η περιοχή για οικιστική ανάπτυξη και εμπορικά κέντρα είναι συνεχείς και έντονες. Αυτό καθιστά το εγχείρημα μια επισφαλή πράξη λεπτής διπλωματίας: είναι ένας αγώνας δρόμου ενάντια στον χρόνο για τη διάσωση αυτού που απομένει από την κληρονομιά της αρχαίας Αιγύπτου, ενός χαμένου κρίκου με τον κόσμο των Φαραώ και των θεών του ήλιου.
Τον Μάρτιο του 2017 στο Κάιρο της Αιγύπτου εργάτες οικοδομής κάνουν μια θεαματική ανακάλυψη κάτω από σωρούς από μπάζα. Στο βάθος ενός λάκκου, θαμμένο μέσα στη λάσπη και τα συντρίμμια, βρίσκεται ένα κολοσσιαίο, στεφανωμένο πέτρινο κεφάλι. Κοντά του βρίσκεται και ο κορμός και η βάση του αγάλματος. Πρόκειται για τα απομεινάρια ενός τεράστιου αγάλματος από χαλαζίτη, ύψους 9 μέτρων και βάρους αρκετών τόνων. Είναι μια αρχαιολογική ανακάλυψη που προκαλεί αίσθηση, μια σαφής ένδειξη ότι κάποτε εδώ βρισκόταν η καρδιά μιας αρχαίας, θρυλικής μητρόπολης: της Πόλης του Ήλιου.
Ο αγώνας για να διασφαλιστεί ο χώρος ώστε να πραγματοποιηθεί η αρχαιολογική ανασκαφή των ερειπίων της αρχαίας πόλης είναι συνεχής, καθώς οι σύγχρονες πιέσεις να αξιοποιηθεί η περιοχή για οικιστική ανάπτυξη και εμπορικά κέντρα είναι συνεχείς και έντονες. Αυτό καθιστά το εγχείρημα μια επισφαλή πράξη λεπτής διπλωματίας: είναι ένας αγώνας δρόμου ενάντια στον χρόνο για τη διάσωση αυτού που απομένει από την κληρονομιά της αρχαίας Αιγύπτου, ενός χαμένου κρίκου με τον κόσμο των Φαραώ και των θεών του ήλιου.
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00:03Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
00:31Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:03Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
01:04The megacity of Cairo looms ever closer, threatening to eventually build over the remaining relics.
01:13The city of the sun became a myth with the name the Greeks gave it, Heliopolis.
01:36Cairo, Egypt's pulsating metropolis.
01:40Hidden under its streets lies one of ancient Egypt's best kept secrets, Heliopolis, city of the sun.
01:48Nobody knows just what the pharaoh's holiest city once looked like.
01:56An Egyptian-German team is searching for remains of the fable Sun City.
02:01It is said to have contained the country's largest and most significant temple.
02:09Ayman Ashmawi and Dietrich Rauer are leading this emergency dig.
02:14It's a race against time. New buildings are about to spring up here.
02:18Apartments for the ever increasing population. And then Heliopolis will be lost forever.
02:28It's a dream come true for Dietrich Rauer and his team.
02:322011 erhielt ich eine Mitteilung des ägyptischen Antikministeriums,
02:36that in Folge der Revolution eben extremer Druck auf das ungebaute Tempelgelände besteht.
02:43Und dass man für alle Unterstützung dankbar wäre, Heliopolis der Ort,
02:47wo man einfach viel weiß aus Inschriften anderer Plätze, aber wenig vor Ort,
02:52dort mal als Ägyptologe jetzt diese Geschichte des 3000-jährigen Kulturzentrums
02:55und Kultzentrums zu erforschen, das gehört zum schönsten, was ein Ägyptologe anstreben kann.
03:02Most of what was once a city has long been covered over.
03:05It's almost a miracle that this area has remained accessible.
03:14But digging in the Mataria district is far from easy for the archaeologists.
03:20We are, as a mission here, one of the most challengeable missions in the war.
03:25Most of the missions in Egypt and the sites are far away and on the edge of the desert
03:31or in the mid-est even of cultivations.
03:33You don't have such interaction between the buildings, the people,
03:39and you work in the mid-est of all this.
03:42You need first to control your archaeological and scientific work,
03:47but also be clever in communicating and how to control and accept people
03:54and try to live together in a proper way.
04:00This is all that remains of the temple's city's former glory, a stone obelisk,
04:0620 metres in height, the last of about 30 of its kind.
04:09It stands today where it was erected almost 4,000 years ago at the entrance to a holy site.
04:20Like Cairo today, Heliopolis was located in a strategically favourable position at the entrance to the fertile Nile Delta.
04:29It was from here that they controlled vast agricultural areas.
04:33Important trade routes intersected here.
04:41March 2017.
04:43On the site where the temple of Ramesses the Great used to stand,
04:47archaeologists find remnants of a colossal statue.
04:50It must have stood directly in front of the entrance.
04:53A find that makes waves and headlines around the world.
05:01Excavation and transport pose a challenge.
05:05The gigantic torso is transported through Cairo at night.
05:11The capital's daytime traffic would be impossible to navigate for the truck.
05:18The fragments of the colossal statue have found a new home
05:21in the gardens of the Egyptian Museum on Tahir Square.
