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00:00La historia de los Estados Unidos
00:30La historia de los Estados Unidos
01:00En 1963, President John F. Kennedy visits NASA's launch pads at Cape Canaveral
01:05But while the president was focused on landing a man on the moon
01:09His chief rocket designer, Werner von Braun, was already thinking about what the astronauts would do once they got there
01:17Werner von Braun had dreams
01:19He was very vocal
01:21He certainly popularized the whole notion of space
01:25And so he not only was the technical expert in the big rockets
01:32He was the inspiration for a lot of the things that followed
01:37Dr. von Braun was looking toward the future
01:41Setting up lunar bases on the moon
01:45Doing an extensive exploration program of the moon
01:50For von Braun, the moon was not just a target to be reached
01:58It was a world to be explored
02:00But he knew an astronaut wouldn't be able to go very far on foot
02:04So von Braun called for a lunar vehicle
02:08To allow astronauts to range freely across the moon's surface
02:12Auto engineers like Sam Romano were quick to respond
02:16There were quite a few people interested
02:18Quite a few companies interested
02:20My feeling then, I was working for General Motors
02:22And they were very good to me
02:24They had a very nice environment to work in
02:26So I said, my goodness
02:28If there's going to be a vehicle on the moon
02:30It's going to be a General Motors vehicle
02:31And I'm going to make sure that happens
02:33Across America, engineering companies rose to von Braun's challenge
02:42With a variety of designs
02:44Some looked more like farm equipment than space hardware
02:49The wheels sometimes ranged from 5 or 6 foot tall
02:54Up to 10 or 12 foot tall
02:55Different wheel designs
02:58As well as cab, different cab designs
03:00But it basically gave the people a kind of a belief
03:04That you could indeed put together systems
03:06And have mobility on the moon
03:08But the truth was
03:11That confidence was not well grounded
03:13Because no one really knew what the surface of the moon was like
03:17And many suspected that it wouldn't be a surface
03:20You could easily drive across with wheels
03:22A fact that Sam Romano's colleague
03:24Ferentz Pavliks was only too aware of
03:27There were some scientists who postulated
03:31That the moon is covered
03:32With a thick layer of very loose
03:36Dust-like material
03:38So anything you put on it is going to sink
03:42In the absence of any hard facts about the lunar surface
03:47Sam and Ferentz began experimenting in their lab
03:51When you do some experiments with locomotion and terrain
03:55That you're unfamiliar with
03:56You usually develop it in something called a soil bin
03:59Now a soil bin is to vehicle engineers
04:02What a wind tunnel is to aeronautical engineers
04:04We came up with vehicle concepts
04:11Of the wheel type
04:13Track leading vehicles like tanks
04:16We even looked at an Archimedean screw
04:21In case everything submerged under the surface
04:26It can borrow itself through the loose material
04:30These tests showed that the kind of vehicle they needed
04:34Would be entirely determined
04:36By what kind of surface the moon had
04:38But the answer to this question
04:41Lay out of reach of even the most powerful telescope
04:44NASA needed a closer look
04:47It was only four years
04:55Since the first satellites had gone into space
04:58Yet NASA's ambitious ranger program
05:00Was already being sent to the moon
05:02These primitive lunar probes
05:05Carried television cameras
05:06Which would relay live pictures of the surface
05:09As they got closer and closer
05:10But the moon was a difficult destination
05:13And the first missions failed to achieve earth orbit
05:17Or missed the moon altogether
05:18Then in July 1964
05:23After six unsuccessful attempts
05:25A ranger mission finally made it
05:28All the way to the moon
05:29With its cameras and transmitter intact
05:31Lacking the ability to slow down
05:38The spacecraft hurtled faster and faster
05:41Toward the surface
05:42Sending back pictures
05:43Until the final moment
05:44But those last few seconds of flight
05:52Brought the moon closer than ever before
05:55NASA had finally proved
06:09They could get a spacecraft to the moon
06:11The next step
06:13In understanding its surface better
06:15Was to attempt a landing
06:16The unmanned surveyor probe
06:21Was designed to touch down gently
06:23In the soft lunar dust
06:25At least that was the plan
06:27When the surveyor landed
06:29It bounced something like ten feet in the air
06:32And then continued to bounce
06:33A few more bounces
06:34Until it finally came to rest
06:36And therefore we realized
06:37That the lunar surface itself
06:39Would probably have consisted of
06:41A very fine layer of upper layer
06:43And a very hard surface beneath it
06:45The surveyor 3 mission
06:47Proved that the moon's surface
06:49Could support a wheeled exploration vehicle
06:52Armed with these first direct measurements
06:57From the lunar surface
06:58Ferenc Pavliks began locomotion tests on Earth
