Documentary, Walking with Dinosaurs Ep 4 The Pack
#AncientEarth #Documentary #Dinosaurs #Prehistoric #Evolutionary
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#AncientEarth #Documentary #Dinosaurs #Prehistoric #Evolutionary
#ancientearth
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AnimalsTranscript
00:00Over 66 million years ago, our world was ruled.
00:30by dinosaurs.
00:39The largest animals that have ever walked the earth.
00:51Today dinosaur experts across the globe are uncovering the bones they left behind.
00:58Allowing us to imagine how these creatures may have lived.
01:13So that we can tell their stories and they can walk again.
01:23Western Canada.
01:30Today, a majestic landscape of snow-capped peaks.
01:47Turquoise lakes and mighty rivers that erode the ancient bedrock.
01:54The perfect conditions for dinosaur hunting.
02:01Here, on the banks of Red Deer River, paleontologists from the University of Alberta are unearthing
02:08the final resting place of a super predator.
02:15Oh, wow.
02:16Yeah, that's really nice.
02:17Looks like a toe claw.
02:18Wonderful find.
02:22Albertosaurus.
02:23T-Rex's deadly cousin.
02:29These are the remains of a teenager.
02:30The teen calls her Rose.
02:36Holy cow.
02:37It keeps going.
02:38Inspired by their discoveries.
02:43We can imagine her story.
03:11In the late Cretaceous, North America is split in two by a vast inland sea.
03:37On its western shores, a sprawling expanse of dense forests and rugged coastlines.
03:47Laramidia.
03:50A land in crisis.
03:54Atmospheric changes have forced temperatures down by two degrees.
04:01A seemingly small change, but enough to push the delicate ecosystem out of balance.
04:16Food is scarce.
04:21Even for an apex predator.
04:30Standing two and a half meters tall and weighing in at one tonne.
04:37This is Rose.
04:39The Albertosaurus.
04:44It's been a week since she last ate.
04:50But in her sights, an Orinoceratops.
04:59An older cousin of Triceratops.
05:03A chance for Rose to satisfy her hunger.
05:24Rose might just be the fastest land predator on the planet.
05:32Sprinting at up to 30 miles an hour.
05:37But Rose has miscalculated.
05:54At two tons, her target is twice her weight.
06:02With horns almost a meter long.
06:11Rose is starving.
06:21But the risk of injury is just too great.
06:29Dinner will have to wait.
06:4571 million years later.
06:48This team of paleontologists.
06:51Hey guys, how's it going?
06:52Hey Mark, look at this.
06:54Lead by Mark Powers.
06:57Is uncovering Rose's secrets.
06:59Found new bones.
07:00Oh, no way.
07:02Piece by piece.
07:04You couldn't ask for better.
07:06No.
07:07Better separation.
07:08You really couldn't.
07:09Each day, more remains emerge from the ground.
07:12Oh my God.
07:15Yep, cleaned it off.
07:16There it is.
07:17Yes.
07:18Today's discovery, Rose's leg bones.
07:23Oh, that's so cool.
07:28Each fossil is exposed and restored.
07:35Allowing the team to delve deeper into the story of this long lost super predator.
07:41This is looking really good.
07:44Mark works with limb specialist Christiana Garros to examine the bones from Rose's shin.
07:51The tibia is not actually that huge compared to some of the bigger ones I've seen at least.
07:57Albertosaurus is an older relative of Tyrannosaurus rex.
08:02About 79 centimetres.
08:04Okay.
08:05Something like that.
08:06But it's becoming clear she was a very different beast to her more famous cousin.
08:11So long limbs, but the ones of T-Rex are quite a bit bulkier, aren't they?
08:16Absolutely.
08:17Rose kind of really embodies what Albertosaurus is.
08:20It's a very legsy animal, especially compared to things like T-Rex, which was incredibly huge, incredibly chunky.
08:25Yeah.
08:26Quick, fast, dangerous, still has powerful jaws.
