- há 20 horas
NOVA-S52E13-Human - Journeys
NOVA-S52E13-Humano - Jornadas
Siga o Homo Sapiens enquanto eles se aventuram pelo mundo, mais longe do que qualquer outra espécie humana.
Veja como eles inventaram novas ferramentas para prosperar em ambientes desafiadores – e conheça os misteriosos humanos parecidos com hobbits que eles podem ter encontrado ao longo do caminho.
NOVA PBS – 2025
NOVA-S52E13-Humano - Jornadas
Siga o Homo Sapiens enquanto eles se aventuram pelo mundo, mais longe do que qualquer outra espécie humana.
Veja como eles inventaram novas ferramentas para prosperar em ambientes desafiadores – e conheça os misteriosos humanos parecidos com hobbits que eles podem ter encontrado ao longo do caminho.
NOVA PBS – 2025
Categoria
📚
AprendizadoTranscrição
00:00Por que os homo sapiens são a única espécie de humanidade que tem spread de todo o mundo ao mundo?
00:16Para fazer essa jornada incrível, nós teríamos atravessado descanso desertos.
00:22É pensado que não havia de fogo por anos no endo.
00:27Descanso os desafios da luna.
00:32Eles desenvolveram essas ferramentas de espécie de arroz.
00:35Eu tenho em minhas mãos agora algo que foi usado 48,000 anos atrás.
00:40E foi absolutamente revolucionário.
00:43E, finalmente, nós atravessamos os tempos terríveis.
00:47Porque isso seria uma expediência hoje.
00:51Let alone back then.
00:53All while sharing the planet with other remarkable species of human.
00:59We place this skeleton as a new species.
01:03It's giving me goosebumps.
01:05But none would ever reach as far as we did.
01:11Human.
01:13Journeys.
01:15Right now, on NOVA.
01:17ME üç SAFETI SEGUINE.
01:31PAYthe fibromSTyaliner.
01:36One is the one that has a decentralized portal.
01:38And since it's not a유, it's a broken portal.
01:39And I think it will come up with the Japan first of all the world.
01:41There will be muchas женщiner as such ideas in China.
01:43So let's talk about this beast.
01:45I hope I didn't know that this stuff goes along with hate sieves.
01:46A CIDADE NO BRASIL
02:16A GROWING CULTURE AND CONNECTIONS HELPED US SPREAD ACROSS THAT GREAT CONTINENT AND THEN WE VENTURED OUTWARDS AWAY FROM OUR HOME AND INTO THE WIDER WORLD.
02:46OUR ANCESTORS DID SOMETHING WHICH IS ACTUALLY REMARKABLE.
03:03FROM A BEACH NOT UNLIKE THIS ONE, POSSIBLY QUITE CLOSE BY, THEY VENTURED OUT INTO AN OPEN OCEAN WITH ONLY AN EMPTY HORIZON IN FRONT OF THEM.
03:17AND AFTER MANY DAYS AND NIGHTS ON THE WATER, THEY EVENTUALLY CAME UPON THIS NEW LANDMASS THAT THEY WOULD SETTLE.
03:25WE CALL THAT LANDMASS AUSTRALIA.
03:27IT WAS A PIVOTAL MOMENT IN THE HISTORY OF OUR SPECIES.
03:33BUT IN SO MANY WAYS, IT'S NOT ACTUALLY THE DESTINATION THAT'S IMPORTANT.
03:39IT IS EVERYTHING IT TOOK, ALL THE CHALLENGES THEY HAD TO OVERCOME TO MAKE IT SO FAR AWAY FROM WHERE THEY BEGAN IN AFRICA.
03:53WE WERE NOT THE FIRST HUMANS TO LEAVE AFRICA.
03:58LONG BEFORE WE EVOLVED, THE ANCESTORS OF OUR COUSINS, THE NEANDERTHALS, SET OUT.
04:04AND HOMO ERECTUS, ONE OF THE MOST ANCIENT HUMANS, HAD MADE IT DEEP INTO ASIA.
04:18BUT NONE HAD EVER MADE THE VOYAGE TO AUSTRALIA.
04:25EVERY OTHER SPECIES OF HUMAN REACHED A POINT, AND THEN THEY JUST STOPPED.
04:29THEY FACE A BARRIER THAT THEY EITHER COULD NOT OR WOULD NOT PASS.
04:33BUT NOT US.
04:36THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW TIME AND AGAIN WE TOOK ON PERILOUS JOURNEYS.
