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01:00In France alone, more than a quarter of all men in their 20s were killed.
01:08In 1915, an anonymous soldier dares to film a burial brigade at work.
01:14In 1916, a survivor of the Battle of Verdun writes,
01:29«Emotion itself has died.
01:36Widows, orphans, desperate mothers number in the millions.
01:41But on November 11, 1918, Madame Diaz, in Bourges, France, learns of the ceasefire.
01:51The armistice has just been signed.
01:53Corporal Pierre Cellier, sounding his bugle, is the first to signal an end to the fighting.
02:03For 1,562 days, they have waited for this moment.
02:12They dig a makeshift grave for the last of the war's artillery shells.
02:20A billion shells have been fired.
02:25The First World War cost the equivalent of $6 trillion in all.
02:29On the 11th of November, 1918, these men and women dream of another kind of world.
02:38Fair and just.
02:41Where their children will be happy.
02:42One of the greatest minds of the 20th century, Austrian writer Stefan Zweig, writes,
02:52«The war was over, but it wasn't over.
02:57We just didn't know it.
03:12The soldiers of the British Empire, the United States, France and its colonies, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Romania, Russia, and so many other countries,
03:36have defeated the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, precursor of Turkey.
03:45The war is over.
03:48The crowds roar as their leaders proclaim that the side of the good has won.
03:57Novelist Albert Simonin is witness to the jubilation in the streets.
04:02He writes,
04:03In the crowd, factory girls and fashionable ladies alike were caught up in the hugging,
04:11with hands everywhere, on backsides and bodices, kissing on the lips.
04:16Everyone believes it's the end of what they call the war to end all wars.
04:34Private Louis Barthas writes,
04:37I was free.
04:40I had finally escaped the clutches of militarism,
04:43for which I developed a hatred that I will instill in my children, my friends, my family.
04:49I will tell them that fatherland, glory, military honor,
04:53are but so many words intended to conceal the fact
04:56that war is unspeakably horrible, ugly and cruel.
04:59The war that killed so many people has also fanned yearnings for independence.
05:08The British Empire has been rocked since 1916, by attacks in Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom.
05:13La guerra que ha matado a tantas personas ha también fangido para la independencia.
05:20El gobierno británico ha sido rocked desde 1916 por los ataques en irelanda,
05:26todavía parte de la unidad de la unidad.
05:33Los ingleses provocan irish rebeles a la parada de los estrellas,
05:37y a la patada de los estrellas,
05:41attached a la británica.
05:47Los empires de desistente implodes.
05:49El empire de austro-hungarian y sus muchos más se desee en la fiebre de independencia.
05:57Czeques, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes,
06:01todos quieren su estado y sonidos,
06:03y están countingando en supportos americanos.
06:07El presidente de los Estados Unidos, Woodrow Wilson, ha ganado la guerra y ahora quiere ganar la paz.
06:16Él promete la independencia nacional, proclamando el derecho de la gente a la self-determinación.
06:24Wilson quiere dar a todos los derechos de su nación, su borders, su gobierno.
06:31Empires colapsan.
06:34La gente revolta.
06:35La gente, el rey, el rey.
06:39Charles I, el último emperador de Austria-Hungary, y su hermosa princesa, Zita,
06:45give up their palaces for a much less glorious exile.
06:55En la turquía, Sultan Mehmed VI submits a la dismembración del occidente de la Empire.
07:02And from its ruins, the Arab world emerges.
07:06Los que resisten, return home as heros.
07:14In Belgium, the soldier King Albert I, with Elizabeth, German-born, but whose war work earned her the title of the Nurse Queen, are acclaimed by their subjects.
07:24King Albert introduces universal suffrage to men.
07:30On this 11th day of November 1918, the Belgians erupt with joy after four years of occupation.
07:39They pay tribute to their liberators, the Canadians, the principal victors of the Hundred Days Offensive, the last battle of the war, which added two million wounded and dead to the massacre.
07:54The war seems to come to a sudden standstill.
08:03In Flanders, Scots discover a German train with thousands of stick hand grenades.
