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00:00The Middle East, 1967.
00:05With lightning speed, the Israeli tankers charge into Sinai.
00:14They had a feeling that nobody could stop us.
00:17And slam into the massed ranks of the Egyptian armored corps.
00:23It was a big mistake for them to believe that the Egyptians didn't know how to fight.
00:30At stake is the destiny of the Middle East.
00:40They're willing to stand there. They're willing to duke it out with the Israelis.
00:47Two armies, six days, and only one winner.
00:54The fate of the war was in our hands.
00:57This is the showdown in Sinai.
01:00This is the Six-Day War.
01:02The Six-Day War
01:23The Economist
01:29El territorio desierto de Israel.
01:35Un corto disputado de la mitad de la mitad de la mitad de la mitad de la mitad de la mitad de la guerra.
01:42Naciendo en la corrupción de la guerra violento, para sobrevivir, Israel tuvo que aprender a luchar.
01:50Y en las batallas desierto de los últimos 60 años, es los tankers que han mantenido la clave para la suerte militar.
01:59La guerra en 1948, la ciudad de Israel era presionada en todos los lados de los enemigos de los enemigos de los enemigos de los enemigos de los enemigos.
02:12Sus ambición fue nada menos de su total y total de una anion.
02:18La primera guerra de Israel de 1948 fue fluido en 1956 de la segunda guerra contra la Egipcia.
02:27Y 10 años después, con la conflicto aún unresolved,
02:32Israel y Egipto comenzaron a mobilizar sus ejemplos de nuevo.
02:38Desde el final de la guerra de la israelí de independencia en 1948,
02:43los israelíes y los árabes han estado siempre empujando contra los otros.
02:46En 1967, todo esto se hacía a la cabeza.
02:50La crisis se hacía de la mano, la ejemplos de la fuerza de la fuerza,
02:54la rhetoric en ambos lados escalates.
02:58Esa en train a series of events
03:00que ultimately make the war unstoppable.
03:04As the battle lines are drawn along Israel's southern border in Sinai,
03:08Egypt can boast not only a numerical advantage,
03:11but also the superpower backing of the Soviet Union.
03:16By June of 1967,
03:18the Sinai bristles with Egyptian manpower and weapons.
03:22100,000 men.
03:241,000 artillery
03:26and more than 900 tanks.
03:31The role of the tanks was extremely important
03:34in an open area like Sinai.
03:36In order to counter a tank, you need a tank.
03:39So it has to be tank versus tank.
03:41Egyptian armor is overwhelmingly composed of a T-55 medium tank.
03:46It has good armor, a good gun, good mobility,
03:49and very rough and tumble in terms of being able to operate in the harsh climate of the desert.
03:56The Soviet T-55, weighing in at less than 40 tons, it's light, fast, and carries a lethal 100 millimeter cannon.
04:06And its wide tracks make it ideal for the soft sands of the Sinai.
04:11When you throw it all together, the T-55 is, on balance, a much better tank than what the Israelis have.
04:19The Israeli armored force is a hodgepodge, reflecting the fact that in 1967, Israel does not have a great power backer.
04:29The Israeli forces are using relics from the Second World War that they have collected from the scrapyards of Europe.
04:38They still have centurions.
04:40They still have a few of the old Sherman tanks.
04:42But now, there are American-made Patton tanks.
04:45The M-48 Patton medium tank, armed with a 90 millimeter main cannon, it's more powerful than the Sherman, more reliable than the Centurion, and the best tank the Israelis can field.
05:01The only drawback is the crisis comes to a head in June of 1967.
05:07The Israelis have far too few of them.
05:09Mobilizing along their southern border, the Israelis can only muster 700 tanks, 70,000 troops, and less than 200 artillery.
05:29Outnumbered, outgunned, and on the brink of war, Israel's only hope is to strike first and to strike hard.
05:39Out of the blue, on June 5th, that is precisely what they do.
05:49It's fair to say that the Israelis did their homework very well, and the Egyptians were sleeping, and were not ready at all.
05:57In less than three hours, the Israelis destroy almost 300 planes on the ground, all but obliterating the Egyptian air force.
06:04The Israelis, they have been training for this attack for almost 10 years, especially the airstrike attack.
