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00:00I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.
00:15In the 1960s, an impossible dream came true, when human beings walked on another world.
00:24The Eagle has landed.
00:25In all, 24 Americans went to the moon.
00:31But it took an unseen army of over 400,000 engineers and technicians to make it possible.
00:39This is the story of the men and women who built the machines that took us to the moon.
00:45In the early 1960s, as NASA began training astronauts to meet President Kennedy's challenge,
01:10it realized there was one key area of expertise it knew nothing about.
01:19Nobody knew how to build a spacesuit that would enable a human being to survive in the lethal lunar environment.
01:27There was enough cartoons and little movie clips and stuff like that around that you had this excitement about space.
01:43But you had no clue.
01:45So it was something brand spanking new.
01:47NASA was designing spaceships, you know, the Saturn, the Apollo, the lunar module, all these pieces of hard goods.
01:56They knew how to bolt metal together, they could do drawings, they understood that.
02:00But when it came to a spacesuit, you're talking fabrics.
02:04And when you try taking it from the world that knows hard goods, it became a real problem.
02:09Joe Cosmo, a young science graduate, remembers being called by a puzzled NASA engineer.
02:17He says, we were wondering if you might be interested in working in some new areas that we're starting.
02:22Life support and spacesuits, whatever they are.
02:26And that was his exact words, whatever they are.
02:29And he said, does that sound of interest to you?
02:32Of course, I'm looking for a job and I want to get in the space program.
02:34And I said, well, you know, my background is in propulsion and structures.
02:39I don't know much about spacesuits.
02:41His remark was, well, no one else does either and we're all going to learn.
02:46But learn from what?
02:49In the early years of what became known as the Apollo program, there was very little experience to draw.
03:04The first man to wear the sort of suit the astronauts would need was U.S. aviation pioneer Wiley Post.
03:20In the 1930s, Post commissioned a flying suit for an attempt on the world altitude record.
03:26They had taken a diving helmet from a diving suit, and because Wiley Post was blind in one eye,
03:38they had physically moved the optical viewport off to one side to make it easier for him to get the best possible visibility.
03:47Post's suit enabled him to reach 50,000 feet, higher than the cruising altitude of a modern airliner.
04:00At this altitude, temperatures drop to minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit, and oxygen levels become dangerously low.
04:07Over the next 20 years, rocket planes took men even higher.
04:31To help them, a new generation of high-altitude suits were constructed.
04:37The X-15 was basically a very compact, very slender, rocket-looking type aircraft
04:52that was carried to high altitude under the wing of a B-52.
05:01And since it used rockets rather than jet engines for propulsion,
05:05was capable of not only high altitude and speed records,
05:08but was also capable of sub-orbital spaceflight.
05:15It was followed in 1959 by America's first space program.
05:27Mercury put man into orbit around the Earth.
05:31But in all these craft, the cockpit provided the first line of safety.
05:42The flying suits were only there in case there was an accident.
05:50Kennedy's plan to have men leave this safety and step out onto the moon
05:56would demand something much more sophisticated.
06:04To illustrate the challenge, NASA introduced the U.S. public to a new cartoon figure.
06:12Andy Astronaut.
06:15If Andy were to step out on the surface of the moon without a space suit,
06:19this is what would happen.
06:20In the near vacuum of space, the gases within his body would immediately expand.
06:29His blood would appear to boil from the rapid expansion of gases
06:32coming out of solution in his bloodstream.
06:39Andy would soon feel the effects of another condition of space,
06:43lack of oxygen.
06:44After 20 seconds in a vacuum and without oxygen,
06:48Andy would be trading in his astronaut wings for a more permanent variety.
07:00The problem was to build a space suit that could be pumped full of air
07:05to compensate for the lack of atmosphere,
07:08but also remained supple and flexible.
07:10Early prototype pressure suits were almost rigid.
07:19A suit is like a balloon.
