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Society of the Spectacle, Guy Debord (1974)
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00:10:42must you.
00:18:21of domination. The spectacle is a permanent opium war designed to force people to equate goods with
00:18:31commodities and to equate satisfaction with a survival that expands according to its own laws.
00:18:38Consumable survival must constantly expand because it never ceases to include privation.
00:18:44If augmented survival never comes to a resolution, if there is no point where it might stop expanding,
00:18:51this is because it is itself stuck in the realm of privation. It may gild poverty, but it cannot
00:18:58transcend it. Exchange value could arise only as a representative of use value, but the victory it
00:19:06eventually won with its own weapons created the conditions for its own autonomous power. By
00:19:13mobilizing all human use value and monopolizing its fulfillment, exchange value ultimately succeeded
00:19:20in controlling use. Usefulness has come to be seen purely in terms of exchange value and is now
00:19:27completely at its mercy. Starting out like a condottier in the service of use value, exchange value has
00:19:35ended up waging the war for its own sake. Use value was formerly understood as an implicit aspect of
00:19:43exchange value. Now, however, within the upside-down world of the spectacle, it must be explicitly proclaimed,
00:19:50both because its actual reality has been eroded by the overdeveloped commodity economy, and because it serves as a
00:19:59necessary pseudo-justification for a counterfeit life.
00:20:11With the achievement of economic abundance, the concentrated result of social labor becomes visible,
00:20:19subjecting all reality to the appearances that are now that labor's primary product.
00:20:26capital is no longer the invisible center governing the production process. As it accumulates,
00:20:32it spreads to the ends of the earth in the form of tangible objects. The entire expanse of society is
00:20:39its portrait.
00:20:46The spectacle, like modern society itself, is at once united and divided. The unity of each is based on violent
00:20:55divisions.
00:20:55But when this contradiction emerges in the spectacle, it is itself contradicted by a reversal of its meaning.
00:21:02The division it presents is unitary, while the unity it presents is divided.
00:21:14Although the struggles between different powers for control of the same socio-economic system are officially presented as
00:21:21irreconcilable antagonisms, they actually reflect that system's fundamental unity, both internationally and within each nation.
00:21:35The sham, spectacular struggles between rival forms of separate power are at the same time real, in that they express
00:21:43the
00:21:43system's uneven and conflictual development, and the more or less contradictory interests of the
00:21:49classes or sections of classes that accept that system, and strive to carve out a role for themselves within it.
00:22:00By invoking any number of different criteria, the spectacle can present these oppositions as totally distinct social systems.
00:22:09But in reality, they are nothing but particular sectors, whose fundamental essence lies in the global system that contains them,
00:22:17the single movement that has turned the whole planet into its field of operation, capitalism.
00:22:26Behind the glitter of spectacular distractions, a tendency toward banalization dominates modern society the world over.
00:22:34Even where the more advanced forms of commodity consumption have seemingly multiplied the variety of roles and objects to choose
00:22:42from.
00:22:44The vestiges of religion and the family, the latter is still the primary mechanism for transferring class power from one
00:22:52generation to the next,
00:22:54along with the vestiges of moral repression imposed by those two institutions,
00:22:59can be blended with ostentatious pretensions of worldly gratification,
00:23:04precisely because life in this particular world remains repressive and offers nothing but pseudo-gratifications.
00:23:13Complacent acceptance of the status quo may also co-exist with purely spectacular rebelliousness.
00:23:21Dissatisfaction itself becomes a commodity as soon as the economy of abundance develops the capacity to process that particular raw
00:23:30material.
00:23:32STARS
00:23:33Spectacular representations of living human beings project this general banality into images of permitted roles.
00:23:45STARS
00:23:45As specialists of apparent life, STARS serve as superficial objects that people can identify with in order to compensate
00:23:54for the fragmented, productive specializations that they actually live.
00:24:00STARS
00:24:01The function of these celebrities is to act out various lifestyles or socio-political viewpoints in a full, totally free
00:24:08manner.
00:24:10STARS
00:24:11They embody the inaccessible results of social labor by dramatizing the byproducts of that labor,
00:24:18which are magically projected above it as its ultimate goals.
00:24:22STARS
00:24:23Power and vacations
00:24:25The decision-making and consumption that are at the beginning and the end of a process that is never questioned.
00:24:32On one hand, a governmental power may personalize itself as a pseudo-star.
00:24:37On the other, a star of consumption may campaign for recognition as a pseudo-power over life.
00:24:44But the activities of these stars are not really free, and they offer no real choices.
00:24:54Spectacular oppositions conceal the unity of poverty.