07:01We knew from the surveyor testing
07:05Wind-blown sand
07:06Is very similar
07:08To what the lunar surface is covered with
07:11And that's why we selected
07:13At this sand dune area
07:14While Ferenc's wheel designs
07:24Were still being put through their paces
07:26The ever visionary von Braun
07:28Was already planning the exploration missions
07:31That a lunar rover might undertake
07:33So they came up with one concept
07:37Which was the Mobile Lunar Laboratory
07:41Or MOLAB
07:42Which was a pressurized cabin type of a system
07:47Weighing about 8,000 pounds
07:50And had the purpose of exploring the lunar surface
07:55Over two weeks period of time
07:58The engineering companies came up with a variety of designs
08:06But NASA wondered if astronauts could really survive
08:10For two weeks inside such a small mobile laboratory
08:13NASA was looking for volunteers
08:15And I raised my hand
08:17I was one of the two test subjects on that test
08:23I was selected and made the commander
08:27They kept us in there for a total of 18 days
08:32We were good friends at the beginning of the test
08:36But we weren't too friendly toward the end
08:39We were getting on each other's nerves
08:43To say the least
08:44And we were very surprised
08:49When the lights came on
08:52And they said the test is over
08:55You can come out now
08:57And as we walked out of MOLAB
09:00There
09:00In front of us was
09:04Not only our wives waiting for us
09:07But Dr. Mernovan Brown
09:09Was there too to congratulate us
09:12And he referred to it as the can opening
09:15We proved that we could live in that MOLAB
09:21For at least 18 days
09:25And probably could have gone longer
09:28But the MOLAB trials also showed that a pressurized exploration vehicle would weigh at least four tons
09:35And that meant a dedicated Saturn V launch to deliver it to the moon ahead of the astronauts
09:42It would be hugely expensive
09:44NASA started to have its doubts about Von Braun's giant rover ideas
09:49It was becoming increasingly difficult to fund the projects that needed to be funded
09:56And I felt that we'd taken on the job of going to the moon
10:00We had not taken the job of traversing the moon
10:04And on that basis
10:07Slowed down the effort
10:11I'm not quite sure whether I actually canceled it or not
10:15So eventually this MOLAB concept was dropped
10:20And NASA sort of given up
10:24On putting vehicles on the moon
10:26We were very disappointed
10:30But there was nothing we could do about that
10:33It seemed that lunar rovers were destined to remain grounded on Earth
10:38And the astronauts' exploration of the moon limited to a few short walks
10:43But over at General Motors
10:47There was one man who refused to take no for an answer
10:50We continued with General Motors' money
10:53We decided to look with smaller rovers
10:56I decided that it can be done
10:59It should be done
11:00We want to do it
11:00We packed our bags and went to NASA headquarters
11:11And we said
11:13Do you have any space for a rover?
11:14The lunar module
11:15Eastern stage had a triangular bay
11:17Which was where they had instruments
11:19And they said
11:21Well, that one triangular bay will not be used
11:23So if you can fit a vehicle in this triangular bay
11:25We might think about going again with a rover
11:28So I said
11:29My God, you want us to put a rover in a big piece of pie?
11:36This piece of pie
11:37Was a space to the right and below the lunar module's hatch
11:41It was just five feet tall
11:43Five feet wide
11:44And five feet deep
11:46Not much bigger than the trunk of a station wagon
11:50So I called my very best engineer, Ferenc Paptak
11:57And said, Ferenc, here's what we have to work with
11:58See what you can do
11:59Sure enough, in less than a month
12:02He had come up with a configuration
12:03It was very unique
12:05I decided to build a scale model
12:13I like to build models
12:15It was a family affair
12:18My wife helped in making the seats
12:22And I used the G.I. Joe toy
12:25Of my seven-year-old son
12:27To be the astronaut
12:29Ferenc's new rover design
12:33Was still twice as big as the space it needed to fit into
12:37It was going to be quite a feat of origami to get it in
12:42We came up with an idea of folding it together
12:47So first we had to fold the seats down
12:51Then the end of the chassis was hinged
12:57And folded over 180 degrees
13:00The forward chassis section was also hinged
13:05And folded over
13:07Then the suspension linkage was designed such
13:11That folding in the wheels
13:14They assumed a 90 degree angle
13:18So this package now
13:20Could fit into this triangular envelope
13:25At one corner of the lunar landing module
13:28And I said, Ferenc, we've got to go to Hunsville
13:31And show Dr. Von Braun what we have here
13:33So we proceeded to his office
13:42Knocked on the door, opened it
13:44And I guided this little model
13:47Into his office
13:49Now he was at the telephone at the time
13:57I looked at his face
14:02And I saw him just a great surprise
14:05He slammed the telephone down
14:07And said, what have we here?
