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NOVA-S52E12-Human - Origins
NOVA-S52E12-Humanos - Origens
De onde vieram os humanos, e o que nos torna únicos? Descubra as origens notáveis do Homo sapiens e os momentos cruciais de inovação, comunicação e ritual que nos colocam em nosso caminho.
NOVA PBS – 2025
NOVA-S52E12-Humanos - Origens
De onde vieram os humanos, e o que nos torna únicos? Descubra as origens notáveis do Homo sapiens e os momentos cruciais de inovação, comunicação e ritual que nos colocam em nosso caminho.
NOVA PBS – 2025
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00:00Where do we come from?
00:07When did our story really begin?
00:11Who were the first?
00:13Homo sapiens.
00:18Not just humans who looked like us,
00:21but people who thought and behaved as we do.
00:27People we would recognize.
00:30As truly one of us.
00:34We homo sapiens first appeared over 300,000 years ago.
00:40We're not the first species of human.
00:45We're not the biggest, we're not the strongest.
00:49We're just the latest in a long line of other humans.
00:53Yet, a few hundred thousand years later,
00:57we are the only ones left.
00:59How on earth did this happen?
01:03I'm Ella Alshamahi, a paleoanthropologist.
01:15People spend their whole lives trying to find a fossil as significant as this.
01:22Our story is stranger and more dramatic than most of us realize.
01:27Thanks to groundbreaking fossil evidence and advances in DNA science,
01:34we are able to picture the lives of our ancestors as never before.
01:41From our very earliest origins, to our migration, to every corner of the globe.
01:51From the first marks we made on cave walls, to the rise of cities.
01:57These are the unlikely events that forged us.
02:03Moments of chance, but also ingenuity of beauty and destruction.
02:09This is us.
02:14This is our story.
02:16And it's what happened in the 99% of our history before the invention of writing.
02:22When our story wasn't written in books, but was written in our bones and DNA.
02:27This is the story of what made us human.
02:35Origins, right now on Nova.
02:41We'll be right back.
03:11Estamos acostumbrados em um mundo cheio de outras espécies.
03:25Mais 8 milhões de pessoas compartilham a nossa planeta com nós.
03:29Mas há apenas um de nós, apenas uma espécie humana, Homo sapiens.
03:36E então é muito fácil de esquecer que não foi sempre assim.
03:39O mundo antes de nós estávamos vivos com outras espécies humanas.
03:52Quando Homo sapiens first emerged,
03:56há cerca de seis diferentes espécies humanas.
04:00E usando os últimos dados científicos,
04:03podemos reconstruir o que eles deveriam ser.
04:06Homo sapiens, que era uma espécie humana.
04:09Você tinha Homo erectus, um antigo de ours,
04:12e um incrível sucesso, porque eles vivem por cerca de 2 milhões de anos.
04:21Agora, Homo erectus era a primeira em nosso genus,
04:25para ir à África.
04:30E nós também pensamos que eles eram os primeiros que usam a usar o fogo.
04:36Homo neandertalensis,
04:39que você provavelmente conhece como os neandertal.
04:41Os neandertalensis viveu na Europa,
04:47mas tudo o caminho para a Central Asia.
04:49Eles eram cold-adaptados.
04:54E eles eram expert-hunters.
04:57Homo floresiensis,
05:03que as pessoas chamam o que chamam o hobbit.
05:11Porque eles eram apenas um metro tall,
05:13que era apenas 3.5 feet.
05:18Tinha, e ainda adaptada para viver em uma isla.
05:22Tinha, e ainda era um mundo fantástico.
05:28E eu não posso dizer que,
05:30me lembro de Lord of the Rings,
05:32apenas, em vez de um mundo com elves e dwarves,
05:36você tinha um lugar mágico com outros humanos.
05:46O humana família tinha muitas partes.
05:52Mas, em vez de onde os homos sapiens começaram a surgir?
06:04Não sabemos para certeza,
06:07mas estamos mais perto do que nunca.
06:09Para descobrirmos.
06:22A CIDADE NO BRASIL
06:52But new revelations from out here in Morocco, from a part of Africa, that people weren't really considering, are forcing us to rethink our very first steps on this planet.
07:12In a remote cave in northwest Africa, a chance discovery uncovered some mysterious human remains.
07:22A CIDADE NO BRASIL
07:26Someone was living here.