00:24:59If different forms of the same alienation struggle against each other in the guise of irreconcilable antagonisms,
00:25:06this is because they are all based on real contradictions that are repressed.
00:25:13The spectacle exists in a concentrated form and a diffuse form, depending on the requirements of the particular stage of
00:25:20poverty it denies and supports.
00:25:23In both cases, it is nothing more than an image of happy harmony surrounded by desolation and horror at the
00:25:30calm center of misery.
00:25:35The concentrated spectacle is primarily associated with bureaucratic capitalism,
00:25:40though it may also be imported as a technique for reinforcing state power in more backward-mixed economies,
00:25:48or even adopted by advanced capitalism during certain moments of crisis.
00:25:55Bureaucratic property is itself concentrated in that the individual bureaucrat takes part in the ownership of the entire economy
00:26:03only through his membership in the community of bureaucrats.
00:26:08And since commodity production is less developed under bureaucratic capitalism, it too takes on a concentrated form.
00:26:15The commodity that bureaucracy appropriates is the total social labor,
00:26:20and what it sells back to the society is that society's wholesale survival.
00:26:27The dictatorship of the bureaucratic economy cannot leave the exploited masses any significant margin of choice,
00:26:34because it has had to make all the choices itself,
00:26:37and any choice made independently of it, whether regarding food or music or anything else,
00:26:43thus amounts to a declaration of war against it.
00:26:47The diffuse spectacle is associated with commodity abundance,
00:26:51with the undisturbed development of modern capitalism.
00:26:57Here, each individual commodity is justified in the name of the grandeur of the total commodity production.
00:27:05Of which the spectacle is a laudatory catalogue.
00:27:09Irreconcilable claims jockey for position on the stage of the affluent economy's unified spectacle,
00:27:15and different star commodities simultaneously promote conflicting social policies.
00:27:20The automobile spectacle, for example, strives for a perfect traffic flow entailing the destruction of old urban districts,
00:27:28while the city spectacle needs to preserve those districts as tourist attractions.
00:27:33The already dubious satisfaction alleged to be obtained from the consumption of the whole
00:27:38is thus constantly being disappointed because the actual consumer can directly access only a succession of fragments of this commodity
00:27:47heaven,
00:27:50fragments which invariably lack the quality attributed to the whole.
00:27:57Each individual commodity fights for itself.
00:28:00It avoids acknowledging the others and strives to impose itself everywhere, as if it were the only one in existence.
00:28:08The spectacle is the epic poem of this struggle, a struggle that no fall of Troy can bring to an
00:28:14end.
00:28:15The spectacle does not sing of men and their arms, but of commodities and their passions.
00:28:22In this blind struggle, each commodity, by pursuing its own passion, unconsciously generates something beyond itself,
00:28:30the globalization of the commodity, which also amounts to the commodification of the globe.
00:28:37Thus, as a result of the cunning of the commodity, while each particular manifestation of the commodity eventually falls in
00:28:45battle,
00:28:45the general commodity form continues onward toward its absolute realization.
00:28:51The image of blissful social unification through consumption merely postpones the consumer's awareness of the actual divisions
00:29:00until his next disillusionment with some particular commodity.
00:29:09Each new product is ceremoniously acclaimed as a unique creation offering a dramatic shortcut to the promised land of total
00:29:17consummation.
00:29:20But as with the fashionable adoption of seemingly aristocratic first names,
00:29:26which end up being given to virtually all individuals of the same age,
00:29:31the objects that promise uniqueness can be offered up for mass consumption only if they have been mass produced.
00:29:42The prestigiousness of mediocre objects of this kind is solely due to the fact that they have been placed, however
00:29:49briefly,
00:29:50at the center of social life and hailed as a revelation of the unfathomable purposes of production.
00:29:59But the object that was prestigious in the spectacle becomes mundane as soon as it is taken home by its
00:30:06consumer and by all its other consumers.
00:30:09Too late, it reveals its essential poverty, a poverty that inevitably reflects the poverty of its production.
00:30:16Meanwhile, some other object is already replacing it as representative of the system and demanding its own moment of acclaim.
00:30:26The fraudulence of the satisfactions offered by the system is exposed by this continual replacement of products and of general
00:30:34conditions of production.
00:30:38In both the diffuse and the concentrated spectacle, entities that have brazenly asserted their definitive perfection nevertheless end up changing
00:30:47and only the system endures.
00:30:53Stalin, like any other outmoded commodity, is denounced by the very forces that originally promoted him.
00:31:00Each new lie of the advertising industry is an admission of its previous lie, and with each downfall of a
00:31:07personification of totalitarian power,
00:31:10the illusory community that had unanimously approved him is exposed as a mere conglomeration of loners without illusions.