06:15For the Israeli tankers, the die is now cast.
06:18And at 8 o'clock, they launch their ground offensive.
06:25Their plan, a three-pronged attack blitzing into the Sinai.
06:30The northern arm, under General Israel Tal, aims to slam through the first line of Egyptian defenses at Khan Yunis and Rafah,
06:37and reach El Arish, the northern gateway to Sinai.
06:41Tal's order was, it doesn't matter how many casualties we get on the first day of the war,
06:47whether we can communicate or not, we go forward, we shoot, and we charge.
06:54The fate of the war is in our hands.
06:56I've decided to cross the border, and when I crossed the border, I realized that we are in the war.
07:14We drove between trees, and we couldn't move to the left and the right,
07:19and all the fire was straight to my face.
07:22After maybe one kilometer, two kilometer, I lost my time.
07:36I jumped to the second one, and after a few kilometers, I lost the second tank.
07:42And after that, I was the first Israeli tank in Khan Yunis, and they shot my tank from all over.
08:03They shot every house, many, many soldiers all over.
08:08They tried to stop my tank, because I was the first Israeli tank, and behind me, nobody could protect me, support me.
08:17I found myself, tried to protect myself, but it almost was mission impossible.
08:21I used my main gun, I shot some houses, and there's so many soldiers waiting for me there.
08:35We got an order before that not to shoot with the main gun to the houses.
08:39In this moment, I said, well, forget about that.
08:48I fought to survive.
08:49I didn't have any experience, and even my soldiers.
08:57And I was a lieutenant, young officer, running all the time, first tank, first tank, all the time.
09:04This was my mission.
09:08By 10 o'clock, Khan Yunis has fallen.
09:13Driven by the urgency of their commander, the Israeli tankers barely pause for breath.
09:19Their next objective, Rafah.
09:23I had a feeling that nobody could stop us.
09:26A normal man is afraid.
09:28Even I was afraid.
09:30Everybody was afraid.
09:32But no one even thought about stopping.
09:34We kept on charging.
09:35We kept on charging.
09:36I didn't see anybody in the first moment.
09:40But suddenly, I saw a black line one kilometer in the front of me.
09:47And I didn't know what is that, the black line.
09:50I came close, and I saw tanks.
10:01At this moment, I realized that we are in the middle of a division, and this is my mission
10:10now to attack them, of course.
10:23June 5th, 1967.
10:27Day one of the six-day war.
10:29Israeli armored divisions strike first, and crash through the Egyptian defenses in the
10:34Sinai.
10:40In the north, General Tal's division storms Khan Yunis, and without stopping, hurtles towards
10:47the Egyptian fixed defensive lines at Rafah.
10:49So they realized that if they can move faster, and think faster, and make decisions faster
10:54than the Egyptians, they can constantly catch the Egyptians at a disadvantage.
11:01Everything happened all of a sudden, in one day or so.
11:04So it was a big surprise.
11:10To realize that we are in the middle of a division, and this is my mission now to
11:18attack them, of course.
11:29In Rafah, I put all the tanks beside of my tanks, and it was the first time that I used
11:35all of them together.
11:39We couldn't stop.
11:41We said, go, go, go, go, all the time.
11:48People support each other, you know.
11:53Some tanks stop for a moment, and other tanks move forward, and they cover each other.
12:07Egyptian forces demonstrate a real capacity to fight from fixed defensive positions.
12:13It's what they're best at.
12:16They're willing to stand there.
12:18They're willing to duke it out with the Israelis.
12:20If you put them in a position where they feel comfortable, where they feel like they can
12:24fight back, they will fight back hard.
12:29They build special places, like fire position.
12:33They cover themselves with the dune, with the sand.
12:37And they, uh, just, uh, the top of the turn, we saw.
12:45I remember one of them was one meter in the front of my tank, and I saw him.
12:53And, of course, we, uh, we moved the gun, and we shot him back.
12:57The enemy can be in shock when you don't stop.
13:06Even you lose some, some, a few tanks.
13:12Don't stop.
13:13Move and move and move.
13:14And be behind him.
13:16We run so fast.
13:25When you stop, you are a good target.
13:35When they realize that they cannot stop us, they jump from the tunnel, and they start to
13:42run away from us, and they took off the shoes, and they threw away the rifles, and they start
13:51to run to the ocean.