07:22You know, if you're going to have 3.5 psi inside it
07:26and vacuum outside it,
07:28then something has to keep all that air in.
07:30So think of the suit as a balloon.
07:33And if you have a cylinder, which is what we made,
07:36it's very difficult to bend it.
07:38NASA realized it needed to draw on new areas of expertise.
07:46And in 1962, tenders were invited from U.S. industry
07:51to build the first Apollo space suit.
07:58Eight companies submitted proposals.
08:00The International Latex Corporation was best known for its Playtex bras and girdles.
08:23The company was the rank outsider,
08:26but it had one big advantage.
08:29It didn't know much about space,
08:33but it knew more than any of its competitors
08:35about making flexible rubber clothes
08:38that moved with the human body.
08:41We had a lot of experience with dipping rubber products
08:44such as ladies' bras and girdles and things of that nature,
08:47so we knew we might have a good in with building a great suit.
08:50The company's prototype was based on a series of flexible rubber joints.
09:00The elbows and the joints all flexed because of this system right here.
09:03It was a convolute.
09:05And a convolute is really nothing more than a rubber-dipped part
09:08that has all these little ridges to it.
09:11It allows the air to compress on either side and move about
09:14so that you weren't fighting against a pressurized cylinder.
09:19So where your elbow flexes and your knee flexes and your ankle flexes,
09:22this allows that to flex back and forth.
09:24In addition, it has these metal cables right here,
09:30and these take the load of the suit
09:32because when the suit's under pressure, it's under tremendous load,
09:34and you don't want those legs growing any longer,
09:37the arms growing any longer.
09:38So all the strength within that suit because of the pressure
09:41has to go through these metal cables right here on either side.
09:44And they also act as a hinge because as this suit's flexing
09:47and walking about on the surface or you're bending your elbow,
09:50these cables right here allow it to flex back and forth.
09:54It was simple and obvious,
09:59but nobody else had anything quite like it.
10:02And in April 1962, NASA took a gamble and awarded ILC,
10:07as the company became known, the contract to build the Apollo spacesuit.
10:15But there was a catch.
10:17ILC knew all about rubber clothing,
10:20but had almost no experience of handling major government contracts.
10:24So NASA appointed another company to oversee the whole operation.
10:33Hamilton Standard was an established engineering facility
10:37that had originally pitched for the whole contract.
10:40The company's engineers were surprised and delighted to have a role in the program.
10:49When I told my girlfriend I was going to go work on putting a man on the moon,
10:53she asked me what I had been drinking,
10:56was I sure I was sane,
10:57and a few other things like that.
10:59But the wedding between Hamilton and ILC was a marriage between two very different companies
11:08and would, in the years to come, cause NASA deep concern.
11:13By summer 1962, the cracks in the arranged marriage between ILC and Hamilton Standard were beginning to show.
11:32Tom Haralla worked for Hamilton Standard.
11:39We were making propellers for both commercial aircraft and also for the Department of Defense.
11:47International Latex at that time made brassieres.
11:50We had two totally different personalities.
11:54His opposite number at ILC was Homer Rehm.
11:57There was always this skepticism of Hamilton Standard's appreciation for our technology
12:03and our concern for Hamilton Standard,
12:05not thinking that consumer products people are capable of doing this job.
12:12This was a very interesting relationship
12:15because both organizations thought they should be the ones leading the challenge,
12:21and it was described by many as a shotgun marriage.
12:25But despite the obvious rivalries,
12:29in the early months, nobody wanted to dwell on the problems.
12:34NASA was demanding results.
12:49At ILC, the first suits were turned from prototypes into production models.
12:55Our industry was fortunate because a lot of the people that had worked in Playtex were very good with sewing.
13:03They could sew ladies' products together.
13:06So we took a lot of those talented sewers and brought them over to the spacesuit line.
13:11I was sewing baby pants, and then an engineer came to me and asked me if I would mind trying something else.