00:31:20The things the spectacle presents as eternal are based on change, and must change as their foundations change.
00:31:27The spectacle is totally dogmatic, yet it is incapable of arriving at any really solid dogma.
00:31:35Nothing stands still for it.
00:31:37This instability is the spectacle's natural condition, but it is completely contrary to its inclination.
00:31:43The unreal unity proclaimed by the spectacle masks the class division underlying the real unity of the capitalist mode of
00:31:52production.
00:31:54What obliges the producers to participate in the construction of the world is also what excludes them from it.
00:32:01What brings people into relation with each other by liberating them from their local and national limitations is also what
00:32:09keeps them apart.
00:32:10What requires increased rationality is also what nourishes the irrationality of hierarchical exploitation and repression.
00:32:18What produces society's abstract power also produces its concrete lack of freedom.
00:32:25What does that write a table ofocr Boys?
00:32:27What doesitis has at the office of telling them to be sally absorbed in or.
00:32:33What stole it from here?
00:32:50What is it that these robot workersச
00:32:54kids saucosian
00:33:10Capitalist production has unified space, breaking down the boundaries between one society and
00:33:17the next.
00:33:18This unification is at the same time an extensive and intensive process of banalization.
00:33:27Just as the accumulation of commodities mass-produced for the abstract space of the market shattered
00:33:33all regional and legal barriers, and all the medieval guild restrictions that maintain
00:33:38the quality of craft production, it also undermined the autonomy and quality of places.
00:33:46This homogenizing power is the heavy artillery that has battered down all the walls of China.
00:33:57The free space of commodities is constantly being altered and redesigned in order to become
00:34:02ever more identical to itself, to get as close as possible to motionless monotony.
00:34:13While eliminating geographical distance, this society produces a new internal distance in
00:34:19the form of spectacular separation.
00:34:26Tourism, human circulation packaged for consumption, a by-product of the circulation of commodities,
00:34:33is the opportunity to go and see what has been banalized.
00:34:38The economic organization of travel to different places already guarantees their equivalence.
00:34:45The modernization that has eliminated the time involved in travel has simultaneously eliminated
00:34:51any real space from it.
00:35:07The society that reshapes its entire surroundings has evolved its own special technique for molding
00:35:14its own territory, which constitutes the material underpinning for all the facets of this project.
00:35:20Urbanism, city planning, is capitalism's method for taking over the natural and human environment.
00:35:27Following its logical development toward total domination, capitalism now can and must refashion
00:35:33the totality of space into its own particular décor.
00:36:01While all the technical forces of capitalism contribute toward various forms of separation, urbanism provides
00:36:09the material foundation for those forces and prepares the ground for their deployment.
00:36:18In all previous periods, architectural innovations were designed exclusively for the ruling classes.
00:36:26Now, for the first time, a new architecture has been specifically designed for the poor.
00:36:31The aesthetic poverty and vast proliferation of this new experience and habitation stem from its mass character,
00:36:39which character in turn stems from both its function and from the modern conditions of construction.
00:36:45The obvious core of these conditions is the authoritarian decision-making, which abstractly converts
00:36:52the environment into an environment of abstraction.
00:36:55Urbanism is one of the most glaring expressions of the contradiction between the growth of society's
00:37:01material powers and the continued lack of progress toward any conscious control of those powers.
00:37:32The history that threatens this twilight world could potentially subject
00:37:37space to a directly experienced time.
00:37:41Proletarian revolution is this critique of human geography through which individuals and communities
00:37:47could create places and events commensurate with the appropriation no longer just of their work,
00:37:53but of their entire history.
00:37:55The ever-changing playing field of this new world and the freely chosen variations in the rules of the game
00:38:02will regenerate a diversity of local scenes that are independent without being insular.
00:38:07And this diversity will in turn revive the possibility of authentic journeys.
00:38:12Journeys within an authentic life that is itself understood as a journey containing its whole meaning within itself.
00:38:19There are mostatoes and sizes.
00:39:16So, let's go.
00:39:40Watch your pleasure.
00:39:41Whiskey.
00:39:53Java, Sumatra, Hindu, Chinese, Portuguese, Filipinos, Russians, Malayans.
00:39:59What a witch's semblance.
00:40:01If anyone saw us coming in here, I'd certainly hear plenty.
00:40:05The other places like kindergarten's compared with this.
00:40:09Smells so incredibly evil.
00:40:12I didn't think such a place existed, except in my own imagination.
00:40:17It has a ghastly familiarity like a half-remembered dream.
00:40:22Anything could happen here.
00:40:24Any moment.