14:03By noon, the Egyptian forward defensive line at Rafah is decisively breached.
14:12Reeling from the explosive speed of the Israeli advance, the Egyptian high command is in a
14:18state of denial.
14:26The fog of war descends very heavily on Egyptian forces.
14:32It is humiliating for the Arab commanders to admit that the Israelis, that the Jews, are beating
14:38them, and so rather than admit that they're losing, they claim the exact opposite.
14:44They claim to be succeeding.
14:45They claim to be beating the Israelis back.
14:49And so, when those Israeli formations that have now penetrated the Egyptian front lines
14:54begin to push into the deeper Egyptian positions, those Egyptians farther back are totally unready
15:00for them.
15:00By early afternoon, the first Israeli units reach the Jiradi Defile, a heavily fortified chokepoint
15:09on the road to El Arish, where they catch the Egyptians off guard.
15:13I approached the Jiradi.
15:19The Jiradi is a narrow passage, like the route to Jerusalem.
15:24This terrain is very difficult, with soft dunes and landmines.
15:27So I decided to go back to the technique of moving in a column with three tanks shooting
15:33forward.
15:43The Egyptians began shooting at us, from the right and from the left.
15:50We returned fire.
15:51We saw a few burning flames.
15:53We saw a few burning flames.
15:57I gave an order that every tank that is hit, is moved to the side.
16:14They take out the crew, and we continue moving.
16:17We won't bother with repairing tanks during this battle.
16:20The first Israeli tanks break through the Jiradi at breakneck speed.
16:29But for those following on behind, the element of surprise has been lost.
16:35And as a result, when the main body of the Israeli force comes to the Jiradi Pass, unlike
16:41its vanguard, they now face an Egyptian foe who is dug in, armed, and waiting for them.
16:47I didn't know that a few hours before, two companies crossed the Jiradi already.
16:55I didn't know that.
16:57Nobody told me that.
17:03Suddenly, I saw two soldiers beside the road.
17:08I looked to his faces.
17:11He was so firm and scared, and he said something like, be careful, you have many tanks here.
17:21Suddenly, there was a big bomb on the tanks.
17:29June 5th, 1967.
17:34Israeli tanks smash through Rafah and charge into northern Sinai.
17:38The lightning speed of their attack catches the Egyptians off guard, and the lead tanks
17:48of General Tau's armored division punch through the Jiradi to fire.
17:54But by the time the main body arrives, the Egyptians are ready and waiting for them.
18:00Suddenly, I saw two soldiers beside the road, and he said something like, be careful, you
18:11have many tanks here.
18:13And I decided to move the main gun and put it in the direction that my gunner would try to
18:22identify them.
18:24And I moved down to talk with him and to give them the direction.
18:30At this moment, suddenly, it was a big bomb on the tank.
18:36At this moment, I say, bye, bye, the world.
18:48Shalom to the world.
18:49Outnumbered from the outset, the Israelis can ill-afford casualties.
19:14And by mid-afternoon of day one, their losses mount alarmingly.
19:20I looked around and said to myself, seeing this, such a heavy price for the first battle,
19:27what is going to be next?
19:29My feeling after this battle was not fear, but worry.
19:33If this is how the war continues, we won't be able to carry on with so many wounded.
19:38They found a real war in all aspects of the world, and they have to fight, and they have
19:48to suffer, and they lost lots of their men and their armored forces.
19:54On the 7th Armored Brigade, the elite of the Israeli army suffers its heaviest losses during
20:00that combat in the Jurati Pass.
20:01They just have to fight it out, yard by yard, pushing the Egyptians back.
20:09And there ensues one of the most ferocious fights of the entire Six-Day War.
20:14We organized ourselves, and I got a mission to advance and conquer Jurati.
20:23We took control of the commanding terrain, and we started to hit the Egyptians that sat at
20:30the Jurati from behind.
20:32When a defending force sits in dugouts, in positions, and bunkers, it was very difficult
20:45for it to change direction.
20:53We attacked tanks, cannons, and bunkers from the rear.
20:59That is what actually broke them.
21:02And then they started to flee, and that was the collapse of the Jurati.