08:30Maybe the optimal amount of scary for my taste, that's for sure.
08:34Absolutely.
08:35But speed was far from the only weapon in the Albertosaurus arsenal.
08:48More bones are coming out of the ground.
08:50Oh, that's bone.
08:52But these don't belong to Rose.
08:54It does look like a bone from one of the digits.
08:57That's definitely Albertosaurus, right?
08:59Yeah, absolutely.
09:00And each bone seems to come from a different sized Albertosaurus.
09:04This is a huge one.
09:06Dinosaur hunters have discovered as many as 26 individuals buried here.
09:18To try and say any piece belongs to any one individual is kind of tough to do, because there were so many of them.
09:25It was clearly a mass grave of Albertosaurus, where many individuals died together in this spot.
09:33And if they died together, they likely lived together too.
09:40In the cave, Rose calls home.
09:55She's far from alone.
10:10Albertosaurus are social animals.
10:11They live and hunt together, forming strong, intimate bonds.
10:23Rose has paired with this male Albertosaurus the same age.
10:26Rose has paired with this male Albertosaurus the same age.
10:27Rose has paired with this male Albertosaurus the same age.
10:33A source of comfort in times of scarcity.
10:40It's been over a week since the Albertosaurus last made a kill.
10:47And starvation isn't the only threat hanging over it.
10:48It's been over a week since the Albertosaurus last made a kill.
11:10It's been over a week since the Albertosaurus the same age.
11:27And starvation isn't the only threat hanging over Rose.
11:32The matriarch.
11:33Wracked with intense hunger, she could turn on her own.
11:45And Rose is bottom of the pecking order.
12:03If she hopes to survive, she'll have to prove herself when it matters most.
12:18It's time to go hunting.
12:33Ready?
12:34Let's go.
12:47Mark's teamed up with dinosaur anatomy specialist Henry Sharp.
12:56They're venturing further up Red Deer River.
12:59On the hunt for more giants.
13:02There's some wonderful prospector rocks up there.
13:07They reach an ancient river system, dating from the same time period as Rose.
13:25And the first clue.
13:30We've got a rib here.
13:33To what might have fed the Albertosaurus pack.
13:36Given its cross section and its size, maybe Edmontosaurus?
13:40I'd say Edmontosaurus, yeah.
13:42Edmontosaurus, a plant-eating duckbill dinosaur.
13:49Edmontosaurus can get up to 30 feet long.
13:5510 meters here.
13:56Geez.
13:57Yeah.
13:58These things were huge.
13:59But a single Edmontosaurus wouldn't feed a hungry pack of Albertosaurus for long.
14:0810 feet long.
14:0911 feet long.
14:1112 feet long.
14:1211 feet long.
14:1313 feet long.
14:1414 feet long.
14:1514 feet long.
14:1612 feet long.
14:17At the top of an escarpment.
14:19Look at the size of these honkers.
14:20More fossils.
14:21Not bone.
14:22But footprints.
14:2314 feet long.
14:2414 feet long.
14:2514 feet long.
14:2615 feet long.
14:2715 feet long.
14:2815 feet long.
14:33Front toe and the two toes on the side. It's much wider than it is long, which is classic
14:40Edmontosaurus duck-billed dinosaur
14:44From the pattern of these prints it looks as though these trackways couldn't have been made by a single creature
14:52Probably got about 16, 17 tracks exposed here
14:57Today there are just a few footprints
15:00But when they were created
15:02There would have been many many more
15:05We have lots of footprints from various different individuals
15:09Various different ages all congregating together. So they definitely moved in herds lived in herds
15:14Yeah, you imagine like herds of wildebeest and these animals were the size of one to two elephants
15:23These fossilized footsteps suggest this corner of Canada once played host
15:32To one of the most remarkable sites in Earth's history
15:36A migrating Edmontosaurus herb
15:48A migrating Edmontosaurus herb
15:50Thousands of plant-eating dinosaurs, moving as one
15:57But an individual adult Edmontosaurus can be three times the weight of even the largest Albertosaurus
16:02But an individual adult Edmontosaurus can be three times the weight of even the largest Albertosaurus
16:15But an individual adult Edmontosaurus can be three times the weight of even the largest Albertosaurus
16:16Working as a pack
16:18Is the only way to take down such colossal prey
16:33Working as a pack
16:35Is the only way to take down such colossal prey
16:40Working as a pack is the only way to take down such colossal prey.