00:40:27The time of production, commodified time, is an infinite accumulation of equivalent intervals.
00:40:35It is irreversible time made abstract, in which each segment need only demonstrate by the clock
00:40:41its purely quantitative equality with all the others.
00:40:46It has no reality, apart from its exchangeability.
00:40:55This general time of human non-development also has a complementary aspect,
00:41:01a consumable form of time based on the present mode of production
00:41:05and presenting itself in everyday life as a pseudo-cyclical time.
00:41:12Pseudo-cyclical time is associated with the consumption of modern economic survival,
00:41:17the augmented survival in which everyday experience is cut off from decision-making
00:41:22and subjected no longer to the natural order, but to the pseudo-nature created by alienated labor.
00:41:31It is thus quite natural that it echoes the old cyclical rhythm that governs survival in pre-industrial societies,
00:41:39incorporating the natural vestiges of cyclical time, while generating new variants.
00:41:46Day and night, work and weekend, periodic vacations.
00:41:55Consumable pseudo-cyclical time is spectacular time, both in the narrow sense as time spent consuming images,
00:42:03and in the broader sense as image of the consumption of time.
00:42:07The time spent consuming images, images which in turn serve to publicize all the other commodities,
00:42:14is both the particular terrain where the spectacle's mechanisms are most fully implemented
00:42:19and the general goal that those mechanisms present,
00:42:22the focus and epitome of all particular consumptions.
00:42:26As for the social image of the consumption of time,
00:42:30it is exclusively dominated by leisure time and vacations,
00:42:35moments portrayed, like all spectacular commodities, at a distance and as desirable, by definition.
00:42:42These commodified moments are explicitly presented as moments of real life,
00:42:47whose cyclical return we are supposed to look forward to.
00:42:51But all that is really happening is that the spectacle is displaying and reproducing itself
00:42:56at a higher level of intensity.
00:43:00What is presented as true life turns out to be merely a more truly spectacular life.
00:43:08While the consumption of cyclical time in ancient societies was consistent with the real labor of those societies,
00:43:15the pseudo-cyclical consumption of developed economies contradicts the abstract, irreversible time
00:43:22implicit in their system of production.
00:43:26Cyclical time was the really lived time of unchanging illusions.
00:43:32Spectacular time is the illusory lived time of a constantly changing reality.
00:43:39The production processes' constant innovations are not echoed in consumption,
00:43:44which presents nothing but an expanded repetition of the past.
00:43:49Because dead labor continues to dominate living labor,
00:43:53in spectacular time the past continues to dominate the present.
00:43:59The lack of general historical life also means that individual life as yet has no history.
00:44:06The pseudo-events that vie for attention in spectacular dramatizations
00:44:10have not been lived by those who are informed about them,
00:44:14and in any case they are soon forgotten
00:44:17due to their increasingly frenetic replacement at every pulsation of the spectacular machinery.
00:44:24Conversely, what is really lived has no relation to the society's official version of irreversible time,
00:44:32and conflicts with the pseudo-cyclical rhythm of that time's consumable by-products.
00:44:39This individual experience of a disconnected everyday life remains without language,
00:44:44without concepts, and without critical access to its own past,
00:44:49which has nowhere been recorded.
00:44:51Uncommunicated, misunderstood, and forgotten,
00:44:54it is smothered by the spectacle's false memory of the unmemorable.
00:45:00That's the way it goes.
00:45:02Lose one, find one.
00:45:05Play something for me, Mr. Guitar.
00:45:08Anything special?
00:45:11Just put a lot of love in it.
00:45:14He ain't gonna play so good all stretched out on that crap table.
00:45:18What's eating the fancy man?
00:45:20I don't know. What's your trouble, kid?
00:45:22I'm in no trouble. He is.
00:45:26Fooling with a strange woman can bring a man a lot of grief.
00:45:31You a strange woman?
00:45:33Only to strangers.
00:45:34What's going on with you two?
00:45:36Just what you see, friend.
00:45:39Oh, you picked the wrong place to come to, mister.
00:45:42The lady sent for me, not you.
00:45:46Heads, I'm gonna kill you, mister.
00:45:48Tails, you can play her a tune.
00:45:59Play me a tune.
00:46:22Play something else.
00:46:26The spectacle, considered as the reigning society's method for paralyzing history and memory
00:46:33and for suppressing any history based on historical time, represents a false consciousness of time.
00:46:42Behind the fashions that come and go on the frivolous surface of the spectacle of pseudo-cyclical time,
00:46:48the grand style of an era can always be found in what is governed by the secret yet obvious necessity
00:46:55for revolution.