21:25Tal's division surges through the Jurati towards El Arish.
21:29But their momentum is so fast and so furious, that their position is now dangerously overstretched.
21:41The Egyptians send their elite 4th Armored Division north to hit the Israelis hard in the flank.
21:47But racing through the desert to head them off where they least expect it,
21:50is the second arm of the Israeli offensive, under General Avraham Yafi.
21:59South of the coastal roads, the Egyptians believe the trackless desert to be impassable to armored vehicles,
22:05and impenetrable to tanks, and impenetrable to tanks, but not to General Yafi.
22:16Our move was especially surprising, because they didn't expect us to come from a direction they thought impassable.
22:22There were heavy dunes on the right side, and heavy dunes on the left side.
22:26And we advanced on that pathway.
22:34Now the going is tough, and a lot of Israeli tanks do get stuck,
22:37and it is hard to get the forces through there.
22:40When Yafi's forces get to the other side, they're strung out, they're piecemeal,
22:55they're a little bit helter-skelter.
23:00And their task now is to intercept the Egyptian 4th Armored Division,
23:05which is advancing with hundreds of deadly T-55 main battle tanks.
23:09This was a tank battle that was perhaps one of the biggest since World War II.
23:29June 6th.
23:33In the north of Sinai, General Tau's divisions have breached the Egyptian front line.
23:39But now his flank is dangerously exposed.
23:53The tanks of General Yafi's division speed through the desert,
23:57in a race to head off a massive Egyptian counterattack.
23:59At Bir La Fahd, the two sides come face to face.
24:07200 Soviet tanks of the elite Egyptian 4th Armored Division,
24:11against just 100 Israeli centurions.
24:14The Israelis have become expert at long-range gunnery.
24:18The superb guns on the centurion allow the Israelis to engage the Egyptian forces
24:24at much longer ranges than the Egyptians realistically can.
24:28We opened fire at a range of 1,500 to 2,000 yards.
24:37The 52-ton British centurion, in service since 1945,
24:42has been upgraded by the Israelis with a 105-millimeter cannon,
24:46giving it more firepower and a greater striking range than the Egyptians' T-55.
24:50If you have better cannons and a good fire control system,
25:10and if you are trained well,
25:12then of course if you can hit from a bigger range than the enemy,
25:16it gives you a great advantage.
25:18The Israelis have learned that the best way to kill tanks
25:28is not just by shooting them head-on,
25:31but to get on their flanks, hit them in the side, hit them in the rear.
25:40There is a saying in the armored corps
25:42that the best tank is the tank that has the best crew.
25:46Sometimes the crew is more important than the tank.
26:01The combat itself is a swirling tank fight
26:19that plays to all of Egypt's disadvantages
26:22and all of Israel's advantages.
26:24If you have tanks that are heavy, less to maneuver, slow,
26:33and counter by faster tanks, more maneuvering,
26:39you're left laying back in the sand.
26:41The Israeli tankers maneuver constantly.
26:47They dart from firing position to firing position.
26:50They get out on the Egyptian flanks.
26:53The Egyptians lumber forward clumsily
26:55in large formations that are very difficult for them to maneuver.
26:59General Yafi's centurions destroy as many as 80 Egyptian tanks.
27:14The rest of them flee.
27:16But the Israelis still face their biggest challenge.
27:23Farther south at Abu Aguila,
27:25the third arm of the Israeli offensive
27:27under General Ariel Sharon
27:28has an even tougher task.
27:31To crack open the massive Egyptian fortifications,
27:34defending the main axis of advance into central Sinai.
27:37The Egyptians in 1967 are on the defensive.
27:42They have the advantage of being able
27:44to sit behind very well-developed Soviet-aided fortifications,
27:49trench lines, deep minefields,
27:52positions dug in in depth,
27:54interlocking fields of fire,
27:56pre-registered artillery fire zones.
27:59They're the heaviest fortifications in the whole of Sinai.
28:03The task of breaking through
28:05falls to Battalion Commander Nat Gehneer.
28:08Arek told me that he can't give me any artillery backup
28:11because I was too far from him
28:14and that this mission would be on my own.
28:22All the trenches had been constructed
28:25to a Soviet design with cement walls.