05:31It is here we discover just whom Dietrich Schlauer has found.
05:39The style of the statue made us very early think that it doesn't fit to the time of Rams II
05:44or a other king.
05:46But the certainty came on the back.
05:48Here is an original inscription which is not overused,
05:51with one of the five names.
05:52Neb A, Herr der Tatkraft.
06:02Samtik I, 26th Dynasty.
06:12Egypt had ceased to be a major power by the 26th Dynasty.
06:16The north is controlled by the Assyrians and their governor Samtik.
06:21The south has been conquered by the Nubians.
06:25It is Samtik's goal to reunite the north and south, upper and lower Egypt,
06:30to reanimate the glorious past.
06:38He succeeds in this seemingly impossible task, becomes pharaoh and the founder of a new dynasty.
06:46Samtik immortalizes himself in Heliopolis.
07:12On the site in Mataria workers are drilling windows into the past.
07:18Geomorphologist Morgan de Dapper is working to discover just how things used to look here.
07:23Ordinary digs are no longer possible.
07:25The ground water table is too high.
07:30This is a mixture of flood plain, silt and clay.
07:36There is also some charcoal.
07:37So this is man-made.
07:39We have to do with mud brick material.
07:44It was used to build houses and surrounding walls.
07:48What else did the ancient Egyptians leave behind?
07:51This time they drill to a depth of one meter.
07:58We have a lot of flakes of limestone.
08:01There is charcoal, heterogeneous.
08:03And here starts sediment which is natural.
08:08So it comes from the flooding of the Nubians.
08:12So this is man-made.
08:13This is nature.
08:16They drill into the earth one last time.
08:22At a depth of four meters, they come across a very special lair.
08:32The workers have discovered a sand dune.
08:35It is 15,000 years old.
08:38I can already make a reconstruction of that original island
08:42that very slowly was flooded by the Nile sediments,
08:49or the flood plain sediments.
08:51So originally, I think, for the first people living here,
08:55this was an enormous hill in a flat landscape,
08:58something which is ten meter high.
09:00It must have been fantastic.
09:04So that's the origin of Heliopolis.
09:08The primordial hill?
09:10According to Egyptian belief, this is where the world originated.
09:15In the beginning, there was only the primordial ocean,
09:19and Artem, the first god, who has always existed,
09:22the hidden, the unknown.
09:26Artem raised the primordial hill from the water,
09:29thus creating the land.
09:34Artem did not remain the only one for long.
09:37From himself he created the first godly couple,
09:40Shu, god of air, and Tefnut, god of humidity.
09:45They begat Geb, god of the earth, and Nut, goddess of the sky.
09:50They rule the world together with their children,
09:52Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, and Seth.
09:55It was not until later they gave dominion to the pharaohs.
10:14This myth of creation is soon linked to the sun god.
10:24Heliopolis is of particular importance for each of the pharaohs.
10:28Even prior to the construction of the great pyramids,
10:31the city constituted the country's spiritual center.
10:37The Egyptians believed that the sun god traveled in a boat across the sky,
10:42bringing both light and life.
10:45It's a perilous journey, because the snake-like dragon is out to destroy the god.
10:52Man has the sun light around the hour with the rhythm.
10:56In these calls,
10:58it always means that it's possible to the sun.
11:01It's always about theadem for the sun's way in the sun's way,
11:02to show the sun god that makes it very character.
11:09There are also in the deep outside world,
11:13Ωραίοι από την Αντροπηλευρή στιγμή,
11:13και μιλώδης, στιγμές από την Αντροπηλευρή,
11:20μάλλον τελευταία στιγμπτών,
11:21όπου ο νομινός, ο νομινός, ο δρκαετός,
11:26δεν είναι καλύτερο, γι'νόμουν άντως.
11:43μπορούν να βρειτείτε εδώ.
11:46Δητρικ Rauer και ο κόσμος του Κάλλου,
11:48Σάιμον Κοναρ,
11:49δηλαδή βρειάζοντας πραγματικά πραγματικά
11:51από την Ελλιόπλουσία,
11:52από τις πυρές του πόλουσίου.
11:54Σε αυτή τη διάρκεια,
11:55η χέρα είναι σημαντικά σημαντικά.
12:14Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
12:44Prior to the Egyptian-German team's emergency dig,
12:47there were hardly any finds worth mentioning, with one exception.
12:54Egypt, 1903.
12:56The temple city stands in an open field.
12:58The Italian archaeologist Ernesto Schiaparelli is digging near the obelisk.
13:03He's searching for the sun god's large temple.
13:06He finds walls of clay bricks and numerous artifacts.
13:18Schiaparelli's finds are now in Turin.
13:20Some are on display.
13:23Most of them are in storage in the Egyptian museum's collection.
13:27They're important puzzle pieces for Dietrich Rauer,
13:30as he tries to piece together an image of Heliopolis.
13:33One of the artifacts is amongst the oldest depiction of a god in human form.
13:42Federico Ugliano is responsible for these finds.
13:46These pieces are from a shrine.
13:48It contains the effigy of a god.
13:50On the outside, the pharaoh, at least in part.
13:55You can see the detail of a leg of the pharaoh
13:59that is performing the so-called ritual run
14:02to celebrate his jubilee.
14:05And a small female figure you can see just on the left of the leg of the pharaoh
14:10and is his daughter.