16:59Higher ground will provide the perfect vantage point to mount an attack.
17:10At this time of year, this area should be teeming with Edmontosaurus.
17:26But the herds are nowhere to be seen.
17:40This is a time of intense geological upheaval.
17:47As the continents move, the land buckles and splits.
17:54Lava and ash engulf the landscape.
18:00The land buckles and splits.
18:03Lava and ash engulf the landscape.
18:08Forcing this Edmontosaurus herd to take a much longer route north this year.
18:27They're still many miles away from the starving Albertosaurus.
18:46For the pack, the delay spells disaster.
19:01The delay spells disaster.
19:09But on the horizon...
19:13Rose spots an opportunity.
19:15From the wind-carved rocks by Rose's dig site,
19:34paleontologist Colton Coppock has made an important discovery.
19:38Yeah.
19:44There's a bit of the shaft.
19:46Tiny fragments of finger bone,
19:48belonging to one of the most bizarre creatures of the Cretaceous.
19:52And here's the condyle.
19:54What?
19:55So it looks like it might be from a digit.
19:56There's a condyle?
19:57Yeah.
19:59Including a rare condyle, part of the knuckle joint.
20:02Very nice.
20:03I'm afraid to touch it.
20:05In the field here.
20:06Yeah.
20:07It's just so small and so delicate.
20:08Yeah.
20:09You can see the internal structure of the bone right there.
20:14The fossil's paper-thin exterior tells Mark this bone was built for flying.
20:21But this was no bird.
20:23Even in birds, the bone is usually a lot thicker on the outer surface.
20:27It's very strange.
20:30It can only belong to one creature.
20:35A colossal flying reptile.
20:39With a six-meter wingspan.
20:45Cryodracon.
20:47A giant pterosaur.
20:48They feed on an enormous ammonite.
21:00Washed up on the spring tide.
21:02The cryodracon would make a fine meal for Rose and her mate.
21:21If they can catch one.
21:24Approaching from downwind, and with a pterosaur's attention on their meal, the youngsters close in.
21:45The war and the psi.
21:47The war .
21:48The war.
21:49They fight the one going on their meal.
21:50The youngsters.
21:52Close in.
21:55The girls.
21:56Close in.
21:58China.
21:59China.
22:00China.
22:02China.
22:03China.
22:05China.
22:07China.
22:08China.
22:09China.
22:10China.
22:11China.
22:12China.
22:13China.
22:14China.
22:15At last, a chance to feed.
22:45But the pair's absence from the pack hasn't gone unnoticed.
23:15Life in an albertosaurus pack was fraught with brutality.
23:24And 71 million years later, this violence is still written in the bones.
23:34Mark and anatomist Dr. Greg Funston examined the jaw bones of one of the largest albertosaurus
23:40ever discovered.
23:42We do actually get a few scars along here, and they're kind of evenly spaced.
23:47Some are raised and some are deep gouges.
23:49So could these be bite marks?
23:52An astonishing 65% of albertosaurus skulls found here have teeth marks scratched into the bone
23:59itself.
24:00Near your finger there's a little gouge on that one too.
24:05Look at that.
24:07That's deep.
24:08Yeah.
24:09It actually looks like the tooth came down from over the top.
24:12It would have required tremendous amount of force from this diving angle to actually remove
24:17that piece of bone.
24:19Only another albertosaurus could inflict this injury.
24:26It's the biggest predator in its ecosystem, and it's still getting beaten up day to day.