08:11In the north of France, the Germans have withdrawn, leaving an apocalyptic scene behind.
08:17They have methodically destroyed the factories and their machinery.
08:30Life is reborn after the armistice.
08:33The numbers from that day are memorable.
08:41November 11th at 11 a.m., the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.
08:47But what is an armistice?
08:54It's not peace.
08:56Only a suspension of the fighting while a treaty is being negotiated, which promises to be difficult.
09:06The novelist Henri Fauconnier writes to his fiancée,
09:09I fear that we are hardly more ready for peace than we were for war.
09:14We are entering the most critical period.
09:17Fortunately, we are the victors.
09:22But do the Germans really feel defeated?
09:26They must evacuate Belgium and the north of France, which they've occupied since 1914.
09:32They retreat to the left bank of the Rhine, abandoning even Alsace-Lorraine.
09:39A few days later, a symbolic demonstration is organized in Paris' Place de la Concorde
09:46by the far-right movement, l'Action Française.
09:51Soldiers who fought in the trenches scattered dirt from Alsace to honor its return to France.
09:56In 1870, France had lost Alsace, along with part of Lorraine, following a disastrous war with the German Empire.
10:14In Alsace, once again French, veterans defeated 50 years earlier demonstrate their loyalty to France.
10:21And schoolchildren in traditional costume, along with their mothers, kiss the flag.
10:42Not everyone shares this enthusiasm at the return of the French.
10:59The German government protected Catholics better than the anti-clerical French Republic.
11:09And many Alsatians had appreciated Germanic efficiency and order during the last half-century.
11:16But no one asks their opinion.
11:18The president of the French Republic, Raymond Poincaré, is from Lorraine.
11:25When by late 1914, the death toll had already exceeded anything that France had ever known,
11:32Poincaré should have done everything in his power to halt what would become the biggest butchery in history.
11:38But all attempts at peace failed, because Germany would not give up Alsace-Lorraine.
11:43And so, the carnage continued.
11:58The Germans returned to their country, in strict order and with a smile.
12:02But they will find Germany deeply shaken.
12:08Their Kaiser, Wilhelm II, who declared war on France in 1914, has just abdicated and left for a comfortable exile in the Netherlands.
12:22His departure is one of the conditions of the armistice that, for Germany, is so humiliating.
12:33Returning to their cities and villages, German soldiers are met by cheering throngs.
12:38They do not feel they have lost the war.
12:41For them, the armistice is a stab in the back.
12:44A bitterness that Corporal Adolf Hitler will masterfully exploit.
12:57The soldiers feel betrayed by the politicians who took power and proclaimed Germany a republic,
13:03as does the socialist Philip Scheidemann.
13:05The German Marxist revolutionary, Rosa Luxemburg, proclaims,
13:23government of Akunov and Haες, Germans to dwell on Iran.
13:24They do not know in Russia is one of the differences, Contain Panics on Russia.
13:26And in British Convenience is much of the balance of peace.
13:28Although it brought the body of it, it shows a poised-òunächst Gambale,
13:30to cooperate the relatively하하chaeists to devastate earth'urn for mens late in朝 and
13:35a libertarian��, 1914.
13:37They force a poised-ò wenig days to live, single so sadly.
13:41En Rusia, Lenin y los Bolsheviks han tomado poder y lanzado el Red Terror en una guerra civil civil para eliminar los anticommunistas.
14:01En sus películas de propaganda, los Bolsheviks han visto a los prisoners, entre ellos los ingleses, los soldados de los ingleses, los soldados de los ingleses, los soldados de los ingleses, los soldados de los ingleses.
14:11Lenin denuncias esta intervención en una rara recording.
14:18Lenin, la ley de hombres y los soldados de los ingleses, los soldados de los ingleses, los soldados de los ingleses.
14:30¡No! ¡No! ¡No! ¡No! ¡No!
14:38Lenin el llamado llen de un reconocimiento en Rusia y en Europa.
14:41En Hungría, el rumbo de la revolución también está despejando.