14:13As unassuming as these fragments appear,
14:16they offer valuable clues to the archaeologists.
14:20It's the first proof that we have of the building activity of a pharaoh.
14:26So with Djoser, we are just at the beginning of the Third Dynasty.
14:30So early in the Egyptian history,
14:33we already have pharaohs that are really interested in Heliopolis,
14:37in this site that recognize the religious importance of the site.
14:42So they decided to build monuments
14:44or dedicate little shrines to the gods.
14:48Djoser, Third Dynasty.
14:56Pharaoh Djoser left us the oldest pyramid,
14:59a towering tomb built by his architect, Imhotep.
15:04Later, he too is deified.
15:12Imhotep is not merely an ingenious master builder.
15:16His title, the Great Observer,
15:18tells us he was also High Priest of Heliopolis.
15:24As such, he guards the secret sciences.
15:27To understand earthly powers, they observe the sky
15:31and thus become outstanding astronomers.
15:38By tracing the movements of the stars,
15:40they develop a calendar,
15:42subdivide the years into weeks and months,
15:44day and night into hours.
15:49The priests can predict crucial events,
15:51such as the flooding of the Nile,
15:53by the position of the star Sirius in the night sky.
16:00In Turin's Museo Ogizio,
16:03Dietrich Rauer is examining another significant find from Heliopolis.
16:09This stone tablet is a sensation amongst Egyptologists.
16:14It's marked with the ground plan of a temple.
16:17Only very few such depictions showing how temples were designed
16:21have survived to the present day.
16:26We think that this is the plan of one of the temples
16:30that were inside the big, big walls
16:34that were surrounding the terminus area of Heliopolis.
16:38The temple was probably founded under Thestostris I
16:42and subsequently expanded.
16:45Thanks to these markings, we know the floor plan,
16:48which in turn allows us to draw conclusions regarding other temples.
16:51There were three in a courtyards,
16:54each with a massive gateway, decorated with flagpoles.
16:59It has to be a very big sanctuary, a great sanctification.
17:05The temple village is huge.
17:07It can be at different places,
17:11which we have not been buried.
17:13But with the name of Thestostris I and Thutmose III,
17:17we probably have to go into the central temple area,
17:19where we have not been buried.
17:24The undeveloped area in the center of the city is vast.
17:28Archaeologists have only been able to cut into certain key areas.
17:36Considering the sum of the yellow areas,
17:38researchers have only excavated a fraction of the ancient city of the sun.
17:42By far, the larger part lies buried under Cairo's buildings.
17:48Area 221.
17:50Initially, archaeologists had to shift meter-thick layers of debris.
17:54Only then could they begin their work.
17:58This is where Dietrich Schrauer and Christopher Brenninek
18:01suspect that one of the large main temples of the city of the sun was located,
18:06from the time of Rameses the Great.
18:12The position of each find is meticulously recorded
18:15in the hope of resurrecting Heliopolis.
18:28The city of the sun constitutes the largest temple complex
18:32ever constructed in Egypt.
18:38Thanks to their digs and old maps dating back to Napoleon's time,
18:42Dietrich Schrauer and Claudet Dietzer
18:44are able to determine the exact position and size of Heliopolis.
18:50The temple city covered an area of approximately one square kilometer.
18:54In the lower part,
18:56they were able to reconstruct two temples of Rameses.
19:03A large wall encircled the city of the sun.
19:10A processional avenue ran along the front of the temples of Rameses.
19:19The researchers also find remnants of the temple
19:22that once stood behind the obelisk.
19:24But something irritates them.
19:26The orientation of the temple is unusual.
19:31The obelisk has not changed.
19:33It is still in its original position.
19:35The Dormos, the great procession of Heliopolis,
19:38did not go to a normal east-west orientation,
19:42but very strongly kicked.
19:43There was a question of why.
19:50Sessostris I, 12th Dynasty.
20:02Sessostris I and his father ruled together for ten years.
20:06Then, the father is murdered.
20:10In the third year of his reign, after his father's death,
20:14Sessostris I summons his architects and counsellors.
20:17He intends to construct a magnificent temple in Heliopolis
20:21dedicated to the sun god.
20:26Nothing is to be left a chance in the plans for a sanctum,
20:29and its orientation is particularly important.
20:33It normally runs along the east-west axis,
20:36as is prescribed by the sun cult.
20:47The building commences with the ritual
20:49of the tightening of the rope.
20:54This temple, however,
20:56is built with a marked deviation towards the north.
20:59What was the reason?
21:04Did the pharaoh neglect to consider the sun?
21:09With the aid of a computer program,
21:11French archaeologist Luc Gabold happens upon a surprising answer.
21:18The day on which the sun rose directly over the temple
21:21was February the 26th, 1936 before Christ.
21:47The great temple is only the first step in a gigantic building program.
21:52Sessostris endows Heliopolis with new splendor.
21:57In the south of the city,
21:58the sacrosanct area of the gods.
22:01The northern part is home to the mortals.
22:04It contains the king's palace,
22:06the houses of the priests and their families.
22:09It's a city with thousands of inhabitants.
22:18Madka from Heliopolis writes to her sister,
22:21Irit, in the city of the south.
22:24I wish you life, strength, and health.
22:28How are you?