13:27And I said no.
13:30But I never thought in my wildest dreams that I would be making spacesuits.
13:35It demanded greater care and attention than anybody at the factory had ever experienced before.
13:46It was critical that these seams were sewn to within about a 32nd and an inch,
13:50which is just about smaller than a pin.
13:53And these tolerances had to work every time.
13:55They had to be perfect.
13:55Everything was inspected.
14:02They had to count those stitches and make sure we didn't have less or more in every inch.
14:15Sewing machines were just walking very slowly, stitch by stitch, to make these suits, to put them together.
14:20One of the hazards was sewing pins.
14:28Even a single one left in a suit by mistake could cause a fatal accident in space.
14:37Eleanor Fouracre was expected to keep track of them.
14:41She gave each seamstress different colored pins so she could trace who had done what.
14:46I was walking by an inspection table one day and I saw a pin.
14:56It had a red head on it.
14:59So I checked the paperwork and I found out who did that.
15:04And I went to the lady and I asked her, and she just kept looking at me and said,
15:12I didn't do it.
15:15I said, well, I'll tell you what.
15:17Here's your pin.
15:18And I jabbed her in the behind with it.
15:21Meanwhile, at Hamilton Standard, engineers were facing a different set of challenges.
15:37Their job, as well as supervising the contract, was to build the life support system.
15:44The backpack that provided the astronaut with oxygen and kept the spacesuit pressurized at a comfortable temperature.
15:52They called it an environmental control system.
15:56It was Earl Ball's job to design it.
16:01Nobody had ever done this before.
16:03We were going to make, effectively, a little space vehicle with a suit and this environmental control system.
16:08One of the challenges was to provide the maximum oxygen for the minimum weight.
16:19To do this, Ball used what's known as a re-breathing system.
16:24Now, normally when you breathe, you exhale oxygen and CO2, and that is just blown away.
16:32You waste all that oxygen that you've just exhaled.
16:35Hamilton's system removed the carbon dioxide from the exhaled oxygen by passing it through lithium hydroxide.
16:46It meant the same oxygen could be used over and over again.
16:52It was at least 20% more efficient than a traditional aqualung.
16:57Hamilton, in its capacity as environmental control experts, was also responsible for what was delicately referred to as waste management.
17:12Don Rethke became known as Dr. Flush for his ingenuity in dealing with the issue.
17:18There was no bathroom, as you and I know.
17:21There was no cosmic commode.
17:23And their training was not that good to hold it for several days.
17:26So they needed some degree of body hygiene, if you want to call it.
17:34Don always was able to put humor behind the work that he was doing.
17:38And many times, it was appropriate because he got pretty crappy jobs to deal with.
17:45This is the pee pouch, and this is the poo pouch.
17:47Okay, don't get the two confused, because the wrong pouch will not work in the right place.
17:52So inside the urine collection assembly, which we kind of affectionately call the pee pouch,
17:57was about a one-liter bag in the area down here.
18:00And the attachment to the body was done by a condom with a hose on the end of it,
18:05which you can urinate right into the bag.
18:08The condoms initially came in three different sizes, small, medium, and large.
18:14But few astronauts, whatever their real dimensions, were willing to accept they were anything but large.
18:22So NASA changed the categories.
18:25We changed the name to large, gigantic, and humongous.
18:28So large still worked.
18:30Gradually, piece by piece, the life support system came together.
18:39What nobody realized as they started to test the suit was that there was a potentially lethal flaw.
19:00In 1963, as NASA put the Apollo spacesuit through its paces, they discovered they had a problem.
19:09Everybody had assumed that cool air pumped into the suit from the backpack would be sufficient to regulate the temperature.
19:25But as astronauts now started to use the suits, they were becoming dangerously overheated.
19:30NASA panicked.
19:37In October of 1963, NASA gave Hamilton a two-week ultimatum to demonstrate a solution to the astronaut cooling problem.