04:42HOW THE LAST SPECIES OF HUMAN TO EVOLVE TOOK ON ENVIRONMENTS LIKE NO OTHERS HAD.
04:49TO BECOME THE ONLY GLOBAL SPECIES OF HUMAN.
04:54THAT TITLE IS OURS AND OURS ALONE.
04:57OUR JOURNEYS OUT OF AFRICA BEGAN OVER 120,000 YEARS AGO.
05:16BUT AS OUR SPECIES SPREAD, WE WERE BLOCKED BY EXPANSES OF OCEAN ON MOST SIDES.
05:24ONE OF THE FEW PLACES WE COULD GO WAS EAST.
05:28TO THE VAST LANDMASS THAT TODAY IS MADE UP OF ARABIA AND THE LEVANT.
05:37AT THIS TIME, ONE OF THE FEW GATEWAYS OUT OF AFRICA TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
05:50TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
05:51TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
05:52TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
05:56TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
05:57TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
05:58TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
05:59TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:00TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:01TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:02TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:03TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:04TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:05TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:06TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:07TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:08TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:09TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:10TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:11TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:12TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:13TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
06:14De todas as espécies de humanos que nunca existiram, eu acho que nós, Homo sapiens, somos a espécie de explorador.
06:32Nós não podemos lidar, nós temos que ir.
06:35Nós estamos em nossa vontade de viajar, e este lugar era o landmass next door, você poderia ver isso de África, e olha para isso, é absolutamente brilhante, mas não é exatamente bem-vindo.
07:05E então a pergunta é, por que os Homo sapiens vêm aqui?
07:14Nós sabemos que eles fizeram, graças a ferramentas por toda a região.
07:21De Israel e Saudi Arabia, de Estados Unidos, e até mesmo além, até as fringas de Europa e Asia.
07:35O que é difícil de explicar, quando hoje, essas lands olham apenas como um barrigo de qualquer océano.
07:47Eu sempre digo que arqueologia é um pouco como um jigsaw puzzle,
07:52e você está sempre buscando coisas de aquele puzzle para te ajudar a fazer a full imagem, e isso é um desses peixes.
07:59Isso particular piece é uma cópia de um pedaço.
08:05Agora, é um pedaço, que dá uma ideia de como grande esse animal deve ter sido,
08:09porque é maior que um bimbo, é praticamente o tamanho da minha cabeça.
08:13É a pedaço de um pedaço extinto, e foi encontrado em Jordan.
08:18E nós também temos hípo fossils de Sáudia deserta.
08:23Agora, hípo e pão e pão não pertencem a essa terra.
08:30Olha lá, onde está a água?
08:32Hípo e pão precisam precisar de um pedaço de água, e precisam precisar de água.
08:38E essa é a coisa com alguns fósseis.
08:43Eles nos dizem sobre o que a terra era como um pedaço,
08:47porque eles não pertencem a aqui.
08:51Esses fósseis apontam a uma área muito diferente.
09:04Uma que se você conhece onde olhar, você pode ver histórias de hoje.
09:13Se você olhar lá, é quase que uma mirada,
09:22que é um pedaço, que é um pedaço, que é um pedaço de água.
09:25Então, era um pedaço de água.
09:29E o pedaço de água e de água é um pedaço de água que foi deixado quando o água evaporou.
09:35E os cientistas são muito interessados em não só agir eles, mas também em trabalhar esses antigos de água,
09:44esses extintos de água.
09:46E então, uma maneira que eles fazem isso é de estar na terra,
09:50e caminando esses maravilhosos, mas extremamente intensos,
09:54olhando para mapas, olhando para imagens satélites.
09:58E esse é o resultado de algum tipo de trabalho.
10:01Agora, se você olhar aqui,
10:04essa é uma mapa da região de um pouco mais perto de aqui.
10:09Então, essa é Saldi, que é para o lado esquerdo.
10:11E aí, que é o Sinai de Egipto.
10:14Você pode ver que são basicamente shades de beijão e grão.
10:18Agora, olha, isso é sobre 125,000 anos atrás.
10:25A água litta essa terra.
10:29Eu posso ver os veis que estão passando.
10:33Não há jeito que essa terra não teria sido verde.
10:37Há palaíos e palaíos e palaíos absolutamente todos os lugares.
10:42Há palaíos e palaíos e palaíos e palaíos e palaíos e palaíos e palaíos e palaíos e palaíos.
11:03Então, por que os homo sapiens não chegaram aqui?