24:32They're maybe tussling for food, like you see on this advantage today where lions will eat
24:36in a certain order.
24:38You got two hungry albertosaurus.
24:41One of them is going to want to eat first.
24:44Only one can.
24:45You got two hungry albertosaurus.
24:47One of them is going to eat first.
24:48It's as kids school a bit.
24:48You got two hungry albertosaurus.
24:49A dark less than 6 years old.
24:50Don't eat after that, so it's not just about big albertosaurus.
24:51You got one moreyou.
24:52Two hungry albertosaurus.
24:52I'm not an expert.
24:53Don't eat, please.
24:54I'm not a chicken.
24:55I'm not a chicken.
24:56And we're gonna eat.
24:57Don't eat.
24:58I'm not a chicken.
24:58Don't eat.
24:59No.
25:00You're taking a chicken.
25:02No.
25:03I'm not a chicken.
25:04No.
25:05I'm not a chicken.
25:06You're not a chicken.
25:07You're not a chicken.
25:08No.
25:09You're not a chicken.
25:10As pack leader, the matriarch is eyeing up the youngster's kill.
25:33Rose is determined to defend her prize.
25:39But the matriarch leaves her in no doubt who's in charge.
26:08Hungry and badly wounded, Rose has learnt a painful lesson.
26:23She'll have to play by the rules if she wants to survive.
26:38But the evidence coming out of the ground suggests not all of the Albertosaurus behaviour was violent.
26:51Mark and Henry examine one of the most intriguing discoveries.
26:57Rose's tiny fossilised arm bones.
27:01We've got the upper arm here and the forearm down there.
27:06And up here this is the hand, right?
27:08This is like the palm of the hand.
27:11Nobody's quite sure what Albertosaurus used its miniscule arms for, but the strange positioning has given Mark an idea.
27:20It's quite possible the resting position of the arm was to have a more flared finger sticking outwards rather than down by the side like a chicken wing.
27:29So if this was my arm, it would kind of be flared out like that.
27:32Yeah, you'd be kind of doing one of these things.
27:33Almost jazz hands.
27:34Yeah, exactly.
27:35So Albertosaurus is clearly using its arms for something.
27:39I mean, modern birds have a wide variety of mating displays and behaviours.
27:44Yeah.
27:45Mark believes these seemingly useless arms may have been vital tools for bonding.
27:52If you're going to live in a group, you've got to have ways of communicating with one another that go beyond just, you know, grunting and staring at each other.
27:58So maybe they're using their hands side by side on the flank, reassuring one another.
28:03Telling each other it's going to be okay, it's fine.
28:06A morale boost.
28:07Yeah, exactly.
28:14Starving, shaken and badly wounded.
28:44Rose needs comfort.
28:47The young Albertosaurus take time out together to groom.
29:12A soothing ritual.
29:13That strengthens their bond.
29:19That strengthens their bond.
29:20That strengthens their bond.
29:24So one more puts his self known to профils into each other.
29:25That strengthens their bond again.
29:26That
29:42w bagus.
29:42As a new day dawns, the pack's luck may be about to change.
30:12The Edmontosaurus have finally made it to their summer feeding ground.
30:33Not a moment too soon for the starving Albertosaurus.
30:41And despite their young age, Rose, her mate and the other youngsters will play a crucial
30:47role in the hunt.
30:52The fate of the whole pack depends on them.
31:07Close to Rose's dig site, a remarkable new fossil is emerging.
31:14Wow.
31:20Very cool.
31:24An Edmontosaurus jawbone.
31:26Maybe this is the dentry going in here?
31:28That could be the back part, yeah.
31:31But this fossil holds another secret.
31:34What do we got up here?
31:37That looks like enamel.
31:41Look here.
31:43Serrations.
31:44That's incredible.
31:48This is no Edmontosaurus tooth.
31:52This came from a meat-eater.
31:56Albertosaurus tooth.
31:59I think you're right.
32:01And since we don't have much of the root, it was probably lost during feeding.