19:46The whole program is in jeopardy.
19:52It was a threat that we would lose our contract if we didn't measure up to NASA's requirements.
20:00Unfortunately, that wasn't as easy as people expected.
20:05Dave Jennings was charged with finding a solution in record time.
20:16He was shown designs of a British garment which used water-filled plastic tubes.
20:24Jennings set up an experiment to see how well it worked.
20:28Harlan Brosey was his test subject.
20:32We wrapped his arms and legs in PVC tubing.
20:39We then put a sweatsuit across my body.
20:44Then, in addition, to make sure that we didn't evaporate anything off of the sweatsuit,
20:48we put a plastic suit over me.
20:52Plastic boots, plastic gloves, plastic all over,
20:55so that no water could possibly get away from the body.
20:59Including my head, I believe, was covered with a plastic bonnet.
21:04The idea was to ensure that none of Brosey's body heat could escape.
21:12Then, the PVC tubes were hooked up to a bucket of iced water.
21:17Well, when they turned on the cooling, it was just like jumping into Lake Superior.
21:22Man alive, was that cold.
21:24And then, the treadmill wasn't running yet.
21:26I said, turn on the treadmill.
21:28Let's get warmed up a little bit.
21:31And the treadmill was slanted at different elevations
21:34to make him produce the kind of effort he would if he was climbing a steep hill
21:39and walking fast, doing a great deal of exercise.
21:46The cooling effect was very comfortable.
21:49The system worked well, and NASA charged Hamilton with building a water-cooled undergarment.
22:04The cool water flowed into the connector and through the tubing
22:08to be circulated around the user's body.
22:11There were hundreds of feet of fine tubing running over the entire body.
22:20Hamilton's system would become the standard method of keeping astronauts cool in space.
22:27That was very good.
22:28By early 1964, ILC and Hamilton were sending a stream of completed suits to NASA in Houston.
22:47Tom Haralla was entrusted with their delivery.
22:54I drove it to my hotel, and then I had to take it out of my car,
22:58and I had to bring it into my room and keep it in my room overnight
23:02to make sure that no one could tamper with it, steal it, or whatever it was,
23:07because it was classified confidential.
23:09It was also worth probably a pretty penny.
23:14So yeah, the first suit I delivered to NASA, I slept with it.
23:17It wasn't very enjoyable either.
23:25Almost immediately, NASA began to reject them.
23:28They were bulky, they were tough to move around in, they were tough to wear, they were heavy,
23:37and so the customer wasn't very happy about them.
23:40They expected to see much more progress.
23:46One of the tests was in an aircraft that was used to simulate lunar gravity.
23:51You had to be able to fall on your back like a turtle,
23:57and then successfully get back up without any assistance.
24:09Unfortunately, the new designed space suit wasn't able to do that.
24:12There are laws of physics that say you can't do certain things.
24:27As the difficulties mounted,
24:29the long-suppressed differences between Hamilton and ILC bubbled to the surface.
24:35Hamilton Standard would come down to our facility
24:37and try to tell us how to build suits,
24:39and they thought they were helping us,
24:40but there was more turmoil involved in this process than needed to be.
24:45Our companies had totally different types of personalities
24:48in terms of how we dealt with products
24:50and how we dealt with the paperwork that supported the product.
24:55Here we are trying to build a suit that the industry would find acceptable,
24:59and it just wasn't working.
25:01It was a very poor marriage, and it just didn't work.
25:05Two years into the Apollo contract,
25:07the development basically reached a crisis stage.
25:12There was no more time.
25:13NASA was planning to fly the first Apollo flights in 1966,
25:18and the Apollo space suit was simply not ready to support that.
25:26In autumn 1964,
25:28NASA despaired of the suit ever meeting its test standards
25:32and took the enormous step of cancelling the contract.
25:41The Apollo program was without a working space suit,
25:45or even anybody to build it.