22:29Every day I pray to Artem,
22:31lord of Heliopolis,
22:32that you may be well,
22:34that he may protect you.
22:38It is a unique document
22:39written by a woman from the city of the gods.
22:43A testament to the importance
22:45that Egyptians pay to the blessing of the sun god.
22:48The letter accompanies a valuable gift,
22:51a flower arrangement,
22:52blessed in the great temple,
22:54dedicated to Atom.
22:58Its postal path stretches 650 kilometers upriver to Thebes,
23:03the city of the south,
23:05where Irit lives.
23:13Today, the main temple in Thebes
23:15is an impressive ruin,
23:17surrounded by the city of Karnak.
23:19Few are aware that the complex
23:21was modeled after Heliopolis
23:23during the period of the Middle Kingdom.
23:26Thebes, around 2100 before Christ.
23:29It's from this city
23:30that a prince manages to reunite
23:33the fragmented Egypt
23:34under a new pharaoh.
23:36He founds a new dynasty
23:37and erects a magnificent temple
23:40for the god of his city,
23:42the shrine of Amun-Rei.
23:46Toute legitimité
23:47devait obligatoirement
23:48avoir sa source
23:49à Heliopolis.
23:50Et les rois du Moyen-Empire,
23:52ils ont créé une théologie
23:55qui devait être solaire.
23:57Donc, ils ont emprunté
23:58un concept
23:59qui est le concept
24:00du dieu caché.
24:02Ils l'ont emprunté à Heliopolis
24:03et à la théologie de Mimphite.
24:05Et ils l'ont associé
24:07au dieu solaire
24:09en créant Amun-Rei.
24:11Amun-Rei was, on occasion,
24:14put on the same level
24:15with Atem,
24:16the creator
24:17and sun god
24:18of Heliopolis.
24:19This elevated
24:20the smaller local god
24:21to a more prestigious position.
24:24The celestial path
24:25of the sun
24:26was instrumental
24:27in aligning structures
24:28in Karnak too.
24:30The architects
24:30wanted to create
24:31a link between
24:32the worldly
24:33and divine spheres.
24:35That was the function
24:37of the obelisks.
24:38Originally,
24:39they were invented
24:40in Heliopolis.
24:44Ramses II
24:45immortalized himself
24:47by erecting
24:48these pillars
24:48in the honor
24:49of the sun god.
24:52Les obelisks
24:53sont un élément solaire
24:55qui fait le lien
24:57entre la terre
24:58et le ciel
25:00qui est le royaume des dieux.
25:01Les textes
25:02de l'époque d'Atchepsut
25:03sont très clairs
25:04à ce propos.
25:05Elle dit
25:05qu'elle a construit
25:06des obelisks
25:07dont la pointe
25:09perse,
25:10transperse,
25:10la partie supérieure
25:12du ciel
25:12qui est considérée
25:14comme l'endroit
25:15où vivent les dieux.
25:18A purposeful effort
25:19was made
25:20to expand
25:20the capital
25:21and the royal
25:22residence of Thieves
25:23during the Middle Kingdom.
25:25But the worship
25:26of its many gods
25:27brings forth
25:28a pharaoh
25:28who wants to radically
25:29change the world
25:30of the Egyptians.
25:35He will close
25:36the temple
25:36of Amun-Re
25:37and attempt
25:38to obliterate
25:39all the cultic rituals.
25:41But this king,
25:42too,
25:42will pay
25:43obeisance
25:44to Heliopolis.
25:51Achnaton,
25:5218th Dynasty.
25:57For Achnaton,
25:58there was only
25:59one single god,
26:00the cult of Ahton,
26:01the sun disk.
26:03He had effigies
26:04of many other gods
26:05destroyed,
26:06but did not touch
26:07Heliopolis.
26:08On the contrary,
26:09he built there.
26:11Echnaton
26:12hat geschaut,
26:13dass diese
26:14ganze ägyptische
26:14Vorstellung
26:15von Welt
26:16und Staat
26:16auf
26:18der
26:19Sonne
26:19basiert.
26:20Dass die
26:21Sonne eben
26:23nicht nur
26:24der wichtigste
26:24Gott von allen
26:25ist,
26:25sondern im Grunde
26:26eigentlich der
26:26Einzige.
26:28Und
26:29das
26:31sagen wir
26:32einmal
26:32führt
26:33diese
26:34ägyptische
26:34Kosmologie
26:35und Politologie
26:36oder so
26:37im Grunde
26:38auf ihren
26:38Ursprung,
26:39auf ihren
26:39Heliopolis,
26:40Politanischen
26:41Ursprung zurück.
26:45Even the
26:46heretic
26:47King Achnaton
26:47makes sacrifices
26:48in the
26:49City of the
26:50Sun
26:50to stay
26:51in contact
26:51with the
26:52gods
26:52observing
26:53established
26:53rituals.
26:58In this
26:59place,
27:00the
27:00cradle
27:00of the
27:01world,
27:01where
27:01the
27:02gods
27:02gave
27:02the
27:02pharaohs
27:03dominion
27:03over
27:04the
27:04earth,
27:04the
27:05priest
27:05and
27:05the
27:06pharaoh
27:06personally
27:07sacrifice
27:07to the
27:08gods.
27:09They do
27:09so to
27:10ensure
27:10their
27:10own
27:10prosperity
27:11and that
27:12of their
27:12country
27:13and the
27:14people.