14:09That gave us a great opportunity
14:10To explain to him what we had
14:11We had already made a film
14:12So we showed him a very short film
14:17And how it worked
14:18We demonstrated to him
14:19So we spent as much as a half hour with him
14:26In discussing the concept
14:29And he became very enthusiastic
14:32And supportive of the idea
14:35He said, we must do this
14:37I got a call when I was out of town one day
14:40From Von Braun's office
14:42And in that call
14:44He asked me if I would consider taking
14:46The management of a new program
14:49That was given to Marshall
14:50Called the Lunar Roving Vehicle Program
14:53I said, what could a propulsion man
14:56Possibly have to do
14:57With a car development?
15:00So I was very apprehensive
15:02About the whole thing
15:02But on the other hand
15:03You can't say no to a man like that
15:05When he asks you to take on a task
15:07That he has confidence in you doing
15:08With Von Braun's top engineer on the job
15:12The dream of driving across the moon
15:14Was back on track
15:15Once more, NASA invited tenders
15:18For the contract to build
15:19A new lightweight lunar rover
15:21And the General Motors team
15:23Suddenly found they faced tough competition
15:26From Grumman Aerospace
15:27Grumman was building the lunar module
15:31Which would carry the rover to the moon
15:33If that wasn't enough of an advantage
15:36They also had an innovative design
15:38A fundamental difference
15:41Of the Grumman design
15:43Was what we came to call
15:45The conical wheel
15:46The cone shape itself
15:53Did not permit dust
15:55And dirt and stones
15:57To anyway contaminate
15:59The operation of the wheel
16:00It was highly innovative
16:03And we were very proud of it
16:07The Grumman thought is downstream
16:17Damn it
16:18Nobody's going to be happy
16:20With something that just
16:21Is used for a couple of times
16:23And you'll leave that
16:24Twenty million dollar piece of junk
16:26Sitting there
16:26Don't just go to the lunar surface
16:29Use it for a few days
16:30Be able to hit a switch
16:33And turn it on
16:34And let Houston
16:35Continue to run it out there
16:37I mean go down some craters
16:39You wouldn't have the guts
16:40To go down if it was manned
16:42Grumman's robotic rover
16:45Was a strong contender
16:46But was it enough
16:48To keep them in the running?
16:50In the end
16:51It boiled down to
16:52The deployment of the vehicle
16:55General Motors
16:58Did an outstanding job
17:00Of being able to deploy that
17:02Very, very easily
17:03First of all
17:05You unfold it out
17:07General Motors' folding rover
17:09Won the day
17:10In July 1969
17:12The contract to build
17:14The lunar vehicle
17:14Was awarded to the team
17:16Led by Sam Romano
17:17And Ferentz Publix
17:19They were both
17:20Pretty outstanding individuals
17:22They had this creativity
17:24And they had this air
17:25About them of confidence
17:26And they made you feel
17:28Like this product
17:29Was ready to roll out
17:30The line right now
17:31When Ferentz showed me
17:34The solution he had
17:35I was quite amazed
17:36I said Ferentz
17:37I knew you could do it
17:38And you did it
17:39Good work Ferentz
17:41Thank you
17:54July 1969
18:01The crew of Apollo 11
18:03Has returned
18:04The first men
18:05To walk on the moon
18:07Around the world
18:08Crowds celebrate
18:09Their achievement
18:10But for a small group
18:13Of automobile engineers
18:14There was something else
18:15To celebrate
18:16The chance to build
18:19A lunar rover
18:20We were celebrating
18:22The winning of the contract
18:24But now we had to
18:26Get down to work
18:27And we had many
18:30Many challenges
18:31To overcome
18:32One was the timing
18:35We had 17 months
18:38To be ready for
18:40The Apollo 15 flight
18:42To help them
18:45Deliver the rover in time
18:46General Motors
18:47Had teamed up
18:48With the giant aerospace company
18:49Boeing
18:50But even their rover
18:51Project manager
18:53Gene Cowart
18:54Thought the deadline
18:55Was a little tight
18:56I really wondered
18:57About the length of time
19:00That was given to do it
19:01But I was told
19:02To make it happen
19:03As far as the engineering went
19:05And that's what we did
19:06Night and day
19:07It seemed like
19:08Ferentz and Sam
19:11Already had a working
19:12Miniature of their rover design
19:14But now Boeing
19:15Had to build it for real
19:16And their toughest task
19:18Was to make it light enough
19:19Descent to fuel only
19:23No critical