11:12Mas o que eles não sabiam, o que eles não poderiam saber,
11:20é que essa região seria uma caça.
11:31Os dias de Árabia verdes foram nombrados.
11:35O deserto estava no março.
11:42São os momentos difíceis que mantinçam a terra.
11:46Segundo mudanças em que a terra vazia dessa terra,
11:49eles sabiam a pocaiça devas.
11:50Eles ficam em pouco mais,
11:52um pouco mais de centenas anos,
11:54acreditam a moradia,
11:57aí havia um tempo,
11:59e choram vergonha.
12:00Parar essa região toda da água,
12:03deixando as pessoas
12:06à deserpoio do deserto.
12:09Se você sete a criar um ambiente que é completamente e totalmente hostil para a biologia,
12:19você vai vir com isso.
12:21O calor é uma presença tão boa, eu posso sentir isso no meu back.
12:24O sol, até este momento de manhã, sente que é um torturador.
12:31E não há água.
12:34As far as o olho pode ver, não há nada.
12:38E até então, seria muito pior.
12:41Não era arido, é o que chamamos de hiper-arido.
12:45É pensado que não havia de fogo por anos no final.
12:49E então, vamos ver de vários sites onde humanos vivem nessa região,
12:56a nada.
13:02Nós parecem se desmolher por milhares de anos.
13:06E isso poderia tão facilmente ter sido o fim de nossa jornada.
13:15Defeated por um deserto.
13:17Nós achamos que alguns homo sapiens clungam em pockets que nós chamamos refugia.
13:32São refugias onde o clima é mais forte.
13:35Mas, de tudo que podemos ver, eles eram poucos e longe entre.
13:40E eles, efetivamente, fadedam.
13:43E, por todos os motivos, homo sapiens, fora de África,
13:49haviam falado.
13:50E o que é interessante é que outras espécies de humanos
13:56haviam falado o código de viver fora de África,
13:59mas não nós.
14:01E então, como isso aconteceu?
14:04As pessoas como eu, tantos de vocês,
14:07como nós se tornamos a única espécie de humanos
14:10que existe ao mundo.
14:13Os tempos de todos os tempos eram escutados.
14:16Os tempos de todos os tempos foram escutados.
14:21Essas brutal condições persistiram para anos.
14:26Os tempos foram acutados.
14:28Os tempos foram acutados.
14:29Os tempos foram acutados.
14:32Até, finalmente,
14:34foi uma outra mudança de mudança no clima.
14:41Acomendando as condições de se tornar mais extremamente.
14:52E dando a homo sapiens outra chance.
15:02Ocasional, seasonal rains returned.
15:10Just enough to bring precious water back to the desert.
15:28Now, the conditions here did get better.
15:30So, yes, you had desert and sand dunes.
15:35But you also had lakes and rivers.
15:40And that resulted
15:43in us being able to exist in this place,
15:46but not just exist here.
15:48From an oasis here to a river and spring system there,
15:52we were able to actually leave the Arabian Peninsula
15:57and face the rest of the world.
16:00As they did,
16:02these new waves
16:04likely absorbed
16:06any small pockets of homo sapiens
16:08that had held on.
16:10And now, scientists studying the genetic code
16:13of people alive today
16:15believe this moment was a pivotal point in our history.
16:24Our DNA has the power to tell stories about us.
16:28But some of them aren't just stories.
16:30They're sagas and they're extraordinary.
16:32And one of them is that every single one of us whose origins are from outside of Africa comes from a tiny population of homo sapiens.
16:41We started in Africa from multiple populations across the continent, but then only a small group of us left.
16:51We started in Africa from multiple populations across the continent, but then only a small group of us left, perhaps as few as 10,000 individuals.
16:56And so all of us from outside of Africa come from this miniscule population.
17:00population who went on to populate not one, not two continents, but five.
17:10But our journey through the desert...
17:37o deserto
17:41foi apenas um de uma multidão
17:43de desafios homo sapiens
17:45enfrentaríamos
17:47pelas das globo.
17:52E porque
17:53nós tínhamos tão poucos em número,
17:55nosso próprio survival
17:57fora da África
17:59foi muito segura.
18:07As this tiny
18:17population grew and spread,
18:19it crashed
18:23into another extreme
18:25environment.
18:27One that had thwarted
18:31other species
18:33of human.
18:35A vast
18:37green wall.
18:43Beyond the desert,
18:45our species found themselves
18:47in the giant landmass
18:49of Europe and Asia.