28:33There were many tank battalions,
28:35a lot of infantry and artillery force.
28:37It was hard to find places to climb up the dunes
28:48without sleeping.
28:59They also had anti-tank missiles
29:02and this was a problem.
29:03It was a big mistake for them to believe that the Egyptians don't know how to fight.
29:14It was a big mistake for them to believe that the Egyptians don't know how to fight.
29:26I re-assigned new people, company commanders.
29:32One company commander died,
29:34another was injured.
29:36Four platoon commanders died.
29:37I was able to plan the best way to attack.
29:45You can only go up on the back of the dunes.
29:50Otherwise, I found a place where I would be successful.
29:58And then I conquered them.
29:58And then I conquered them.
30:02The initial breaching operation is a tough one for the Israelis that costs them a great deal of the casualties that they take in the entire operation.
30:27But once they're through those fortified defenses, they are effectively free.
30:32Their mission now, encircle and destroy the Egyptians' defensive stronghold at Abu Aguila,
30:38in what will become one of the most audacious maneuvers in the history of armoured warfare.
30:54Central Sinai, the tanks of Ariel Sharon's division penetrate the Egyptians' formidable fortified defensive line.
31:01Their mission, to wreak havoc on the Egyptian stronghold at Abu Aguila.
31:08Their mission, to wreak havoc on the Egyptian stronghold at Abu Aguila.
31:14Sharon's plan to deal with the Egyptian defensive system at Abu Aguila is to hit it from all sides.
31:20He pushes a battalion task force of armour through the soft sand dunes north of the Abu Aguila lines.
31:28Their main weapon is surprise.
31:31And maneuvering in the dead of night, confusion reigns.
31:35The Egyptian tanks that were sent against me got mixed up and got into my convo.
31:41And by the sound of their engines, we knew they weren't centurions.
31:47And the cannons were directed to the right or the left, depending on what side the Egyptian tanks were.
31:59And as we were driving, we left them on the wall, shot them and destroyed them.
32:04After hours of treacherous maneuvers in enemy territory, they ride into the Egyptians' unprotected rear.
32:17They prepared for a frontal attack, straight in front of them, from east to west.
32:24They didn't think, even for one second, the tanks or vehicles can cross the dunes.
32:30So I passed through firing as we moved.
32:41I also turned around cannons to the right and cannons to the left, in two columns.
32:47I went into the area of their supplying command.
32:56It was like in a movie.
32:57You enter, and they were surprised.
33:00And they shot with cannons and machine guns, and it all caught on fire.
33:05All of their supply, all of their fuel, the ammunition, everything.
33:17Their command headquarters, it was all burning.
33:20It all exploded.
33:29The entire place was on fire.
33:30When we finished one pass through, we turned around and came back.
33:35But Nir's attack has alerted the Egyptian armored reserve,
33:38which in desperation throws itself into the fray.
33:43Egyptian units tend to stick together, they will hold together,
33:46they will fight as units for long periods of time,
33:49even in very poor, even desperate circumstances,
33:53when other formations of other armies might fall apart.
34:00Without knowing where we are, they just moved around like mice.
34:05And that was the end of them.
34:11The moment I felt something was there,
34:13we turned on the big projector for a few seconds.
34:18Just so the gunner puts the cross on the target.
34:22You shoot one low, one high, and destroy the Egyptian tank.
34:26The Egyptian tank.
34:35At night suddenly we were 10 meters.
34:3815 meters away from six tanks.
34:41Seven tanks.
34:43Four times they tried to attack us.
34:44The tanks caught on fire.
34:45We destroyed all of these attacks.
34:46When the tank has jumped out, they were burning like torches from their tanks.
35:01Horrible and terrible sight.
35:08At the same time, many of our projectors were being shot at and disabled.
35:14The Egyptians shot projectors that were turned on for too long a time.
35:18It was a very difficult nut to crack.
35:31But thanks to the movement from the rear, it all began to collapse.
35:34With the decisive Israeli victory at Abu Aguila, the Egyptians face defeat on all three fronts.
35:52And their command begins to panic.
35:54Cairo realizes that the jig is up.
35:58And at that point in time, Field Marshal Amr makes one of the worst decisions in military history.
36:04He simply orders all Egyptian forces to retreat.