07:35Thousands of years earlier than we imagined.
07:38Professor
07:39Professor
07:40Aisling
07:41Aisling
07:42Aisling
07:43Aisling
07:44Aisling
07:45Aisling
07:46Aisling
07:47Aisling
07:48Aisling
07:49Aisling
07:50Aisling
07:51Aisling
07:52Aisling
07:53Aisling
07:54Aisling
07:55Aisling
07:56Aisling
07:57Aisling
07:58Aisling
07:59Aisling
08:00Aisling
08:01Aisling
08:02Ela era uma coisa que diz que a gente tem que se transformar com a humanidade
08:08da África e da África.
08:12Essa é a cidade que se transformou com a cidade.
08:27Essa é a cidade que se transformou.
08:29E foi um mistério completo
08:31porque algumas de suas features são muito como nós, muito homo sapiens,
08:37e outras são muito mais velhas, mais primitivas.
08:42Então, se você olhar para esse cara,
08:46o cara é muito parecido como nós.
08:50O cara homo sapiens é incrível, tem incrível features incrível.
08:56Eles meio que se encaixam em nosso cérebro.
09:00Se você imaginar um humano prehistórico,
09:03você sempre imagina um mais prognafic,
09:06um mais mais jutting-forwards face.
09:09Esse indivíduo face é muito mais curto,
09:11é muito mais curto.
09:12Mas, existem algumas features que não existem.
09:15Notice esse brow ridge aqui,
09:18essa supraorbital estrutura.
09:20Olha para mim.
09:22Você não tem modernos humanos hoje
09:25com essas coisas em cima de seus olhos.
09:28Agora, a brain case é não us.
09:31Você vê como round a minha brain case é?
09:34É globular.
09:35Mas isso é quase estrelado.
09:37É quase como alguém tem a minha brain case,
09:39mas estrelado o trás da trás.
09:41É quase como...
09:43...mão...
09:45...mão...
09:46...mão...
09:47Homo sapiens.
09:49Mas, de outros aspectos,
09:52não é nós.
10:01Essa escala
10:02foi um enigma.
10:04Anomaly que não fit
10:06neatly into the human family tree
10:08que nós pensamos que nós conhecemos.
10:09It looked partly
10:16like Homo sapiens
10:17and partly
10:22like an earlier kind of human.
10:33So the question was,
10:36was this a different species
10:38or could it be
10:39an early version
10:40of us?
10:52Several decades
10:53after the initial discoveries
10:55came a breakthrough.
10:58Archaeologists
10:59uncovered
11:00another 16 fossils.
11:03All
11:04with the same blend
11:05of features.
11:08and taken together
11:09with the old finds,
11:11a fuller picture
11:12started to emerge.
11:13and had a
11:15first
11:17because
11:17they had
11:18looked up
11:18into the
11:19and they had
11:20to eat,
11:21it had a
11:22and they had
11:22to eat.
11:23Yes,
11:23yes,
11:24it was a young
11:25and it was a
11:26to eat.
11:26and they had
11:27to eat.
11:27and how old
11:28is it?
11:29And how old
11:29is it?
11:30The age of 8.
11:30I mean,
11:31almost 8...
11:32So the age
11:33between the
11:33age and the age
11:34and around
11:35In the past
11:36between the years
11:37of the age
11:38that had gone
11:39Com cada encontro de cada encontro, os evidenciais cresceram.
11:46Estas não eram outras especies, mas homo sapiens, com hints de um antigo anterior.
11:57Mas não foi até que arqueologists pudessem mais acertar os restos de restos,
12:08que a última parte do puzzle se tornou.
12:15Arqueologists, usando novos e melhorando técnicos,
12:20pudessem nos dar dates para esses fossils.
12:24E eles nos dizem que esses indivíduos vivem aproximadamente 300,000 anos atrás.
12:30E isso é mind-boggling, porque nós pensamos que a species era apenas 200,000 anos.
12:37O que esses fossils dizem é que nossa species, homo sapiens,
12:43é 100,000 anos older do que pensamos.
12:46Nós somos muito older do que pensamos.
12:50Esse fossil foi sendo enigmático e, basicamente, um mistério,
12:56sendo um dos mais importantes fossils do nosso campo.
13:01A Cisthofield é real.
13:03A Cisthofield.
13:04A Cisthofield.