14:48Los comunistas de la Lennonfugue o Lennonboys
14:51van a un mes de semanas responsables por casi 1,000 muertes.
14:57Fundados y organizados por los rusos,
14:59se instruye a hacer la mincemeat de los revolucionarios de la revolución de la revolución.
15:04Sufocan en su sangre antes de que estifan la revolución.
15:12An allied intervention will put an end to their murderous frenzy and to their lives.
15:20Toward the end of 1918, Central Europe is in flames after Russia and Hungary, Germany.
15:27The communists begin their attacks.
15:30They call themselves the Spartacus League after the rebel slaves of ancient Rome.
15:35Fighting against them are the Freikorps, paramilitary groups, volunteers recruited from the army,
15:43who stamp out the communist revolt and execute its leaders, including Rosa Luxemburg.
15:54Some German families still feel nostalgia for the war.
15:58But most want a return to peace and prosperity.
16:08Yet, what fate awaits their sons 20 years later at the Battle of Stalingrad in the snows of Russia?
16:19What fate awaits this Jewish family?
16:22On December 1st, 1918, the Allied forces, in accordance with the Armistice Agreement,
16:43enter Germany to occupy the entire region along the Rhine.
16:46The Rhine is a natural border, the valley of all invasions,
16:56the very symbol of the confrontation between France and Germany.
17:01Many Germans welcome the French troops with a sense of relief.
17:05Anything is better than chaos.
17:09But soon, resentment and hostility resurface.
17:12Among these German children is the future film director, Max Ophels.
17:20In his memoirs, he recalls his feelings and his tears at seeing the cruel brutality of the French soldiers.
17:28Some African soldiers are accused of rape.
17:32In 1940, the Germans will exact cruel revenge on the French colonial POWs.
17:37And Hitler will sterilize the children born of mixed-race unions.
17:48In the Allied occupation of 1918, the Germans disliked the British Army too,
17:54including the Canadians, whose only wish is to return home.
17:58The war years have seen the rise in Canadians of a deep national sentiment against the British Empire,
18:09to which they still belong.
18:18Feelings towards the 100,000 Americans stationed on the banks of the Rhine are quite different.
18:23Uncle Sam's troops, the Sammies, are much more popular.
18:31One of them writes,
18:32We fought against the Krauts, the sauerkrauts, as we called them.
18:38But they didn't invade the United States, and New York had not come under siege.
18:43We had no desire for revenge.
18:45All we wanted was peace.
18:46And a great many of us were of German origin.
18:48As Christmas of 1918 approaches, a historic event is announced.
19:01The arrival of the first President of the United States ever to leave the Americas, Woodrow Wilson.
19:08Seen here with Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Undersecretary for the Navy, and future President.
19:16Wilson has come for the Peace Conference.
19:18He arrives in Paris on December 14th, 1918, with his wife Edith,
19:31the great-great-granddaughter of the Native American princess, Pocahontas.
19:39Paris offers him a triumphant welcome.
19:44Wilson says,
19:45We shall build for you a good and prosperous world where all nations will enjoy the legacy of freedom for which France, America, England, and Italy have so dearly paid.
19:58The future communist leader, Marcel Cachin, writes in his newspaper, L'Humanité.
20:09Wilson connects deeply with the proletariat.
20:13He is the only politician to have discovered the language of goodwill and justice.
20:18Wilson, a lawyer and former president of Princeton University, was elected in 1912 as a Democrat, then re-elected in 1916, thanks to the slogan,
20:38He kept us out of the war.
20:40Wilson, he kept us out of the war, but only weeks into his second term, he decides to send American forces into the conflict.
20:49By January 1918, Wilson has outlined a 14-point plan for negotiating peace.
20:56It calls for a vast program of economic and political liberalism and the creation of an assembly of nations to prevent future wars.
21:05In Paris, he will face another political legend, the prime minister of France, Georges Clemenceau.
21:17After taking power during the worst period of the war, Clemenceau led the conflict with an iron fist.
21:29Nicknamed the Tiger, he burns with only one desire, to humiliate Germany and make the country pay reparations for the ravages it inflicted on France.