18:51To their
18:53north lay high,
18:55cold mountains.
18:57So many spread eastwards
18:59and south.
19:01Down through what is now
19:03of Asia,
19:05reaching modern day Sri Lanka.
19:07At that time,
19:09joined to the mainland
19:11by lower sea levels.
19:17And dominated
19:19by expansive, dense rainforests.
19:21And while this may look so much more welcoming
19:35than the desert,
19:37nothing could be further from the truth.
19:39of life.
19:47These leeches are
19:49absolutely everywhere.
19:51And when I say everywhere, I mean,
19:53one has just got me.
19:55And there are creepy crawlies
19:57absolutely everywhere,
19:59including in our trousers.
20:01It's actually quite irritating.
20:03This place is also full
20:05of mosquitoes.
20:07We saw a viper
20:09and a cobra.
20:11And that's the thing about this place.
20:13It is difficult to exist in.
20:15It's hot, it's humid, it's oppressive.
20:17And you have to constantly have
20:19little wits about you.
20:21This is one of the most extreme environments
20:31on the planet.
20:35So much of what grows here
20:37is poisonous to eat.
20:41And there are few large animals
20:43to provide meat.
20:45conditions are so difficult
20:47that as far as we could tell,
20:49other species of human
20:51that left Africa
20:53never ventured past the fringes
20:55of such formidable forests.
20:57Instead,
20:59taking alternative routes.
21:15being here is a bit like stepping back in time.
21:33Because about 50,000 years ago,
21:35this place would have basically looked the same.
21:37This huge cave mouth would have been here.
21:41only back then,
21:43a rainforest would have been unbroken.
21:45And it would have gone on
21:47for kilometres in every single direction.
21:50And yet,
21:52somehow,
21:53in this cave
21:54and two other caves
21:55not far away,
21:56we have found evidence
21:58of our ancestors
21:59living here
22:01all the way back then
22:03in the heart of
22:04what would have been
22:05a massive rainforest.
22:11So how were Homo sapiens
22:14able to plunge into a place
22:16no others had?
22:18How did they find food,
22:21particularly meat?
22:25They did have the advantage
22:27of bow and arrow technology,
22:29which had arisen thousands of years earlier.
22:32But heavy, stone-tipped arrows
22:36were not well suited
22:38to firing into the high canopy
22:40of the rainforest.
22:46Their solution was uncovered
22:48thanks to over 30 years
22:50of excavations
22:52deep into the floor
22:53of this cave
22:54and the two other similar caves.
22:57Digs that reach all the way back
23:00to 48,000 years ago,
23:03when the pioneers of our species
23:06first attempted to overcome
23:08the challenges
23:09of this rainforest.
23:14Starting with perhaps
23:15one of the most important,
23:17how to find enough meat
23:19to sustain them.
23:23So here you can see
23:24a monkey bone.
23:26we can clearly see that
23:29the V-shape,
23:30this V-shape cut marks
23:32only can be produced
23:33by the stone tools.
23:34Yeah.
23:35So this here,
23:36that's where
23:37somebody is cutting.
23:38Yeah.
23:39Because, yeah,
23:40they are cutting
23:41or skinning also
23:42can be possible.
23:43Yeah.
23:44Whatever is stuck
23:45with the bone,
23:46they try to remove.
23:47Yeah.
23:48It's funny,
23:49because I think butchery marks
23:50often need to look at it
23:51through a magnifying glass,
23:52but not always.
23:53And actually this one
23:54and this is not the kind of thing
23:56that you would see
23:57if an animal killed it.
23:59This is an indication
24:00that this is killed very quickly.
24:01Yeah.
24:02This is definitely,
24:03this is definitely homo sapiens.
24:04And so the question is,
24:06how they killed them?
24:14It is remarkable, Ella,
24:15because there are lots of trees,
24:17very tall.
24:19In seconds,
24:20they can climb up to the top.
24:22So therefore,
24:23it is very difficult
24:24to catch them.
24:29The prehistoric people
24:30or our ancestors
24:31should need to develop
24:32their own technology
24:34to get them down.
24:38So I would like to show you
24:39some earliest,
24:40which goes back to
24:4148,000 years old.
24:43They developed this bone
24:44point technology
24:45and they made bone-tipped arrows.
24:49They identified the monkey bones
24:53are really special
24:55to make arrowheads,
24:56because those are light in weight
24:59to hunt these fast-moving animals.
25:02and they had to get a lot more.
25:03If we use the stone point,
25:10the arrow is heavier.