19:24He didn't want to say critical
19:26Every extra pound
19:27On the rover
19:28Meant the limb
19:29Would burn more fuel
19:30As it descended to the moon
19:32Now the limb
19:34When it comes down
19:34Over the moon
19:36Does not immediately
19:36Just sit down
19:37It hovers over the moon
19:39It has to be able to traverse
19:41Looking for a place to land
19:4360 seconds
19:4460 seconds
19:46Each pound on the rover
19:48Costs about a tenth of a second
19:49In hover time
19:5030
19:5130 seconds
19:5230 seconds
19:5230 seconds
19:54Now this is important
19:56Because the more weight
19:57They have to carry
19:58Means that they're going
19:59To expend more fuel hovering
20:01Contact light
20:03Apollo 11 had landed
20:06With only seconds
20:07Of fuel remaining
20:08It was clearly vital
20:10That the rover
20:11Be as light as possible
20:12We copy you down
20:13There you go
20:14The original goal
20:15Was to have a rover
20:16That weighed 400 pounds
20:17That meant that everything
20:19We were counting ounces
20:20And tenths of ounces
20:21During the development program
20:22Because realize now
20:23The rover was an add-on
20:25To the basic lunar module
20:26And there were other
20:31Challenges emerging
20:32As the first humans
20:34To walk on the moon
20:35Returned
20:35With direct accounts
20:37Of what the lunar dust
20:38Was really like
20:39It was more daunting news
20:41For the rover designers
20:43The astronauts
20:45Quickly learned
20:46That the dust
20:47Adhered to everything
20:48They touched
20:49But it was a
20:51It was a verbal description
20:52We weren't sure
20:53What a wheel would
20:54Do in it
20:55A novel kind of
20:58Extraterrestrial tire
20:59Was needed
21:00The engineers had to
21:02Reinvent the wheel
21:03We knew we couldn't
21:05Use rubber tires
21:06Because there's
21:07No atmosphere up there
21:08And the rubber
21:09It gets very hot
21:10And very cold
21:10And secondly
21:11If you had a flat
21:12You were really
21:13In very bad shape
21:14You couldn't
21:15Couldn't get back
21:16So we began looking
21:17At metal type wheels
21:18And we decided
21:19That we need to
21:21Develop a metal wheel
21:22That was an analog
21:23Of a tire
21:24That is
21:24It had the same
21:25Characteristics of a tire
21:26So we made a wire mesh
21:28And a cylinder
21:29Then you take the ends
21:30Of the cylinder
21:31And bring them around
21:32You find that
21:32It becomes a wheel
21:34The outer surface
21:36Was a woven piano wire
21:38Hand woven
21:39The design of the mesh
21:41Was such that
21:42When a wheel
21:43Touched the surface
21:44It could pick up soil
21:46But as the wheel
21:47Continued to rotate
21:49The flexed design
21:50Of the wire
21:52Would open up
21:53Where it would
21:53Clean itself
21:54We tested individual wheels
22:01In a soil bin facility
22:03We could test
22:05The flotation
22:06Of the wheel
22:07The traction
22:09It could develop
22:10And how much
22:11Motion resistance
22:13Had to be overcome
22:14Which was required
22:16To size the drive system
22:18Motor and so on
22:20Each wheel
22:21Would be driven
22:22By its own
22:23Separate electric motor
22:24Sealed into the hub
22:26These were powered
22:27By an array of batteries
22:28In boxes
22:29On the front
22:30Of the rover
22:30We did not know
22:33The amount of energy
22:34It might take
22:35To drive a wheel
22:36Through the lunar surface
22:37If it rode on top
22:39Of the surface
22:40It would probably
22:40Take very little
22:41Battery capacity
22:42If it dug into the surface
22:44It's like driving
22:45Through mud
22:45It would take
22:48A lot more energy
22:48Another problem
22:50For the battery team
22:51Was temperature
22:52If the batteries
22:53Became too hot
22:54Or too cold
22:55The entire rover
22:57Would stop working
22:58For the thermal control system
22:59We were given
23:00A weight budget
23:01Of ten pounds
23:02Ten pounds
23:03To do all the things
23:04We needed to do
23:05To keep the temperatures
23:06Within bounds
23:07A conventional
23:09Liquid cooling system
23:11With pumps and pipes
23:12Was always going to
23:13Weigh more than ten pounds
23:14Some ingenuity
23:16Was required
23:17These boxes
23:19Had a paraffin wax
23:20In there
23:20And when
23:21The electronics components
23:23Were generating heat
23:24During driving
23:25The heat
23:26Was stored
23:27In the wax
23:27And it stayed
23:28At a fairly constant
23:29Temperature
23:29During that melting process
23:31Then when the astronauts
23:32Got through
23:33With the driving
23:34They would open up