32:06That is an awesome find.
32:09It's clear evidence that the Albertosaurus pack did feast on Edmontosaurus.
32:19But it doesn't help explain how they brought down such enormous prey.
32:25And what role Rose might have played in the hunt.
32:38These are Rose's metatarsals from the right leg.
32:42Quite narrow and compact for an animal that people usually envision as being huge, huh?
32:50Mark and Christiana investigate Rose's foot bones.
32:55They get a heck of a lot bigger.
32:58Comparing them with the outer foot bones of a fully grown adult.
33:04While they're similar in length, they're a very different thickness.
33:08So we can see this one is only about three and a half centimeters in width.
33:13Whereas we look at this one, we have almost double that.
33:18So it's about six centimeters in width.
33:20Absolutely a beast.
33:21And the same thing can be said about the other metatarsal.
33:25Rose was almost as tall as the largest Albertosaurus, but just half the weight.
33:31She was definitely going to be much more agile and quick than these big individuals,
33:36which probably had a lot more difficulty picking up speed.
33:39Large Albertosaurus were unlikely to reach high speeds due to their enormous weight.
33:47meaning Rose and the other youngsters must take on the most dangerous of jobs.
33:56Rose and her mate split off from the pack.
34:19As the swiftest runners, they must identify a target and separate it from the herd.
34:44But they're a fraction of the weight of the largest Edmontosaurus.
34:49Impulsive and inexperienced, Rose's mate blindly charges into the herd.
35:07Trying to take down one of these enormous creatures alone.
35:12Trying to take down one of these enormous creatures alone.
35:16To go up, you see jellyfish now.
35:17Please go up.
35:18Do not miss him!
35:21We should go down one of these huge creatures.
35:22I'm not going to go down one of these creatures alone.
35:24Go up!
35:25To be false, dude!
35:26You won't be from a main target again.
35:27I'll talk about these these creatures alone.
35:29But only this is so important, that they lost us.
35:30Don't be into a접 savoir unit.
35:31You'll find us to be drawn to your weapon.
35:32These creatures alone do not miss any animals.
35:33There are a lot of creatures.
35:34We're afraid.
35:35To be able to be surprised you get better,
35:40There are no ones to do this,
35:45Rose has lost her closest companion.
36:00And each failed hunt brings her and the rest of the pack closer to starvation.
36:15But Albertosaurus were successful, even in times of adversity.
36:36They were the dominant predator in Western Canada for over three million years.
36:45At Rose's dig site, part of the reason behind their success might be emerging.
36:55This bit right here.
36:57An unassuming fragment of bone.
37:00Well, it looks interesting.
37:03I thought it was a rock, actually.
37:05But it's got a pretty interesting texture that looks like Albertosaurus.
37:09And this roughened area looks to me like the border of an eye socket.
37:14Is this a part of Rose's skull?
37:20That is part of the skull.
37:21It's probably an indication that the skull is in several pieces, at least.
37:25So we'll have to keep our eyes out for any loose skull bones that might be scattered about
37:28amongst the site.
37:32The team estimates Rose's skull would have been about two-thirds of a meter long.
37:51Big, but not big enough to take down huge prey like Edmontosaurus.
38:00But maybe she didn't have to.
38:03Mark and Colton re-examine the jaw bones of one of the largest Albertosaurus.
38:07Just look how big and robust this jaw is.
38:10It's absolutely crazy.
38:12There's quite a few tooth sockets on this side.
38:16It's the final piece of the puzzle, revealing the pack's sophisticated hunting strategy.
38:22All together, 68 teeth in the jaw.
38:26Lots of points of entry into the body.
38:29So basically, instead of using the arms to grapple with prey, it's all about the head.
38:34These jaws were built to apply brutal force.
38:41A bite force that's probably upwards of several tons.
38:44There's not much that can protect itself from that once they have their eyes on you.
38:51Rose's speed and the bite force of these bigger animals make for a deadly combination.
39:00You could say that Rose was the runner and this was the muscle.