00:46:58The end of the fashions that come and go on the frivolous surface of the spectacle of the spectacle of
00:47:00the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle
00:47:02of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the
00:47:13spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of
00:47:14the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle
00:47:16of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the
00:47:18spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of
00:47:19the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle
00:47:20of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the
00:47:21spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of
00:47:23the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle of the spectacle
00:47:30This is my very best friend, Omar, Miss Bobby Smith.
00:47:36And you, are you an Egyptian comprador?
00:47:41No, I'm a doctor, Dr. Omar of Shanghai and Gomorrah.
00:47:47Any relation to the poet Omar?
00:47:50A book of verses underneath the bow?
00:48:01A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou beside me singing in the wilderness.
00:48:10You said Dr. Omar, doctor of what?
00:48:15Doctor of nothing, Miss Smith.
00:48:17It sounds important and hurts no one, unlike most doctors.
00:48:39And your Bernouk, is it as real as your title?
00:48:43Where were you born?
00:48:47My birth took place under a full moon on the sands near Damascus.
00:48:53My father was an Armenian tobacco dealer and was far away.
00:48:56And my mother, the less said about her, the better.
00:49:01She was half French, and the other half is lost in the dust of time.
00:49:07In short, I'm a thoroughbred mongrel.
00:49:12I'm related to all the earth, and nothing that's human is foreign to me.
00:49:22Then perhaps you can explain how our friend suddenly vanished.
00:49:26We were alone since I first saw you.
00:49:36Examining history amounts to examining the nature of power.
00:49:42Greece was the moment when power and changes in power were first debated and understood.
00:49:48It was a democracy of the masters of society.
00:49:51A total contrast to the despotic state where power settles accounts only with itself,
00:49:59within the impenetrable obscurity of its inner sanctum,
00:50:02by means of palace revolutions which are beyond the pale of discussion whether they fail or succeed.
00:50:22Mongrel, the author, the author, or the expert, or the other.
00:50:31Even if you will receive a new reference,
00:50:39which is a democracy of the professor,
00:50:39and she continues to evaluate the authority of the master's son.
00:50:48The WEFD, the author, and the author is a prime minister of the master's son,
00:50:51offered to its subjects, who were supposed to accept it as the earthly fulfillment of mythic
00:50:57commandments, was destined to be transcended and transformed into conscious history. But for this
00:51:04to happen, sizable groups of people had to have experienced real participation in history.
00:51:10Out of this practical communication between those who have recognized each other as possessors of
00:51:16a unique present, who have experienced a qualitative richness of events in their own
00:51:22activity, and who are at home in their own era, arises the general language of historical
00:51:29communication. Those for whom irreversible time truly exists discover in it both the memorable
00:51:37and the threat of oblivion. Herodotus of Holocarnisus here presents the result of his
00:51:44researches, so that time will not abolish the deeds of men.
00:52:00Good evening, York. Good evening, General. Let me prepare to remain all winter. All next winter,
00:52:10if necessary. I waited a long time for that order, sir. Which, of course, I didn't hear. Of
00:52:17course you didn't hear. If you fail, I assure you the members of your court marshal will be the men
00:52:28who rode with us down to Shenandoah. I'll handpick them myself. Shenandoah.
00:52:42The victory of the bourgeoisie is the victory of a profoundly historical time, because it is the
00:52:49time corresponding to an economic production that continuously transforms society from top to bottom.
00:52:55So long as agrarian production remains the predominant form of labor, the cyclical time that remains at the
00:53:02base of society reinforces the joint forces of tradition, which tend to hold back any historical movement.
00:53:09But the irreversible time of the bourgeois economy eradicates those vestiges throughout the world.
00:53:16History, which until then had seemed to involve only the actions of individual members of the ruling class,
00:53:22and which had thus been recorded as a mere chronology of events, is now understood as a general movement.
00:53:29A relentless movement that crushes any individual in its path.
00:53:35By discovering its basis in political economy, history becomes aware of what had previously been unconscious.
00:53:42But this basis remains unconscious because it cannot be brought to light.
00:53:47This blind prehistory, this new fate that no one controls, is the only thing that the commodity economy has democratized.
00:54:00The bourgeoisie has thus made irreversible historical time known, and has imposed it on society, but it has prevented society
00:54:09from using it.
00:54:11Once there was history, but not any more, because the class of owners of the economy, which is inextricably tied
00:54:17to economic history, must repress every other irreversible use of time, because it is directly threatened by them.
00:54:25The ruling class made up of specialists in the possession of things, who are themselves therefore possessed by things, is
00:54:33forced to link its fate with the preservation of this reified history, that is, with the preservation of a new
00:54:39immobility within history.