13:05Thousands de miles from East Africa,
13:08onde muitos antropologistas pensamos que começamos.
13:11E far older do que os tivéssemos.
13:14These are the earliest homo sapiens ever found, and they have forced us to rethink other finds
13:25across Africa, which are painting an entirely new picture of our origins, suggesting Jabal
13:36Herod was just one of many emerging homo sapiens populations.
13:48It's a bit like having a peek behind the curtain of evolution.
13:55This is a stage in the journey to becoming us.
14:06I wonder what it would feel like to come face to face with one of the people from Jabal
14:14Herod.
14:26If we were to look into their eyes, into those quite delicate features, would we see ourselves
14:35within them?
14:44The answer is they were not modern humans like us, not yet.
14:54They were an earlier stage in our evolutionary journey, bridging the gap between us and our
15:01more ancient human ancestors.
15:11Our emergence was actually slow.
15:14And honestly, at the beginning, we were just not that special.
15:18Now early iterations of homo sapiens like Jabal Herod were popping up all over Africa.
15:28Many anthropologists once believed in a single origin, a sole cradle of humanity in East Africa.
15:37But our story is far richer and more interesting.
15:45The latest evidence suggests the traits that make us who we are today emerged in different
15:51places, across thousands of miles, and over hundreds of thousands of years.
16:03And yet, homo sapiens could have easily vanished without trace.
16:26And yet, homo sapiens could have easily vanished without trace.
16:34Because just as we were finding our place in the world, something threatened to wipe us
16:44out altogether.
16:52It's in East Africa's Great Rift Valley that we can trace the next chapter of our story.
17:03This dynamic landscape holds some of the clearest evidence of the forces that set our species
17:13on a radically new path.
17:15When they say the Great Rift Valley of East Africa is a dramatic place, they're not kidding.
17:31I mean, look at it.
17:33I can literally hear it bubbling behind me.
17:36And it's the result of a geological process that sees three tectonic plates tearing away from
17:42each other, which results in a dynamic landscape.
17:50And even though this part doesn't look that hospitable, it has been a home to people for
17:56a very long time.
18:02In fact, the conditions here for fossil preservation are so good, we know that it has been a home
18:07to people for millions of years because of the wealth of archaeological evidence found here.
18:17This is one of the most fossil-rich regions in Africa.
18:24Its unusual geology has preserved human remains.
18:28But it also offers a glimpse into the forces we think drove our evolution.
18:40So within the lake beds here, if you dig deep, you can actually extract sediment cores.
18:48Now, one here in Ethiopia was about 280 metres deep, so that represents over 600,000 years.
18:57And within that sediment, it's a bit like a time machine, because bits of ancient environment
19:04are trapped.
19:11By analysing these sediment layers, scientists have uncovered a window into the world some
19:19of the earliest homo sapiens were living in.
19:28Over tens of thousands of years, wild climate swings engulfed Africa, thrusting the different
19:38fledgling populations of homo sapiens into a landscape of extreme and unpredictable change.
19:52The ecosystems were transformed, rivers and lakes swelled, rivers and lakes swelled.
20:19By the way, it's a bit like a time machine.
20:22Cutting people off.
20:26Elsewhere, grasslands turned to desert, creating a struggle for survival.
20:44That could have wiped out.
20:45That could have wiped homo sapiens out altogether.
20:51But it didn't.
20:58It had the opposite effect.
21:03It helped drive us forward.
21:15Under pressure, isolated homo sapiens populations both learnt new skills and genetically adapted
21:22to the challenging conditions.
21:29People with minds able to innovate had a better chance of staying alive.
21:37Then, as the climate continued to change, the surviving groups came back together.
21:46They shared skills, and crucially, interbred.
21:54Passing their unique genes onto their children.
21:58It was a process that began to change our ancestors permanently.
22:19The people who survived emerged stronger than ever.
22:44Today, most of us live in towns and cities.
22:49And so, the reality of being affected by the climate as a result of being a nomadic person
22:55kind of escapes us.
22:57We've actually got a really good example here with the Afar people.
23:01They are nomadic, and so they get pushed and pulled around the landscape.
23:08And it would have been very similar with our ancestors, but actually in a more extreme fashion.
23:17These different groups, as they were moving around, would have at times met.
23:21And when they did, they would have, of course, shared skills and knowledge and DNA.