27:15There are
27:1550 stations
27:16firmly established
27:17generations ago
27:18that must be
27:19observed during
27:21the daily
27:21sacrificial rites.
27:30When,
27:31in around
27:32700 b.
27:32Christ,
27:33the Nubians
27:34conquered
27:34Egypt from
27:35the south,
27:35the first
27:36black pharaoh,
27:37Pi,
27:38observes the
27:39holy rites
27:40in Heliopolis.
27:41He too
27:42has to
27:42present himself
27:43to the
27:43city of
27:44the sun
27:44in order
27:45to be
27:46recognized
27:46as king.
27:48Pi requires
27:49legitimization
27:50from the
27:50sun god
27:51as he's
27:52no direct
27:52heir
27:53to a
27:53rightful
27:54pharaoh.
27:55He's not
27:56even
27:56Egyptian.
28:00He is
28:01an
28:01outsider
28:02who wants
28:03to rule.
28:03with him
28:05begins
28:06something new
28:07this 25
28:08dynasty.
28:09And so
28:10a break
28:10creates
28:11a need
28:12of ritual
28:13confirmation.
28:14There must
28:14be continued
28:15to be
28:16made.
28:17That's
28:17only
28:18with
28:18rites.
28:19And so
28:19he has
28:19in Heliopolis
28:21rites
28:21vollzogen
28:22as
28:25legitime
28:25herrscher
28:27gezeigt.
28:32The
28:32breaking
28:33of a
28:33new
28:33day
28:33must
28:34have
28:34been
28:34an
28:34awe-inspiring
28:35sight.
28:36More
28:37than
28:3730
28:38obelisks,
28:39their
28:39points
28:39presumably
28:40covered
28:41in
28:41gold,
28:42caught
28:42the
28:42first
28:42light
28:43and
28:43flooded
28:43the
28:44temple
28:44in
28:44the
28:45divine
28:45rays.
28:50One
28:51particular
28:51pharaoh
28:52left us
28:53with a
28:53great
28:53number
28:53of
28:54statues.
28:55Ramesses
28:56II,
28:5719th
28:58dynasty.
29:08On
29:08this
29:09stone
29:09slab,
29:10Ramesses
29:10describes
29:11how he
29:12has
29:12rewarded
29:12his
29:12stone
29:13masons
29:13for
29:13their
29:13work.
29:22speak
29:22oh
29:23your
29:24worker,
29:25your
29:26outerlesen
29:26worker,
29:27your
29:28hardest
29:28worker,
29:31your
29:31hardworking
29:32and
29:33diligent
29:33so that
29:34I may
29:34furnish all
29:35the temples
29:36I have
29:36built.
29:37For you
29:38I have
29:38filled the
29:39warehouses
29:39with
29:40bread,
29:40cake,
29:41meat
29:42and
29:43sandals.
29:44I have
29:44provided
29:45for you
29:45in every
29:46way
29:46possible
29:46so that
29:48you will
29:48work for
29:48me
29:49with
29:50love
29:50in
29:50your
29:50hearts.
29:54On
29:55the
29:55slab,
29:56Ramesses
29:56also
29:57imparts
29:57how he
29:58made
29:58his
29:58way
29:59to
29:59the
29:59stonemasons
30:00to
30:00bring
30:00them
30:01gifts.
30:01An
30:02incredible
30:03honor.
30:04The
30:04earthly
30:05descendant
30:05of the
30:06sun
30:06god
30:06visits
30:07them
30:07in
30:07person.
30:18With
30:19his
30:19gifts
30:19the
30:20king
30:20wants
30:20both
30:21to
30:21cheer
30:21his
30:21workers
30:22on
30:22and
30:23to
30:23improve
30:23their
30:23sustenance.
30:25Ramesses
30:25not only
30:26praises
30:26them
30:27he
30:27provides
30:28for
30:28them.
30:28This
30:29secures
30:29their
30:30loyalty
30:30and
30:31he
30:31has
30:31big
30:32plans.
30:36Ramesses
30:37the
30:37second
30:37is a
30:37pharaoh
30:38of
30:38superlatives.
30:40He
30:40reigns
30:40over
30:41the
30:41land
30:41of
30:41the
30:41Nile
30:42for
30:4267
30:42years.
30:43Three
30:44generations
30:44of
30:44subjects
30:45know
30:46only
30:46him
30:46as
30:47their
30:47king.
30:52For
30:53the
30:53craftsman
30:54these
30:54are
30:55good
30:55times.
30:56No
30:56other
30:56pharaoh
30:57has
30:57as
30:57many
30:58temples
30:58than
30:58memorials
30:59built
30:59redesigned
31:00or
31:01improved.
31:08Ramesses
31:08is the
31:09greatest
31:09builder
31:10in
31:10ancient
31:11Egypt.
31:18but
31:18his
31:19gigantic
31:19structures
31:20in
31:20Heliopolis
31:21have
31:21not
31:21stood
31:22the
31:22test
31:22of
31:22time.
31:26A
31:27new
31:27structure
31:27is
31:27being
31:28built
31:28within
31:28sight
31:29of
31:29the
31:29pyramids
31:29the
31:30grand
31:30Egyptian
31:31museum.