39:03When Rose got the animals out on her own, a big predator like this probably would have
39:07come out and just finished the job.
39:29Rose may have lost her mate.
39:31But she must now work with the other youngsters to find the easiest target.
39:38But with one failed hunt already, the pressure is on.
39:43The pressure is on.
39:44The pressure is on.
39:45The pressure is on.
39:50Çok gruesome.
39:51Oh, yeah.
39:52Let's fight.
39:53Oh, no.
39:54Oh, no.
39:55Xia.
39:56One thrown out.
39:57Come on, Thor.
39:58Oh, no.
39:59Oh, no.
40:00Yeah?
40:01You're�ullous.
40:02dalas.
40:03Batman.
40:04Noία!
40:05Oh, no.
40:06You've got theасe imminent gun firing at theев collapse.
40:07Goed.
40:08Oh, no.
40:09Yeah?
40:10I'll get 90 seconds frustrating.
40:11And no...
40:12development is going to US.
40:13Most in people that...
40:15monk team, there's no...
40:16But...
40:17So, no worries.
40:18But Rose bides her time, until she spots an older individual, one that might be weaker
40:35than the others.
41:01Rose can't take this Edmontosaurus down alone, but she can steer her prey right towards
41:14the killing jaws of the Matriarch.
41:24But there's still fight in this old bull.
41:51Rose has played her part to perfection.
41:56Finally, the pack can feed.
42:05And this time, Rose gets her share of the spoilers.
42:18All right, who's ready to jack it?
42:37It's coming your way.
42:41The team is eager to get their finds back to the lab, to learn more about this extraordinary
42:51creature.
42:52They carefully wrap their discoveries in protective plaster.
42:57Sorry, everyone in the vicinity is going to receive plaster on their clothes and body.
43:04They flip them, ready for transport back to base.
43:17They flip them.
43:18Beautiful.
43:19Now just the third one.
43:24Watch your feet, watch your feet.
43:31Watch your feet.
43:32But some of Rose's remains are too heavy to carry down the hillside.
43:36So Marcus called in a little help.
43:40Love that sound.
43:41Hold on to your hats.
43:54One false move, and all the team's work would be destroyed.
43:59With ropes attached, Rose soars through the air.
44:24But these ancient lands hold one final surprise for the dino hunters.
44:41What do you got there, champ?
44:44Colton has made a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
44:47What?
44:48What?
44:49Hold on.
44:50What?
44:51Whoa.
44:52A tiny jawbone.
44:55What?
44:56What's this a job?
44:57It's an Albertasaurus.
44:58It's so tiny.
44:59This is a baby Albertasaurus.
45:00Oh, that's beautiful.
45:01It's like a baby.
45:02Yeah, probably only about a year old.
45:03I think this is the youngest individual we have.
45:04Yeah.
45:05I mean, I had to put it down for a sec to make sure I wasn't loosening it.
45:09Just scratch it like a puppy.
45:10Yeah.
45:11It's more evidence of the success of the Albertasaurus.
45:12And maybe the baby belonged to one of the pack females.
45:13It's more evidence of the success of the Albertasaurus.
45:19Perhaps even Rose herself.
45:20Oh, no.
45:21Yeah.
45:22just scratch like a puppy yeah it's more evidence of the success of the albertasaurus
45:31and maybe the baby belonged to one of the pack females
45:42perhaps even rose herself
45:52as to how rose died we may never know show-and-tell time causes of death
46:09rarely fossilize that's also while the comparison really pulled it yeah yeah it's not even as long
46:19as the two and though her death is a mystery now at least we can tell the story of how she
46:39may have lived
46:40rose the young albertasaurus
46:54earned her rightful place hunting and surviving with her pack by her side
47:09next time a toddler makes a
47:34perilous journey joining one of the largest dinosaur herds that ever lived in its fight
47:46for survival
47:53so
47:56so
48:00so
48:03so
48:08so
48:15so
48:16so
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