21:39The British and Americans fear this will mean financial ruin for the defeated powers, and push them towards extremism, Bolshevism, and civil war like in Russia.
21:56On January 3rd, 1919, Woodrow Wilson, having spent the holidays with the King of England, travels to Rome to visit the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III.
22:13The purpose of Wilson's European tour is to win support for his doctrine, his program for world peace.
22:21Above all, he wants to recognize the right of peoples to self-determination.
22:31Wilson is pleased by the enthusiasm of the Italians, when in fact, they are cheering not for his program, but for the Allied victory.
22:43Nationalist movements fear that Wilson's right of self-determination could lead to the loss of territory.
22:49One of their most fervent militants is the journalist, Benito Mussolini.
22:55The future dictator calls Wilson a bandit of international plutocracy.
23:07Wilson returns to Paris on January 18th, 1919, for the peace conference that will formally end the First World War,
23:15found a new European order, and establish new international rules.
23:29Even though 27 nations are represented,
23:33only Wilson and the other victors of the war count.
23:37The big four of the era.
23:40France's Clémenceau, who shuns the cameras,
23:42Britain's Lloyd George, who seeks them out.
23:49As does Italy's Orlando.
23:56For six months, they will discuss the terms of the treaties imposed on the vanquished.
24:01The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.
24:05None of which have been invited to the negotiating table.
24:10But the Germans trust Wilson.
24:13His doctrine strikes them as moderate,
24:15and should allow them to preserve the territory of their homeland.
24:22The Germans fear Clémenceau most of all.
24:25He is obsessed about the security of his borders
24:27with his more populous and more productive German neighbor.
24:36After six months of discussions,
24:39representatives of all countries that fought in the war
24:41are summoned to the Palace of Versailles.
24:49June 28th, 1919.
24:52This is no random date.
24:54It is a grim anniversary.
24:58Exactly five years earlier,
25:00on June 28th, 1914,
25:02in Sarajevo,
25:03the Crown Prince of Austria
25:05was assassinated.
25:10That event
25:11triggered the First World War.
25:15The setting is itself symbolic.
25:18And not only for the French.
25:20It was here, in 1871,
25:22after France's defeat
25:23in the Franco-Prussian War,
25:25that the German Empire was proclaimed.
25:27And the world witnessed
25:29the emergence
25:29of Germany's power.
25:34The desire for revenge
25:36also explains Clémenceau's decision
25:38to order four
25:39or mutilated faces
25:41to stand at the entrance
25:43as the German delegates arrive.
25:45The Germans report
25:52at three o'clock.
25:54They are given
25:55only a few minutes
25:56to sign.
25:58In the center
25:59of the Hall of Mirrors,
26:00on this table,
26:02the treaty is laid.
26:04The German army
26:04will be slashed
26:05to 100,000 men
26:07and stripped
26:07of aviation support
26:09and heavy artillery.
26:11Germany will lose
26:12its colonies
26:12and its naval fleet
26:13will be reduced.
26:15Above all,
26:16it will have to pay reparations,
26:18a colossal sum for the time,
26:20the equivalent
26:20of 600 billion dollars.
26:24Germany loses 10%
26:25of its territory.
26:28To contain it in the East,
26:30the Allies want
26:31to resurrect Poland,
26:32partitioned in the 18th century,
26:34and give Poland
26:35access to the Baltic Sea,
26:37thereby dividing Germany
26:39in two,
26:40a dangerous absurdity
26:41that will make
26:42lasting peace impossible.
26:45It is 3.15.
26:48The Treaty of Versailles
26:50has just been signed.
26:57The Big Four
26:59will now greet
27:00the international press.
27:05Only weeks before,
27:07Wilson had cautioned,
27:08our greatest error
27:10would be to give Germany
27:12powerful reasons
27:13for wishing one day
27:14to take revenge.
27:16Excessive demands
27:17would most certainly
27:18sow the seeds of war.
27:21Clemenceau thinks otherwise.
27:23He declares with confidence,
27:25Germany will pay.