25:12So here you can see,
25:15it is a little bit chipped
25:17because it's hit with contact
25:19with something.
25:20Right.
25:21So that is why,
25:22at the end...
25:23So that chip mark there
25:24shows us that it was actually used.
25:27Yes.
25:28I mean, it's amazing,
25:29because this is obviously...
25:30I've got in my hands right now
25:32something that was used
25:3348,000 years ago.
25:34Of course, of course.
25:35And it was absolutely revolutionary.
25:40These bone points are only the tips
25:43of the full arrowheads.
25:46Many are chipped
25:48from actually hitting prey.
25:51And each one would have been attached
25:53to the end of a long wooden arrow.
26:01These hunters didn't invent
26:03a brand new technology.
26:08They adapted an old one.
26:12These are some of the earliest examples
26:14of bow and arrows
26:16found outside of Africa.
26:22Enabling homo sapiens
26:24to hunt with exceptional skill
26:26and efficiency
26:28within the forest.
26:33But we know that the humans living here
26:51were doing more than just surviving.
26:54And the team also found beads.
26:55Many fashioned from shells.
26:57Shells perhaps brought in as trade
26:58from groups living on the coast.
26:59A constant struggle to survive.
27:00Doesn't leave much time for making works of art.
27:04A constant struggle to survive.
27:05Doesn't leave much time for making works of art.
27:10Suggesting a long established and successful community
27:12existing existing
27:13and long established
27:14and successful
27:15and long established
27:16and long established
27:18and successful.
27:19And the team also found beads.
27:20Many fashioned from shells.
27:21And for that.
27:22And for that.
27:23And for that.
27:24To turn this world
27:25into the world.
27:26And for that.
27:27to turn this place into a true home.
27:28We take something fundamental.
27:29To our species.
27:30And for that.
27:31To turn this place into a true home.
27:32And for that.
27:33To turn this place into a true home.
27:34We take something fundamental.
27:35To our species.
27:36This is.
27:37This is.
27:38existissem aqui.
27:49E para isso,
27:50para transformar este lugar em uma verdadeira casa,
27:53vai levar algo fundamental para a nossa espécie.
27:57Essa é a replica
28:09de uma torre que foi encontrada em esta área,
28:14de cerca de 40,000 anos atrás.
28:17É uma moncleta, especialmente uma canina,
28:21mas foi modificada.
28:23Se você olhar aqui,
28:25tem sido fechado para criar um ponto muito mais caro.
28:29E a razão para isso
28:31é que é uma torre para a pontuação.
28:39Não é fácil.
28:44Então, finalmente,
28:45eu consegui fazer uma torre.
28:49E quando você faz uma torre,
28:51você pode usar a torre,
28:53a torre,
28:54a torre,
28:55a torre,
28:57a torre.
28:59a torre,
29:01a torre,
29:02a torre,
29:03a torre,
29:04a torre.
29:05A torre,
29:07a torre,
29:09a torre,
29:11a torre,
29:13a torre,
29:15a torre.
29:16a torre,
29:18a torre,
29:20e a torre,
29:22até que preidencia.
29:24A torre,
29:26tudo que mais caros.
29:34Poroso jrick very enfants
29:36na sua casidade,
29:38por ela ser dedos,
29:40Uma coisa que nós ainda fazemos hoje hoje,
29:46uma comunidade passada de conhecimento
29:49que é importante para a nossa capacidade
29:52de atender tantos diferentes espaços.
30:03Esse engajamento, constantemente,
30:06transforma cada geração de crianças
30:10em uma evolução de conhecimento.
30:12E para nós homo sapiens,
30:14isso é provavelmente o que a adaptação é,
30:17a evolução de conhecimento.
30:20Porque é o que transforma um projeto simples,
30:23como um marro,
30:24em uma arma fina-tunada,
30:27fechada e especializada para a rain flores.
30:30E essa inovação constante,
30:33o que nos desenvolvemos um todo,
30:36que nos desenvolvemos um recurso,
30:38que nos desenvolvemos um recurso,
30:40que nos desenvolvemos um recurso.
30:42A evolução das ferramentas e tecnica,
30:44que nos permitem,
30:45a forma de viver e viver,
30:47que nos desenvolvemos,
30:49e que nos desenvolvemos a evolução.
30:51É essa evolução evolutiva de ferramentas e tecnologias que permitiu a nossa espécie de volta e de volta a viver e crescer,
31:04mesmo em escrituras extremas.