31:32It's
31:33soon
31:33to
31:33house
31:33the
31:34world's
31:34largest
31:34Egyptian
31:35collection.
31:37in the
31:38entrance
31:39the
31:39statue
31:40of
31:40Ramesses
31:40the
31:41Great
31:41welcomes
31:42arriving
31:42visitors.
31:47The
31:48preparations
31:48for the
31:49opening
31:49are in
31:50full
31:50swing.
31:51The
31:52legendary
31:52treasure
31:53from
31:53Tutankhamen's
31:54tomb
31:54is being
31:55restored.
31:56It will
31:56dazzle
31:57in its
31:58renewed
31:58splendor.
31:59There are
32:00further finds
32:00from new
32:01digs.
32:01Some
32:02are
32:02artifacts
32:02from
32:03Heliopolis.
32:05The
32:06statues
32:06from the
32:07City
32:07of
32:07the
32:07Sun
32:08are
32:08hewn
32:08from
32:09a
32:09particular
32:09quartzite
32:10rock.
32:11It
32:11comes
32:11from
32:11a
32:12quarry
32:12in
32:12the
32:12vicinity
32:13of
32:13the
32:13temple
32:13city.
32:14The
32:14very
32:15material
32:15used
32:16for
32:16the
32:16statue
32:16of
32:17Samtik.
32:30pink
32:31farben.
32:31That
32:32is
32:32natural
32:33changes
32:33in
32:35the
32:35temple
32:35of
32:36the
32:37of
32:37the
32:39king's
32:40statue.
32:43Over
32:436500
32:44fragments
32:45of the
32:45colossal
32:45statue
32:46have
32:46been
32:46recovered.
32:48Issa
32:48Sedan,
32:49director
32:49of the
32:50restoration
32:50department,
32:51has
32:51an
32:52ambitious
32:52plan
32:52for
32:53the
32:53inauguration.
32:56This
32:56is our
32:56target
32:57to
32:57bring
32:59all
32:59fragments
33:00from
33:01the
33:02statue
33:02and
33:03reassemble
33:03it
33:04again
33:04and
33:04play
33:05as
33:05one
33:06piece
33:07as
33:07one
33:07statue
33:07in
33:08the
33:08galleries
33:08of
33:09the
33:09grand
33:09Egyptian
33:09museum.
33:11So far,
33:12the upper torso
33:13of the
33:1310-meter
33:14statue
33:14has only
33:15been
33:15virtually
33:16reassembled.
33:17What the
33:18archaeologists
33:19found on
33:20other
33:20fragments
33:20surprised
33:21them.
33:23The first
33:24fragments
33:24of the
33:25psalmetic
33:25statue
33:25were
33:26from
33:26the
33:26upper
33:27body,
33:27the
33:28green
33:28brown
33:28quartz
33:29and
33:30then
33:31it was
33:31very
33:31surprising
33:32to
33:32see
33:32that
33:33the
33:33bottom
33:33part
33:34of the
33:34fragments
33:34of
33:35of
33:35the
33:36fragments
33:36of
33:37the
33:37so that
33:40we can
33:40be sure
33:40to be sure
33:40that the
33:41statue
33:41was
33:42accidentally
33:43destroyed
33:43and
33:44by the
33:45fire
33:45which
33:45was
33:45put in
33:45the
33:45bones
33:49Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
34:16The Persians plunder the temple city and make away with plenty of loot.
34:21We can infer this from excavations in the market district of the temple area.
34:27Animal bones are found in surprising numbers.
34:35This seems to indicate extensive stable blocks in which the animals were kept.
34:49American Egyptologist Louise Bertini specializes in animal remnants.
34:57It is immediately clear to her that these are all bovine bones,
35:01more specifically from young animals.
35:04Cows were particularly valuable in Egypt,
35:07unless such a large and important culture site as Heliopolis
35:11could have afforded such numbers of them.
35:16Temples very much were not just cultic activity
35:20to help to basically feed or to keep the cult going,
35:24but also that you can think of it as a little microeconomy in a way
35:27because various goods would be stored at the temple.
35:31Animals would be property of the temple.
35:34So even if they were being slaughtered, possibly for ritual offering,
35:37they could also be used to be sold
35:39and actually help to make money for the temple.
35:41And it was in many ways part of this whole redistributive economy
35:44that was quite common throughout ancient Egypt
35:47but would have been especially prevalent here
35:48because this was such a major cult center.
35:52In the aftermath of the Persian attacks,
35:55cultic rituals resumed.
35:57Not far from the bovine remains,
35:59researchers find numerous sacrificial offerings.
36:03Kings and priests perform rituals
36:05and large celebrations attract people from all over Egypt.
36:09This is evident from the large ceramic vessels
36:12dedicated to the sun god.
36:16To archaeologist Clara Dietze,
36:19these sacrificial offerings indicate something else.
36:23The Persians were not the only ones
36:25to have devastated the city of the sun.
36:29We can definitely recognize
36:30that at least large temples
36:33have been destroyed already before the early age.
36:38We are at the same time,
36:40that's extremely interesting.
36:43But it's still coming back to a renaissance.
36:46And this renaissance
36:47is also going back to the renaissance
36:49of the heliopolitan temple.
36:54Researchers are looking for relics
36:55of this renaissance in the southwest part of the city.
36:59They're looking for a specific temple,
37:01from the late period,
37:02the last one to be built here.