00:54:43Meanwhile, the worker at the base of society is for the first time not materially estranged from history, because the
00:54:51irreversible movement is now generated from that base.
00:54:54By demanding to live the historical time that it produces, the proletariat discovers the simple, unforgettable core of its revolutionary
00:55:03project.
00:55:04And each previously defeated attempt to carry out this project represents a possible point of departure for a new historical
00:55:12life.
00:55:20With the development of capitalism, irreversible time has become globally unified.
00:55:26Universal history becomes a reality, because the entire world is brought under the sway of this time's development.
00:55:33But this history, that is, everywhere simultaneously the same, is as yet nothing but an intra-historical rejection of history.
00:55:41What appears the world over as the same day is merely the time of economic production, time cut up into
00:55:48equal abstract fragments.
00:55:51This unified, irreversible time belongs to the global market, and thus also to the global spectacle.
00:56:00The irreversible time of production is, first of all, the measure of commodities.
00:56:06The time, officially recognized throughout the world as the general time of society, actually only reflects the specialized interest that
00:56:14constitute it, and thus is merely one particular type of time.
00:56:23The class struggles of the long era of revolutions, initiated by the rise of the bourgeoisie, have developed in tandem
00:56:31with the dialectical thought of history.
00:56:33The thought which is no longer content to seek the meaning of what exists, but which strives to comprehend the
00:56:40dissolution of what exists, and in the process breaks down every separation.
00:56:48This historical thought is still a consciousness that always arrives too late, a consciousness that can only formulate retrospective justifications
00:56:57of what has already happened.
00:56:59It has thus gone beyond separation only in thought.
00:57:03Hegel's paradoxical stance, his subordination of the meaning of all reality to its historical culmination, while at the same time
00:57:11proclaiming that his own system represents that culmination,
00:57:15flows from the simple fact that this thinker of the bourgeois revolutions of the 17th and 18th centuries sought in
00:57:22his philosophy only a reconciliation with the results of those revolutions.
00:57:27Heel!
00:57:31Heel!
00:57:39Heel!
00:57:50Heel!
00:57:52Heel!
00:57:53Heel!
00:57:53Heel!
00:58:04Heel!
00:58:07Heel!
00:58:08Heel!
00:58:09Heel!
00:58:10Heel!
00:58:11Heel!
00:58:11Heel!
00:58:12Heel!
00:58:12Heel!
00:58:12When the proletariat demonstrates through its own actions that this historical thought has not been forgotten,
00:58:19its refutation of that thought's conclusion is at the same time a confirmation of its method.
00:58:28The weakness of Marx's theory is naturally linked to the weakness of the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat of his
00:58:35time.
00:58:36The German working class failed to inaugurate a permanent revolution in 1848.
00:58:41The Paris Commune was defeated in isolation.
00:58:45As a result, revolutionary theory could not yet be fully realized.
00:58:52The theoretical shortcomings of the scientific defense of proletarian revolution, both in its content and in its form of exposition,
00:59:01all ultimately result from identifying the proletariat with the bourgeoisie with respect to the revolutionary seizure of power.
00:59:09Heel!
00:59:11Heel Golds!
00:59:11From Jordan?
00:59:13Yes, read it!
00:59:16What?
00:59:27Too late Duval!
00:59:29That means we're done for!
00:59:31This time we failed.
00:59:33Too bad!
00:59:35Yes!
00:59:37Too bad!
00:59:40The only two classes that really correspond to Marx's theory, the two pure classes that the
00:59:46entire analysis of capital brings to the fore, are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. These are
00:59:52also the only two revolutionary classes in history, but operating under very different
00:59:57conditions. The bourgeois revolution is done. The proletarian revolution is a yet unrealized
01:00:04project, born on the foundation of the earlier revolution but differing from it qualitatively.
01:00:09If one overlooks the originality of the historical role of the bourgeoisie, one also tends to overlook
01:00:16the specific originality of the proletarian project, which can achieve nothing unless it
01:00:21carries its own banners and recognizes the immensity of its own tasks. The bourgeoisie came to power
01:00:28because it was the class of the developing economy. The proletariat cannot create its own new form of
01:00:34power except by becoming the class of consciousness. The growth of productive forces will not in itself
01:00:40guarantee the emergence of such a power, not even indirectly by way of the increasing dispossession
01:00:46which that growth entails. Nor can a Jacobin-style seizure of the state be a means to this end.
01:00:53The proletariat cannot make use of any ideology designed to disguise its partial goals as general
01:01:00goals because the proletariat cannot preserve any partial reality that is truly its own.