23:31It was this mixing of groups that ultimately brought us closer to becoming the homo sapiens we are today.
23:38There's this new exciting theory that suggests that our origins as a species are so much more complicated and dynamic,
23:51involving not just East Africa, but the whole of the African continent.
23:56Africa was a continent rich in diversity.
24:01And climate acted as a sort of catalyst, blending these various groups together.
24:08And so we were formed as a result of a mosaic of these different populations across Africa.
24:15It was our diversity, our resilience in the face of climate change.
24:22It shaped us, our minds and our bodies, and transformed us into a new and evolved human.
24:38We all carry an echo of what happened in Africa at this pivotal moment.
24:43Because what happened then changed us forever.
25:04What began as different scattered populations
25:08In the face of adversity, came together.
25:13In the face of adversity, came together.
25:22Propelling us to become one stronger, smarter species.
25:38This is a museum that houses some of the most important fossils in the human story.
25:54And one of those fossils is Herto I.
26:01Easily one of the most significant Homo sapiens fossils that has ever been found.
26:06And that's because this individual is one of the very first in our lineage that we can describe as an anatomically modern human.
26:16It's physical characteristics and traits are overwhelmingly similar to those of yours and mine.
26:23And if you look at this individual compared to Javel Arhoj, look how rounded it is.
26:30Some people have put forward this intriguing idea that perhaps the shape of the skull reflects a change in brain organisation.
26:43This evolution of a rounder skull has been linked to coordination and language skills.
26:50And it is really exciting to consider that this change in shape reflects a really significant shift in the way that Homo sapiens were starting to think.
27:04These reorganised brains had slowly but surely opened a gap between Homo sapiens and our ancestors.
27:19But it wasn't only the shape of our brains that set us apart.
27:25One of the lines of evidence for this are actually the teeth.
27:31Now scientists have discovered that if you look very closely at the teeth, what you find are very fine lines called perichimata that represent about a week in the life of an individual.
27:41So that means you can count how long an individual has been alive, a bit like tree rings.
27:48The teeth can also reveal when they erupted.
27:52That timing can be used to estimate how close a child is to becoming an adult.
27:58And so if you look at a Homo erectus individual and compare it to say a Homo sapiens living today, our species takes an incredibly long time to get to sexual maturity.
28:13From the lines on their teeth, we know that Homo sapiens children were growing up slower than earlier humans.
28:20The thinking behind it is that we needed a really long time to learn how to use these brains of ours.
28:36And the longer that you exist in childhood, the longer you have to learn.
28:45And so this thing that is a real headache to so many parents out there today, that our children take so long to become fully formed, that might actually be a huge key to our success.
29:03Reorganized minds and longer childhoods. Our brains and bodies had evolved.
29:18At last, we were Homo sapiens who physically looked like us.
29:26What you might call Sapiens 2.0.
29:45It was some of these modern, evolved Homo sapiens that found their way out into the wider world.
29:54But beyond Africa was already home to other humans.
30:03Neanderthals had spread across Central Asia and Europe.
30:10Other parts of Asia were populated by multiple human species, including Homo erectus.
30:18And there is evidence in the Middle East of an early group of Homo sapiens.
30:27Who followed in the footsteps of these other human species.
30:37We're so used to living in a world with borders that it is easy to forget that Homo sapiens at the time had no concept of Africa.
30:54And so if the climate allowed, they ventured out and expanded into new territory.
30:59I do love thinking about those huge moments in our history, like when Homo sapiens first left Africa.
31:15It was a massive achievement, even though they would have had no idea of the significance of it.
31:22And it's amazing to think that it happened so early on in our story.
31:26But it's in the Levant that I think things get really interesting.
31:30Evidence has been uncovered of Homo sapiens living in caves in the Levant in an area now part of Israel.
31:47And it's in this place they would have encountered something unexpected.
31:52There is one mountain called Mount Carmel, where one cave called School has been found with Homo sapiens.
32:04And another cave on the same mountain, called Tabum Cave, has been found with Neanderthal individuals.
32:13And these two peoples were living at around the same time.
32:17It is kind of wonderful to think about.
32:34Two species perhaps sharing the same mountain at the same time.
32:39We don't know if they interacted.
32:47But we do know that while Neanderthals remained in the region, all traces of this group of Homo sapiens vanished.
33:00Their bloodline died out completely.