23:35Covers over radiators
23:36The radiators
23:36Would reject the heat
23:37Away
23:38Let the wax
23:39Resolidify
23:39Hence recycling it
23:41And making it ready
23:41For the next time
23:42They come out to drive
23:43Solutions like these
23:47Helped to keep
23:48The weight of the rover
23:49Down
23:49But there was an even
23:50More critical problem
23:52Deployment
23:53The original design
23:56Was going to use
23:57The springs on it
23:58For the thing to come out
23:59Almost like a switchblade knife
24:02The astronauts just pull
24:06A little lever
24:06And everything would
24:07Fold out for them
24:08Well they just never
24:10Could get that to work
24:10We tried different things
24:13On this
24:14We had a day
24:14To demonstrate that once
24:16And all of the
24:18Senior people
24:19Came to see it
24:20They had a bunch
24:20Of dignitaries there
24:21To watch this deployment
24:23They pulled the cable
24:24The thing went halfway
24:26And a loud crack
24:27And stopped
24:28This gentleman
24:34Who had very good English
24:35But a German accent
24:36I remember saying
24:38We will fix this
24:40And fixing it
24:42Became a top priority
24:44The entire success
24:46Of the rover
24:46Hinged on a reliable deployment
24:49If you can't get it up there
24:51Get it deployed
24:52Onto the moon
24:53It doesn't do you
24:53A whole lot of good
24:54To carry it up there
24:55If you can't get it deployed
24:56And to be able to
24:57Do it again and again
24:58So it's dependable
24:59The team then set about
25:04Working long midnight hours
25:06And working to
25:06A process
25:07Developing a more phased
25:09Deployment of the rover
25:10From that stowed up
25:11Folded configuration
25:12To get it out
25:13Onto the moon
25:13In a dependable way
25:15We had to minimize
25:20The amount of work
25:21The astronauts had to do
25:23And eventually
25:25We ended up
25:26With spring-loaded joints
25:27Which had to be
25:29Released
25:30And the spring
25:32Automatically opened up
25:34It was a very joyous
25:41Occasion there
25:41For the engineers
25:42When they got it
25:43To unfold
25:43Because that was
25:44Progressing along
25:46As being a real showstopper
25:47But it wasn't the rover
25:49That proved to be
25:51The showstopper
25:52For Apollo
25:52On the 14th of April
25:551970
25:56The world woke up
25:57To the news
25:58That there'd been
25:59An explosion
25:59On board
26:00The Apollo 13
26:01Spacecraft
26:02Three astronauts
26:05Were lost in space
26:07Apollo 13
26:13Apollo 13
26:14This is recovery
26:15Over
26:16Three days after the explosion
26:18Everyone at mission control
26:20Gathered to watch
26:22And wait for news
26:23That the Apollo 13 crew
26:24Were safely back
26:26Odyssey Houston
26:27Standing by
26:28Over
26:28Odyssey Houston
26:34We show you on the mains
26:35It really looks great
26:36Extremely loud applause
26:39As Apollo 13
26:40On the main chute
26:41Comes through loud and clear
26:43On the television display here
26:44It was close
26:48It was very close
26:50So it's a real tribute
26:53To the whole system
26:54That they got out of that
26:56Apollo 13
26:58Had shown the world
26:59Just how dangerous
27:01Flying to the moon
27:02Could be
27:02The only justification
27:06For further missions
27:07Was their scientific value
27:09Now scientists
27:12Geologists
27:13Were interested
27:15In areas
27:16Farther away
27:18Like a canyon
27:19Or a big crater
27:21Or a foot of a mountain
27:23And that could be done
27:25Only with a roving vehicle
27:27It was the availability
27:30Of the rover
27:31And the scientific exploration
27:33It promised
27:34That sent men
27:35Back to the moon
27:36With just a year to go
27:43Before Apollo 15
27:45GM rolled out
27:46Their new test vehicle
27:48Mission commander
27:49Dave Scott
27:50Would be the first
27:51To learn to drive it
27:52The engineers
27:57Called it their
27:581G trainer
27:59Because it had been built
28:00To operate in Earths
28:02As opposed to lunar gravity
28:03The 1G trainer
28:05Was the apple of my eye
28:06It was a real great
28:07Great machine
28:08The trainer was to be used
28:09To train the astronauts
28:11To drive the vehicle
28:12So this vehicle
28:13Had to have the same configuration
28:15The same performance
28:16As the rover
28:17The rover had both
28:25Front and rear steering
28:26Both would steer
28:27They would steer
28:28At the same time
28:29Or they could be
28:31Disabled
28:32The front or the back
28:33Could be disabled
28:33We did that
28:34For redundancy