25:49In spring 1965,
26:00NASA relaunched the Apollo space suit program.
26:07For some years,
26:08it had been hedging its bets
26:10and also investigating so-called hard suits.
26:13Many were like medieval suits of armor.
26:33Yet, try as they might,
26:35the designers of these remarkable garments
26:38couldn't reduce their bulk.
26:41And NASA once more solicited proposals for a soft suit.
26:48Once again,
26:50Hamilton Standard submitted a design.
26:55So did ILC.
26:56The two old partners were now in competition.
27:02We only had six weeks to develop this suit
27:05and put it into the competition,
27:06which was quite a challenge.
27:07So we had engineers working around the clock.
27:10They were breaking into rooms
27:11to try to get parts they needed
27:12because they'd be there at two in the morning
27:14trying to put the suit together.
27:16It was a frightening time in the factory.
27:18The only thing that kept it from being desperation,
27:24I would guess,
27:24was our dream that we'd be successful.
27:35The hard work paid off.
27:42ILC, free at last to follow its instincts
27:45as a clothing manufacturer,
27:47came up with a new, flexible,
27:50and close-fitting suit
27:51that was better than any other competition.
28:01We ended up winning the competition
28:03because our suit had great flexibility.
28:06It was built the way we wanted to build it.
28:08It had great narrow shoulders.
28:11You can look at the pictures
28:12and see how tapered this suit was
28:14compared to the other two suits.
28:17The administrative difference
28:20was that ILC was now contracted
28:23directly to NASA.
28:27Hamilton was awarded a separate contract
28:30to continue building the life support system.
28:34The two companies were equals
28:36and NASA would keep the peace between them.
28:39The suit now consisted of three separate garments.
28:47The water-cooled layer,
28:51an extraordinarily clever pressurized inner suit
28:59with flexible joints,
29:01and a white outer garment
29:11finished in a toughened nylon fabric
29:13that provided protection
29:15from the extremes of temperature in space.
29:20These can vary from minus 300 degrees Fahrenheit
29:24in the shade
29:25to plus 300 degrees in direct sunlight.
29:34The lunar boot had a large flat sole
29:38to prevent the astronauts
29:40from sinking into the soft lunar surface.
29:43The helmet had a series of sun visors
29:46to protect the astronauts from solar glare.
29:51And then there was the glove,
29:54probably the most complex and troublesome piece
29:56of the entire garment.
30:00You wanted a glove that could pick up a dime
30:02but stop a bullet,
30:04and it was very difficult to do at the time.
30:05After various permutations,
30:09the outside was eventually made
30:11from a brand new material
30:13called Chromel R.
30:16And it was actually woven chromium steel,
30:18and it was woven into a material
30:20that would flex like a fabric,
30:22and we used that all around the gauntlet of the glove,
30:24which is the part that wraps around
30:26the main part of the hand.
30:28And this material was $2,000 a yard,
30:30which was phenomenal at that time.
30:32So it was a very unique material
30:34developed just for the spacesuit.
30:37It was a nightmare for the seamstresses to work with,
30:41but gradually the new suits took shape.
30:56As the suits rolled off the production line,
30:59they were exhaustively tested.
31:02The company's guinea pig was Tom Sylvester.
31:07I ran, I kicked, and punted, and passed,
31:34and did a rolling block like they do in football.
31:43From the rigid bladder of just five years before,
31:47the suit had come a very long way.
31:50It was still pumped full of air like a balloon,
31:53but it moved like a normal suit of clothing.
31:55To test the suit in reduced gravity,
32:05NASA turned the world on its side.
32:10They would take the suit and suspend it
32:12in this crazy contraption
32:14where they suspended the astronauts or test subjects
32:17in the suit,
32:18and they would walk along this wall with this rig.
32:20Dave Jennings tried it out.
32:41I had free use of my legs, both legs, independently.
32:44I could jump and bounce around,
32:46and just like the pictures of the actual astronauts on the actual moon.