33:08What is most fascinating about these Homo sapiens isn't who they met, it isn't even what they achieved.
33:16It's that all of these early dispersals failed.
33:21We know from genetic evidence that those Homo sapiens are not the ones who would go on to ultimately populate the planet.
33:39This failed migration was a stark reminder of our fragility.
33:43These people looked like us, but we don't know if they thought like us.
33:58Because what would come to define our species wouldn't be how we look.
34:11Or even the size of our brains.
34:14But something else altogether.
34:16While these early migrants vanished.
34:33Populations in Africa thrived.
34:36Coming together to manifest some behaviours that feel very familiar.
34:42These behaviours would set Homo sapiens apart.
35:07And some of the earliest traces of this can be found in a remote cave in Botswana.
35:24Sheila Colson has been studying this cave since 2004.
35:31And she has an intriguing theory about what might have taken place here.
35:43This is obviously a very large natural outcrop.
35:50And as you can see goes on and on.
35:54It's seven metres long.
35:56The front has a natural slit for a mouth and a natural depression for an eye.
36:05And even if you want to go that far, a nostril up at the front.
36:09Right.
36:10With the head rearing up, it does, in modern eyes, look like a snake.
36:15The overall form has been altered to make it look even more snake-like.
36:28There are over 300 indentations that have been ground into the surface over what is obviously an extended period of time.
36:40When the initial excavations were conducted, they absolutely revealed a number of questions.
36:52One of the things they found was an extremely large number of tools that appeared to be manufactured and then just left there in pristine condition.
37:01These look gorgeous. I mean, they absolutely look sunny.
37:04Once they were manufactured, then you did one of three things with it.
37:08You either manufactured it perfectly and just left it.
37:13Yeah.
37:14Or more interestingly, you burnt it.
37:17But not burnt to just like throwing it in a bonfire.
37:25It's controlled burning.
37:30And the third and most bizarre thing that they did with them is they made it, manufactured it perfectly, and when they were finished, turned it over, smashed it in the middle.
37:48This behavior suggests that people were likely coming here to make offerings, which tells us something about how their minds worked.
38:03Although it's absolutely magnificent during the daytime, it comes to life at night.
38:13You make an offering and hope for something bad.
38:17Asking for probably some of the things that we would ask for, food, health, children, et cetera, et cetera.
38:24And you just think, oh my gosh, that's some of the earliest behavior that we know so well.
38:34Some scientists believe that the people who performed these rituals were likely holding abstract ideas in their minds.
38:49When I see this, this is what moves me.
39:05Because this is who we are in a way that feels more us than bones.
39:13We are, as a species, obsessed with ritual.
39:23It is religion and spirituality or things like the handshake or birthdays, graduation ceremonies, Burning Man, Glastonbury, New Year's Eve.
39:32Profoundly and fundamentally homo sapiens behavior.
39:37This intriguing sight hints at how our mental abilities were developing.
39:56Forming new connections that would embed abstract thought into our behavior.
40:02And this wasn't just confined to ritual.
40:11It touched every part of our lives.
40:15By 70,000 years ago, a sophisticated new weapon began appearing across southern Africa.
40:44Homo sapiens were using abstract thought to innovate, inventing complex projectile weapons.
41:02Like the bow and arrow.
41:05We were seeing the world not just as it was, but as it could be.
41:11It takes a lot to see the potential in a piece of wood.
41:15Projectile weapons were revolutionary technology for us humans.
41:19Because up until now, we'd been using closer range hunting strategies.
41:24Which were less effective, less lethal, and yet more dangerous for the person holding the weapon.
41:30For over two million years, early humans mostly relied on axes and spears.
41:45But homo sapiens took materials and imagined how they could fit together to engineer a more powerful weapon.
41:58One that is safer to use.
42:04If you look at this bow and arrow, you can see how much knowledge is required.
42:14You need to know where to get the wood for the bow.
42:18You need to know about the glue.
42:19You need to know how taut the string should be.
42:22So many elements that require not just knowledge, but the ability to pass that knowledge on.
42:28Something like this is not the result of one person's genius.
42:32It's the result of many, many people over many generations inventing, reinventing, perfecting, tinkering.
42:41We weren't just inventing.
42:51We were adapting and expanding our knowledge.
43:01Human culture was becoming more complex.
43:04That technology was exploding.