27:27But he is tired.
27:29He adds,
27:30waging war
27:31was easier
27:31than making peace.
27:32The truth is
27:40that the scale
27:41of the disaster
27:42provoked a kind of shock.
27:45One of the great minds
27:47of the time,
27:48Paul Valéry,
27:49writes in 1919,
27:50We civilizations
27:53know now
27:54that we are mortal.
27:56We had heard tell
27:56of vanished worlds,
27:58empires gone down
27:59with all their men
28:00and all their machines.
28:02But these disasters
28:03were none of our affair.
28:06And now we see
28:07that the abyss of history
28:09is deep enough
28:10to hold us all.
28:12We are aware
28:13that a civilization
28:13is as fragile
28:15as a human life.
28:16It is also
28:40a bittersweet celebration
28:41for the widows of France.
28:46Many survivors
28:54have trouble
28:55turning the page.
29:00In a letter
29:02censored
29:02by military postal authorities,
29:05a soldier writes,
29:06You don't celebrate
29:08when millions are dead.
29:16But just six months
29:17after the war,
29:19Clemenceau orders
29:20a grand parade
29:21on Paris' magnificent
29:22Champs-Elysées
29:23of all the armies
29:24that fought
29:25for four long years.
29:32To cover the event,
29:34the leading American magazine
29:35of the time,
29:36Outlook,
29:37sends its best journalist,
29:39Albert Baldwin.
29:39He writes,
29:43The ample sidewalks
29:45are densely crowded.
29:48People are on
29:49stepladders
29:49and balconies
29:50and roofs.
29:52A cannon booms,
29:53its echo taken up
29:55by the cheering thousands.
29:58Here comes Joffre,
29:59the victor of the Marne,
30:01Foch,
30:01the commander-in-chief
30:02of the Allied forces,
30:04and the leader
30:05of the American troops,
30:06Pershing,
30:07with a severe military air.
30:09In the crowd,
30:11someone shouts,
30:12Smile!
30:13And the Belgians smile.
30:16They are more relaxed.
30:17But the British
30:18receive the most applause,
30:20especially the Scots.
30:22And people scream
30:23when they see
30:24the Japanese,
30:25the Greeks,
30:25the Poles,
30:26the tanned Portuguese,
30:27the nervous Serbs.
30:30But where are the Russians?
30:31Not the Bolsheviks,
30:33but the ally
30:34that sacrificed
30:34two million men
30:35to make this day possible.
30:39And now,
30:40here comes Pétain
30:41on his white horse.
30:43I did not imagine him so young,
30:46the hero of Verdun.
30:50A renowned author,
30:52Robert de Flair,
30:53writes in the daily paper,
30:54Le Figaro,
30:54All these uniforms
30:57from every country
30:59were dyed the same color,
31:01that of blood.
31:03The mutilated,
31:04whose arms and legs
31:05were left behind,
31:06hobble in their glory.
31:13After this procession
31:14glorifying the victors,
31:16what has become
31:17of the real losers?
31:18The eight million invalids
31:20from every warring country
31:22who've lost limbs,
31:24been gassed,
31:25shell-shot,
31:27blinded.
31:27The eight million invalids
31:28from every warring country
31:33who've lost limbs,
31:35been gassed,
31:37shell-shot,
31:38blinded.
31:38along with many years.
32:08¿Y qué de los hombres que los ojos, los ojos, los ojos, los ojos se despejados?
32:22La policía de Red Cross, Henriette Rémy, recuerda,
32:28Nunca en mi vida había visto algo tan atrocious.
32:32Immersed in a disgusting stench were some twenty monsters,
32:36men who no longer had anything human about them,
32:39with mutilated debris for faces.
32:43Henriette Rémy is present as one of these wounded men meets his young son,
32:47who screams in terror at the sight of him.
32:51He weeps, saying,
32:53I am so horrible, to have once been a man and now to be only this,
32:58a terror to my child, a burden for my wife, a disgrace to humanity.
33:04Let me die.
33:06He later commits suicide.