37:06Nectar Nebo, the first, 30th dynasty.
37:19A new dynasty begins with Nectar Nebo,
37:22but it will not prevail for long.
37:25His grandson, Nectar Nebo II,
37:27will be the last Egyptian pharaoh.
37:35This block is part of the so-called Gau tablets.
37:39They show the country's administrative districts
37:41and specify the goods produced in each of them.
37:49The blocks were attached to the external temple wall.
37:52To date, archaeologists had only seen their counterparts
37:56for administrative districts in Upper Egypt.
38:00The blocks for Oberägypten
38:02have found 30 meters in this direction, in a row.
38:08And now we have the unterägyptischen blocks
38:10for the north of the country.
38:12And so we will get the first time
38:13to close the width of the large and wide length of the temple building.
38:17That's what we have wished for this campaign.
38:22At the outer edge of the temple complex,
38:24archaeologists happen upon another structure
38:27commissioned by Nectar Nebo.
38:30A gigantic wall made of clay bricks,
38:3317 meters across and approximately 12 to 20 meters high.
38:38That's twice as high and deep as the Great Wall of China.
38:42It turned the temple complex into a fortress,
38:45since attacks by hostile powers
38:47were becoming ever more frequent.
38:56But not all foreigners come with hostile intentions.
39:01The 1,000-year-old religious center
39:03is also a destination for the tourists of antiquity.
39:10The Greeks consider the City of the Sun
39:12the cradle of an ancient culture.
39:17The lifehouses there, connected to the temple,
39:21are early universities.
39:22Priests studied here,
39:24documented their findings on papyrus,
39:26handed down their knowledge.
39:29They created important tracts
39:31and handbooks for rituals.
39:35Heliopolis also stands for knowledge,
39:37even wisdom.
39:39This, in particular,
39:40is what attracts scholars from abroad.
39:45purportedly even famous Greek philosophers and thinkers
39:48came to Heliopolis,
39:49in order to study the wisdom of the Egyptians,
39:52among them Pythagoras,
39:55Eudoxus and Plato.
39:57Later, the Greeks will appropriate this knowledge.
40:03We can think that the life house,
40:06the t facilitation of the temple of Heliopolis
40:08was of a huge range of yesens.
40:10The building of the temple of the temple of Heliopolis
40:23was quite a huge range of nauty
40:25Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
40:55But one thing is certain, here at the port stood sphinxes that had come from Heliopolis,
41:01since the Ptolemies furnished their city with monuments from the City of the Sun.
41:09Near the old citadel, Dietrich Rauer has a clear view of a place that hits something astonishing.
41:18At the bottom of the harbour, French underwater archaeologists
41:22discover chiselled blocks with ancient Egyptian inscriptions.
41:27In antiquity, they were destroyed by a powerful earthquake and catapulted into the sea.
41:33For the first time, it becomes clear just how many monuments
41:36the Ptolemies appropriated and transported to Alexandria.
41:42Dietrich Rauer and Simon Conner are searching for effigies and monuments from Heliopolis.
41:55Original inscriptions are still recognisable on many statues.
42:04On this sphinx, for instance, the Egyptian name for Heliopolis is clearly visible, Eunu.
42:13What we found in Heliopolis, but also here in Alexandria, are some sphinxes, many sphinxes.
42:19But of different types, in different materials, in different dimensions.
42:22We know that here, there was not necessarily an alae, a dromos.
42:26It was quite heterogeneous.
42:28But there was an enormous amount of sphinxes in Heliopolis.
42:31And more and more, we still find fragments today.
42:33So this was one of the main forms of statues that had to decorate the city of Heliopolis.
42:39The Serebium, a Ptolemian shrine.
42:43Here too, Dietrich Rauer and Simon Conner come across old acquaintances that hail from Heliopolis.
42:50This block depicts Rameses.
42:54He's sacrificing to the sun god.
42:57Over the centuries, many monuments fell victim to earthquakes.
43:02Some were systematically destroyed.
43:05Both head and beard of the Sphinx has been carefully removed.
43:12Two possibilities.
43:13Soit la statue a été décapitée à une époque, encore à l'époque pharaonique, disons plutôt gréco-romaine,
43:20quand la statue a peut-être été réutilisée comme un bloc, dans un mur.
43:24Avant de réutiliser une statue, il faut lui enlever sa magie.
43:27C'est un objet vivant, donc il faut lui retirer sa tête et sa barbe.
43:31La statue perd sa magie, c'est simplement un bloc.
43:34Autre possibilité, ce pourraient être les chrétiens.
43:37Cette statue a été trouvée dans le Serapeum.
43:39Le Serapeum, on le sait, c'est un des lieux les plus dramatiques de la lutte entre les païens et
43:44les chrétiens au 5ème siècle.
43:46Et donc, dans ce cas-ci, il est possible que la statue ait été détruite par les premiers chrétiens, encore
43:51imprégnés de culture pharaonique.
43:52Donc même si les premiers chrétiens d'Egypte ne croyaient plus véritablement dans les deux égyptiens,
43:58ils croient encore un petit peu dans la magie de ces pièces.
44:02Le Ptolemies remove more than just sphinxes from Heliopolis.
44:06Ils aussi dismantle les obelisques et reassemble them in Alexandria.