28:35If you turn both
28:37Sets of wheels
28:38In the proper direction
28:39It would turn around
28:39In its own radius
28:40So it was very
28:44Very maneuverable
28:45Driving in Earth's gravity
28:50Was fine
28:51But it was important
28:52To experience
28:53The lighter feel
28:54Of a drive
28:55In 1 6th gravity
28:56To achieve
28:58The 1 6th gravity
28:59As best you could
29:01Here on Earth
29:02You counterweighted
29:04This rover
29:05With cables
29:06It seemed to just
29:08Float across rocks
29:10And it's sort of
29:11A giddy feeling
29:11I thought
29:12Well you should have
29:14Felt a heavy shock
29:15It didn't
29:15It just sort of
29:16Went right over it
29:17With no particular problem
29:19It was very strange
29:22To be suspended
29:24Like that
29:25To keep an eye
29:32On the astronauts
29:33Wherever they roamed
29:34Across the moon
29:35Mission Control
29:37Decided they needed
29:38A mobile TV camera
29:39Mounted on the rover
29:41Adding new equipment
29:42To their already
29:44Overweight vehicle
29:45Was not something
29:46The engineers needed
29:47It was a very difficult
29:57Stressful time
29:59We worked late hours
30:01We worked probably
30:0216, 17 hours a day
30:05And mostly Saturdays
30:08And sometimes Sundays
30:09You know in all honesty
30:13There weren't many
30:14Light moments in the program
30:16The only light moments
30:19I ever had
30:19Was when I went home
30:20After work
30:21Each day
30:22It was just
30:22Every day was
30:24Highly stressed
30:24Every day was
30:27A new problem
30:28That we had to deal with
30:30Or a realization
30:32That perhaps
30:33We were not going to make
30:34A certain part of the schedule
30:36Unless we did something different
30:38We didn't have anyone
30:39Actually die
30:40But we did have people
30:41Get ill
30:42Working on it
30:42Because you were going
30:43At
30:43You were with it
30:45Night and day
30:46Almost
30:47I wouldn't want
30:49To undertake it again
30:50I think I'd rather
30:50Re-enlist
30:51Before do this again
30:53Against the odds
30:55On the 10th of March
30:561971
30:58Boeing and General Motors
30:59Delivered the first
31:01Mission ready rover
31:02To NASA
31:02It had taken 17 months
31:18Of intense development
31:20We were elated
31:22That the system
31:24Was ready
31:25For the deadline
31:27And so it was
31:29A big occasion
31:30We were extremely happy
31:32That we made it
31:35Just by a day or two
31:37Ahead of schedule
31:38It was a great occasion
31:42To deliver the first
31:44Vehicle for Apollo 15
31:47Out of sight and contact
31:53Stowed on board the LEM
31:55At the top of the Saturn V rocket
31:57The engineers had no way
31:59Of monitoring their rover
32:00There was nothing left to do
32:02But cross their fingers
32:04And await the adventure
32:05That was about to unfold
32:07The day the launch
32:08Of the Apollo 15
32:09Was a very exciting day
32:10For me
32:11As a matter of fact
32:12My wife Margaret
32:13And I were also at the Cape
32:15And witnessing the launch
32:17In a roar
32:20Tremendous roar
32:21I remember just
32:21We were no more than
32:23Several thousand yards
32:24From the launch
32:25And actually
32:27The roar of the Saturn V
32:28Actually made my chest vibrate
32:30I felt a pounding
32:36On my chest
32:36And I said
32:37By God
32:38This is exciting
32:38That was
32:44You might say
32:45Our baby
32:45Going up there now
32:46And is
32:47Is everything
32:48Going to go
32:49The way it should
32:50Some of us
32:53Had worked on this
32:54Thing for years
32:55It seemed like
32:56It was
32:56It's hard to believe
32:58And yet
32:58Away they went
32:59But there's always
33:00That feeling
33:01When it gets to the moon
33:02Is it going to come out
33:03Dave
33:05An extraordinary
33:05Television picture here
33:07July 31st
33:091971
33:10Apollo 15
33:12Commander
33:12Dave Scott
33:13Steps onto the moon
33:14His words
33:16Echo the dreams
33:17Of lunar exploration
33:18Which had inspired
33:19Werner von Braun
33:20And all the Apollo engineers
33:22Man must explore
33:24And this is exploration
33:26At its greatest
33:27For the first time
33:29Apollo astronauts
33:30Were to travel miles
33:32From their lunar module
33:33And for that
33:34They needed the rover
33:35The engineers knew
33:37That the whole mission
33:38Was riding
33:39On their design
33:41I was at Houston
33:43In the
33:45Emission control center
33:47It was very tense
33:48Okay Jim
33:50Let's take a look
33:51At our rover friend here
33:52Then the great day came
33:54And we're all watching