31:10Essa é a força da nossa espécie,
31:13que nós estamos abrindo tantos novos locais,
31:16lugares que, antes, outras espécies eram impenetrable, tão difícil.
31:23Nós achamos de longo prazo potencial,
31:26e nós conseguimos expandir em número.
31:28Nós conseguimos adaptar para isso.
31:31E, como nós crescemos,
31:33algumas pessoas decidiram mudar para outra espécie de novo.
31:38Nós estamos se tornando uma espécie com realmente global potencial.
31:46É essa capacidade de levar tantos diferentes,
31:48diferentes, desafiadores,
31:50que nos levou tanto do mundo.
31:52Até agora, para as fringas da Europa,
31:55para as fringas da Ásia do Nordeste,
31:57e, apenas para as fringas da Ásia do mundo,
32:00e, até agora, para as fringas da Europa,
32:03para as fringas da Ásia do Nordeste,
32:07e, apenas para as fringas da Ásia do Nordeste,
32:11e, apenas para as fringas da Ásia do Nordeste,
32:14e, apenas para as fringas da Ásia do Nordeste,
32:18onde, hoje, existem espécieis espécieis de água tropical.
32:24A maior parte do Nordeste,
32:26e, depois, os mais baixos de água tropicals
32:27criaram um grande grande massa
32:30conhecido como Sunderland.
32:32Finalmente, nossos caminado nos mudou
32:35nos para as fringas do Nordeste.
32:37A parte da Ásia do Nordeste.
32:41E, além da Ásia do Nordeste,
32:43Douted with isolated islands.
33:00Even all those years ago, the ocean could not stop the spread of our species.
33:06Homo sapiens reached these remote islands thanks to an ancient technology that we quickly
33:17came to master.
33:21This is a tuna fishbone.
33:23This particular one happens to be quite fresh.
33:25It's a few days old.
33:27But we have actually found tuna fishbones on an archaeological site on these islands
33:33that dates back to over 40,000 years.
33:38Tuna swim in open waters.
33:42And that means that over 40,000 years ago, they were fashioning some kind of vessel and
33:49going out into the open waters and coming back again and again and again.
33:57We can't be sure what form these vessels took since no evidence survives.
34:02But they were probably simple rafts made from available wood.
34:09And they did more than just help us fish.
34:16There is a very interesting archaeological site on one of the neighbouring islands that has
34:20this one layer that is just filled with artefacts belonging to Homo sapiens.
34:26But the layer just before it, immediately preceding it, is empty and barren of those same artefacts.
34:33So it almost suggests that our ancestors just kind of turned up overnight and spread rapidly
34:38through these islands in large numbers just because of the sheer volume of artefacts within
34:44that layer.
34:46So none of that would really be possible unless you were skilled enough to build robust craft.
34:52You were skilled enough to navigate treacherous waters.
35:00But in a truly unexpected twist, Homo sapiens were not the first humans to reach Flores.
35:11Somehow, someone made it here before us.
35:18We know, thanks to an incredible discovery, made in a cave in the west of the island.
35:29For over 20 years, a team of Indonesian and international archaeologists has been excavating this cave.
35:37They were searching for evidence of the spread of Homo sapiens through the islands.
35:44Instead, they found something completely unexpected.
35:49A strange skeleton from at least 70,000 years ago.
35:54So long before our species reached this far from Africa.
35:58I think the first thing, obviously, that strikes you when you see her is that she's very short.
36:07Yeah, yeah, very short.
36:08What are we talking, one metre?
36:10Yeah, this skeleton is about a metre and six centimetres tall.
36:15So about three and a half feet.
36:17It's like all of our team, when saw this for the first time, we thought that this belonged to a child.
36:27But then, after we were able to clean up all the dirt, you can see all the molars already erupted.
36:36It's got wisdom teeth.
36:37Yes.
36:38Yes.
36:39There is already permanent teeth.
36:40Yeah.
36:41I mean, the molars, the adult molars are there.
36:43Yeah, they're already there.
36:44Three of them, yeah.
36:45As soon as you look closely, this is 100% an adult.
36:48Yeah.
36:49Yeah.
36:53An adult, but the size of a child.
36:56And that was only the first surprise.
37:01The legs, they're quite short.
37:04Yeah.
37:05The legs are only slightly longer than the arms, yeah.
37:10Whereas with us...
37:11Yeah, with us it's different.
37:13Our legs are really long.
37:14Really long, yeah.
37:15Compared to our arms.
37:16Compared to upper limb, I think.