44:12Dans le year 31 BC, les Romans conquérés Egypt.
44:17Les Roman emperors ont les géants transportés à Rome,
44:21qui devient la ville avec les plus de l'obelisques.
44:24Cinq de eux sont de Heliopolis.
44:30Modern European powers like France and Great Britain
44:33also crave ancient Egypt's impressive sun-catchers
44:37towards the end of the 19th century.
44:40They become an emblem of global power.
44:45Two 20-metre-high obelisques from Heliopolis
44:48stood in Alexandria for centuries.
44:51The so-called Cleopatra's Needles.
44:54The Egyptian government makes gifts of the massive 180-tonne objects
44:59to England and to the United States.
45:02The obelisques from Heliopolis
45:04are now scattered all over the world.
45:11Over 3,000 years ago,
45:13Heliopolis was the most significant cultural site in the land.
45:17Nonetheless, both Ptolemies and Romans
45:20dared to loot its treasures.
45:24One of Italian archaeologist Ernesto Schiaparelli's finds
45:28could help explain why.
45:30At the beginning of the 20th century,
45:32he made an unusual discovery.
45:36It is a petrified sea urchin
45:38with a minuscule inscription.
45:41A fossil such as this one
45:43was considered a miracle of nature in ancient Egypt,
45:46so it was offered up to the sun god.
45:49Federica Ugliano has studied it in detail.
45:53And here we can read
45:55found south to the Ic
45:58by the priest Cha-Nefer.
46:03Ic, according to the archaeologists,
46:06is a quarry close to Heliopolis.
46:12This is where priest Cha-Nefer
46:15found the fossilized urchin
46:17and he takes it to the temple.
46:29Before offering it up to the sun god,
46:31he eternalizes himself with these incisions.
46:34This proves how valuable and significant
46:37this find was for the priest.
46:51Researchers can no longer determine
46:52just when Cha-Nefer sacrificed his treasure.
46:56But the location of the find
46:57could be a clue to finding an answer
46:59to the question of just what happened in Heliopolis.
47:09in the area in which the urchin was discovered,
47:12many more broken fragments are found.
47:15Not a single find is undamaged.
47:18All of them show evidence
47:20of systematic destruction.
47:24By and by, the researchers arrive
47:26at a theory to explain
47:27the demise of the City of the Sun.
47:31The result is that Alexandria
47:33the political state is,
47:36while Memphis the Egyptian
47:38cult-Hauptstadt will be in the north.
47:41Heliopolis scheint
47:42to be arranged.
47:43And that is very quickly,
47:45why the Ptolemae-König,
47:46also the griechisch-stammigen
47:47König, in Heliopolis
47:49actually did nothing more.
47:51That is on the way
47:52that is very surprising
47:53and, yes,
47:54it is very surprising.
47:56Perhaps
47:57one of the last
47:58destroyings of the temple
47:59was so gravely
48:00that the Holy Spirit
48:01gave it to the end.
48:05Perhaps the worship of the sun
48:07was no longer paramount
48:08for the Ptolemaes
48:09and Heliopolis
48:10lost its importance.
48:16Before the priests
48:17finally abandoned their city,
48:18they amassed the broken
48:19and fragmented offerings
48:21and statues
48:21and bury them,
48:23as everything
48:24that has been consecrated
48:25by the gods
48:26is sacrosanct
48:27and must never leave
48:29the temple district.
48:32This even applies
48:34to the petrified urchin.
48:43Even so,
48:44Heliopolis
48:45was not entirely abandoned.
48:47At least,
48:47that's what another
48:48unexpected find
48:49made by the archaeologists
48:51in the business area
48:52seemed to suggest.
48:54While excavating,
48:55Clara Dietze
48:56comes across
48:57several large ovens.
48:58Near them
48:59lie small lime splinters,
49:01peculiar objects
49:02from the Ptolemaic time
49:04that initially
49:05do not seem
49:05to fit together.
49:08But then large lime blocks
49:10appear as well.
49:11Many of them
49:12are decorated with relief.
49:13They come from a temple.
49:16There can only be
49:18one explanation.
49:20were found in the
49:22two houses
49:23in the two houses
49:23were found
49:23both keramical
49:24and on the other side
49:26a large amount
49:28of kalksteins.
49:29And that's why
49:30we wanted to bring
49:30this idea
49:30together.
49:32And to make it
49:33a functional
49:34relationship
49:36we thought
49:37in the direction
49:38of the kalkbrennary.
49:40Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
50:09Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
50:39Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
51:09Ένας οικογένει ένας κύριος που έρχεται πάνω στον πόλεμο,
51:13που έρχεται πάνω στον πόλεμο και πάνω στον πόλεμο για την πόλεμο.
51:39Ένα από τις τελευταίες μέρος της Καίρος.
51:42Με λίγο χρόνο για τους αρχαιολογούς,
51:46πριν οι δημιουργικές φορές έρχονται με τους τελευταίες χώρες.
51:50Αυτό είναι όταν η ολόκληση της Κύριας Κύριας Κύριας Κύριας
51:52θα είναι πραγματικά καλύτερα σε νέα δημιουργία.
51:56Αυτό με το δημιουργικό δημιουργικό δημιουργίας,
51:59η Χελιόπλος δεν θα πρέπει να γνωρίζει.
52:24Ευχαριστώ.
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