33:54To see the rover come out
33:56Knowing that
33:56For all the complexity
33:57Of it
33:58The rover
33:59Coming out
34:00Was a real
34:01Meat in the coconut
34:02Okay Jim
34:04Go ahead
34:04Now comes
34:05The big moment
34:06Of deploying
34:08The rover
34:09They unlatched
34:14The cover
34:14To the compartment
34:15And then pulled
34:16A lanyard
34:17And it started
34:18Coming out
34:19The wheels
34:26Flung open
34:28Great elation
34:31On our part
34:32It's coming out
34:33And then
34:35The next step
34:36Of the deployment
34:37Successful
34:38That looks good
34:40Finally
34:41The whole vehicle
34:42Was on the surface
34:43So far so good
34:48But as Dave Scott
34:49And Jim Irwin
34:50Began to check
34:51The rover's systems
34:52They made a discovery
34:53That dismayed
34:54Everyone at mission control
34:56I don't get much
34:58Out of turning
34:58The front wheels
34:59Okay Dave
35:04Well lo and behold
35:05Dave Scott
35:06Calls back and says
35:07Hey
35:07The front wheel steering
35:09Is not working
35:10Negative
35:11I don't have any
35:13Front steering Joe
35:14We thought
35:16I go 17 months
35:17Down the drain
35:18Still no forward steering Joe
35:21Roger
35:23Got another suggestion
35:25I was sitting
35:26In the mission control center
35:27In the third row
35:28Dr. Von Braun
35:29Was in the fifth row
35:30So when
35:32When they said
35:33The front wheels
35:33Are not steering
35:34My god
35:35I was very
35:36Very nervous
35:37My
35:37The back of my
35:38My neck
35:39Began to swell
35:40Get red
35:41My ears were red
35:42It was
35:44It was a very
35:45Tired spot
35:46Every second
35:48Of the astronaut's
35:49Moonwalk
35:49Was precious
35:50There simply
35:51Wasn't time
35:52To fix the problem
35:53Jim you can
35:55Probably tell me
35:56If I got any
35:56Rear steering
35:57Fortunately
35:58The rover
35:58Had been designed
35:59With four wheel
36:00Steering
36:01And the rear steering
36:02Seemed fine
36:03It would have to do
36:05Roger Dave
36:06Press on
36:07Okay
36:10That's a good idea
36:11Okay Jim
36:12I'm going to
36:12Bring it around here
36:13And let's get on
36:14With it
36:14Okay
36:14Now at last
36:16For the rover engineers
36:17Came the moment
36:18Of truth
36:19After everything
36:21It had been through
36:22Would the rover start
36:23We were sitting
36:25On needles
36:26To see what's
36:27Going to happen
36:28Okay Jim
36:29Here we go
36:30Okay Dave
36:31We want
36:32A heading
36:34Of 203
36:35Okay
36:37203
36:37Checkpoint 1
36:39Going to miss
36:42That double icon
36:43When I can see
36:43That now
36:44Okay we're moving
36:50Forward Joe
36:51Roger
36:52Hang on
36:56It had been
36:58Just 10 years
36:59Since the first
37:00Human spaceflight
37:01And now
37:02Two astronauts
37:03Were driving
37:04On another world
37:05Man
37:07This is really
37:08A rock and roll
37:09Ride
37:10Isn't it
37:10Never been out
37:12On a ride
37:13Like this before
37:14Oh boy
37:15I'm glad
37:20They got this
37:20Great suspension
37:21System on this thing
37:22Boy
37:23When I saw
37:33The rover working
37:35It was the
37:36Culmination
37:36Of the
37:37Dreams
37:38And the hard
37:39Workmanship
37:40Of the
37:41Boeing people
37:42The General Motors
37:43People
37:44And the Marshall
37:45Space Flight Center
37:46People that supported
37:47The program
37:47And it was
37:49An awesome feeling
37:50To see that
37:51And such a
37:52Such a wonderful
37:54Feeling
37:54And so much relief
37:55That indeed
37:57We pulled it off
37:58It happened
37:58It was like
37:59Winning a football
38:00Game in the last
38:0110 seconds
38:02Well this is really
38:04A sporty
38:04Driving course
38:05Man oh man
38:07What a Grand Prix
38:08This is
38:09It was the farthest
38:10Any astronaut
38:11Had ventured
38:12From the relative
38:12Safety of the
38:13Lunar module
38:14But mission control
38:16Was able to keep
38:17An eye on them
38:18Thanks to the
38:18New improved
38:19TV camera
38:20Mounted on the
38:21Front of the
38:21Rover
38:21Flight director
38:28Ed Fandel
38:29Was operating
38:30It remotely
38:30The atmosphere
38:32And mission control
38:33On the first
38:34Landing site
38:35When we got there
38:36And took control
38:37Of that camera
38:37Was absolutely
38:39Crazy
38:40Because everybody
38:41Was looking
38:42At the displays
38:44Up in the front
38:44Of the room
38:45And they were
38:46Watching this
38:46It was amazing
38:48What people
38:49I mean it was like
38:50Holy mackerel
38:52You know
38:52This is going on
38:53This is what
38:53We've really done