37:17Yeah.
37:18And also, if you have a look on the feet.
37:20Yeah.
37:21Yeah, the feet is about 70% of the length of the femur.
37:25Which is huge, because on me that would be...
37:28Yeah.
37:29..about that length.
37:30Yeah, it's true.
37:31Because so many unique features not seen in other species,
37:37we placed this skeleton as a new species,
37:42and we named the skeleton Homo phrasiensis.
37:46This new species of human was a revelation.
37:57Named Homo phrasiensis after the island,
38:01they quickly became known to many as the hobbits.
38:05After the heroes from the Lord of the Rings books,
38:09who were also small as adults.
38:15They likely arrived entirely by chance.
38:19Initially, perhaps, a few individuals swept here on driftwood,
38:24from the islands to the north,
38:26more than 700,000 years ago.
38:29They eventually became a unique species,
38:36seemingly with a mix of modern and more ancient characteristics.
38:42Now, we can see, obviously, the brain is small,
38:47but how small are we talking?
38:50Only one-third of the modern human's brain size, I think.
38:54Almost similar to adult chin.
38:57That.
38:58That's right.
38:59How incredible.
39:00We discover the skeleton with stone artifacts here.
39:04Such a small brain, and yet they had stone tools.
39:08Yes, indeed.
39:12Before this, scientists assumed that a human with such a small brain
39:17could never have developed such tools.
39:21One theory is that they were initially a much larger species
39:25before the long isolation on flores caused them to shrink.
39:30A process known as island dwarfism,
39:33where large animals get smaller due to fewer resources.
39:37At the same time,
39:39some small animals actually get bigger
39:43due to a lack of predators.
39:46We found a giant rat
39:49up to about 3 kilos.
39:55We also found elephant-like creatures called stegodon,
39:59as big as a water buffalo.
40:01This is a smaller one.
40:02So stegodons generally are not the size of water buffaloes.
40:07Exactly.
40:08But on this island, they're the size of a water buffalo.
40:11Yeah.
40:12And then on this island, you've got humans that are a meter tall.
40:14Yeah.
40:15What you're describing there is a species that has been shaped
40:20by this island, has been shaped by the environment on this island.
40:24Yeah.
40:25And the result is this.
40:30Long isolation allowed evolution to tailor the hobbit to this environment.
40:36They're long arms compared to short legs,
40:43a response to perhaps the steep terrain,
40:46or the lack of predators on the island to run away from.
40:52Physical adaptations that, along with those simple stone tools,
40:56help them survive here for hundreds of thousands of years.
41:01You can see it's like layers of cake.
41:12Yes.
41:13So every period has left a layer.
41:15Yeah.
41:16So this is like a snapshot in time telling us a lot about different periods.
41:22Yeah.
41:23There is a series of volcano eruptions.
41:27Eight volcanic tephras.
41:30That's basically flow from volcanic eruption.
41:33Yeah.
41:36This tephra is very important in the young blue,
41:38because this tephra, we call tephra tree,
41:43this dated to about 50,000 years ago.
41:46Mm-hmm.
41:47And all homophobic skeletal remains derive from below this tephra.
41:52Right.
41:53And then tephra 5, the gray and pink is taller.
41:58Yeah.
41:59And when we dated this flow stone, including charcoal,
42:02dated back about 46,000 years ago.
42:05Right.
42:06And just above these layers,
42:08we found several elements of modern humans.
42:13So homo sapiens.
42:14So that there is a bondage between fluorescence and modern humans.
42:21The massive pyroclastic flow here.
42:24That's really significant.
42:25So the pyroclastic flow is when you have the gas and material
42:28that comes from a volcanic eruption.
42:30And really, I mean, that would just be quite destructive.
42:32Yeah.
42:33But we still don't have the fixed evidence
42:38that this volcanic eruption
42:40causes the extinction of the homo sapiensis.
42:47We don't think that final eruption alone
42:50caused the extinction of the hobbit.
42:52It would have been a catastrophic event here at the cave,
42:56but we don't know how it affected the rest of the island.
43:00What we do know is that this shows
43:03the time of the hobbit here was coming to an end.
43:07It is wonderful to imagine what this place was like
43:22before all of this.
43:34Thousands of years before our ancestors.
43:37You had these miniature elephant-like creatures
43:41who wandered open grasslands.
43:43You had actual dragons.
43:46The Komodo dragons who still exist.
43:49And then giant marabou storks.
43:52Storks that were carnivorous,
43:54that were my height or taller and could fly.