01:01:05This ideologically alienated theory was then no longer able to recognize the practical verifications
01:01:11of the unitary historical thought it had betrayed when such verifications emerged in spontaneous working
01:01:18class struggles. Instead, it contributed toward repressing every manifestation and memory of them.
01:01:25Yet those historical forms that took shape and struggle were precisely the practical terrain
01:01:31that was needed in order to validate the theory. They were what the theory needed, yet that need had
01:01:38not been formulated theoretically. The Soviet, for example, was not a theoretical discovery. And the most
01:01:45advanced theoretical truth of the International Workingmen's Association was its own existence and practice.
01:02:18It helped訴 them tolong бал �ain andophantas. It's a professional担 �lagen. And the first one
01:02:42The historical moment when Bolshevism triumphed for itself in Russia
01:02:46and social democracy fought victoriously for the old world
01:02:50marks the inauguration of the state of affairs
01:02:53that is at the heart of the modern spectacle's domination.
01:02:58The representation of the working class has become an enemy of the working class.
01:03:29The Stalin era revealed the bureaucracy's ultimate function, continuing the reign of the economy
01:03:36by preserving the essence of market society, commodified labor.
01:03:40It also demonstrated the independence of the economy.
01:03:45The economy has come to dominate society so completely that it has proved capable of recreating
01:03:51the class domination it needs for its own continued operation.
01:03:56That is, the bourgeoisie has created an independent power that is capable of maintaining itself,
01:04:02even without a bourgeoisie.
01:04:05The totalitarian bureaucracy was not the last owning class in history in Bruno Rizzi's sense.
01:04:11It was merely a substitute ruling class for the commodity economy.
01:04:16A tottering capitalist property system was replaced by a cruder version of itself, simplified, less
01:04:24diversified, and concentrated as the collective property of the bureaucratic class.
01:04:30This underdeveloped type of ruling class is also a reflection of economic underdevelopment.
01:04:36It has no agenda beyond overcoming this underdevelopment in certain regions of the world.
01:04:43The hierarchical and statist framework for this crude remake of the capitalist ruling class
01:04:48was provided by the working class party, which was itself modeled on the hierarchical separations
01:04:55of bourgeois organizations.
01:04:59The ruling totalitarian ideological class is the ruler of a world turned upside down.
01:05:05The more powerful the class, the more it claims not to exist, and its power is employed above
01:05:11all to enforce this claim.
01:05:14It is modest only on this one point, however, because this officially non-existent bureaucracy
01:05:20simultaneously attributes the crowning achievements of history to its own infallible leadership.
01:05:26Though its existence is everywhere in evidence, the bureaucracy must be invisible as a class.
01:05:33As a result, all social life becomes insane.
01:05:36The social organization of total falsehood stems from this fundamental contradiction.
01:05:59Stalinism was also a reign of terror within the bureaucratic class.
01:06:03The terrorism on which this class's power was based inevitably came to strike the class itself,
01:06:09because this class had no juridical legitimacy,
01:06:13no legally recognized status as an owning class that could be extended to each of its members.
01:06:19Its ownership had to be masked because it was based on false consciousness.
01:06:24This false consciousness can maintain its total power only by means of a total reign of terror,
01:06:31in which all real motives are ultimately obscured.
01:06:36The members of the ruling bureaucratic class have the right of ownership over society only collectively,
01:06:42as participants in a fundamental lie.
01:06:45They have to play the role of the proletariat governing a socialist society.
01:06:50They have to be actors faithful to a script of ideological betrayal.
01:06:57Yet they cannot actually participate in this counterfeit entity unless their legitimacy is validated.
01:07:05No bureaucrat can individually assert his right to power,
01:07:08because to prove himself a socialist proletarian,
01:07:12he would have to demonstrate that he was the opposite of a bureaucrat,
01:07:16while to prove himself a bureaucrat is impossible,
01:07:18because the bureaucracy's official line is that there is no bureaucracy.
01:07:24Each bureaucrat is thus totally dependent on the central seal of legitimacy provided by the ruling ideology,
01:07:31which validates the collective participation in its socialist regime of all the bureaucrats it does not liquidate.
01:07:39Although the bureaucrats are collectively empowered to make all social decisions,
01:07:44the cohesion of their own class can be ensured only by the concentration of their terrorist power in a single
01:07:51person.
01:07:52In this person resides the only practical truth of the ruling lie,
01:07:56the power to determine an unchallengeable boundary line,
01:08:01which is nevertheless constantly being adjusted.
01:08:03Stalin decides without appeal who is and who is not a member of the ruling bureaucracy,
01:08:10who should be considered a proletarian in power,
01:08:13and who branded a traitor in the pay of Wall Street and the Mikado.