32:50Exactly.
32:51I did the same thing.
32:52Big leaps and bounds.
32:53I found out that I could do somersaults,
32:59and I found out I could do backward somersaults,
33:01which is something that I'd always wanted to be able to do.
33:07These backward somersaults were so much fun
33:09that I did a dozen of them.
33:10And here were all these engineers
33:12standing around watching me
33:13with their mouths open, I suppose.
33:15But the ultimate and most dangerous test
33:30was a huge, specially constructed vacuum chamber.
33:36They were able to pull all of the air out
33:38to create a big vacuum,
33:39just like it would be on the moon.
33:41That way we could test our suits
33:43to make sure there was no leakage.
33:44One such test narrowly avoided disaster.
33:55Jim LeBlanc was the test subject in the vacuum chamber.
34:00Cliff Hess, the supervising engineer, outside.
34:04Jim, while you're exercising,
34:05I'd like you to stay intermediate all the time, okay?
34:08I'm pretty cool right now.
34:09Okay, well, you'll warm up here in a minute,
34:11so let's stay right here if you can stand it.
34:13The testing started just normally, like they all do.
34:18And Jim was at a vacuum in the space suit.
34:21With all the air sucked out,
34:28all that protected him was his pressurized suit.
34:31Then something happened.
34:37I heard over the headset that he was losing suit pressure.
34:42The tube pressurizing his suit had become disconnected.
34:48He was in serious danger.
34:50There really wasn't any feeling.
34:55It was just happening so fast,
34:56you know, trying to get the chamber back to a safe pressure,
34:58and Jim to a safe pressure inside the suit.
35:00And as I stumbled backwards,
35:04I could feel the saliva on my tongue starting to bubble.
35:11Just before I went unconscious.
35:13And that's kind of the last thing I remember.
35:15Essentially, he had no pressure on the outside of his body,
35:18and that's a very unusual case to get,
35:21and there's very little in the medical literature
35:22as to what happens when you have that.
35:24There's a lot of conjecture, you know,
35:25that your fluids will boil.
35:26Within 25 seconds,
35:31a co-worker sitting in a partially pressurized antechamber
35:34and wearing an oxygen mask was able to dash in.
35:38At the normal rate of re-pressurization,
35:41it would have taken 30 minutes to make the chamber safe.
35:45Hess re-pressurized it in just over a minute.
35:49That's much, much faster than you would ever come down in an airplane.
35:53It would really hurt your ears if you did that.
35:59Finally, it was safe to let a doctor in.
36:03Miraculously, LeBlanc had already regained consciousness.
36:11When I stood up in the chamber, I felt fine.
36:19My ears ached a little bit from, of course, the rapid re-pressurization,
36:25and that's basically the only effect I had.
36:30You know, it was one of the few instances
36:31where anybody was ever exposed to that low of a pressure
36:33and lived to tell about it with no obvious damage.
36:36Such an accident in space would have been fatal.
36:44But thanks to testing like this,
36:46no astronaut has ever had to face a similar situation.
36:53The suits were holding up to everything that could be thrown at them,
36:57and the program was back on schedule.
36:59On January 27, 1967,
37:11the Apollo 1 command module caught fire
37:14during a practice countdown.
37:16I got a call from one of my people in Houston,
37:27and he goes,
37:27you probably didn't hear,
37:28but they had a catastrophic fire at the Kennedy Center.
37:32All three crew members died in the intense heat of the blaze.
37:42That was quite a shock.
37:44I almost had to pull over to the side of the road,
37:46catch my breath,
37:47because I thought,
37:48well, this is the end of our future.
37:51The program started to just churn.
37:54Churn and churn and churn.
37:57NASA demanded that all inflammable material
38:00be removed from the outside of the suit.
38:05But what to replace it with?
38:08I felt as though this was going to probably be
38:12the biggest of all the challenges yet.