43:57It was like a fantasy island.
44:00And amongst all of it,
44:01there were these humans who were tiny,
44:04who came up to about my hip.
44:06And those hobbits lived here,
44:11on this island for a staggering length of time.
44:15Potentially for more than 700,000 years.
44:19That's longer than our species has existed at all.
44:24And yet, there is this twist.
44:27Because so far we have found no evidence
44:29of them past these shores.
44:32Their whole story plays out
44:34only on this island of Flores.
44:41Our own species,
44:43in just a fraction of that time,
44:45was able to spread across a huge portion of the globe.
44:59Around 50,000 years ago,
45:01the climate here became warmer and drier,
45:04changing the environment.
45:09At the same time,
45:10those violent volcanic eruptions also struck.
45:23Whatever the reason,
45:24it meant that Homo floresiensis faced not just change,
45:28but rapid change.
45:30That meant that their physiology,
45:32their physical adaptations,
45:34that for so long had been a benefit,
45:37were now a trap.
45:39They were being left behind
45:40because it's actually incredibly difficult
45:43to rapidly evolve your way out of a sudden crisis.
45:47and they couldn't behaviorally adapt to this change either,
45:52nor could they, say, escape and move to another island.
45:56And so these wonderful, fantastic relatives of ours
46:00vanished forever.
46:02And in their place, Homo sapiens appeared,
46:05making this island, like so many places, their home.
46:08So far, we've found no evidence that our two species overlapped.
46:28But many anthropologists suspect that the final factor
46:32in the Hobbit's extinction was likely our sudden arrival.
46:41The Hobbit simply couldn't compete
46:43with this highly adaptable newcomer.
46:48A species able to change its behavior
46:51to suit almost any environment and condition.
46:54The very characteristics driving our continuing spread across the globe.
47:12As we spread further and further away from Africa,
47:15entering into brand new environments
47:17that we had never experienced before,
47:20we're not just surviving in these places.
47:25We're actually setting down routes.
47:28And routes that would last us till this very day.
47:39There was one last part of this journey to go.
47:41We set out on a path no other human species had traveled.
47:56Perhaps following tantalizing hints
47:58that there was more land to explore.
48:04Clouds on the horizon.
48:07Returning flights of birds.
48:08Or maybe something much more instinctive
48:13that inspired, we think, dozens of families.
48:19To strike out on a voyage
48:23that would carry them to a new continent.
48:28Australia.
48:29Now, these were people who were comfortable on the water.
48:38They were going from island to island.
48:41But Australia was something different.
48:44We're talking about a journey that was up to a hundred kilometers.
48:4860 miles.
48:50That's days and nights on the open ocean.
48:53Probably in something as basic as a raft.
48:58That was perhaps being propelled and steered with just paddles.
49:05Launching out into that hostile and expansive ocean.
49:10That would be an expedition today.
49:14Let alone back then.
49:15When I think about the risk involved, when I think about the emptiness,
49:23it is just absolutely astonishing.
49:26The islands of Indonesia were another waypoint in our ongoing journey.
49:47Our unique adaptability that helped us cross the harsh desert.
50:00And break through the barrier of the rainforest.
50:07Now carried us across the sea.
50:10To Australia.
50:13Nearly 9,000 miles from where we began.
50:21Leaving the question.
50:23What kept driving us on?
50:26Ultimately inspiring us to take on the dangers of the open ocean.
50:34It's true that there will often have been a push.
50:37The simple need to find new resources for our expanding population.
50:47I would argue that that is not the full explanation.
50:51But this is the most intangible part of the story.
50:55See, these people, in my opinion, were just like us.
50:58So they had the same fears and hopes for their families.
51:01We are clearly the explorer species. I think that is beyond a doubt.
51:08And as a result, we have been able to take on things that seem absolutely impossible.
51:16In that desire to understand what was out there.
51:22In the thrill and excitement of understanding the unknown and the willingness to take risk to know it.
51:27See, wanderlust, creativity, and the imagination required to put yourself in a different place into a different future and world.
51:39I think that is fundamentally us.
51:42As...
52:12A CIDADE NO BRASIL
52:42A CIDADE NO BRASIL
53:12A CIDADE NO BRASIL
Recomendado
48:03
|
A Seguir
41:35
28:06
3:25
48:57
53:27
53:32
53:27
28:45
26:02
28:23
25:57
29:13
28:40
31:03
28:06
29:17
29:29
29:43
31:51
27:19
28:54
30:37