33:11And this man, who was married in 1914, the day before he left for the front,
33:17he writes,
33:18The image reflected in the mirror scares me.
33:24I scream in despair, no mouth, but a maw.
33:27And from my gaping maw come only the gruntings of a wild beast.
33:32The war left us nothing but cemeteries and ruins,
33:51writes Marcel Capi,
33:52one of the women who for four years
33:54had replaced the men who worked in munitions factories.
33:58French women demand, in vain, the right to vote,
34:07already granted to British women.
34:10Worse, they are fired from factories to make room for returning soldiers.
34:15But at least, they implore, let peace return, once and for all.
34:21Now a dedicated pacifist, Marcel Capi writes,
34:25The so-called peace treaties are in reality sources of conflict.
34:31Inspired by revenge, they make injustice a doctrine
34:34and have plunged Europe into chaos.
34:37The Treaty of Versailles is an absurdity.
34:43The Treaty of Versailles will be the foundation of the vengeful speeches
34:47given by Hitler.
34:50Filmed here for the first time in 1919
34:52at a far-right demonstration.
34:55At this point, he is merely an anti-Bolshevik informant for the army,
34:59but he knows how to use this deeply flawed peace treaty
35:02to his advantage.
35:06He will write,
35:07Versailles was a disgrace,
35:09and this dictated peace
35:11is an incredible plundering of our people.
35:14France, the mortal enemy of our people,
35:17is strangling us ruthlessly.
35:19Hitler looks around him
35:23and sees only misery.
35:26He says,
35:28Let the shame and rage
35:29that lies within 60 million Germans
35:32become a torrent of flame.
35:34The Treaty of Versailles requires Germans
35:45to surrender all their weapons
35:47for which they receive compensation.
35:59They see their planes
36:00and their artillery destroyed
36:02by order of the Allies.
36:08German military leaders share
36:10in this sense of humiliation.
36:12Now commanding a reduced army,
36:15they will transform it
36:16into an elite fighting force
36:17to wreak revenge
36:19on France and England.
36:20They will fail in their attempts
36:27to seize power.
36:29But will pressure successive governments
36:32until they find in Hitler
36:33the ideal man for their plan.
36:39By 1919,
36:41the swastika begins to appear on helmets.
36:44One of these officers,
36:49Ernst Junge,
36:50writes,
36:52The war is not the end,
36:53but the beginning of violence.
36:56Lieutenant Friedrich Wilhelm Hines says,
36:59When they told us the war was over,
37:01we laughed.
37:02Because we are war,
37:04its flame continues to burn in us.
37:06Respectable society in Germany
37:26supports the army
37:27and will support Hitler.
37:32Industrialists,
37:33who manufactured thousands
37:34of machine guns
37:35and millions of uniforms,
37:37form a new moneyed elite.
37:40Berliners invent a word for them,
37:42RAFKA,
37:43those who rake in money.
37:50They live surrounded
37:51by extreme poverty.
37:56They are intoxicated
37:58with cynicism.
38:04In France,
38:06the trenches are empty
38:07and the birds have begun
38:09to sing again.
38:10But the allied armies
38:12are still struggling,
38:13two years later,
38:14to demobilize nine million men.
38:19Censorship of military mail
38:21continues until all men
38:23have returned to civilian life.
38:25A letter intercepted
38:27from one of these forgotten men reads,
38:29Why won't they set us free?
38:32We're sick of this.
38:36Now that the war is over,
38:39let those of us
38:40who saved you
38:40return to our families.
38:45And wives will be reunited
38:46with their men,
38:48just like the most famous singer
38:49of the day,
38:51Miss Tanguette.
38:51Sur cette terre,
38:53ma seule joie,
38:54mon seul bonheur,
38:55c'est mon homme.
38:59J'ai donné tout ce que j'ai,
39:01mon amour et tout mon corps
39:03à mon homme.
39:07Et même la nuit,
39:09quand je rêve,
39:10c'est de lui,
39:11de mon homme.