01:08:17The atomized bureaucrats can find their collective legitimacy only in the person of Stalin,
01:08:23the lord of the world who thus comes to see himself as the absolute person for whom no superior spirit
01:08:30exists.
01:08:31The lord of the world recognizes his own nature, omnipresent power,
01:08:37through the destructive violence he exerts against the contrastingly powerless selfhood of his subjects.
01:08:44He is the power that defines the terrain of domination,
01:08:47and he is also the power that ravages that terrain.
01:08:55This is the song of the red flag,
01:08:58which is revealed the burning morning morning,
01:09:01which burns over the countries and oceans of all the hardened hearts.
01:09:06Once, after all the storms,
01:09:10when the blood is held in the night,
01:09:13it is a war from all the storms of a world that is destroyed.
01:09:25The German Reichstag stands in flames.
01:09:29The German Reichstag stands in flames.
01:09:31But the fascist Rundfunk broadcast over all the time,
01:09:36that the communists would have hit the Reichstag.
01:09:40The German Reichstag stands in flames.
01:09:46The German Reichstag stands in flames.
01:09:56The Nazis have the required system.
01:09:58The German Reichstag stands in flames.
01:10:00The Germans are running out of the fields.
01:10:02The German Reichstag stands in flames.
01:10:08So long it's Kommunism in Germany, there will be it always.
01:10:13So long it's a chance against Hitler's Krieg.
01:10:17Aufhören!
01:10:33Wir kämpfen für den Frieden aller Völker, den Hitlergenossen.
01:10:37Hitler heißt Frieden!
01:10:54Hitler heißt Frieden!
01:11:11Hitler heißt Frieden!
01:11:12Hitler heißt Frieden!
01:11:17Hitler ist Frieden!
01:11:19Hitler heißt Frieden!
01:11:43Hitler ist Frieden!
01:11:56Hitler ist Frieden!
01:11:56Hitler ist Frieden!
01:12:05Hitler ist Frieden!
01:12:06Hitler ist Frieden!
01:12:11Hitler ist Frieden!
01:12:12Hitler ist Frieden!
01:12:37Hitler ist Frieden!
01:12:39Hitler ist Frieden!
01:12:57Hitler ist Frieden!
01:13:15Hitler ist Frieden!
01:13:17Hitler ist Frieden!
01:13:19Hitler ist Frieden!
01:13:37Hitler ist Frieden!
01:13:42Frieden!
01:13:46Hitler ist Frieden!
01:13:53Hitler ist Frieden!
01:13:57Hitler ist Frieden!
01:14:03nor in the writing of any particular wrong.
01:14:06It cannot recognize itself even in the writing of many such wrongs
01:14:11but only in the writing of the absolute wrong of being excluded from any real life.
01:21:41The development of class society to the stage of the spectacular organization of non-life
01:21:47is thus leading the revolutionary project to become visibly what it has always been
01:21:52in essence.
01:21:56Revolutionary theory is now the enemy of all revolutionary ideology, and it knows it.
01:23:29Rock!
01:23:30Hold!
01:23:34Get him!
01:23:35Hold!
01:23:37Charge!
01:24:03Oh, not a speech.
01:24:05Proposing a toast.
01:24:06In Georgian style, Luigi.
01:24:08How did you recognize me?
01:24:10I know you.
01:24:11Your glasses are friends.
01:24:13In Georgian toast, a little story always comes first.
01:24:17I had a dream.
01:24:19I found myself in a graveyard where all the tombstones were marked in a curious way.
01:24:261822, 1826, 1930, 34.
01:24:30Always like that.
01:24:31Always a very short time between birth and death.
01:24:34In the graveyard, it's a very old man.
01:24:38I asked him how it was that he had lived so long when everyone else in his village had died
01:24:42so young.
01:24:43But no, he told me this.
01:24:45Not that we die early.
01:24:46It is just that here on our tombstones, we do not count the years of a man's life.
01:24:51Rather, the length of time he's kept a friend.
01:24:54Let's drink the friendship.
01:25:17Let's drink the friendship.
01:25:27Truck!
01:25:28Whoa!
01:25:31Get up!
01:25:32Whoa!
01:25:34Good!
01:26:01Logic cried the dying frog as he started underbearing the scorpion down with him.
01:26:05There is no logic in this.
01:26:08I know, Suddoscorpion, but I can't help it.
01:26:11It's my character.
01:26:13Let's drink to character.
01:26:23Ride, you Wolverines!
01:26:25First Michigan, charge!
01:26:35Fire, fire!
01:26:45Fire, fire!
01:26:53Fire!
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