36:09And they should get back across the Suez Canal as quickly as they possibly can.
36:14That was a disaster. That was the biggest disaster.
36:19And they received an order to withdraw in 24 hours, which is technically impossible.
36:25A good withdrawal technique should take at least one week.
36:29It should happen during the night.
36:33The retreat becomes a route.
36:36Huge numbers of Egyptian tanks flee westwards, only to find their escape route blocked by Israeli tankers.
36:44The Sinai, June 6th.
36:50In a space of less than 36 hours, the Egyptian tank divisions are routed by the Israelis.
36:57And they flee the battlefield.
36:59One of their main routes of escape lies through the Mitla Pass, leading to the Suez Canal and the safety of Egypt beyond.
37:07But in a headlong dash, the Israeli 200th Brigade gets there first.
37:11Sitting at the mouth of the Mitla Pass is a tiny little armored force, no more than a dozen Israeli tanks, led by Bren Edan.
37:22I gave an order to the 200th Brigade to send the battalion quickly to the Mitla and block them.
37:31He has basically taken as many tanks as he could, run south as fast as he could, and every time they began to run out of gas, he'd siphon it out of the tanks to keep as many as he could running to get down to the Mitla Pass with this tiny little force.
37:48And there they engage in one of the great feats of long range gunnery of the modern world.
37:54Using their long range gunnery skills to keep the Egyptians at bay, they keep an enormous force of Egyptians from getting through the Mitla Pass until additional reinforcements are finally able to come up hours later and seal off the Mitla altogether.
38:08It's escape route blocked. The Egyptian armor now falls easy prey to the Israeli air force.
38:26With the Egyptian army left reeling, the Israeli tankers press on through the Mitla Pass towards their ultimate prize beyond, the Suez Canal and complete domination of the Sinai.
38:44In the west side, what surprised me was that the Egyptian army was not in a situation of withdrawal. They just stopped their withdrawal there.
38:54I realized that I have a real enemy in front of me. I knew that from the terrain point of view, the maneuvering is going to be very difficult.
39:06So I must use something which is very fundamental in any war. This is a surprise.
39:18I talked to all the tank commanders and I told them, look, I'm going to do something which is unusual with open lights and we will go towards the Suez Canal.
39:36If we will face the enemy, we will fight, but it could be that the enemy will feel that it's Egyptian drop going because otherwise they will not understand about the light.
40:04Just be ready with the guns to the right, to the left. The only one who will give you orders to shoot is myself.
40:17And we start moving and, you know, it was quiet. Nothing happened.
40:23All of a sudden, when the sun came up, we were in the middle of a big deployment of armor and infantry and it was a big surprise.
40:38I hold the fire and I said, don't shoot because this army is a defeated army.
40:53I'm not going to start a massacre because both sides will suffer. Once they raise their hand, we won the battle without even one single shot.
41:08It has taken the Israelis just three days to destroy the Egyptian army and reach the Suez Canal. Their conquest of Sinai is absolute.
41:22It's fair to say the military leadership on the Egyptian part were not up to the challenge or up to the responsibility at all.
41:33The army was not really ready and trained and prepared to fight the war in Sinai against the Israeli.
41:40To lose it bad in two, three days, that was kind of humiliating.
42:01In the course of a brief campaign, the Egyptians have lost more than 10,000 men and 700 tanks.
42:13For the Israelis, victory also comes at a price, with 1,400 casualties and more than 60 tanks destroyed.
42:22But for their tankers, the six-day war is nothing short of a triumph.
42:27Israel's victory in the six-day war is one of the most stunning military accomplishments of the 20th century.
42:37A small Israeli force takes on a larger, better equipped Egyptian force dug in in the right places in the Sinai Peninsula and they not just defeat it, they destroy it.
42:50We knew there wasn't any other option. Either you win or you die. There is no middle way. There is nowhere to retreat. There is no place to escape.
43:03Outgunned and outnumbered, a small but highly trained Israeli tank force has proved to be unstoppable.
43:10The tank's qualities are important, but they are not the main issue. The same goes, it's not the steel that counts, but the man that's striving the steel.
43:31Always sticks, it's not the
43:49Astrolog questo st sperm.
43:52Gracias por ver el video.
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