38:15And then when we got into it,
38:16it proved me to be right in spades.
38:19It was bigger than any challenge we had gotten into.
38:26The company scoured the country,
38:28talking to manufacturers working at the cutting edge
38:31of fabric technology.
38:33They needed something that was tough,
38:40flexible,
38:41and non-flammable.
38:47We had to take research-type materials
38:51and convert them into materials you could use
38:53and then put them in a spacesuit.
38:56It was a horrendous effort by a lot of people.
38:59Reem eventually tracked down a brand-new material
39:06called beta cloth.
39:09It was a woven fiberglass
39:11that was actually coated with Teflon
39:13before it was woven together
39:14to form this outer layer of the suit
39:16that protected against temperatures
39:18up to about 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit.
39:20It was completely non-flammable
39:23and offered protection from temperatures
39:25way above anything ever likely to be encountered,
39:30even in an emergency.
39:32NASA was satisfied.
39:33Apollo missions 7, 8, 9, and 10
39:43took men into space without a hitch.
39:46Apollo missions 7, 8, 9, and 10
39:50took men into space without a hitch.
39:54Apollo missions 7, 8, 9, and 10
39:56Apollo missions 7, 8, 9, and 10
39:57Apollo missions 7, 8, 9, and 10
39:57Apollo missions 7, 8, 9, and 10
39:58took men into space without a hitch.
40:03Then came July 1969
40:06and the biggest test of all.
40:08Okay, Neil, we can see you coming down the ladder now.
40:12I'm going to step off the land now.
40:15As the Apollo 11 astronauts stepped out on the moon,
40:18the world celebrated.
40:25But for those who had built the suits,
40:28the moonwalk was several hours of pure anxiety.
40:37As Neil Armstrong came down the ladder
40:38and they started doing their things on the moon,
40:42I had a smile on my face,
40:45but in my, in my stomach
40:48were all these butterflies.
40:52We've worked hard for about 8 or 9 years
40:54to make this happen.
40:56And when you actually see it happening,
40:58one side of your mind is saying,
41:01is this real?
41:02The other side is, wow, this is great.
41:05I just hope he doesn't fall over.
41:07When the astronauts started jumping up and down,
41:11we were concerned that the pressure garment
41:15underneath of the outer layer
41:17could come up with a small leak
41:20or something like that.
41:22And we didn't want any accidents.
41:25Every time they stumbled or tripped or fell,
41:28it was kind of like a little white-knuckle grab
41:30and gulp a little bit.
41:34The astronauts were obviously
41:36euphorically enjoying what they were doing
41:39and seemed to be ad-libbing a little bit of activity
41:42as they were going on.
41:43And every time this ad-libbing would come up,
41:46I could think of nothing.
41:47But please go back up that ladder
41:49and get back into the safety of that lunar module.
41:55All I could think of was the world
41:57is looking at ILC right now
42:00and we need to get this over with.
42:04It was two and a half hours
42:12before the Apollo 11 astronauts
42:14finally returned to the lunar module.
42:23When he went back up the ladder
42:25and shut that door,
42:26that was the happiest moment of my life.
42:28It wasn't until quite a while later
42:31that I reveled over the accomplishment.
42:40I had tears rolling down my cheeks.
42:44I mean, I was just crying in happiness
42:45because all that work that we'd done,
42:49all those chores that we'd done
42:50and everything like that.
42:52The suit and backpack
42:54had done everything expected of him
42:57and in the years to come
42:59enabled man to walk, run, jump
43:02and work on the moon
43:03without a single significant failure.
43:06It was the culmination of a long time
43:15and it was very, very satisfying.
43:22It's the best thing we've ever done.
43:25But this two-legged thing is great.
43:26I think it's got a lot of it on you too.
43:56No, that's okay.
43:58Hey, John, this is perfect
44:00with the limb and the rover
44:01and you and the old flag.
44:04Come on out here and give me a salute.
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