43:06Now, many of us think that this is a result of something called cumulative culture.
43:10The idea that you accumulate culture.
43:13So every generation builds upon the previous generation's science and technology.
43:23Homo sapiens were displaying a degree of cumulative culture that went beyond the other human species and was growing.
43:34And as our numbers increased, this was more powerful than any weapon.
43:39A giant leap towards becoming the species we are today.
43:44When was our species truly born?
43:46Was it when we first appeared?
43:51Or when we started to look like modern humans?
43:58Or was it when our minds lit up?
43:59Or was it when our minds lit up?
44:05Creating, inventing, and building on our knowledge?
44:06Creating, inventing, and building on our knowledge?
44:10Each was a crucial step in our evolution.
44:11Each was a crucial step in our evolution.
44:17But none would be possible.
44:18But none would be possible for interesting people to come.
44:22Muitas mentes se abriam, criando, inventando e construindo sobre o nosso conhecimento.
44:35Cada foi um passo crucial em nossa evolução.
44:45Mas nada seria possível sem um ingrediente especial.
44:52A folha que se encaixam todos nossos alunos juntos.
45:04Não há evidencia direto direto, mas podemos encontrar tracos disso.
45:10Em alguns lugares inesperados.
45:13In archaeology, sometimes the smallest finds actually tell the grandest of stories.
45:24These are tiny marine shells, and shells like this have been found in caves in South Africa,
45:32and they are just too small to have been collected for meat.
45:37If you look really closely, what you see is that they have holes in them.
45:43Now, some of these were collected because they already had holes, but others were perforated by Homo sapiens.
45:50A really close examination of the shells show that they had wear marks on them consistent with having been worn on the bottom.
46:20So that, along with these holes in them, was really easy to paint a picture of them having been strung and turned into jewellery.
46:42And turned into jewellery.
46:44They were also painted red.
47:02These weren't just beads.
47:04They were symbols of value and meaning, shared and understood by many.
47:12Perhaps you were trading them for food, for goods, perhaps you'd give them as some kind of a gift at a wedding.
47:27Perhaps they were just a sign of friendliness, and you can also imagine that people would be wearing them to make themselves look good.
47:34It would perhaps be a sign of prestige.
47:46The most remarkable thing about these shells is that they have been found, not just in South Africa, but all over Africa, from the south all the way to the north in Morocco and Algeria.
48:00And that, for me, is so exciting.
48:08Because when you look at this, you might think, oh my God, isn't that amazing?
48:13Humans have a kind of cultural expression that they never had before.
48:17Homo sapiens were now sharing complicated technology, rituals and traditions.
48:35They were expressing sophisticated ideas that likely required language.
48:42While earlier humans probably had basic language, it's thought that Homo sapiens were speaking to each other in a different way.
49:06Culture connected our species, possibly across the entire continent.
49:11All over Africa, we understood the cultural symbolism of these bees.
49:25Somebody was telling you, this shell is important, not that shell.
49:30Red is important, not the other colors.
49:33We had an understanding that wasn't just you, me and our three families.
49:39You, me and the village next door.
49:41We had a kind of symbolism and understanding and interconnectedness that was continent-wide.
49:49Our species' birth wasn't a single moment.
50:01It unfolded over millennia.
50:03Complex language and our powerful shared culture were the final elements setting us apart from other humans.
50:17No longer scattered groups, we had become one connected, cooperative species.
50:31We had become Homo sapiens.
50:37The ancestors of us all.
50:41Sometimes in life, things come together.
50:45And this was a coming together for our species.
50:49It was a perfect storm.
50:54You had a change in brain, you had language, increased numbers, increased connectivity, cumulative culture, better technology and weaponry.
51:03And the right climate.
51:05But through all of this, there is a hidden thread.
51:11Our secret weapon is that we are a social cooperative species.
51:17Friendliness, it turns out, is our superpower.
51:21We are more than the sum of our parts.
51:25Whether it's ritual, technology, language, all of it comes down to cooperation in my opinion.
51:33And that's how you go from a species that started off feebly, unremarkably, to one that would become so extraordinary.
51:46One ready to explore this planet.
51:49This planet does not require huge subs trabajo, but you also can find all else's is not, in this world, the galaxy is absolutely right.
51:50The planet lives may be non por-, fall, a仔ごly certi-
52:14A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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