38:55It was really
38:56Quite wild
38:57For three days
39:00The rover
39:01Carried Dave Scott
39:02And Jim Irwin
39:03Over 17 miles
39:05Across the plains
39:06Of Hadley
39:06On the most
39:07Extraordinary
39:08Geological field trip
39:10Of all time
39:11Do you imagine
39:12That Joe
39:13Here sits
39:13This rock
39:14And it's been
39:14Here since
39:15Before creatures
39:16Rode the sea
39:16On all little earth
39:17There it is
39:20And there it is
39:21Houston
39:21There's Camelot
39:22Two more rovers
39:26Were flown to the moon
39:27On board
39:28The last Apollo
39:29Missions
39:2916 and 17
39:31In April 1972
39:35The second rover
39:36Transported explorers
39:38Charlie Duke
39:39And John Young
39:40Across the Descartes
39:41Highlands
39:42They brought back
39:49200 pounds
39:50Of rock samples
39:51Which revolutionized
39:53Our understanding
39:54Of the moon's
39:54Geology
39:55And in December
39:561972
39:57The third rover
39:59Took Gene Cernan
40:00And geologist
40:01Jack Schmidt
40:01Deep into the
40:02Volcanic Taurus
40:03Littro Valley
40:04Morning
40:07Soil
40:08It's all over
40:10Orange
40:12Together
40:16The three vehicles
40:17Carried their crews
40:18Safely across
40:19More than 56 miles
40:21Of rugged lunar terrain
40:22The discoveries
40:26They made
40:26Helped scientists
40:27To reconstruct
40:28The earliest history
40:29Of our earth
40:30And its moon
40:31And thanks
40:34To the mobile camera
40:35On the rover
40:36As the astronauts
40:37Climbed the mountains
40:38Of the moon
40:39And traversed
40:40Its planes
40:40The rest of the world
40:42Was able to explore
40:43Along with them
40:44So the people
40:46Here on earth
40:46Really were part
40:48Of this mission
40:48And I think
40:49It enhanced
40:50The whole
40:51Human experience
40:52Because
40:52You know
40:53We did
40:54Do this
40:55In a sense
40:56For mankind
40:58It was
40:59An astonishing
40:59Achievement
41:00Of mankind
41:01By the end
41:04Of Apollo 17
41:06Ed Fendel
41:07Had captured
41:07Over 50 hours
41:09Of live TV
41:09From the surface
41:10Of the moon
41:11He now had
41:12One last chance
41:13To film something
41:14He'd been
41:15Unsuccessfully
41:16Trying to capture
41:17Since Apollo 15
41:18A lunar lift off
41:20The six second delay
41:22Between pressing the buttons
41:23At mission control
41:24And seeing the results
41:26On his screen
41:26Made this
41:27A difficult task
41:28On Apollo 15
41:32We had some motor problems
41:35With the camera system
41:36What a ride
41:38What a ride
41:39On Apollo 16
41:41The lunar module
41:42Flew out of the picture
41:44On Apollo 17
41:46What I was watching
41:48To get those pictures
41:50Was a sheet of paper
41:51And on that sheet of paper
41:53Was time
41:55Versus command
41:56The command
41:58To tilt the camera up
42:00And to zoom out
42:01Actually were transmitted
42:03Before liftoff
42:04So that when the lunar module
42:06Started to move
42:07The camera was already
42:08In operation
42:09Three
42:09Two
42:10One
42:11Ignition
42:13Right our way
42:14Houston
42:14That you're good
42:15Apollo 17's liftoff
42:18Ended mankind's
42:19Exploration of the moon
42:20But the machines
42:22That took us there
42:23Had done more
42:24Than transport
42:25A couple of dozen
42:26Americans
42:26To the lunar surface
42:28They had expanded
42:30The horizon of humanity
42:31We were no longer
42:33An earthbound species
42:34It was a profound step
42:36In the evolution
42:37Of the human race
42:38But for the 400,000
42:42Men and women
42:42Involved in the Apollo program
42:44It was simply
42:46The highlight
42:47Of their lives
42:48Well occasionally
42:51When I look at the moon
42:52I can see
42:52Three places
42:53Where the rovers exist
42:54I know they're there
42:55And I feel good
42:56About them being there
42:57And I'm sure
42:58That all the folks
42:59That worked on the rover
43:00And worked on the Apollo program
43:02Feel the same way
43:03It was quite an experience
43:04I feel like I was so fortunate
43:06To have been born
43:08When I was born
43:08And to have had
43:10The opportunities
43:10That I had
43:11To participate
43:12In mankind's
43:14Greatest adventure
43:16And it's with deep humility
43:19That I look back
43:21At those days
43:21And realize
43:23What an accomplishment
43:25It really was
43:26And as we leave
43:34The moon
43:35And we leave as we came
43:37And God willing
43:39As we shall return
43:41With peace
43:44And hope
43:45For all mankind
43:47For all mankind
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