39:15Ce n'est pas qu'il est beau,
39:17qu'il est riche,
39:18qu'il est costaud,
39:19mais je l'aime.
39:21C'est idiot.
39:23Five million demobilized
39:24French soldiers
39:25are entitled
39:26to a civilian suit of clothes,
39:28but supplies run short.
39:30Attempts to dye uniforms
39:32are considered ridiculous,
39:34and so an allowance
39:35of about $50
39:35is paid to each man.
39:40Many are farmers
39:42who return to their fields,
39:44but factory workers
39:45in all countries
39:46have a harder time
39:48finding work.
39:53Women have been forced
39:54out of their wartime jobs,
39:55but arms production
39:57has been slashed, too.
39:59Industrialists
40:00cannot transform
40:01their businesses overnight.
40:05Demobilization
40:05is hardest of all
40:07for the Australians
40:08and New Zealanders,
40:09known as the Anzacs.
40:10They linger
40:13in filthy transit camps.
40:16Soldiers
40:17from distant continents
40:18and their disillusioned officers
40:19now have nothing
40:20to kill but time.
40:23They create strange shows
40:24like this skit
40:25about death.
40:28After eluding it
40:29in the trenches,
40:30they are now stalked
40:31by death
40:32from the Spanish flu,
40:34the global epidemic
40:35thought to have
40:36originated in Spain.
40:37In fact,
40:41it is an especially
40:42virulent bird flu
40:43that kills
40:44over 20 million people,
40:46more than the war itself.
40:57Returning soldiers
40:58face many challenges.
41:02Earl Sutherland of Toronto
41:04writes to his mother,
41:05I hope you will not
41:07condemn me
41:08for marrying a girl
41:09whose father was German.
41:12Rosa is a very kind
41:14and earnest girl
41:15who has been
41:15very kind to me.
41:18Please don't condemn her
41:20before you see her.
41:26Lieutenant Arthur Laplante
41:27of the famous Vendouze,
41:29the mainly French-Canadian
41:3022nd Regiment,
41:32returns home to Quebec.
41:33He writes,
41:34I feel my heart
41:36overflowing with joy
41:38for this land
41:39that I never thought
41:40I would see again.
41:43Some members of his family
41:45have died of the flu.
41:47His neighbor
41:48lost her husband
41:49in the Battle of Vimy
41:50in 1917.
41:55Repatriation ends.
41:57A special commission reports,
41:59most of the men
42:00come back from the war
42:01in a kind of mental lethargy.
42:03They were so long subjected
42:05to military discipline,
42:07fed, dressed,
42:08and accustomed
42:08to obeying orders,
42:10that they have lost
42:11their autonomy.
42:12The Canadian Military Hospitals
42:25commission confidently states,
42:28what every disabled soldier
42:30must know
42:30is that the word impossible
42:32is not in our dictionary.
42:36The success he will have
42:38later in his work
42:39depends on the energy
42:40and perseverance
42:41he shows
42:41during his rehabilitation.
42:53478,000 Americans
42:56also leave France,
42:58but not before being
43:00disinfected
43:00and cleansed
43:01of all parasites
43:02picked up in the trenches
43:03and other dangerous places
43:05like brothels.
43:08But it's the Spanish flu
43:09that especially worries doctors.
43:22African American troops
43:23are particularly uneasy.
43:26In France,
43:27they didn't encounter racism,
43:28but now they're heading home
43:30to the segregation
43:31of the Deep South
43:32and the growing violence
43:34spearheaded
43:34by the sinister
43:35and secretive Ku Klux Klan.
43:41On the cotton plantations,
43:44life has changed little
43:45since slavery,
43:47and children sing
43:48an old spiritual,
43:49later sung
43:50by Louis Armstrong.
43:51One day,
43:52one day,
43:53I was walking alone.
43:56Oh, yes,
44:00love.
44:01The alley-beard opened
44:04and the love came down.
44:06Oh, yes,
44:10love.
44:11Oh, no,
44:12God knows
44:14the problem I see.
44:17No, God,
44:19means
44:44no, God,
44:45means
44:46¡Gracias!
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